Counterfeit consumer good - Knowledge (XXG)

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contact buyers and purchase the counterfeit goods unknowingly by email, WhatsApp, WeChat, and PayPal. As social media watchdogs and groups are working on cracking and shutting down accounts selling counterfeit goods, counterfeiters continue to operate 24 hours with advanced systems in algorithms, artificial intelligence, and spambots using tactics involving automatic account creation, avoidance in detection and tax-and-duty-free law. It is advised by many that brands, tech platforms, governments and consumers require a comprehensive strategy and cross-sector collaboration to combat the multifaceted system enabling the international counterfeit market.

976: 599:(ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $ 650 billion annually, increasing to $ 1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries mainly the U.S., U.K., Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by intellectual property rights and trademarks. By 2017, the U.S. alone was estimated to be losing up to $ 600 billion each year to counterfeit goods, software piracy and the theft of copyrights and trade secrets. 728:

international reach forces brand owners to prosecute cases outside of their local jurisdictions. Counterfeiters can display genuine goods on their site and ship counterfeit goods to the consumer. This makes it difficult for brand owners to even determine if a site is selling counterfeits without making costly purchases from the site. Criminal networks are involved with counterfeiting—which leads to hundreds of sites selling the same products on various servers. Making it an arduous task for the brand owner to stop them without working with authorities to take down the counterfeit rings.

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One of the most impressive of techniques exploits anisotropic optical characteristics of conjugated polymers. Engineers have developed specialized markings and patterns that can be incorporated within the designs of textiles that can only be detected under polarized lights. Similar to methods implemented in the production of currency, invisible threads and dyes are used to create unique designs within the weaves of luxury textiles that cannot be replicated by counterfeiters due to a unique set of fibres, anisotropic tapes, and polymer dyes used by the brand and manufacturer.

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trademarks, and trade names. Counterfeiters illegally copy trademarks, which manufacturers have built up based on marketing investments and the recognized quality of their products, in order to fool consumers. Any product that is protected by intellectual property rights is a target for counterfeiters. Piotr Stryszowski, a senior economist at OECD, notes that it is not only the scale of counterfeiting that is alarming, but its rapidly growing scope, which means that now any product with a logo can become a target.

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watch-groups, as buying fakes from a distributor in China is less suspicious than other, more extreme criminal activity. The cause and effect of this discounting of crime is giving sellers money to partake in terrorism, human trafficking and child labour. Due to counterfeit shipping papers (which prevent customs from tracking them) and fake brands posing as unremarkable fashion companies but actually selling fake luxury goods, these sellers are challenging to track.

2023:, provide complaint pages where listings of counterfeit goods can be reported. The reporter must show that it owns the intellectual property (e.g. trademark, patent, copyright) being presented on the counterfeit listings. The shopping site will then do an internal investigation and if it agrees, it will take the counterfeit listing down. The actual execution of such investigations, at least, on Amazon and eBay, seems to be limited in reality. 386:(ICC) in 2008 having estimated the global value of all counterfeit goods at $ 650 billion annually, increasing to $ 1.77 trillion by 2015. Countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Luxembourg, South Korea and Japan are among the hardest hit, as their economies thrive on producing high-value products, protected by 1609:, the primary regulatory body for food safety and enforcement in the United States, admits that the "sheer magnitude of the potential crime" makes prevention difficult, along with the fact that food safety is not treated as a high priority. They note that with more than 300 ports of entry through which 13 percent of America's food supply passes, the FDA is only able to inspect about two percent of that food. 809: 501: 1269: 756: 1168: 657:

more serious amplitude in Asia because the market is developing at a dazzling speed." Vintners are either unable or hesitant to fight such counterfeiters: "There are no funds. Each lawsuit costs 500,000 euros," states one French vintner. In addition, some vintners, like product and food manufacturers, prefer to avoid any publicity regarding fakes to avoid injuring their brand names.

1111:(MPAA) for distributing pirated movies and television shows. A selection of websites, internet newsgroups, peer-to-peer online networks and physical locations renowned for sharing illegal content, were presented to officials. Other countries were also listed as sources, including Russia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand and Indonesia. In August 2011, it was reported that at least 22 fake 1341:"Counterfeiting can apply to both brand name and generic products, where the identity of the source is mislabeled in a way that suggests that it is the authentic approved product. Counterfeit products may include products without the active ingredient, with an insufficient or excessive quantity of the active ingredient, with the wrong active ingredient, or with fake packaging." 1098:

film-makers, who may have spent years raising money for the film. As a result, the value of intellectual property becomes eroded and films are less likely to be made. In 2018, U.S. agents seized more than 70,000 pirated copies of music and movies from a home in Fresno, California. Although it was a relatively small portion of all imported counterfeits, according to one expert:

629:(OLAF) targeting counterfeit and illicit alcoholic beverages. Customs and police authorities seized nearly 14.8 million liters of illicit drinks, including wine and beer. The seized items also included counterfeit bottles, packaging, and equipment for making sparkling wine. OLAF emphasized the dangers of food fraud to consumer health, legitimate businesses, and public revenue. 1442: 44: 1914:(ACTA), which is designed to help protect intellectual property rights, especially costly copyright and trademark theft. The signing took place a year after diligent negotiations among 11 governments: Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and the United States. As of 2011, the 1872:. Opponents of the bill stated that it could have crippled the Internet through selective censorship and limiting free speech. In regards to the bill, the Obama administration stressed that "the important task of protecting intellectual property online must not threaten an open and innovative internet." The legislation was later withdrawn by its author, Rep. 942:

WeChat, PayPal, and Venmo and typically talk with clients on platforms like WhatsApp. This all makes the transactions seamless and hard to track since payment is done via third party. Listings are also often posted on the story feature; hence, they are not permanent. The problem is getting larger according to Vox and is getting more difficult to monitor.

1381:, in the legitimate supply chains of at least 44 countries. Pfizer also found that nearly 20% of Europeans had obtained medicines through illicit channels, amounting to $ 12.8 billion in sales. Other experts estimate the global market for fake medications could be worth between $ 75 billion and $ 200 billion a year, as of 2010. 1045:

knowledge. Counterfeit phones cause financial losses for owners and distributors of legitimate devices, and a loss of tax income for governments. In addition, counterfeit phones are poorly made, can generate high radiation, contain harmful levels of dangerous elements such as lead, and have a high chance of including malware.

1975:, who has tried to prosecute counterfeiters, notes that major industries have suffered the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs due to the exploitation of child labor in sweatshops in New York and Asia. Those often produce dangerous merchandise, such as fake auto parts or toys, made of toxic and easily breakable materials. 1888:

Consumer Protection Law imposes a penalty of three times their value to compensate consumers. If platforms have prior knowledge of counterfeit goods being sold, then the E-Commerce Law makes them jointly liable with merchants engaged in sale of such goods. These risks also prompted platforms to take a stricter view towards

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Project Zero offers Amazon partners to flag fake listings without Amazon having to step in. Since Amazon has over five billion listings, a computerized element is also crucial for keeping up with getting rid of fakes. Based on assets and codes provided by Amazon partners, this program scans items and deletes fake ones.

1287:(WHO) estimates that over 30% of pharmaceuticals in developing countries are fake, stating that "Anyone, anywhere in the world, can come across medicines seemingly packaged in the right way but which do not contain the correct ingredients and, in the worst-case scenario, may be filled with highly toxic substances." 565:, who had served as U.S. ambassador to China, stated, "The vast, illicit transfer of American innovation is one of the most significant economic issues impacting U.S. competitiveness that the nation has not fully addressed. It looks to be, must be, a top priority of the new administration." In March 2017 1999:

of 2016 in Paris, which left 12 people dead and nearly a dozen more injured. Sales of pirated CDs have been linked to funding the 2004 Madrid train bombing, and investigations firm Carratu connects money from counterfeit goods to Hezbollah, Al Qaeda, the Japanese Yakuza, the ETA, and the Russian Mob.

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Counterfeiters can include producers, distributors or retail sellers. Growing over 10,000% in the last two decades , counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry sector, including food, beverages, apparel, accessories, footwear, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, electronics, auto parts, toys, and

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that in 2013 counterfeit goods accounted for about $ 461 billion, or about 2.5% of total world trade. That estimate did not include either domestically produced and consumed products or digital products sold on the internet. That estimate rose from 1.8% of world trade in 2007. The OECD concluded that

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came from a store selling counterfeit T-shirts. The same has been found surrounding many other organized crime activities. According to Bruce Foucart, director of US Homeland Security's National Intellectual Property Coordination Centre, the sales of counterfeit goods funded the Charlie Hebdo attack

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Counterfeit toys leave children exposed to potentially toxic chemicals and the risk of choking. An estimated 10 to 12 percent of toys sold in the UK in 2017 were counterfeit, with the influx of counterfeit goods coming primarily from China. Trading Standards, a UK safety organization, seizes tens of

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In buying counterfeit goods directly from other smaller sellers, location is becoming less a factor, since consumers can purchase products from all over the world and have them delivered straight to their doors by regular carriers, such as USPS, FedEx and UPS. Whereas in previous years international

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has begun smashing empty bottles with a hammer to prevent them from entering the black market. During one sale in 2008, a French vintner was "shocked to discover that '106 bottles out of 107' were fakes." According to one source, counterfeit French wines sold locally and abroad "could take on a much

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With the increasing sophistication of counterfeiters techniques, there is an increasing need for designers and technologists to develop even more creative solutions to distinguish genuine products from frauds, incorporating unique and less obvious aspects of identification into the design of goods.

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Social media and mobile applications have turned into ideal platforms for transactions and trades. Counterfeit users and sellers would set up online accounts on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook and post counterfeit or illicit products through ways of sponsored ads and deals. The consumer can easily

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According to a U.S. Senate committee report in 2012 and reported by ABC News, "counterfeit electronic parts from China are 'flooding' into critical U.S. military systems, including special operations helicopters and surveillance planes, and are putting the nation's troops at risk." The report notes

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estimated that intellectual property loss due to 3D printer counterfeiting could total $ 100 billion by 2018. Among the technological fields that can be victimized by counterfeits are auto and aircraft parts, toys, medical devices, drugs and even human organs. According to one intellectual property

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Goods have been brought into the United States without the logos adorned on them in order to get past customs. They are then finished within the country. This is due to the increase in seizing of product at borders. The counterfeiters are reactive to the increasing crackdown on the illegal business

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Criminals prefer to sell counterfeits on the Internet for many reasons. They can hide behind the anonymity of the Internet—with the Dark Web even their IP addresses can be hidden. The Internet gives them the reach to sell to consumers globally—outside of the national limits of law enforcement. This

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on a national level but the penalties are dwarfed by the earnings outlook for counterfeiters: "As grievous as this crime is, which is even worse than armed robbery, the penalty is like a slap on the palm, the most ridiculous of which is a fine of 50,000 naira ($ 307). Any offender would gladly pay

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Customs agents seized more than 2,000 shipments of counterfeit beauty products in 2016, and noted that fake personal care items were more common than knockoff handbags. One of the biggest threats to beauty consumers is the risk that they are buying counterfeit products on familiar 3rd party retail

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In 2014, nearly 30% of the UK population was knowingly or unknowingly involved in some form of piracy through streaming content online or buying counterfeit DVDs, with such theft costing the UK audiovisual industries about £500m a year. Counterfeits are particularly harmful to smaller, independent

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were the most copied brands, with Nike being the most counterfeited brand globally. Counterfeit clothes, shoes, jewelry and handbags from designer brands are made in varying quality; sometimes the intent is only to fool the gullible buyer who only looks at the label and does not know what the real

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Among the leading industries that have been seriously affected by counterfeiting are software, music recordings, motion pictures, luxury goods and fashion clothes, sportswear, perfumes, toys, aircraft components, spare parts and car accessories, and pharmaceuticals. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are

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Some U.S. politicians are proposing to fine those who buy counterfeit goods, such as those sold in New York's Canal Street market. In Europe, France has already created stiff sentences for sellers or buyers, with punishments up to 3 years in prison and a $ 300,000 fine. Also in Europe, non-profit

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Food counterfeiting is a serious threat in Europe, especially for countries with a high number of trademark products such as Italy. In 2005, EU customs seized more than 75 million counterfeited goods, including foods, medicines and other goods, partly due to Internet sales. More than five million

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listed the leading food categories with reported cases of fraud as olive oil; fish and seafood; milk and milk-based products; honey, maple syrup, and other natural sweeteners; fruit juice; coffee and tea; spices; organic foods and products; and clouding agents. Deceptive and inaccurate ingredient

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in 2017 found that approximately 10% of fashion products sold worldwide are counterfeits, amounting to approximately $ 28.5 billion of lost revenues per year in Europe alone. Industry leaders feared that budding counterfeiters would soon be creating bags, apparel and jewelry at a lower production

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in 2018, approximately 79 percent of the American population had bought products online. They found numerous products which were sold online by Amazon, Walmart, eBay, Sears and Newegg were counterfeit. For 2017 it was estimated that online sales of counterfeit products amounted to $ 1.7 trillion.

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In many cases, different types of infringements overlap: unauthorized music copying mostly infringes copyright as well as trademarks; fake toys infringe design protection. Counterfeiting therefore involves the related issues of copying packaging, labeling, or any other significant features of the

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Companies spend millions or billions of dollars building brands, and building reputations and they're being completely destroyed by Chinese counterfeits. And when you take that across a universe of goods, Americans' confidence in their own products is nonexistent. Retailers, the malls, the retail

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In 2016, in a span of 3-day period, Instagram has identified 20,892 fake accounts selling counterfeit goods, collectively responsible for 14.5 million posts, 146,958 new images and gaining 687,817 new followers, with Chanel (13.90%), Prada (9.69%) and Louis Vuitton (8.51%) being the top affected

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The 2018 E-Commerce Law, along with the Consumer Protection Law, require e-commerce platforms to take proper action if they are aware or should be aware of fraudulent online behavior by merchants, including the sales of fraudulent goods. If merchants are found to have sold counterfeit goods, the

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About one-third of the world's countries lack effective drug regulatory agencies, which makes them easy prey for counterfeiters. Globally, more than half of counterfeit pharmaceuticals sold are for life-threatening conditions, such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. An estimated one

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In 2019, Amazon launched a program known as 'Project Zero' to work with brands to find counterfeit objects on the site. This technology has given private users and companies the capability to gauge handbags certification. Within time, this technology will be widely adaptable to larger platforms.

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Besides online market sites, the shift to digital for luxury and consumer goods have led to both promising opportunities and serious risks. The British government released a study stating 1/5 of all items tagged with luxury good brand names on Instagram are fakes with 20% of the posts featuring

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confiscated tonnes of fake products worth $ 25 million and arrested hundreds of suspects and broke up organized crime networks in 36 different countries on four continents. They raided markets, chemists, retail outlets, warehouses and border control points, where they seized among other things,

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agency supports a supplemental registration of trademarks through their Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation program. In 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting intellectual property

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U.S. Customs and Border Protection suggest that the cosmetic industry is losing about $ 75 million annually based on the amount of imitation products that are smuggled into the U.S. each year. In addition to the lost revenue, cosmetics brands are damaged when consumers experience unhealthy side

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Recently, the battle between counterfeiters and retailers-designers has changed. Shifting opinions among young consumers has created increased demand for 'dupe' products that may not be a direct or illegal counterfeit but a clear copy of a more upmarket design. According to a report released by

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Companies all over the internet are illegal e-boutiques that use platforms like eBay, Instagram and Amazon to sell counterfeit goods. Sometimes they own their own websites that have untraceable IP addresses that are often changed. Instagram is a difficult platform to trace, as sellers on it use

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has been traced back to being funded by counterfeit products. According to Tommy Hilfiger's Alastair Grey, terrorists bought the guns used with funds gained from selling illegal luxury sneakers. This is more normal than consumers may think. Grey discusses how often sellers will be overlooked by

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or the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies.

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These include items which purport to be original art, designer watches, designer china, accessories such as sunglasses and handbags, and all varieties of antiques. In some cases the copying process has proceeded through several vendors, and it is possible to see gradual changes as the chain of

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Buyers are attracted to rogue online pharmacies since they pose as legitimate businesses. Consumers are motivated by lower prices, and some are attracted by the ability to obtain prescription drugs without a prescription. Of the drugs bought online, however, 90 percent are found to come from a

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said "we need to fight counterfeits the same way we fight drunk driving." In some African countries, up to 60% of smartphones are counterfeit. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible for most consumers to spot a fake since telling the difference requires a higher than average level of technical

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to create programs to identify bogus parts and prevent them from entering the supply chain. "A failed connector can shut down a satellite as quickly as a defective IC," states product director Robert Hult. Such bogus electronics also pose a significant threat to various sectors of the economy,

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In fashion, counterfeit goods are known as knock offs. These counterfeit goods are usually sold on markets and street corners. Though purchasing these goods might seem harmless to those who purchase them knowingly, the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau in England has advised people not to buy

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are vulnerable to counterfeiting as well. In Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines, authentic-looking but poor quality watch fakes with self-winding mechanisms and fully working movements can sell for as little as US$ 20, with good quality ones selling for $ 100 and over. Some fakes'

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The approximate cost to the U.S. from counterfeit sales was estimated to be as high $ 600 billion as of 2016. A 2017 report by the Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property, stated that China and Hong Kong accounted for 87 percent of counterfeit goods seized entering the United

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So far, only United Kingdom, Scotland and Erie representatives have taken the initiative by using law enforcement and criminal charges to fight against counterfeiting and piracy on social media accounts. This concern still needs tremendous effort in updating its enforcement policies in online

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I remember walking into an assembly plant in Thailand a couple of years ago and seeing six or seven little children, all under 10 years old, sitting on the floor assembling counterfeit leather handbags. The owners had broken the children's legs and tied the lower leg to the thigh so the bones

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The United States government has made intellectual property protection a priority. It seems as if every week we see a new seizure of counterfeiting imports. These efforts are helpful and worthwhile, but U.S. officials and law enforcement can only do so much. Seizure of trademark and copyright

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Counterfeit electronic parts can undermine the security and reliability of critical business systems, which can cause massive losses in revenue to companies and damage their reputation. They can also pose major threats to health and safety, such as when an implanted heart pacemaker stops, an

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states that counterfeit products encompass all products made to closely imitate the appearance of the product of another as to mislead consumers. Those can include the unauthorized production and distribution of products that are protected by intellectual property rights, such as copyright,

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With the increase of internet sales, such fake drugs easily cross international boundaries and can be sold directly to unsuspecting buyers. In September 2017, Interpol, after a 10-year investigation, took down 3,584 websites in various countries, removed 3,000 online ads promoting illicit

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In China, counterfeit high-end wines are a growing beverage industry segment, where fakes are sold to Chinese consumers. Knock-off artists refill empty bottles from famous chateaux with inferior vintages. According to one source, "Upwardly mobile Chinese, eager to display their wealth and

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Since counterfeits are produced illegally, they are not manufactured to comply with relevant safety standards. They will often use cheap, hazardous and unapproved materials or cut costs in some other manner. These unapproved materials can be hazardous to consumers, or the environment.

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Counterfeiting of countless items with either large or relatively cheap 3D printers, is a growing problem. The sophisticated printing material and the ever-expanding supply of digital CAD designs available online, will contribute to a black market for counterfeit goods. The

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and copyright holders to fight online trafficking in copyrighted intellectual property and counterfeit goods. The bill would have allowed the U.S. Department of Justice, as well as copyright holders, to seek court orders against websites accused of enabling or facilitating

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and US e-commerce giant Amazon have enabled this trend. In 2019, multiple brands such as Nike and Birkenstock stopped selling their products on Amazon in protest of the flagrant counterfeits on the platform. Simultaneously, in the luxury market, high fashion brands such as

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During a counterfeit bust in New York in 2007, federal police, with the help of local Private Investigator Ray Dowd, seized $ 200 million in fake designer clothing, shoes, and accessories from one of the largest-ever counterfeit smuggling rings. Labels seized included

1283:, the counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals accounts for an estimated $ 600 billion in global trade, and may be the "crime of the 21st century." They add that it "poses significant adverse health and economic consequences for individuals and corporations alike." The 1475:

Food fraud, "the intentional adulteration of food with cheaper ingredients for economic gain," is a well-documented crime that has existed in the U.S. and Europe for many decades. As of 2014, it has only received more attention in recent years as the fear of

1428:. Those involved in their production and distribution include "medical professionals" such as corrupt pharmacists and physicians, organized crime syndicates, rogue pharmaceutical companies, corrupt local and national officials, and terrorist organizations. 1416:

was by far the biggest supplier of fake drugs, accounting for 75 percent of the global cases of counterfeit medicine. However, many drugs and other consumer products that were supposedly made in India, were actually made in China and imported into India.

994:(ICs), relays, circuit breakers, fuses, ground fault receptacles, and cable assemblies, as well as connectors. The value of counterfeit electronic components is estimated to total 2% of global sales or $ 460 billion in 2011. Counterfeit devices have been 879:) are those fakes that are produced in the same factory as legitimate designer pieces without authorized permission to do so. These goods are made from scraps and leftover materials from genuine products, produced illegally, and sold on the black market. 521:

the most profitable sector of illegally copied goods, with lost revenues up to $ 217 billion per year. Fraudulent drugs are known to harm or kill millions around the world, thereby damaging the brand names and sales of major pharmaceutical manufacturers.

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announced that "by seizing these domain names, we have disrupted the sale of thousands of counterfeit items, while also cutting off funds to those willing to exploit the ingenuity of others for their own personal gain." Members of Congress proposed the

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that Chinese companies take discarded electronic parts from other nations, remove any identifying marks, wash and refurbish them, and then resell them as brand-new – "a practice that poses a significant risk to the performance of U.S. military systems.

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The majority of online pharmacies taken down did not require a prescription to order the medicines and most sold potentially dangerous bogus versions of real drugs. One target for the operation was the illicit trade in opioid painkillers, especially

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The democratization of manufacturing made possible by 3D printing has the potential to lead to counterfeiting on steroids. And, as 3D printers get better and better, faster and faster, and more and more consumer friendly, anyone can become a

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analyzed 1,200 seafood samples from 674 retail outlets in 21 U.S. states. A third of the samples contained the DNA of a different type of fish to the one stated on the product label. They found that fish with high levels of mercury such as

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seized $ 121,442 worth of counterfeit children's toys that arrived into port from China and was destined for a North Carolina-based importer. The shipment was found to contain multiple items bearing trademarks and copyrights registered to

1323:(DEA) found that "customers can purchase fentanyl products from Chinese laboratories online with powdered fentanyl and pill presses" which are then shipped directly to buyers via regular mail services such as USPS, DHL, FedEx, and UPS. 5570:

Ellis, D.I., Brewster, V.L., Dunn, W.B., Allwood, J.W., Golovanov, A. and Goodacre, R. (2012) Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 5706–5727.

433:, although their legal meanings are not identical. Knockoff products are those that copy or imitate the physical appearance of other products but which do not copy the brand name or logo of a trademark. They may still be illegal under 1728:

It must be noted in this case however that it is usually not the components themselves which are counterfeit: they have in most instances been fabricated by the expected manufacturer or by a licensee who has paid for the appropriate

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Thailand has opened a Museum of Counterfeit Goods, displaying over 4,000 different items in 14 different categories that violate trademarks, patents, or copyrights. The oldest museum of this kind is located in Paris and is known as

2985: 1535:, which normally sells for nearly twice as much as catfish. Fish is the most frequently faked food Americans buy, which includes "...selling a cheaper fish, such as pen-raised Atlantic salmon, as wild Alaska salmon." In one test, 950:

authentication service Entrupy, 52% of shoppers age 15-24 purchased a counterfeit item in 2022, and 37% of the cohort admits they knew the good was fake when they purchased it. Notably, Chinese e-commerce fast fashion retailer

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wouldn't mend. did it because the children said they wanted to go outside and play. . . I went on a raid in a sweatshop in Brooklyn, and illegal workers were hiding in a rat hole, impossible to know how old the workers were.

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application and a standard small camera attachment which uses algorithms to detect even the most indistinguishable "super-fake". Online retailers are also having a difficult time keeping up with monitoring counterfeit items.

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movements and materials are also of remarkably passable quality, albeit inconsistently so, and may look good and work well for some years, a possible consequence of increasing competition within the counterfeiting community.

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The crackdown on counterfeit goods has not only become a matter of human rights but one of national and international security in various countries. The FBI has called product counterfeiting "the crime of the 21st century."

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were operating in parts of China, despite others having been shut down in the past by authorities at other locations. The following month, also in China, it was discovered that people were attempting to recreate the popular

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The methods used to dupe innocent consumers includes photocopying labels, creating different and phony chateaux names on the capsule and the label. Sometimes authentic bottles are used but another wine is added by using a

491:, "China produces 80% of the world's counterfeits and we're supporting China. Whether or not it's their intention to completely undermine and destroy the U.S. economy, we buy about 60% to 80% of the products." It states: 732:

Buyers often know they were victimized from online sales, as over a third (34%) said they were victimized two or three times, and 11% said they had bought fake goods three to five times. While many online sellers such as

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that claims that their provenance is traceable, sometimes accompanied by the components being remarked to make it appear that they have been manufactured and tested to more stringent standards than is actually the case.

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toys in 2015. In 2013, five New York-based companies were accused of importing hazardous and counterfeit toys from China. Among the merchandise seized were knockoff toys featuring popular children's characters such as

1835:. Counterfeit goods are a "...major plague for fashion and luxury brands," and numerous companies have made legal efforts to block the sale of counterfeits from China. Many of the goods are sold to retail outlets in 898:

try to stop knock offs from circulating in the market; Louis Vuitton has an entire team solely focused on stopping counterfeits. Gucci has adapted the counterfeit culture into its designs, changing the spelling of

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counterfeit food-related items, including drinks and alcohol products, were seized. According to the EU's taxation and customs commissioner, "A secret wave of dangerous fakes is threatening the people in Europe."

4205:"Counterfeit drugs consist of pills, drops and ointments containing either incorrect active ingredients or none at all. Sometimes the active ingredients are so diluted that the drugs are completely ineffective" 1715:

products. With the sales of illicit cigarettes in Turkey, for example, exceeding 16.2 billion cigarettes per year, Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan labeled counterfeit tobacco as "more dangerous than terrorism".

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sophistication, have since developed a taste for imported wine along with other foreign luxuries." In China, wine consumption more than doubled since 2005, making China the seventh-largest market in the world.

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magazine article in 2016 discussed the psychology of sales, and the role of gullible consumers, perhaps blindly ignoring warning signs of a "killer deal", somehow justifying buying an item they know is a fake.

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are not legally responsible for selling counterfeit goods, when items are brought to their attention by a buyer, they will apply a takedown procedure and quickly remove the product listing from their website.

4144: 5451: 1954:. Clothing manufacturers often rely on sweatshops using children in what some consider "slave labor" conditions. According to one organization, there are some 3,000 such sweatshops in and around 716:

has reported that with e-commerce, consumers often import and export goods and services which allows for more cross-border transactions which gives counterfeiters direct access to consumers.

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In China counterfeiting is so deeply rooted that crackdowns on shops selling counterfeit cause public protests during which the authorities are derided as "bourgeois puppets of foreigners."

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which have been sold as originating from a highly regarded manufacturer but in practice are merely shells which contain a lower-specification (and physically smaller) component internally.

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Factories that manufacture counterfeit designer brand garments and watches are usually located in developing countries, with between 85% and 95% of all counterfeit goods coming from China.

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technology to provide their products with unique digital identification, make authentication and ownership records simpler and also enabling customers to access unique online content. The

2844: 998:(also called a Chinese Blueprint due to its prevalence in China) to produce a product that looks identical and performs like the original, and able to pass physical and electrical tests. 983:

flash memory IC (right) and its counterfeit replica (left); although the packaging of these ICs are the same, an X-ray image reveals that the inside structure of the fake one is different

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despite their improved interception technologies, "the problem of counterfeit and pirated trade has not diminished, but has become a major threat for modern knowledge-based economies."

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products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide, with up to 750,000 jobs lost in the U.S. About 5% of goods imported into the

2130:

tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include:

4682: 917: 2986:"Presidential Executive Order on Establishing Enhanced Collection and Enforcement of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties and Violations of Trade and Customs Laws – The White House" 2318: 4249: 1938:

pharmaceuticals, food, vehicle parts, tobacco products, clothing, and agrochemicals. Over 7.2 million counterfeit and illicit items weighing more than 120 tonnes were confiscated.

4566: 483:, in 2018 counterfeiting was the largest criminal enterprise in the world. Sales of counterfeit and pirated goods totals $ 1.7 trillion per year, which is more than drugs and 4073: 2635: 5268: 4793: 3933: 4204: 2042: 2695: 2081:

Social media surveillance – New technical filters and deploy further resources; engaging in open information sharing; and promoting broader awareness in public campaigns

4380: 2066:

It also highlights the scale, impact, and characteristics of infringement, and that sophistication from counterfeiters continues to grow through social media platforms.

5530: 2591: 2436: 4869: 4397: 1613: 379:

products made up 5 to 7% of world trade in 2013, and in 2014 cost an estimated 2.5 million jobs worldwide. Counterfeit products exist in virtually every industry.

2348: 1484:

Convention's Food Fraud Database were: milk, olive oil, honey, saffron, fish, coffee, orange juice, apple juice, black pepper, and tea. A 2014 report by the U.S.

5304: 5094: 418:

are reproductions of copyrighted products used without permission, such as music, movies or software. Exact definitions depend on the laws of various countries.

4979: 4954:"Farewell, My Logo: A Detective Story - Counterfeiting Name Brands is Shaping Up as the Crime of the 21st Century. It Costs U.S. Companies $ 200 Billion a Year" 5242: 5078: 4910: 4774: 4233: 4108: 2720: 1480:

has increased. Numerous cases of intentional food fraud have been discovered. As of 2013, the foods most commonly listed as adulterated or mislabelled in the

1088:. If the counterfeit media has packaging good enough to be mistaken for the genuine product, it is sometimes sold as such. Music enthusiasts may use the term 2084:

Continued enforcement measures – Rogue website actions; customs training and cooperation with law enforcement; and addressing counterfeit goods at the source

576:

to, among other things, ensure the timely and efficient enforcement of laws protecting Intellectual Property Rights holders from imported counterfeit goods.

4017: 2873: 549:(CBP) to stem the influx of counterfeit goods into the U.S., there was a 38% increase in counterfeits seized between 2012 and 2016. In a test survey by the 3093: 4753: 1962:

described the conditions she witnessed in other country's sweatshops, noting that children workers are often smuggled into countries and sold into labor:

4423: 4057: 1316: 773: 5426: 4731: 3868: 1014:

report highlighted the risks when it identified approximately 1,800 cases of suspected counterfeit parts in the defense supply chain in 2009 and 2010.

855:

Others realize that most consumers do not care if the goods they buy are counterfeit and just wish to purchase inexpensive products. The popularity of

4146:

PR Newswire, "Police Raid Chinese Toy Factory: Moose Enterprise and Local Police Seize Over 150,000 Counterfeit Shopkins Toys in China", July 31, 2015

1150:

Along with making illicit parts for almost any major product, the fashion industry has become a major target of counterfeiters using 3D printing. The

967:

has laid out regulations to require "Digital Product Passports" for new all textile products manufactured in or imported to the EU beginning in 2030.

3644: 4504: 3067: 2034: 742:

counterfeiters had to transport most counterfeits through large cargo shipments, criminals now can use small parcel mail to avoid most inspections.

5583:

Point-and-shoot: rapid quantitative detection methods for on-site food fraud analysis – moving out of the laboratory and into the food supply chain

3037: 2382: 1773:

These products frequently show up for sale on online sites such as Amazon and eBay. Efforts to report them as fraudulent receive little response.

5550:

Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic

4128: 3671: 1506:, to make milk appear to have a higher protein content in government tests. It caused 900 infants to be hospitalized and resulted in six deaths. 2848: 4186: 3241: 3045: 5654: 5395: 3768: 3306: 1653: 1108: 3593: 1164:

thousands of toys every month to prevent children coming into contact with them, according to the British Toy and Hobby Association (BTHA).

1017: 5598:"Through-container, extremely low concentration detection of multiple chemical markers of counterfeit alcohol using a handheld SORS device" 3220: 2759: 2326: 663:

is also found in the West, although primarily a problem for collectors of rare wine. Famous examples of counterfeiting include the case of

4314: 4089: 2621: 5411:

Stroppa, Andrea (2016). "Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide".

5680: 5269:"According to the Spanish authorities, cases involving counterfeit products are often linked to the organisation of illegal immigration" 1911: 1002: 720: 542: 4330: 3255: 3123: 2899: 1918:, Mexico, Switzerland and China had not yet signed the agreement. Due to the latter, critics evaluated the agreement as insubstantial. 1527:

tested fish at 17 sushi restaurants found that fish being sold as red snapper actually was mostly tilapia. Other inspections uncovered

1847: 1790:

seized and shut down 82 websites as part of a U.S. crackdown of websites that sell counterfeit goods, and was timed to coincide with "

1704:

are an example of the multi-pronged threat of counterfeiting, providing hundreds of millions of dollars per year to terrorist groups.

1238: 713: 546: 5342: 4364: 3949: 3716: 2407: 1649:

was a multinational incident involving horse meat (and pork) being found in food products that were labelled as only containing beef.

5063: 4573: 3963: 987: 975: 795: 596: 383: 2193:

Tactile prints - dots printed directly onto surface of the product, provide embossed finishes to highlight specific design features

5275: 4790: 4613: 1319:(CDC) claiming that sixty-six percent (66%) of the 63,600 overdose deaths in 2016 were caused by opioids, including fentanyl. The 906:

Consumers may choose to actively dismiss these unclear origins of product when a trendy style is available for little money. The

1757:

which has been programmed to implement the same programming interface to a greater or lesser extent. Another example is that of

5690: 4818: 4672: 3489: 2127: 1995: 1787: 1320: 1280: 1011: 3619: 3567: 1676:. Examples include the injection of non-food grade gels into shrimp and prawns to increase their weight and visual appeal and 5325: 4033: 3414: 3012: 2229: 2123: 1485: 1460: 777: 566: 70: 3281: 2599: 2349:"NRC OIG Releases Two Reports on Findings Regarding Counterfeit, Fraudulent, and Suspect Items in U.S. Nuclear Power Plants" 676: 4706: 3989: 3442: 1040:

estimated that one in five (19%) of smartphones sold worldwide were counterfeit, with the numbers growing. Alibaba founder

5246: 4171: 3191: 1808: 1198: 884: 4866: 4632: 4401: 3332: 2050: 1606: 1510: 1334: 1210: 387: 3820:"Terahertz characterization of electronic components and comparison of terahertz imaging with X-ray imaging techniques" 2818: 2481: 1741:

There have, however, been situations where components have been fully counterfeit. A fairly typical example is that of

873:

Some counterfeiters have begun to manufacture their goods in the same factory as the authentic goods. 'Yuandan goods' (

4953: 1359:

sold in Africa—worth some $ 438m a year—are counterfeit. In early 2018 29 tons in counterfeit medicine were seized by

930:

practice. Stock-rooms have been replaced with mobile shopping vans that are constantly moving and difficult to track.

2728: 2566: 1498:

In 2008, U.S. consumers were "panicked" and a "media firestorm" ensued when Chinese milk was discovered to have been

410:—often of inferior quality—made or sold under another's brand name without the brand owner's authorization. The term 5223: 4992: 4907: 4105: 2143:

Encrypted micro-particles - unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers, and colors) not visible to the human eye

5685: 3154: 2932: 2178:

Security pigments and inks - marks only visible under ultraviolet light and is not under normal lighting conditions

1481: 626: 766: 5181: 4649: 2437:"Knock-off the Knockoffs: The Fight Against Trademark and Copyright Infringement – Illinois Business Law Journal" 2155: 1734: 1601:

The "secondary" grocery industry is susceptible to food fraud by diverting products deemed unfit for consumption.

1569: 1499: 1284: 554: 5129: 4464: 3690: 3515: 2164: 1828: 1555: 1094:

to differentiate otherwise-unavailable recordings from counterfeited copies of commercially released material.

5596:

Ellis, D.I.; Eccles, R.; Xu, Y.; Griffen, J.; Muhamadali, H.; Matousek, P.; Goodall, I.; Goodacre, R. (2017).

4544: 1311:

also contain fentanyl as a key ingredient. Online pharmacies had flooded the US market and contributed to the

5662:

Social media and luxury goods counterfeit: a growing concern for government, industry and consumers worldwide

5149: 5582: 5055: 3742: 2966:"Intellectual Property: Agencies Can Improve Efforts to Address Risks Posed by Changing Counterfeits Market" 2785: 2279: 2122:; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, 1758: 1701: 1646: 1554:

was discovered to have been adulterated with brandy, and their honey was mixed with cheaper sugars, such as

1263: 819: 688: 4005: 2948: 1926: 1869: 1860: 1635: 1562: 1370: 907: 398: 5365: 4512: 1450: 53: 5524: 5343:"Nowotarski, Mark, "The Power of Policing Trademarks and Design Patents", IPWatchdog, 25 September 2013" 4045: 3541: 1730: 1544: 1202: 3167: 2152:- graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at point of sale for visual verification 3459: 2900:"Popular goods sold through Amazon, Walmart and others are counterfeits: Government report - CBS News" 2167:

tagging for authentication - short-range wireless connectivity that stores information between devices

1355:

drugs in Africa and South-East Asia are fake, while the UN estimated in 2013 that roughly half of the

561:

States, and claimed that the Chinese government encourages intellectual property theft. Utah Governor

5609: 5504: 5366:"Harris, Dan, "How to Stop China Counterfeiting, Or At Least Reduce It", ChinaLawBlog, 21 April 2013" 4927: 3831: 1514: 3376: 2459:

The Economics of Counterfeit Trade: Governments, Consumers, Pirates and Intellectual Property Rights

5475: 5452:"New trends in online counterfeiting require updated enforcement policies - World Trademark Review" 4528: 4183: 3360: 3138: 1125: 964: 709: 4839: 4129:"A deluge of counterfeit toys is leaving children exposed to toxic chemicals, safety experts warn" 3910: 2064:

counterfeit goods from accounts usually based in China, Russia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Ukraine.

4958: 3847: 2819:"Fighting counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New defenses for an underestimated - and growing - menace" 2239: 1356: 1337:(FDA) defines counterfeit drugs as those sold under a product name without proper authorization: 995: 991: 581: 2662: 2030:

Instagram spambots featuring Louis Vuitton, selling counterfeit luxury items of different brands

1303:, which is 50 to 100 times stronger than morphine. Counterfeit versions of other narcotics like 1103:

infringing imports will hardly make a dent in the global piracy of intellectual property rights.

4854: 2636:"Knocked out by knock-offs: Counterfeit products, mostly from China, are hurting Indian brands" 1846:

For trademark owners wishing to identify and prevent the importation of counterfeit goods, the

5650: 5635: 5391: 5059: 5018: 5014: 4500: 4417: 4285: 4155: 3384: 2514: 2249: 2244: 2115: 2106: 1523: 1401: 1230: 1090: 1065: 1026: 622: 553:

of various items purchased online of major brands, all of which stated they were certified by

484: 3826:. Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems IX: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense. 1673: 712:

states that worldwide such e-commerce sales are expected to reach over $ 4 trillion by 2020.

5625: 5617: 5586: 5572: 5512: 4598: 4275: 3839: 1979: 1536: 734: 664: 562: 32: 24: 20: 4928:"U.S. Customs and Border Protection Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation Application" 4346: 2622:"Global trade in fake goods worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year - OECD & EUIPO" 808: 487:. It is expected to grow to $ 2.8 trillion and cost 5.4 million jobs by 2022. According to 4914: 4873: 4797: 4368: 4361: 4190: 4112: 3898: 3446: 2284: 2208: 2046:

Instagram spambot featuring sellers who embedded their contact details on published images

1991: 1987: 1972: 1864: 1754: 1551: 1312: 1243: 1194: 844: 573: 5224:"Counterfeit goods are linked to terror groups - Business - International Herald Tribune" 4437: 2696:"Meet The Man Fighting America's Trade War Against Chinese Counterfeits (It's Not Trump)" 672: 5647:

Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights

5613: 5508: 5388:

Share and share alike: the challenges from social media for intellectual property rights

3835: 1068:

and other media that are easily copied can be counterfeited and sold through vendors at

5630: 5597: 4469: 4280: 4263: 2234: 2205:

fingerprinting - uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database

2196: 2111: 2077:

counterfeiting. Below are some emerging solutions suggested by World Trademark Review:

1915: 1800: 856: 852:

thing looks like, while others put some serious effort into mimicking fashion details.

684: 680: 668: 470: 165: 4811:"Lincoln Han - Counterfeits, fake goods, intellectual property and infringement aware" 903:

to 'Guccy' for its spring/summer 2018 collection and painting REAL all over the bags.

5674: 5492: 5133: 4302: 3851: 3819: 2181: 1907: 1708: 1578: 1347: 1214: 1155:

cost after gaining access to pirated blueprints or digital files from manufacturers.

1137: 1069: 895: 848: 719:

Internet sales of counterfeit goods has been growing exponentially, according to the

653: 434: 415: 105: 4980:"Obama Administration Responds to We the People Petitions on SOPA and Online Piracy" 4810: 3818:

Ahi, Kiarash (May 13, 2015). Anwar, Mehdi F; Crowe, Thomas W; Manzur, Tariq (eds.).

2137:

Color shifting ink or film - visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted

5565:

Swindled: The Dark History of Food Fraud, from Poisoned Candy to Counterfeit Coffee

4438:"Food Fraud and "Economically Motivated Adulteration" of Food and Food Ingredients" 2760:"Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact | READ online" 2087:

Reinforce in postal service – advance data screening for mail parcels and shipments

1983: 1955: 1791: 1594: 1477: 1247: 1226: 1073: 1053: 687:. In both cases, the victims of the fraud were high-end wine collectors, including 569: 5581:

Ellis, D.I., Muhamadali, H., Haughey, S.A., Elliott, C.T. and Goodacre, R. (2015)

4058:"Illegal, Immoral, and Here to Stay Counterfeiting and the 3D Printing Revolution" 1689:

effects, such as eye infections or allergic reactions, from counterfeit products.

500: 4791:"Senate Armed Services Committee Releases Report on Counterfeit Electronic Parts" 3645:"Amazon launches new tools that allow brands to proactively fight counterfeiting" 3094:"14.8 million litres alcoholic drinks seized across Europe - European Commission" 652:. The problem is so widespread in China, the U.S. and Europe, that auction house 5664:(pp. 1–50, Rep.) (B. Parrella, Ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. 4250:"Combatting the Opioid Crisis: Exploiting Vulnerabilities in International Mail" 4209: 3968: 2539: 2294: 2119: 2020: 1959: 1947: 1873: 1863:(SOPA). If the bill had been passed, it would have expanded the ability of U.S. 1795: 1746: 1561:

In 2008, U.S. food safety officers seized more than 10,000 cases of counterfeit

1268: 1121: 1117: 1112: 813: 755: 608: 466: 462: 376: 372: 135: 5621: 3568:"Counterfeit Fashion Is Funding Terrorism, Sweatshops, and Untold Human Misery" 3439: 3415:"Counterfeit Fashion Is Funding Terrorism, Sweatshops, and Untold Human Misery" 1946:

Counterfeit products are often produced in violation of basic human rights and

1167: 4665: 3307:"What We Know – and What We Don't – About Counterfeit Goods and Small Parcels" 2274: 2259: 2012: 1951: 1820: 1677: 1669: 1586: 1455: 1409: 1352: 1234: 1218: 1206: 1185: 1077: 960: 660: 638: 337: 175: 4018:"China is still a notorious market for movie and TV show piracy, report says" 3388: 2874:"U.S. Customs Needs To Share More Info on Counterfeits With Online Retailers" 2518: 2965: 2254: 2102: 1832: 1657: 1304: 1181: 1173: 1057: 1022: 458: 450: 368: 360: 250: 230: 5639: 5126: 4614:"Fraudsters convicted for selling spoiled, tainted food to discount grocer" 4289: 4074:"Germany: Counterfeiting, 3D printing and the third Industrial Revolution" 3221:"One-Third of Online Shoppers Victims of Counterfeit Sales – 24/7 Wall St" 2353:

Office of the Inspector General (OIG), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

496:

stores are closing up, and we're becoming a duopoly of Walmart and Amazon.

3934:"New Tricks Needed to Stop the €45 Billion Counterfeit Smartphone Market" 3111: 2506: 2289: 2264: 2199:

seals and tapes - destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale

2149: 2016: 1934: 1890: 1836: 1824: 1598:

in 2011 found widespread mislabelling of fish served in area restaurants.

1574: 1503: 1360: 1308: 1300: 1189: 1081: 671:, who was indicted in March 2012 for attempting to sell faked bottles of 618: 300: 260: 65: 4908:"Counterfeit Luxury: Feds Bust Largest-Ever Counterfeit Smuggling Ring." 4775:"Counterfeit Chinese Parts Slipping Into U.S. Military Aircraft: Report" 2319:"Global trade in fake goods worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year" 1033:

anti-lock braking system (ABS) fails, or a cell phone battery explodes.

5590: 5576: 4678: 3843: 3769:"EXCLUSIVE: Mugler Teams Up With Arianee for Digital Passports in Bags" 3449:, Tilleke & Gibbins International, Thailand, accessed March 8, 2014 2202: 2188: 2173: 1922: 1712: 1582: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1378: 1291:

million people die each year from taking toxic counterfeit medication.

1041: 922: 891:

counterfeit goods, as their production often funds more serious crime.

836: 780: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 692: 649: 614: 280: 185: 155: 5516: 933:

Companies like Entrupy are determined to eradicate fake goods with an

691:, who sued both Rodenstock and Kurniawan over fake wines sold both at 5390:. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. pp. 1–150. 4840:"U.S. Shutters 82 Sites in Crackdown on Downloads, Counterfeit Goods" 1840: 1816: 1794:," the start of the holiday online shopping season. Attorney General 1639: 1540: 1385: 1374: 1273: 1251: 1222: 956: 934: 479: 454: 438: 364: 336:)—are goods, often of inferior quality, made or sold under another's 240: 125: 28: 5300: 2270:

Intellectual property infringement in the People's Republic of China

2161:

Micro-printing - second line authentication often used on currencies

2038:

Instagram spambots featuring profile keywords and posting techniques

1994:. The FBI has found evidence that a portion of the financing of the 1327:

country different from one the website claims. A 2018 report by the

5549: 5165: 2054:

Russian-based website specializing in Chanel bags at cheaper prices

5493:"Patterned optical anisotropy in woven conjugated polymer systems" 5127:"Counterfeit drugs making nonsense of medical practice in Nigeria" 5110: 3124:"Pricey counterfeit labels proliferate as China wine market booms" 2049: 2041: 2033: 2025: 1903: 1753:, Prolific and others which in practice contain a general-purpose 1425: 1421: 1413: 1364: 1267: 1166: 1016: 980: 974: 951: 916: 900: 866: 840: 824: 818: 807: 595:

currency. The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the

499: 407: 397: 310: 270: 220: 195: 145: 115: 4724:"Illicit cigarette tracking and the financing of organized crime" 4006:"Nearly $ 1 Million Worth of Counterfeit Movies and Music Seized" 1950:

laws and human rights laws, as they are often created in illegal

1803:

to block access to foreign Web sites offering counterfeit goods.

1733:. Rather, what is fraudulent is the issuing by the reseller of a 5649:. UK Government: Intellectual Property Office. 2017. 99. 1–150. 4381:"Customs seize Chinese cargo with fake 'made-in-India' products" 4252:, Report of the Committee on Homeland Security, January 24, 2018 4034:"22 more fake Apple stores found in Kunming, China, says report" 3950:"Top 5 reasons why counterfeit goods are getting harder to spot" 3038:"Global Impacts Study | ICC - International Chamber of Commerce" 2408:"Dupes Are the Legal Problem That May Be Lurking in Your Closet" 2211:

systems - use codes to link products to database tracking system

1750: 1373:

has found fake versions of at least 20 of its products, such as

1151: 1085: 1037: 1006: 859:

in the late 1970s and early 1980s spurred a flood of knockoffs.

832: 534: 509: 474: 5491:

Müller, Christian, Garriga, M. & Campoy-Quiles, M. (2012).

5150:"Interpol seizes 25 mln USD fake goods in worldwide operations" 5052:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

4867:"French warning on counterfeits: don't sell 'em, don't buy 'em" 4090:"How to Tell What’s Real and What’s Fake in a 3D Printed World" 1902:

On October 1, 2011, the governments of eight nations including

1589:(87%) and tuna (59%) were the most commonly mislabeled species. 1188:

have experienced problems with counterfeiting of their popular

667:, who was involved with the so-called "Jefferson bottles," and 5301:"Counterfeit goods fund violent gang activity | abc7.com" 2567:"750,000 lost jobs? The dodgy digits behind the war on piracy" 1742: 1435: 1328: 1061: 749: 704: 550: 340:

without the brand owner's authorization. The colloquial terms

290: 37: 5019:"Facing Counterfeiting Crackdown, Beijing Vendors Fight Back" 3460:"Is Counterfeiting Actually Good for Fashion? | Highsnobiety" 2140:

DNA tracking - genes embedded onto labels that can be traced

504:

Growth in seizures of counterfeit goods by the United States

4800:, U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Report, May 21, 2012 4331:"Interpol: Raids in 36 countries yield $ 25M in fake goods" 3542:"Can Technology Keep Fake Handbags Out of the Marketplace?" 2214:

Water indicators - become visible when contacted with water

1612:

New U.S. seafood tracing regulations were announced by the

4754:"Smoke and mirrors in Turkey with illicit cigarette trade" 4599:"Globe investigation finds widespread seafood mislabeling" 4529:"Something fishy? Counterfeit foods enter the U.S. market" 4371:

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, January 15, 2009

2845:"Counterfeit goods: How to tell the real from the rip-off" 1711:

sits on top of any baseline hazard ascribed to commercial

1384:

Other prescription drugs that have been counterfeited are

5326:"MSU LAUNCHES FIRST ANTI-COUNTERFEITING RESEARCH PROGRAM" 3990:"Movie piracy: threat to the future of films intensifies" 3691:"Gen Z Doesn't Care If Their Luxury Merch Is Counterfeit" 3068:"Counterfeit Goods Shaving Billions From Italian Economy" 4886: 3887:

Counterfeit Integrated Circuits: Detection and Avoidance

3358:

Johnson, Janis (February 5, 1981). "Counterfeit jeans".

3333:"Nike Shoes Among Most Counterfeited Goods in the World" 3155:

The New Yorker, September 3, 2007: The Jefferson Bottles

1543:

sold in 2005-2006 were actually wild, and the rest were

449:

Sellers of counterfeit goods may infringe on either the

382:

The spread of counterfeit goods are worldwide, with the

4683:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

3282:"Amazon's Chinese counterfeit problem is getting worse" 3192:"Video New warning of counterfeit products sold online" 2118:

to help indicate that the package and contents are not

4993:"SOPA author withdraws controversial anti-piracy bill" 4857:

U.S. Dept. of Justice Press Release, November 29, 2010

4707:"Fake makeup can be an easy buy – and a health hazard" 4264:"The health and economic effects of counterfeit drugs" 2933:"Counterfeit Goods Cost the U.S. $ 600 Billion a Year" 2090:

Adopting a set of best practices in payment processors

2069:

brands according to a study from The Washington Post.

1539:

found that less than half of supposedly "wild-caught"

833:

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

4234:"Latest Interpol-led Pangea op nets rogue pharmacies" 3869:"The Serious Risks From Counterfeit Electronic Parts" 3672:"Amazon Weaponizes Brands, AI in Fight Against Fakes" 3620:"Amazon Weaponizes Brands, AI in Fight Against Fakes" 3242:"Addressing the Sale of Counterfeits on the Internet" 2592:"Product counterfeiting puts consumer safety at risk" 2093:

Collaborate with third-party cooperation for reliance

5427:"That Chanel bag on your Instagram feed may be fake" 4855:"Federal Courts Order Seizure of 82 Website Domains" 4156:"5 accused of importing counterfeit, hazardous toys" 3491:

How fake handbags fund terrorism and organized crime

4666:"Food frauds - Intention, detection and management" 4174:, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, July 26, 2017 4106:"The New World of 3D Printing … and Counterfeiting" 1581:were being passed off as relatively safe fish like 1001:Incidents involving counterfeit ICs has led to the 356:, although their legal meanings are not identical. 51:It has been suggested that this article should be 19:"Knock off" redirects here. For the 1998 film, see 3964:"Dealers Do Roaring Trade in Fake Euro 2012 Goods" 2482:"Challenging the Counterfeit Connector Conundrum" 557:, the GAO found that 43% were nonetheless fakes. 359:Sellers of such goods may infringe on either the 97:% total value of seizures, excludes online piracy 5182:"Garment Sweatshops in Argentina an Open Secret" 4262:Blackstone, EA; Fuhr, JP Jr; Pociask, S (2014). 2369:The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy 1930:this fine and return to business the next day." 1859:In October 2011, a bill was introduced entitled 1851:rights holders from imported counterfeit goods. 429:(duplicate) are often used interchangeably with 352:(duplicate) are often used interchangeably with 5558:Knockoff: The Deadly Trade in Counterfeit Goods 5095:"ACTA is worthless without Chinese involvement" 5079:"Anti-counterfeiting agreement signed in Tokyo" 4567:"Oceana study reveals seafood fraud nationwide" 4545:"Oceana study reveals seafood fraud nationwide" 4184:"Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and Public Health" 2944: 2942: 1964: 1811:, fight the global trade in counterfeit goods. 1614:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1143: 1100: 725: 493: 5111:"EU defends final Acta text on counterfeiting" 4315:"Counterfeit drugs raise Africa’s temperature" 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2461:, Springer Science & Business Media (2009) 2105:can be engineered to help reduce the risks of 5332:, Michigan State University, February 8, 2010 5243:"Mexican drug cartels tap counterfeit market" 5166:"Counterfeiting: Many Risks and Many Victims" 4650:"Counterfeit food a 'serious threat' says EC" 4229: 4227: 3717:"How 'Dupe' Culture Took Over Online Fashion" 3594:"Instagram has a counterfeit fashion problem" 3139:"After luxury bags, counterfeit luxury wines" 3112:"China fakes Australian premium organic wine" 2980: 2978: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2951:, The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2017 1568:From 2010 until 2012, the conservation group 990:have proliferated in recent years, including 874: 8: 5529:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4674:Food safety toolkit for Asia and the Pacific 3215: 3213: 2313: 2311: 2134:2D barcodes - data codes that can be tracked 1126:from its Finnish copyright/trademark owners. 541:In the U.S., despite coordinated efforts by 414:(CFSI) is also used to describe such goods. 4660: 4658: 4524: 4522: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4046:"China steals "Angry Birds" for theme park" 3863: 3861: 3244:, International Trademark Association, 2018 2970:U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 1770:"counterfeits of counterfeits" progresses. 1521:, a common and less flavorful species. The 1449:It has been suggested that this section be 1084:sources, including open auction sites like 94:Top countries whose IP rights are infringed 5660:Stroppa, A., & Stefano, D. D. (2016). 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 4933:. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 2006 4702: 4700: 4193:, Michigan State Univ., Public Health dept 2868: 2866: 1317:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1295:pharmaceuticals, and arrested 400 people. 412:counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items 330:counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items 5629: 5205: 5203: 4303:"Counterfeit Drugs Questions and Answers" 4279: 3741:Suthivarakom, Ganda (February 11, 2020). 3509: 3507: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 1513:found that 77 percent of fish labeled as 796:Learn how and when to remove this message 16:Goods fraudulently sold under brand names 5211:Sonia Sotomayor: The True American Dream 4982:, The White House Blog, January 14, 2012 4172:"Charleston CBP Seizes Counterfeit Toys" 2786:"Sale of fake goods hits alarming level" 2721:"Combating trademark and product piracy" 2663:"How Chinese counterfeiting hurts India" 2431: 2429: 1656:scandal involved milk contaminated with 1010:including the military. In 2012, a U.S. 213:Provenance of counterfeit goods in 2013 4572:. Oceana. February 2013. Archived from 3483: 3481: 3256:"Amazon May Have a Counterfeit Problem" 2307: 2011:Major internet shopping sites, such as 723:, which lists a number of reasons why: 5522: 5486: 5484: 4887:"European Anti-Counterfeiting Network" 4422:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4415: 3747:Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2364: 2362: 1707:The harm arising from this amalgam of 465:its goods as made by the brand owner. 375:its goods as made by the brand owner. 3824:SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications 3743:"Welcome to the Era of Fake Products" 3566:Street, Mikelle (December 21, 2016). 3409: 3407: 3405: 3013:"RFID Tags Won't Stop Counterfeiting" 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2486:Connector and Cable Assembly Supplier 2457:Chaudhry, Peggy E., Zimmerman, Alan. 1749:"dongles" ostensibly manufactured by 1654:2013 European aflatoxin contamination 1453:out into another article titled 1400:, used to treat influenza, including 1109:Motion Picture Association of America 473:in 2013 were fakes, according to the 437:if they confuse consumers or violate 31:. For creative work derivatives, see 7: 5585:. Analytical Methods. 7, 9401–9414. 5345:. Ipwatchdog.com. September 25, 2013 5307:from the original on August 11, 2012 3911:"Exploding Cell Phones Spur Recalls" 3794:"Ecodesign for sustainable products" 3767:Templeton, Lily (November 7, 2023). 3375:Schiro, Anne-Marie (April 4, 1981). 1809:European Anti-Counterfeiting Network 1765:Other counterfeit product categories 778:adding citations to reliable sources 5567:, Princeton University Press (2008) 5184:, Inter Press Service, May 30, 2015 4917:Second City Style, December 6, 2007 4876:, Applied DNA Sciences, May 3, 2011 4463:Larson, Sarah (September 4, 2023). 3715:Jones, C. T. (September 15, 2022). 3689:Klara, Robert (November 15, 2023). 3488:Gray, Alastair (December 6, 2017), 2565:Sanchez, Julian (October 8, 2008). 2383:"Shoppers Are Stuck in a Dupe Loop" 1912:Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 908:French terrorist attack in 2015 at 721:International Trademark Association 543:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 23:. For the Jess Moskaluke song, see 5476:How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work" 5303:. Abclocal.go.com. June 10, 2010. 5241:Borunda, Daniel (April 19, 2012). 5195:Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster 4652:MeatProcess.com, November 13, 2006 4203:Shafy, Samiha (January 30, 2008). 3962:Eichhofer, André (June 13, 2012). 3899:"Counterfeit Products On The Rise" 2661:Pathak, Sriparna (June 26, 2018). 2598:. January 15, 2011. Archived from 2381:Mull, Amanda (February 24, 2023). 1848:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1412:. The EU reported that as of 2005 1239:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 14: 5415:. Washington, D.C. pp. 1–50. 4612:Pulkkinen, Levi (July 19, 2019). 3254:Semuels, Alana (April 20, 2018). 2480:Hult, Robert (November 5, 2013). 1396:, used to treat prostate cancer, 988:Counterfeit electronic components 597:International Chamber of Commerce 406:A counterfeit consumer good is a 384:International Chamber of Commerce 4995:. Memeburn.com. January 23, 2012 4821:from the original on May 8, 2021 4465:"The Lies in Your Grocery Store" 3514:Thomas, Dana (January 9, 2009). 2694:Shepard, Wade (March 29, 2019). 2325:. April 18, 2016. Archived from 1440: 754: 402:Knockoff Sharpie named "Skerple" 42: 5245:. El Paso Times. Archived from 4633:"US aims to curb seafood fraud" 2128:electronic article surveillance 1996:1993 World Trade Center bombing 1788:Department of Homeland Security 1786:On November 29, 2010, the U.S. 1489:lists are increasingly common. 1321:Drug Enforcement Administration 1107:China has been targeted by the 1012:Senate Armed Services Committee 765:needs additional citations for 5553:, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010). 5364:Harris, Dan (April 21, 2013). 4952:Curry, Sheree (May 13, 1996). 4631:Abel, David (March 16, 2015). 4442:Congressional Research Service 4048:, CBS News, September 16, 2011 3670:Lee, Adriana (March 4, 2019). 3618:Lee, Adriana (March 1, 2019). 3592:Lieber, Chavie (May 2, 2019). 2230:2013 meat adulteration scandal 2165:NFC (Near Field Communication) 1486:Congressional Research Service 1025:confiscated by the Philippine 1: 4008:, Chester Law, March 20, 2018 3440:"Museum of Counterfeit Goods" 3011:Lindsey, Joe (May 10, 2016). 2540:"Crackdown on counterfeiting" 2098:Anti-counterfeiting packaging 1855:Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) 1388:, used to treat blood clots, 547:Customs and Border Protection 5456:www.worldtrademarkreview.com 5050:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 3952:, IP Watchdog, June 26, 2018 3901:, Robert J. McGuirl Law Firm 2990:trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov 1607:Food and Drug Administration 1511:University of North Carolina 1335:Food and Drug Administration 1211:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 388:intellectual property rights 4845:magazine, November 29, 2010 4352:magazine, September 2, 2010 4036:, CBS News, August 11, 2011 3540:Mau, Dhani (June 6, 2019). 2156:Kinetic diffraction grating 1971:U.S. Supreme Court justice 1638:was pork contaminated with 677:Domaine de la Romanée-Conti 5707: 5681:Counterfeit consumer goods 5622:10.1038/s41598-017-12263-0 4872:September 3, 2011, at the 4505:"The fake-food detectives" 4367:February 20, 2011, at the 3280:Levy, Ari (July 8, 2016). 1978:The profits often support 1807:organizations such as the 1482:United States Pharmacopeia 1261: 636: 627:European Anti-Fraud Office 606: 326:Counterfeit consumer goods 18: 3516:"The Fight Against Fakes" 3445:October 20, 2020, at the 3311:www.theglobalipcenter.com 1735:Certificate of Conformity 1285:World Health Organization 875: 555:Underwriters Laboratories 60:Counterfeit consumer good 4022:South China Morning Post 3114:, Organic News, June 26. 2935:. AP. February 27, 2017. 2170:Overt and covert feature 1672:is a growing concern in 1556:high-fructose corn syrup 703:In a report by the U.S. 533:It was estimated by the 5560:Kogan Page, U.K. (2006) 5497:Applied Physics Letters 5213:, Penguin (2010) e-book 5197:, Penguin (2007) p. 288 5138:Nigerian Health Journal 5056:Oxford University Press 4547:. Oceana. February 2013 4268:Am Health Drug Benefits 3098:anti-fraud.ec.europa.eu 2624:. OECD. April 18, 2016. 2280:Packaging and labelling 2007:Internet shopping sites 1759:electrolytic capacitors 1693:platforms like Amazon. 1647:2013 horse meat scandal 1592:Genetic testing by the 1264:Counterfeit medications 885:Musée de la Contrefaçon 746:Apparel and accessories 5691:Authentication methods 4730:. 2004. Archived from 4111:July 16, 2018, at the 4078:World Trademark Review 3889:, Springer (2015) p. 5 3377:"Keeping jeans honest" 2949:"IP Commission Report" 2059:Social media platforms 2055: 2047: 2039: 2031: 1969: 1927:trademark infringement 1870:copyright infringement 1861:Stop Online Piracy Act 1636:2008 Irish pork crisis 1563:extra virgin olive oil 1371:Pfizer Pharmaceuticals 1279:According to the U.S. 1276: 1178: 1148: 1105: 1029: 984: 926: 828: 816: 730: 505: 498: 489:The Counterfeit Report 461:of the brand owner by 403: 371:of the brand owner by 5249:on September 13, 2012 4796:June 1, 2012, at the 4728:Police Chief magazine 4189:July 8, 2013, at the 2507:"Knock-offs catch on" 2110:Packages may include 2053: 2045: 2037: 2029: 1731:intellectual property 1420:Another 7% came from 1351:, between 15%-30% of 1271: 1203:SpongeBob SquarePants 1170: 1124:) without permission 1118:Angry Birds franchise 1020: 1003:Department of Defense 978: 959:are beginning to use 920: 822: 811: 503: 421:The colloquial terms 401: 57:into articles titled 27:. For the crime, see 5230:. February 12, 2007. 4913:May 5, 2011, at the 4734:on December 20, 2005 4515:on October 21, 2010. 4503:(February 8, 2010). 4240:, September 26, 2017 4094:3D Printing Industry 3830:: 94830K–94830K–15. 3798:commission.europa.eu 2439:. September 21, 2009 2355:. February 10, 2022. 1958:, Argentina. Author 774:improve this article 5614:2017NatSR...712082E 5509:2012ApPhL.101q1907M 5478:, HowStuffWorks.com 5413:The Washington Post 4620:. Cascade PBS News. 4579:on December 9, 2017 4404:on October 22, 2018 4064:, February 20, 2015 3938:Developing Telecoms 3885:Tehranipoor, Mark. 3836:2015SPIE.9483E..0KA 3651:. February 28, 2019 3421:. December 21, 2016 3361:The Washington Post 3223:. December 18, 2017 3198:. February 28, 2018 3145:, November 22, 2009 3110:Paull, John (2012) 2906:. February 26, 2018 2731:on February 5, 2007 2602:on January 15, 2011 1392:for schizophrenia, 1131:3D printed products 1120:into a theme park ( 992:integrated circuits 965:European Commission 710:Pew Research Center 603:Alcoholic beverages 5602:Scientific Reports 5591:10.1039/C5AY02048D 5577:10.1039/c2cs35138b 5368:. Chinalawblog.com 5228:The New York Times 5132:July 21, 2012, at 5023:The New York Times 5015:LaFraniere, Sharon 4713:, December 6, 2017 4534:, January 23, 2009 4444:. January 10, 2014 4385:The Times of India 4162:, February 7, 2013 4135:, January 23, 2018 4024:, October 29, 2013 3940:, November 9, 2017 3917:, October 28, 2014 3844:10.1117/12.2183128 3676:Women's Wear Daily 3466:. October 31, 2018 3381:The New York Times 3168:"USA v. Kurniawan" 3129:, January 14, 2012 2642:. January 31, 2018 2240:Compulsory license 2056: 2048: 2040: 2032: 1702:Illicit cigarettes 1502:with the chemical 1357:antimalarial drugs 1277: 1179: 1030: 996:reverse-engineered 985: 927: 829: 817: 506: 404: 319: Other (5.6%) 5686:Commercial crimes 5655:978-1-910790-30-4 5517:10.1063/1.4764518 5397:978-1-910790-30-4 5281:on April 10, 2011 5117:, October 7, 2010 5101:, October 7, 2010 5085:, October 1, 2011 5017:(March 1, 2009). 4501:Jeneen Interlandi 4238:Securing Industry 4080:, January 1, 2017 3127:Los Angeles Times 3072:Financial Tribune 2764:oecd-ilibrary.org 2546:. January 8, 2014 2513:. March 4, 2010. 2250:Counterfeit money 2245:Counterfeit watch 2116:security printing 2107:package pilferage 1942:Human rights laws 1524:Chicago Sun-Times 1473: 1472: 1468: 1231:Lightning McQueen 1199:Dora the Explorer 1184:toy manufacturer 1091:bootleg recording 1066:computer software 1027:Bureau of Customs 831:According to the 806: 805: 798: 621:operation called 485:human trafficking 204: Other (14%) 87: 86: 5698: 5643: 5633: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5274:. Archived from 5273: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5209:Felix, Antonia. 5207: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5163: 5157: 5147: 5141: 5124: 5118: 5108: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5047: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4883: 4877: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4756:. Thenational.ae 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4720: 4714: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4670: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4511:. Archived from 4497: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4400:. Archived from 4394: 4388: 4378: 4372: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4328: 4322: 4321:, U.N., May 2013 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4200: 4194: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4126: 4120: 4119:, March 28, 2017 4103: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3931: 3918: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3875:. July 11, 2012. 3865: 3856: 3855: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3339:. April 18, 2016 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3136: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3044:. Archived from 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2992:. March 31, 2017 2982: 2973: 2963: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2847:. Archived from 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2790:The Edge Markets 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2766:. April 18, 2016 2756: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2727:. Archived from 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2477: 2462: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2414:. March 30, 2016 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2323:OECD & EUIPO 2315: 2146:Forensic markers 1988:people smugglers 1980:terrorist groups 1537:Consumer Reports 1464: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1408:, used to treat 878: 877: 835:(OECD) in 2016, 801: 794: 790: 787: 781: 758: 750: 665:Hardy Rodenstock 661:Counterfeit wine 390:and trademarks. 318: 308: 298: 288: 278: 268: 258: 248: 238: 228: 218: 203: 193: 183: 173: 163: 153: 143: 133: 123: 113: 103: 98: 82: 79: 46: 45: 38: 33:Spin-off (media) 25:Knock Off (song) 21:Knock Off (film) 5706: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5595: 5556:Phillips, Tim. 5547:Sara R. Ellis, 5544: 5542:Further reading 5539: 5538: 5521: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5172:, July 13, 2010 5164: 5160: 5156:, July 13, 2018 5148: 5144: 5140:, July 16, 2011 5125: 5121: 5109: 5105: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5049: 5048: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4915:Wayback Machine 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4874:Wayback Machine 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4798:Wayback Machine 4789: 4785: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4705: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4677:. Vol. 5. 4668: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4527: 4520: 4499: 4498: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4398:"Archived copy" 4396: 4395: 4391: 4387:, July 17, 2009 4379: 4375: 4369:Wayback Machine 4362:"News Releases" 4360: 4356: 4345: 4341: 4337:, July 12, 2018 4329: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4232: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4191:Wayback Machine 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4127: 4123: 4117:The Fashion Law 4113:Wayback Machine 4104: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4072: 4068: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996:, July 17, 2014 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3932: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3520:Harper's BAZAAR 3513: 3512: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3447:Wayback Machine 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3313:. March 7, 2018 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3074:. June 26, 2018 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3048:on June 1, 2020 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2964: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2904:www.cbsnews.com 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2880:. March 6, 2018 2872: 2871: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2851:on June 1, 2020 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2825:. June 29, 2017 2817: 2816: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2792:. April 2, 2018 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2758: 2757: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2329:on June 2, 2016 2317: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2285:Parallel import 2225: 2209:Track and trace 2100: 2061: 2009: 1973:Sonia Sotomayor 1944: 1921:Countries like 1900: 1898:Other countries 1882: 1865:law enforcement 1857: 1784: 1779: 1767: 1755:microcontroller 1722: 1699: 1686: 1667: 1631: 1622: 1495: 1469: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1313:opioid epidemic 1266: 1260: 1258:Pharmaceuticals 1244:Cartoon Network 1237:. In 2017, the 1195:Winnie the Pooh 1161: 1133: 1080:, and numerous 1051: 973: 802: 791: 785: 782: 771: 759: 748: 701: 695:and privately. 641: 635: 625:was led by the 611: 605: 592: 574:executive order 531: 529:Growing problem 477:. According to 447: 445:Economic impact 396: 323: 322: 321: 320: 316: 314: 306: 304: 296: 294: 286: 284: 276: 274: 266: 264: 256: 254: 246: 244: 236: 234: 226: 224: 216: 208: 207: 206: 205: 201: 199: 191: 189: 181: 179: 171: 169: 161: 159: 151: 149: 141: 139: 131: 129: 121: 119: 111: 109: 101: 96: 95: 83: 77: 74: 47: 43: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5644: 5593: 5579: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5503:(17): 171907. 5480: 5468: 5443: 5418: 5403: 5396: 5379: 5356: 5334: 5318: 5292: 5260: 5233: 5215: 5199: 5193:Thomas, Dana. 5186: 5174: 5158: 5142: 5119: 5115:EUObserver.com 5103: 5087: 5071: 5064: 5035: 5006: 4984: 4972: 4944: 4919: 4900: 4878: 4859: 4847: 4832: 4815:www.1000uf.com 4802: 4783: 4781:, May 22, 2012 4767: 4745: 4715: 4696: 4654: 4642: 4623: 4604: 4590: 4558: 4536: 4518: 4483: 4470:The New Yorker 4455: 4429: 4389: 4373: 4354: 4347:"Poison pills" 4339: 4323: 4307: 4295: 4254: 4242: 4223: 4195: 4176: 4164: 4148: 4137: 4121: 4098: 4096:, Feb. 5, 2014 4082: 4066: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4010: 3998: 3982: 3954: 3942: 3919: 3903: 3891: 3878: 3857: 3810: 3785: 3759: 3733: 3707: 3695:www.adweek.com 3681: 3662: 3636: 3610: 3584: 3558: 3532: 3503: 3477: 3451: 3432: 3401: 3367: 3350: 3324: 3298: 3272: 3246: 3234: 3209: 3183: 3159: 3147: 3131: 3116: 3103: 3085: 3059: 3042:www.iccwbo.org 3029: 3017:Outside Online 3003: 2974: 2972:, January 2018 2953: 2938: 2917: 2891: 2862: 2836: 2803: 2777: 2742: 2712: 2679: 2653: 2627: 2613: 2583: 2557: 2531: 2498: 2463: 2450: 2425: 2399: 2373: 2358: 2340: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2235:Authentication 2232: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2197:Tamper evident 2194: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2114:seals and use 2112:authentication 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2060: 2057: 2008: 2005: 1943: 1940: 1933:In early 2018 1899: 1896: 1881: 1878: 1856: 1853: 1801:PROTECT IP Act 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1721: 1720:Military items 1718: 1698: 1695: 1685: 1682: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1650: 1643: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1590: 1566: 1559: 1548: 1531:being sold as 1507: 1494: 1491: 1471: 1470: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1343: 1342: 1262:Main article: 1259: 1256: 1160: 1157: 1146:counterfeiter. 1132: 1129: 1070:street markets 1050: 1047: 972: 969: 925:at U.S. border 896:fashion houses 857:designer jeans 804: 803: 762: 760: 753: 747: 744: 700: 697: 685:Domaine Ponsot 681:Clos St. Denis 669:Rudy Kurniawan 637:Main article: 634: 631: 604: 601: 591: 588: 567:U.S. President 530: 527: 471:European Union 446: 443: 435:trademark laws 395: 392: 315: 305: 295: 285: 275: 265: 255: 245: 235: 225: 221:China Mainland 215: 211: 210: 209: 200: 190: 180: 170: 166:United Kingdom 160: 150: 140: 130: 120: 110: 100: 92: 91: 90: 85: 84: 50: 48: 41: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5703: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5563:Wilson, Bee. 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134:archive.today 5131: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5065:9780197682258 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335:Seattle Times 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4319:AfricaRenewal 4316: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4274:(4): 216–24. 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4199: 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3406: 3402: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3317:September 25, 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3291:September 25, 3287: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3265:September 25, 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3227:September 25, 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3202:September 25, 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3078:September 25, 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3022:September 16, 3018: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2996:September 25, 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2910:September 25, 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2884:September 25, 2879: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2829:September 25, 2824: 2823:Strategy& 2820: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2796:September 25, 2791: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2770:September 25, 2765: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2705:September 25, 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2672:September 25, 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2646:September 25, 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2606:September 25, 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2550:September 25, 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2524:September 25, 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:The Economist 2508: 2502: 2499: 2491:September 25, 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2443:September 25, 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2371:, OECD (2008) 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2182:Security tape 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 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1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1517:was actually 1516: 1512: 1509:In 2007, the 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493:United States 1492: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1348:The Economist 1345:According to 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Power Rangers 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1138:Gartner Group 1130: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:night markets 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Compact discs 1048: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 982: 979:An authentic 977: 970: 968: 966: 962: 958: 953: 947: 943: 939: 936: 931: 924: 919: 915: 912: 911: 910:Charlie Hebdo 904: 902: 897: 892: 888: 886: 880: 871: 868: 863: 860: 858: 853: 850: 849:Louis Vuitton 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 821: 815: 810: 800: 797: 789: 779: 775: 769: 768: 763:This section 761: 757: 752: 751: 745: 743: 739: 736: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 711: 706: 698: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655: 651: 645: 640: 632: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 610: 602: 600: 598: 589: 587: 584: 583: 577: 575: 571: 568: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 536: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 511: 502: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 444: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 416:Pirated goods 413: 409: 400: 393: 391: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 350: 345: 344: 339: 335: 331: 327: 312: 302: 292: 282: 272: 262: 252: 242: 232: 222: 214: 197: 187: 177: 167: 157: 147: 137: 127: 117: 107: 106:United States 99: 89: 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