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352:. As more and more companies, in an effort to increase profits, move manufacturing to the cheaper labour markets of the third world, areas with weaker labour laws or environmental regulations, they give the means of production to foreign workers. These new managers of production have little or no loyalty to the original corporation. They see that profits are being made by the global brand for doing little (other than advertising) and see the possibilities of removing the middle men (i.e. the parent corporation) and marketing directly to the consumer. This can result in counterfeit products being virtually indistinguishable from original products, as they are being produced in the same company, and in damage to the parent corporation due to copyright infringement.
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359:, especially very expensive or desirable brands or those that are easy to reproduce cheaply, have become frequent and common targets of counterfeiting. The counterfeiters either attempt to deceive the consumer into thinking they are purchasing a legitimate item, or convince the consumer that they could deceive others with the imitation. An item which makes no attempt to deceive, such as a copy of a DVD with missing or different cover art or a book without a cover, is often known as a "bootleg" or a "pirated copy" instead.
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305:, has become global in recent years and the range of goods subject to infringement has increased significantly. Apparel and accessories accounted for over 50 percent of the counterfeit goods seized by U.S. Customs and Border Control. According to the study of Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (CIB) of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), counterfeit goods make up 5 to 7% of world trade; however, these figures cannot be substantiated due to the secretive nature of the industry.
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crowd-sourced solutions to counterfeiting. One such free community, Collectors Proof, enables manufacturers and users alike to associate unique identification numbers to virtually any item so that each new owner can update its chain of custody. Because quality counterfeit items are often difficult to distinguish from authentic goods, this approach enables potential customers to access an item's current and previous owners – its
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that number as is practicable) or may require the factory to account for every part used and to return any unused, faulty or damaged parts. To help distinguish the originals from the counterfeits, the copyright holder may also employ the use of serial numbers or holograms etc., which may be attached to the product in another factory.
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To combat counterfeiting, companies may have the various parts of an item manufactured in independent factories and then limit the supply of certain distinguishing parts to the factory that performs the final assembly to the exact number required for the number of items to be assembled (or as near to
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solutions have come together to form special industry-wide and global organisations dedicated to combating the so-called "brand pirates" such as the
International Hologram Manufacturers Association. Other companies and organisations have established web-based communities that provide a framework for
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In the United States, a federal crackdown on counterfeit imports is driving an increase in domestic output of fake merchandise, according to investigators and industry executives. Raids carried out in New York City resulted in the seizure of an estimated $ 200 million in counterfeit apparel, bearing
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in the case of goods. They also have a reputation for being lower quality, sometimes not working at all, and sometimes containing toxic substances such as lead. This has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, due to automobile and aviation accidents, poisoning, or ceasing to take
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indicates that up to US$ 200 billion of international trade could have been in counterfeit and illegally copied goods in 2005. In
November 2009, the OECD updated these estimates, concluding that the share of counterfeit and illegitimate goods in world trade had increased from 1.85% in 2000 to 1.95%
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report regarding counterfeit electronic parts in the defense supply chain, highlighted in an investigation commenced in March 2011, found that 1800 cases of suspected counterfeit components were in use within over 1 million individual products". A 2012 follow-up report found that counterfeit parts
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In countries like North Korea and Russia where trade sanctions were imposed in the past to prevent the importation of popular brands, demand was stimulated for available counterfeit alternatives. The economic standing of a country or region also contributed to the demand for these products as the
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Another trend in counterfeiting, especially seen in consumer electronics, is the manufacture of entirely new products using poor quality materials or, more often, incorporating desirable features not present in a brand's authentic product line and then including prominent and fake brand names and
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Many counterfeit goods are produced and manufactured in China, making it the counterfeit capital of the world: the counterfeiting industry accounts for 8% of China's GDP. Counterfeit goods are also made in Russia, North Korea, Taiwan, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Turkey is responsible for 3.3% of word's
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In a detailed breakdown of the counterfeit goods industry, the total loss faced by countries around the world is $ 600 billion, with the United States facing the most economic impact. When calculating counterfeit products, current estimates place the global losses at $ 400 billion. On 29 November
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Luxury streetwear is out of reach for many people, not just because of international sanctions and low wages, but because exclusivity is built into its business model. Social and cultural forces are driving the unique fashion scene. In particular, social media has a huge influence on over these
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Observatory on
Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights has developed an anti-counterfeiting technology guide, to address the lack of information on technology solutions available on the market and help companies improve their protection against counterfeiting. In this guide, the main
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means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value than the real product.
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764:. Most commonly, these markets originate out of areas where the inability to buy popular streetwear brands has fueled more sophisticated markets for counterfeit goods. These markets have spawned the emergence of a tribe of widely available
370:. Some who produce these even do so with the wrong material. For example, the song "Heartbreak Hotel" which was never released on Sun, as by the time Elvis first heard it, prior to ever recording it, he had moved from Sun to
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seized and shut down 82 websites as part of a U.S. crackdown of websites that sell counterfeit goods, and was timed to coincide with "Cyber Monday," the start of the holiday online shopping season.
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Counterfeiting has also been issued to "cash in" on the ever growing record collecting market. One major example is bootleggers have cloned copies of Elvis
Presley's early singles for
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counterfeit goods, according to OCDE. Some counterfeits are produced in the same factory that produce the original, authentic product, using inferior materials. A United States
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for selling fake "Fendi" bags and leather goods in five states. Sam's Club agreed to pay Fendi a confidential amount to settle the dispute and dismiss the action. In the case
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Counterfeit money is currency that is produced without the legal sanction of the state or government; this is a crime in all jurisdictions of the world. The
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is a scientific process for investigating many aspects of various documents, and is often used to examine the provenance and verity of a suspected forgery.
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ICC Counterfeiting
Intelligence Bureau (1997), Countering Counterfeiting: A Guide to Protecting and Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, United Kingdom.
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Anti-counterfeiting technologies are added to products or their packaging to allow consumers or inspectors to check whether a product is authentic. The
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of the real product. Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. The word
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are public debt instruments that are produced without legal sanction, with the intention of "cashing them in" for authentic currency or using them as
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logotypes to profit from brand recognition or brand image. An example would be imitation "Nokia" and "iPhone" cellular phones with features like
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The spread of counterfeit goods, including consumer goods (commonly called "knock-offs" or "rip-offs") and parts within the manufacturing
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of counterfeit culture by referencing fake or knock-off goods in their designs. This brought counterfeit culture into the realm of
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players whose batteries are removable and replaceable, whereas in authentic originals the batteries are permanently installed.
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and has essentially shifted global acceptance towards becoming more lenient of these products as an appropriate alternative.
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is a term in United States law for the forgery of non-official documents, such as a trucking company's time and weight logs.
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1224:"Terahertz characterization of electronic components and comparison of terahertz imaging with X-ray imaging techniques"
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has also published standards related to the implementation of anti-counterfeiting solutions, including ISO 12931 and
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anti-counterfeiting technologies currently on the market are described, and classified into five main categories:
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479:" clothing, valued at $ 69.5 million. Another current method of attacking counterfeits is at the retail level.
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Senate Armed
Services Committee Announces Investigation into Counterfeit Electronic Parts in DOD Supply Chain
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markets giving people images of things they can't own and further fueling the desire to obtains certain “
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since original copies starting changing hands amongst music fans for hundreds (and then, thousands) of
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192:, mostly paper money, is usually treated as a serious crime by government justice systems worldwide.
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971:"Physical Unclonable Functions in Theory and Practice", p. 46, by Christoph Böhm, Maximilian Hofer
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are also examples of product reproduced by counterfeiters due to their high value to collectors.
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1230:. Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems IX: Advanced Applications in Industry and Defense.
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industry specialty, focused on creating legal documents which are difficult to forge.
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1084:"Magnitude of counterfeiting and piracy of tangible products – November 2009 update"
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Ahi, Kiarash (13 May 2015). Anwar, Mehdi F; Crowe, Thomas W; Manzur, Tariq (eds.).
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made to resemble the devices they imitate. Another example would be imitation
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1686:"EUIPO Observatory publishes Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide | Lexology"
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Senate Report
Reveals Extent of Chinese Counterfeit Parts in Defense Industry
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A number of companies involved in the development of anti-counterfeiting and
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essential compounds (e.g., in the case a person takes non-working medicine).
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1544:"L.A. police seize $ 10 million worth of counterfeit iPhones & iPods"
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1445:"GooPhone and LG to offer first tri-SIM smartphones using MediaTek chips"
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brand and products, such as televisions, monitors, air conditioners, etc.
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European
Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights
1388:"Shanzhai ji: All you need to know about fake phones - Mobile Phones"
1167:"U.S. Shutters 82 Sites in Crackdown on Downloads, Counterfeit Goods"
1052:"The Economic Effect of Counterfeiting and Piracy, Executive Summary"
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or adapting documents with the intention to deceive. It is a form of
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1655:"Counterfeit problem? The 2021 Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide"
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604:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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for allowing the sale of counterfeit items, but lost on all claims.
1625:"13% of consumers misled into buying counterfeit goods or services"
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in 2007. That represents an increase to US$ 250 billion worldwide.
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Some see the rise in counterfeiting of goods as being related to
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to secure loans or lines of credit through legitimate channels.
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whose quality is almost indistinguishable from the original's.
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Making a copy or imitation which is represented as the original
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Counterfeit culture is the thriving markets surrounding fake
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reveal that the inside structure of the fake one is different
401:(left); although the packaging of these ICs is the same, the
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1848:
Beware of
Pirates! How to Avoid Bootleg Blu-rays and DVDs
1348:
Counterfeit
Electronic Components: Understanding the Risk
776:
prices but will gain the same social impact purchasing a
1116:"Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Countries"
983:"Money and Finance in the Confederate States of America"
1142:"Havocscope Counterfeit and Piracy Markets by Products"
593:
310:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
254:, and is often a key technique in the execution of
1858:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery
1414:"Dual SIM review: Mobiles go two-in-one - page 2"
1337:, published 9 March 2011, accessed 2 January 2022
1786:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1717:"ISO 12931, la norme anti-contrefaçon pour tous"
1377:, published 31 May 2012, accessed 12 March 2022
168:Counterfeit products tend to have fake company
324:marker, next to a counterfeit "Shoupie" marker
1509:Chase, Brendon; Derek Fung (8 October 2009).
1302:"MIT CIS: Publications: Foreign Policy Index"
791:Designers have even begun to acknowledge the
8:
1602:"EUIPO Anti-Counterfeiting Technology Guide"
1684:Linsner, Bristows LLP-Marc (2 March 2021).
666:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
563:Learn how and when to remove these messages
121:as well as the imitations of items such as
113:frequently describes both the forgeries of
1772:This remainder of this section includes a
397:flash memory IC (right) and a counterfeit
1817:Learn how and when to remove this message
1191:"Inside the Knockoff-Tennis-Shoe Factory"
748:Learn how and when to remove this message
730:Learn how and when to remove this message
620:Learn how and when to remove this message
1836:OECD/EUIPO 2019 report on counterfeiting
964:
1745:
1734:
1723:from the original on 20 September 2021
1542:Humphries, Matthew (8 February 2011).
1096:from the original on 25 September 2015
1424:from the original on 30 November 2021
1394:from the original on 16 December 2013
1228:SPIE Sensing Technology+ Applications
1189:Schmidle, Nicholas (19 August 2010).
1064:from the original on 12 November 2015
1023:from the original on 29 December 2021
517: – prior to purchase.
7:
1715:Nouvelle, L'Usine (5 October 2012).
993:from the original on 20 January 2022
664:adding citations to reliable sources
196:Forgery of money or government bonds
141:(which have caused many accidents),
1612:from the original on 17 March 2021.
834:International Standard Organization
1841:Anti-counterfeit news and features
1797:this remainder of this section by
1665:from the original on 23 March 2021
1582:from the original on 6 August 2012
1457:from the original on 21 March 2015
1308:from the original on 31 March 2014
1282:from the original on 26 March 2010
893:Counterfeit banknote detection pen
822:Chemical and physical technologies
431:using inferior components and the
415:came "overwhelmingly from China".
412:Senate Committee on Armed Services
25:
1696:from the original on 23 June 2021
1523:from the original on 2 April 2015
1511:"Fake iPod versus the real thing"
1490:from the original on 2 April 2015
1326:Senate Armed Services Committee,
1203:from the original on 18 June 2018
788:” items by any means accessible.
544:This article has multiple issues.
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1635:from the original on 8 June 2021
989:. Economic History Association.
850:
803:Anti-counterfeiting technologies
636:
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533:
943:Prescription Drug Marketing Act
552:or discuss these issues on the
331:Department of Homeland Security
266:Questioned document examination
1476:Esposito, Dom (24 July 2014).
1270:"Intellectual Property Rights"
938:Philatelic fakes and forgeries
828:Technologies for digital media
772:average consumer can't afford
1:
1860:virtual museum exhibition at
1623:Dillon, Frank (8 June 2021).
1443:Fingas, Jon (5 August 2013).
447:the logos of brands such as "
435:operating system, often with
378:such as their album with the
475:" shoes and a container of "
208:United States Secret Service
32:Counterfeit (disambiguation)
1862:Library and Archives Canada
1196:The New York Times Magazine
600:the claims made and adding
233:Counterfeiting of documents
1908:
1346:Trace Laboratories, Inc.,
1179:magazine, 29 November 2010
863:
286:Counterfeit consumer goods
283:
236:
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105:are fakes or unauthorized
75:Office of Field Operations
29:
1357:, accessed 4 January 2022
1013:"Catching Counterfeiters"
246:is the process of making
139:unapproved aircraft parts
1892:Organized crime activity
294:Bulk bag of counterfeit
1843:at SecuringIndustry.com
1801:more precise citations.
1172:26 January 2014 at the
898:Counterfeit medications
825:Mechanical technologies
816:Electronic technologies
477:Abercrombie & Fitch
260:Uttering and publishing
190:counterfeiting of money
1744:Cite journal requires
888:Copyright infringement
406:
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325:
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182:trademark infringement
149:and electronic parts,
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1089:. OECD, Paris. 2009.
1057:. OECD, Paris. 2007.
1017:U.S. Marshals Service
928:Intellectual property
679:"Counterfeit culture"
465:Seven for all Mankind
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87:international airport
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1608:. 26 February 2021.
1373:8 April 2022 at the
1333:8 April 2022 at the
1234:: 94830K-94830K-15.
819:Marking technologies
660:improve this section
137:, automobile parts,
103:Counterfeit products
30:For other uses, see
1240:2015SPIE.9483E..0KA
883:Coin counterfeiting
525:Counterfeit culture
374:. Rare releases by
176:, which results in
77:agent checking the
1774:list of references
1576:"Collectors Proof"
1353:2022-01-04 at the
1248:10.1117/12.2183128
1122:on 4 February 2010
981:Weidenmier, Marc.
866:Outline of forgery
797:mainstream culture
585:possibly contains
501:sued auction site
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212:American Civil War
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1882:Commercial crimes
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1420:. 3 August 2007.
908:Entertainment law
903:Counterfeit watch
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499:Tiffany & Co.
280:Counterfeit goods
270:Security printing
202:Counterfeit money
91:stereo microscope
16:(Redirected from
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18:Counterfeiter
1853:Brenton Film
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1793:Please help
1785:
1737:cite journal
1725:. Retrieved
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
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1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
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1146:the original
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1120:the original
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858:Money portal
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658:Please help
646:
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610:January 2020
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546:Please help
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492:
487:division of
457:Izod Lacoste
445:
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403:X-ray images
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340:Counterfeit
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303:supply chain
300:
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221:Counterfeit
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79:authenticity
56:Counterfeit
41:Counterfeit
1851:article at
1807:August 2011
1799:introducing
1100:15 November
1068:15 November
1027:29 December
997:29 December
429:smartphones
376:The Beatles
364:Sun Records
153:, works of
147:electronics
111:counterfeit
98:counterfeit
47:flea market
1871:Categories
1483:9to5Google
960:References
933:Legal fake
762:streetwear
690:newspapers
594:improve it
549:improve it
515:provenance
485:Sam's Club
441:"iPod" MP3
425:television
372:RCA Victor
329:2010, the
248:facsimiles
227:collateral
1659:Scantrust
1418:GSM Arena
1256:118178651
913:Fauxbergé
838:ISO 22381
778:knock-off
720:June 2022
647:does not
598:verifying
555:talk page
483:sued the
119:documents
61:banknotes
1721:Archived
1700:18 March
1694:Archived
1663:Archived
1633:Archived
1610:Archived
1580:Archived
1549:Geek.com
1521:Archived
1488:Archived
1455:Archived
1450:Engadget
1428:27 April
1422:Archived
1398:5 August
1392:Archived
1390:. CNET.
1371:Archived
1351:Archived
1331:Archived
1306:Archived
1277:Archived
1207:27 March
1201:Archived
1170:Archived
1152:14 April
1126:14 April
1091:Archived
1059:Archived
1021:Archived
991:Archived
844:See also
768:brands.
467:", and "
461:Rocawear
421:dual SIM
355:Certain
274:printing
151:software
127:handbags
123:clothing
115:currency
107:replicas
89:using a
43:t-shirts
1877:Forgery
1795:improve
1727:17 June
1669:17 June
1639:17 June
1586:16 July
1560:9 March
1527:9 March
1494:9 March
1461:9 March
1236:Bibcode
766:copycat
704:scholar
668:removed
653:sources
592:Please
489:Walmart
433:Android
399:replica
368:dollars
322:Sharpie
244:Forgery
239:Forgery
143:watches
1312:15 May
1286:15 May
1254:
987:EH.net
774:luxury
706:
699:
692:
685:
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296:Viagra
178:patent
174:brands
163:movies
161:, and
85:at an
1780:, or
1280:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
1252:S2CID
1177:Wired
1094:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
1055:(PDF)
809:EUIPO
793:trend
786:hyped
711:JSTOR
697:books
481:Fendi
395:Intel
272:is a
252:fraud
170:logos
131:shoes
81:of a
70:U.S.
45:at a
1750:help
1729:2021
1702:2021
1671:2021
1641:2021
1588:2012
1562:2015
1529:2015
1516:CNET
1496:2015
1463:2015
1430:2014
1400:2013
1314:2010
1288:2010
1232:9483
1209:2015
1154:2010
1128:2010
1102:2016
1070:2016
1029:2021
999:2021
948:Slug
832:The
683:news
651:any
649:cite
503:eBay
469:Fubu
463:", "
459:", "
455:", "
453:Polo
451:", "
188:The
172:and
159:toys
117:and
1244:doi
662:by
596:by
384:EMI
180:or
155:art
96:To
72:CBP
1873::
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