1189:: the Jobs Credit scheme, which provided employers with financial assistance to pay employees' salaries; and the Special Risk-Sharing Initiative, which helped mid-sized companies to obtain credit. The president gave in-principle approval 11 days later on 21 January. During this time, the Government briefed him and the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA), and the CPA considered the request and provided the president with its recommendation. Subsequently, at a press conference on 17 February, the president explained that when the Prime Minister had broached the subject informally on 10 January, he had agreed at that stage to give every consideration to the proposal as he and the CPA were already aware of the prevailing financial crisis and how it was impacting the country. He commented that he was not an Executive President and that the Executive was really the Government. It was for them to find solutions to the nation's problems and come out with proposals: "As to whether the proposals were right or wrong, we don't micro-manage Government. And it's for the Government in power to determine what is to be done." However, "f they came with scatterbrained proposals I would have said no." Eventually, the Government drew just $ 4 billion, all of which was returned to the reserve pot in 2011.
1397:, among other things, authorizes the Minister for Home Affairs to make an order directing that a person be detained for up to two years at a time if the president is satisfied that the detention is necessary to prevent the person from acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or the maintenance of public order or essential services. A detained person is entitled to make representations to an advisory board made up of a chairman appointed by the president who is or has been, or is qualified to be, a Supreme Court Judge, and two other members appointed by the president after consulting with the Chief Justice. An advisory board must consider the representations and make recommendations to the president within three months from the date of detention. If an advisory board recommends that a detainee be released, and the government authority on whose advice or order the person was detained disagrees with the board's recommendation, the president has a personal discretion as to whether the person should continue to be detained. The president's power in this area is restricted by the requirement that the board must recommend the detainee's release; if further detention is recommended, the president has no power to direct otherwise.
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During the 2011 presidential election, Ho Kwon Ping suggested that while the president's "hard powers" are his constitutional duties, he also exercises soft power which manifests in three domains. At the private level, the president may consult the prime minister on certain issues; at the bureaucratic level, the president may take an "activist, inquisitive" role towards civil servants; and most contentiously, in the public domain, it is up to the people (whose mandate confers such soft powers upon the elected president) to decide how much of a voice the president should have. Ho later clarified his stance, explaining his point was that "by virtue of being directly elected, the
Elected President (EP) will possess the popular mandate to speak out on issues, so long as they are not politically partisan views". Thio Li-ann expressed a preference for calling it "influence" rather than soft power which is an "imprecise term". She said it is "influence comes not from the Constitution but from the symbolism of the office of the head of state".
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circumventing or curtailing his discretionary powers. In this case, the
Cabinet may also advise the president to refer to the Tribunal the question of whether the bill indeed has this effect. If the Tribunal rules that the bill does not have this effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the day when the Tribunal pronounces its opinion in open court. On the other hand, if the Tribunal decides to the contrary and the Government wishes to push the amendment through in the face of the president's opposition to it, the Prime Minister may opt to submit the bill to the electorate. If the bill is supported at a national referendum by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the day when the results of the referendum have been published in the
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referred to in
Article 5(2A), and specifically to any bill seeking to amend Article 22H to restrict the application of the president's powers under that Article to non-constitutional bills. In a judgment delivered on 20 April 1995, the Tribunal held that even though Article 5(2A) was not in force, the Government's intent in including it as part of the Constitution had to be considered. Looking at it in this way, it was clear that Article 5(2A) was intended to deal with bills seeking to amend the Constitution, while Article 22H covered only ordinary bills. Therefore, the president had no power under Article 22H to withhold his assent to any bill seeking to amend the Constitution, and in particular any of the provisions referred to Article 5(2A).
1601:, he argued that voters elect the president for the purpose of enabling him to exercise the discretionary powers granted to him under the Constitution, which means the president's accountability to the electorate is restricted to these matters. He then raised the argument that since Article 21(1) states that the president shall, "in the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or any other written law, act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet", it would be unconstitutional for the president to speak on his own volition in the absence of Cabinet's advice. He also said that the president's constitutional position is similar to that of the
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billion (in March 2022; for the financial support of the nation's Covid-19 public health expenditure contained within the 2022 Annual Budget). In 2020, the
President described the pandemic as a "very exceptional circumstance" that necessitated the emergency use of past reserves, in order to "take care of the people in terms of health and safety... and ensure that they continue to have income", as the pandemic gave rise to " a situation where our own survival and existence are at stake." Nevertheless, the cumulative draw on past reserves over the two financial years of 2020 and 2021 was up to $ 42.9 billion, lower than the approved draw of $ 52 billion that was originally agreed on for financial year 2020.
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company's directors. The president may also ask any
Minister, senior officer of a ministry or a government department, CEO and members of the governing board of a statutory board, and directors of any Government company to furnish information concerning the reserves of the Government, a statutory board or a Government company. At a meeting with the Accountant-General in August 1996, the president, having been given a list of the Government's physical assets, had commented that the monetary value of the assets should have been stated. The Accountant-General had then stated it would take 56 (not 52) man-years to value the properties.
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bill or a bill seeking to amend the
Constitution. Article 22H deals with attempts to alter the president's powers by introducing an ordinary bill. If this occurs, the president may exercise personal discretion to withhold assent to the bill. The Cabinet may, if it wishes, advise the president to refer to the Constitution Tribunal the question whether the bill in fact has the effect of circumventing or curtailing his discretionary powers. If the Tribunal determines that the bill does not have that effect, the president is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day following the day when the Tribunal's opinion is pronounced
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is in line with the views expressed in
Parliament in 1999 by Goh Chok Tong on Ong Teng Cheong's press conference. Goh said: "We should not regard it as unusual for the President to publicly acknowledge differences between him and the Government. It shows the independence of the presidency in the two areas in which he is vested with custodial powers, and this will help future presidents". Also, in response to NMP Zulkifli bin Baharudin, who had inquired about the legitimacy of the president's actions, PM Goh stated that it was for the president to choose the means to communicate these issues to Singaporeans.
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president by the
Constitution. At that time, Article 5(2A) provided that the president could prevent Parliament from passing a bill seeking to amend certain specified clauses of the Constitution, including those dealing with the president's powers, unless it had been supported by not less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a national referendum. However, as Article 5(2A) was not yet in force, a question arose as to whether the Government was entitled to amend the Constitution in a way that circumvented or curtailed the president's discretionary powers, or whether Article 22H prohibited this entirely.
1683:, a body that advises the president in the exercise of many of his or her discretionary powers. Such a message or address must also have received the approval of the Government. Ho wrote, "Ireland's directly elected but largely ceremonial president is explicitly compelled to get government approval for speeches on specific formal occasions, but is otherwise free to speak his mind. And Irish presidents have taken to TV interviews and radio talk shows to expound their views on many subjects, so long as they do not directly criticise the government."
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practice of consulting the
President on any amendment which affects his powers, and informing Parliament of the President's view in the Second Reading speech. With one exception, in practice, the President has supported all the amendments which affected his powers. Over the last two decades, we have fine-tuned and improved the system of the Elected President in many ways. ... If after five years, no further major changes are necessary, we will consider entrenching the provisions concerning the President's custodial powers.
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derived from its current reserves (that is, reserves accumulated by the
Government during its current term of office) returns to current reserves. If no certification is made, at least 50% of the NII of the financial year derived from past reserves has to be classified as past reserves. These changes, however, do not apply to the NII earned by specified statutory boards and Government companies. Their NII is considered as part of normal income and is excluded from the president's scrutiny.
980:
1385:, which must recommend to the president whether the order should be confirmed, cancelled or varied in some way. The president is required to consider the council's recommendations and to decide whether the order should be cancelled or confirmed, and if confirmed whether any variations are necessary. He is required to act in accordance with Cabinet's advice on the matter, unless this conflicts with the council's recommendation, in which case he may exercise personal discretion.
1704:
760:
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persuaded the Government to reappoint Council of Presidential Advisers members for shorter terms. Nathan has also commented favourably on his relationship with the Government, saying that he queried decisions and that senior members of the Government "showed deference" to him. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has mentioned that he and Nathan had frequent meetings in which the president would comment on matters and he would consider his views.
30:
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Minister, however, will only give due weight to the president's opinions and advice if "the president has had substantial experience, is wise, knowledgeable and is trusted and respected by the PM". If the president is one who "commands little or no respect from the PM", then his influence would likely be "limited". However, the president must keep these discussions confidential, or risk losing the confidence of the Prime Minister.
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president will result in politicization of the office. While the existence and extent of the president's soft power have not been officially recognized, such power has been acknowledged as not insignificant. The president is the "voice of the people", and serves a function as a check and balance against the executive government. As such, the presence of such soft powers makes the president more than merely a ceremonial figurehead.
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1695:, as the Constitution explicitly vests power to run the Government in the Prime Minister and his Cabinet and makes them accountable to Parliament. "roblems would arise as to how the differences can be resolved and who would be held responsible for the outcome", and "f the EP takes sides on political issues, the institution will inevitably become politicised, and with the high risk that it would be diminished as a result".
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powers as regards the appointment or revocation of appointment of the chairman, members or CEO of specified statutory boards and the directors or CEOs of Government companies, and his decisions in this respect may be overruled by Parliament in the same manner as decisions relating to the key office holders referred to above. This constitutional amendment reduced the power of the president to veto executive appointments.
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Cheong's significant contributions as Singapore's first elected President. He took his job seriously. He has helped us to test the powers and workings of the new institution, and iron out ambiguities in the powers of the President vis-Γ -vis the Government. ... Most important of all, he has demonstrated that the two-key system to safeguard Singapore's reserves and key public sector appointments can be made to work.
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group or institution, or a leader or member of such a group or institution to do so. Such an order may restrain the person from addressing or advising any religious group or institution or any of its members, or making any statement or causing any statement to be made concerning or affecting relations between that religious group or institution and the Government or any other religious group or institution.
813:(CEO), or the Government company's chairman of the board of directors and the CEO, as to whether the budget is likely to draw upon past reserves. If so, the president may exercise personal discretion to disapprove the budget. If he approves the budget even though he is of the opinion that the budget is likely to draw upon past reserves, the decision and opinion must be published in the
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result and the public service will collapse". For this reason, the Constitution provides that the president, acting in his discretion, may refuse to make an appointment to any of a number of key offices, or to revoke an appointment if he does not concur with the authority on whose advice he is required by law to act. The offices are:
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reserves were being drawn upon did not arise unless ownership of a piece of property was about to be transferred. In addition, a revaluation would lead to unnecessary expense since much state land would remain as such, and the value of each piece of land depended on planning and zoning restrictions which the Government could change.
349:; chairman of DBS Group Peter Seah Lim Huat and former managing director at Ernst & Young Advisory Mildred Tan-Sim Beng Mei. The two alternate members were vice-chairman of the Singapore Business Federation and ExxonMobil Asia-Pacific chairman and managing director Gan Seow Kee and PAVE executive director Sudha Nair.
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may seek the president's assent to inquire or carry out investigations regarding information received about the conduct of any person, or any allegation or complaint made against any person. The president is permitted to proceed with the investigations, notwithstanding the Prime Minister's refusal to
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The Minister may also make a restraining order against a person other than those mentioned above who has committed or is attempting to commit an act causing feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different religious groups; or who is inciting, instigating or encouraging a religious
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The Government does not expect the President to agree with it on every issue where he exercises custodial powers. That from time to time the two should hold different opinions on these issues is healthy, and to be expected. ... I would like to place on record before this House President Ong Teng
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from the disposal of investments, which are regarded as investment adjustments. Since the Constitution provides that the president has only custodial powers over past reserves, these powers do not extend to NII as they are accumulated during the current term of office of the Government, even when the
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clearly influenced the issuance of the 1999 white paper by the Government which set out guidelines for interaction between the two institutions on matters relating to the nation's past reserves. The office of the president may also have some influence in developing the law. For example, S. R. Nathan
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However, Shanmugam expressed the view that where an issue concerns the discretionary powers that the president is explicitly endowed with, such as fiscal reserves and appointment of key public holders, it is appropriate for the president to speak up publicly even without the Cabinet's sanction. This
1486:
This provision, however, was not immediately brought into force when enacted, as the Government stated at the time that a grace period of at least four years was needed for modifications and refinements to the Elected President scheme to resolve unforeseen problems that arose upon implementation. As
1355:
The Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act authorizes the Minister for Home Affairs to make a restraining order for up to two years against a person in a position of authority in, or a member of, any religious group or institution where the Minister is satisfied that the person is attempting to commit
1205:
granted approval for the government of the day to draw S$ 21 billion (in April 2020; for the Resilience and Solidarity Budgets), S$ 31 billion (in May 2020; for the Fortitude Budget), S$ 11 billion (in March 2021; for the Covid-19 Resilience Package contained within the 2021 Annual Budget), and S$ 6
1047:
To exercise his constitutional functions, the president is entitled to request information about the Government which is available to the Cabinet, and about the statutory boards and Government companies listed in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution which is available to the board's members or the
864:
companies are now allowed to transfer their surpluses either to the Government or to each other without the president's scrutiny. A new Article 148I was also added, enabling the Government to transfer its past reserves to any statutory boards and Government companies without the president's consent.
775:
As the fiscal guardian for the nation's past reserves (that is, reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of office), the president's concurrence is required for a number of financial transactions that the Government may wish to enter into. A guarantee may only be given or a
1777:
Most of the arguments that the president does not possess soft power stem from a strict interpretation of the Constitution and what are regarded as the traditional roles of the president. First, unless the Constitution states otherwise, the default position is that when exercising his functions the
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expressed his opinion in a Facebook posting that read: "he president must be seen not as a figurehead but as somebody the people can look to for support for some of the issues, national problems and so on. ... I would like to play a much bigger role to engage Singaporeans and have them come to
854:
Initially, the president had the power to disapprove transactions that were likely to draw on reserves, including all transfers of funds from the Government, and from statutory boards and Government companies specified in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution, to any other entity within or outside
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against the government by increasing their discretionary powers. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1991 granted the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the government of the day to draw down past reserves that it had not accumulated, and to approve
95:
to invest moneys belonging to it; and the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the Government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the government during its current term of office. In addition, the president
3303:
Letter and Note by UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to King Edward VIII, 4 December 1936 [UK National Archives reference no. PREM 1/451, declassified 1 January 2003; Annex A to the speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K. Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the
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Constitution, Arts. 22(3) and (4). The Legislature can pass a law requiring the President to act after consultation with, or on the recommendation of, any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of his functions other than those exercisable in his personal discretion or in
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does not carry its typical meaning of mere opinion or suggestion. The president is obliged to follow the Cabinet's advice. Thus, the president does not have any liberty to exercise soft power. Furthermore, it has been argued that since the president is elected to exercise the powers defined in the
1616:
in which it was stated that "Ministers are willing to give an experienced Monarch who thoroughly understands and has always strictly observed constitutional limitations, a discretion to what he would say, and are content to take full responsibility knowing well that the Monarch will say nothing of
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As a result of changes to the Constitution effected in 1996, Parliament may overrule the president's decision with a resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of all elected MPs if he refuses to make or revoke an appointment contrary to the CPA's recommendation. The president exercises similar
1098:
The president informed Government that he had been told that net investment income (NII) should be classified as current reserves, though he was not certain as he was not an accountant. The Government, having taken the Attorney-General's advice on the matter, said that NII was correctly treated as
970:
The president's scope of scrutiny over Singapore's net investment income (NII) derived from both current and past reserves depends on whether such NII is considered "past reserves". The Constitution was amended in 2001 to state that all the NII in a financial year certified by the Government to be
1730:
is used, in contrast with hard or coercive powers such as military power, to describe a new means of international influence by "attraction" β "the ability of a country to structure a situation so that other countries develop preferences or define their interests in ways consistent with its own".
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In 1996, Article 5A was inserted into the Constitution and Article 22H was amended; these changes clarified the situation by providing different procedures for circumventing or curtailing the president's discretionary power, depending on whether the Government seeks to do so by way of an ordinary
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A restraining order can prevent a person from addressing orally or in writing any congregation, parish or group of worshippers or members of any religious group or institution on any subject, restrain him or her from assisting or contributing to any publication produced by any religious group, or
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The Minister for Finance explained that his Ministry had asked the Attorney-General to advise it as to whether such a valuation was necessary. The Attorney-General's Chambers subsequently stated that the Constitution did not require Government property to be revalued, as the issue of whether past
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granted approval for the government of the day to draw S$ 21 billion in April 2020βfor the Resilience and Solidarity Budgets, S$ 31 billion (in May 2020; for the Fortitude Budget), S$ 11 billion (in March 2021; for the Covid-19 Resilience Package contained within the 2021 Annual Budget), and S$ 6
1529:
On the other hand, Article 5A deals with attempts to alter the president's power by amending the Constitution itself. When the provision is brought into force, the president will also be able to decline to assent to a bill seeking to amend the Constitution that has a direct or indirect effect of
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any question as to the effect of any constitutional provision. President Ong Teng Cheong then referred to the Tribunal, which consisted of three Supreme Court judges, the issue of whether he had the power under Article 22H(1) to withhold assent to any bill seeking to amend any of the provisions
1509:
The original Article 22H of the Constitution provided the president with personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill (other than a bill to which Article 5(2A) applies) which provided directly or indirectly for the circumvention or curtailment of the discretionary powers conferred upon the
1089:
in the year of expenditure. The Board's operating surplus of $ 23 million had been computed on the basis of annual depreciation of $ 11 million being charged against the year's income. Hence, no drawdown on past reserves was required. The president expressed concern that accrual accounting would
936:
argued that such a change would make it too easy for a rogue government to circumvent the constitutional safeguards since "national security" was "such a wide thing that it would be possible to fit any sort of handouts within the rubric". The Government's response was that since it was the prime
836:
The president may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in his opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves. However, if his
298:
After amendments to the Constitution took effect in 2017, the CPA was enlarged. The CPA now consists of eight full members (three appointed at the personal discretion of the president, three on the advice of the prime minister, one on the advice of the chief justice, and one on the advice of the
1810:
can only properly embody the dignified element of the constitution if he or she is separated from the actual exercise of power, as the latter is virtually always controversial. Therefore, if the president exercises soft power, he would inevitably take sides and politicize his office. This would
1214:
A 1988 White Paper issued by the Government stated that the success of Singapore could be attributed to the stable public sector, and that its stability might be diluted if an irresponsible government made key appointments based on considerations other than merit as "nepotism and corruption may
997:
became Singapore's first directly elected president. During his term of office, some differences arose between him and the Government concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers. At a press conference on 16 July 1999, the president announced he would not be seeking re-election, and
488:
Concurring with Parliament to authorize expenditure by resolution approving estimates containing a vote on account before passing of a Supply law for a particular year, or by resolution approving a vote of credit because of magnitude or indefinite character of any service or in circumstances of
1743:
The arguments for the existence of the president's soft power include his influence in policy-making and his involvement in non-political affairs. Opponents of the idea that such soft powers exist rely on a strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the usage of soft powers by the
1499:
Our clear and stated intention is to refine the scheme and to iron out the issues that can arise in the light of experience, before we bring the entrenchment provisions into operation and entrench the rules. ... While we have delayed entrenching the scheme, we have, over the years, made a
863:
The Constitution was further amended in 2002, allowing a transfer or proposed transfer of reserves between statutory boards upon the passing of a resolution by the statutory board to add those reserves to its past reserves. Finally, following amendments in 2004, statutory boards and Government
61:
or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet. In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of their functions. In other cases, the president may consult the CPA if they wish to but is not bound to do so.
220:
stated that the president's ability to speak freely is limited to those matters that, according to the Constitution, they exercises discretionary powers over. They should not act as a political centre distinct from the government. A difference of opinion also exists over whether the president
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2420:
2407:
2394:
2099:
2095:
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has stated that "the quality of the advice given by the President ... would depend on the quality of the person giving the advice". He referred to the president's ability to speak to the Prime Minister in private β in this way he may be able to influence policy to some extent. The Prime
197:
billion in March 2022βfor the financial support of the nation's Covid-19 public health expenditure contained within the 2022 Annual Budget. In 2020, President Halimah described the pandemic as a "very exceptional circumstance" that necessitated the emergency use of past reserves, in order to
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of $ 23 million. Although the intention was for the excess of $ 4 million to be funded out of the Board's accumulated surpluses, because a general election was due in 1997 the Board's accumulated surpluses would become past reserves and require the president's approval to be drawn upon. The
1768:
by S. R. Nathan. Nathan also acted as patron of and supported various charity organizations by attending fund-raising and volunteer appreciation events. This may be seen as a convention allowing the president to engage in charitable or community welfare work without government objection.
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an imposed sentence, penalty or forfeiture. In the case of death sentences, the president must call for reports made to him by the judge who tried the case and the Chief Justice or other presiding judge of the appellate court which heard the appeal in the matter to be forwarded to the
400:
Withholding of concurrence to guarantee or loan given or raised by Government; and withholding of assent to bill for borrowing of money, giving of guarantee or raising of loan by the Government if likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office
1119:
NII stems from the investment of past reserves that are themselves "locked up". Nonetheless, the Government would take into consideration a suggestion from the president and the CPA to lock away half of the NII derived from past reserves as past reserves. In 2001, as indicated
880:) a statutory board the budgets of which were under the president's scrutiny. They were removed from lists of statutory boards and Government companies in the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution in 1994 and 1998 respectively. The change of status of POSB allowed for its sale to
2742:, entitled Supply Act 2009: Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Gazette Notification No. 628/2009 dated 13 March 2009) and Supplementary Supply (FY 2008) Act 2009: Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Gazette Notification No. 629/2009 dated 13 March 2009): see
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245:
positions. The government concluded that a constitutional safeguard was necessary to preserve both the integrity of the public service, as well as Singapore's national reserves which should be prevented from falling into the hands of a future irresponsible government.
96:
may withhold assent to any Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any financial year if in his opinion the estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess are likely to lead to a drawing on past reserves.
294:
acting under the general authority of the Cabinet. In addition, the president is required to consult the Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) when performing some of his functions. In other cases, he may consult the CPA if he wishes to but is not bound to do so.
90:
and state-owned companies that draw on their past reserves. The president also possesses personal discretion to withhold assent to any bill in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the
1166:
halfway through his term. In addition, he claimed not to have been informed about "some ministerial procedures" as he had learned of the sale of the assets of the Post Office Savings Bank, a statutory board the reserves of which he was supposed to protect, to
1184:
to draw $ 4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the Government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the
953:
authorized by the president and with the recommendation of the Authority's board of directors. Following a 2007 amendment to the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the president's approval was no longer required. The reason for the change cited by the
817:. Similarly, statutory boards and Government companies are bound to inform the president of financial transactions that are likely to draw on past reserves, and the president has personal discretion as to whether such transactions should be approved.
808:
Before the start of its financial year, every statutory board and the board of directors of every Government company must present its budget for that financial year to the president, together with a declaration by the statutory board's chairman and
180:
4.9 billion from past financial reserves to meet current budget expenditure, the first time it had done so. The sum was used to fund the government's Resilience Package consisting of two schemes aimed at preserving jobs and businesses during the
2098:), in force on 30 November 1991 except for ss. 7 and 16 which came into force on 1 February 1991 and s. 3 which was not brought into force and was subsequently repealed by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 1996 (
1574:, promised to be the "conscience of the people" and commented that for controversial issues such as the building of casinos the president's views should be taken into consideration and that he should be allowed to air them in public. Candidate
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1617:
which his Ministers would not approve". Shanmugam posed the question: "If the purpose is to influence the Government, would the best approach be to go public, or would it be to speak to the Prime Minister β as is generally done?"
1734:
The degree and effectiveness of such power has been the subject of much debate, with varying opinions among academics, politicians, presidential candidates, the public, and most importantly even between Presidents and the Cabinet.
451:
Disapproval of proposed transactions of specified statutory boards and Government companies, or Government itself, likely to draw on reserves accumulated by board, company or Government before Government's current term of office
3753:
831:
the borrowing of money, the giving of any guarantee or the raising of any loan by the Government if in the president's opinion the bill is likely to draw on reserves not accumulated by the Government during its current term of
1747:
The Government has so far only appeared to implicitly endorse, and not oppose, two categories of soft power: the president's private influence in politics, and his public involvement in non-political affairs. Minister for Law
205:
Nevertheless, the cumulative draw on past reserves over the two financial years of 2020 and 2021 was up to $ 42.9 billion, lower than the approved draw of $ 52 billion that was originally agreed on for financial year 2020.
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from the newspapers instead of being informed first. He mentioned: " said that my statements, and his rebuttal in parliament, were probably a good thing. They showed the transparency of the system. I stand by what I said."
644:
Directing that any bill seeking to amend specified clauses of the Constitution shall not be passed by Parliament unless supported at national referendum by not less than two-thirds of total number of votes cast by electors
85:
of the day to draw down past reserves that it did not accumulate. Thus, a guarantee may only be given or a loan raised by the government if the president concurs, and their approval is also needed for budgets of specified
1019:
his "disappointment" that the Government had changed its treatment of NII so as not to require him to approve the use of past reserves to finance its package of cost-cutting measures aimed at combating the effects of the
1806:. The former element is represented by the Cabinet which makes and executes policies, while the latter, represented by the monarchy, has little effective power but serves as a symbol around which citizens can unite. The
1448:
Article 5(2A) of the Constitution allows the president to direct that any bill seeking to amend certain important clauses of the Constitution shall not be passed by Parliament unless it has been supported at a national
1131:
Finally, the Government disagreed with the president that it had changed the way it treated NII. Furthermore, it had not been necessary to ask him to sanction the use of past reserves for its financial packages and the
1457:
Article 5(2A) itself, and Article 5A which confers discretion on the president to withhold assent to a bill seeking to amend the Constitution that provides for the circumvention or curtailment of his discretionary
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opined that if the president were to be involved in public discussions, "it is not clear how he would implement his views, and how he would be held accountable". More importantly, there would be a tension in the
859:
that these sums would be added to past reserves. This effectively excluded such transfers from the president's scrutiny while at the same time adding another safeguard in the form of the Minister's undertaking.
273:
The office of the president is one of Singapore's most heavily altered institutions, and it is still being re-made today. As of 2007, almost one-third of all the constitutional amendments since Singapore became
1218:
2441:
Constitution, 5th Sch., as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Act 1994 (No. 17 of 1994) and Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) 1998 (
937:
minister and Cabinet's job to decide whether Singapore goes to war, they must have the full powers to execute such a decision and Singapore cannot risk a tussle between the prime minister and the president.
3830:
1670:
argued that because of the mandate given to the president as a result of being directly elected by the people, the president can be "the moral voice of the nation and the people". Ho compared this to the
961:
was that since the range of new securities and assets was getting wider and more complex, this made it "very cumbersome" for the president to have to approve every new recommendation for such purchases.
3648:
855:
that group. In 1994, the Constitution was amended to allow statutory boards and Government companies to transfer their reserves to the Government, provided that the Minister for Finance gave a written
1628:, there will be various consequences. The Constitution provides a procedure for Parliament to remove the president from office on various grounds, including intentional violation of the Constitution.
3351:
3802:
303:) and two alternate members (one appointed at the personal discretion of the president, and one on the advice of the prime minister in consultation with the chief justice and chairman of the
1074:
1090:"allow a profligate Government to hide its lavish spending under the guise of capital expenditures". The Government disagreed, taking the view that accrual accounting was well established.
1435:
Attorney-General. The reports, along with the Attorney-General's opinion on the case, are then forwarded to Cabinet which then advises the president as to whether to exercise his powers.
419:
if estimates of revenue and expenditure, supplementary estimates or statement of excess likely to lead to drawing on reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office
1790:
Secondly, the president serves the important symbolic function of representing the nation. The relationship between the Cabinet and the president may be compared with that between the
837:
decision to do so is contrary to the CPA's recommendation, the refusal to concur may be overridden by a Parliamentary resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of all the elected
630:
Cancelling or confirming restriction order under Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, if Cabinet's advice contrary to recommendation of Presidential Council for Religious Harmony
595:
Withholding of assent to bill seeking to circumvent or curtail President's discretionary powers, whether this proposes to amend the Constitution or relates to ordinary legislation
153:, was marked by differences between him and the government concerning the extent of his discretionary fiscal powers. Discussions culminated in the Government issuing a non-binding
3772:
1468:
provisions dealing with the president in Chapter 1 of Part V, and Article 93A which confers jurisdiction on the Supreme Court to determine questions relating to the validity of a
928:
When proposed in Parliament, the change was met with strong criticism from legislators that the provision was so wide that it was open to abuse by unscrupulous politicians.
1764:
The president also exercises soft power by championing good causes. Examples include the creation of the President's Star Charity by Ong Teng Cheong, and the launch of the
3171:
1979:
1514:
1280:
the chairman and members of an advisory board constituted to determine if a person should continue to be placed in preventive detention without trial for security reasons;
920:... any liability or proposed transaction which the Prime Minister and the Minister responsible for defence, on the recommendations of the Permanent Secretary to the
2231:
Constitution, Art. 37B(2). If a member vacates his seat prematurely, the replacement appointee serves out the remainder of the term, rather than a fresh six-year term.
1570:, sparked off the debate by saying that the president should be entitled to do so as the president "represents the views of the people". Similarly, another candidate,
4316:
Safeguarding Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill [Cmd. 11 of 1990]
3352:"The President's role and powers: Shanmugam: He represents the whole country, is above the fray on political issues, acts on Cabinet's advice, exercises 'soft power'"
1363:
carrying out activities to promote a political cause, or a cause of any political party while, or under the guise of, propagating or practising any religious belief;
2844:
1946:
557:
Appointing chairman and members of advisory board constituted to determine if person should continue to be preventively detained without trial for security reasons
3841:
3429:
4415:
1253:
801:
2300:
2760:
1862:
1651:
suggested that like the Irish President, the president of Singapore should be able to speak freely on matters as long as he/she does not directly criticize the
884:
to be effected without the president having to be informed of the matter. Although both ST Engineering and DBS Bank (parent of POSB Bank) are freely traded as
3659:
1562:
The issue of whether the president has power to speak up publicly on issues that he may have with the Government without Cabinet approval surfaced during the
4124:
4025:
3536:
3492:
3246:
3212:
3380:
3369:
3301:
2648:
The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies
1145:
The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies
159:
The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies
2679:
310:
Full members serve six-year terms, and are staggered into three groups with one group's term expiring every two years in an arrangement similar to the US
286:
The powers of the president are divided into those he may exercise in his own discretion, and those he must exercise in accordance with the advice of the
4181:
3811:
2538:
955:
1833:
998:
referred to what he termed a "long list" of problems he had experienced when trying to protect the nation's past reserves. In particular, he mentioned:
127:(MP) who, in their personal judgment, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. The president has certain powers of oversight over the
1374:
prevent him from holding office in an editorial board or a committee of a publication of any religious group without the Minister's prior permission.
278:
in 1965 consisted of changes to the president's office. Approximately half of the amendments implemented were to alter the president's fiscal powers.
2788:
1890:
1267:
4490:
4276:
3363:
1598:
1591:
4063:
Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999 (Statements by the Prime Minister and Minister for Finance)
2583:
Issues Raised by President Ong Teng Cheong at his Press Conference on 16th July 1999 (Statements by the Prime Minister and Minister for Finance)
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
3749:
3035:
Constitution, Art. 22G. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau's powers of investigation derive from the Prevention of Corruption Act (
1563:
1406:
664:
474:
expected to be earned on assets so equivalent amount may be excluded from reserves not accumulated by Government during current term of office
259:
210:
128:
4372:
4345:
4284:
4261:
4242:
4113:
2502:
2477:
2058:
536:
322:
304:
300:
108:
4077:
1422:
offenders, or accomplices who provide information leading to the conviction of principal offenders in crimes. He may also grant offenders a
3977:
3337:
2133:
1606:
1583:, who was eventually elected president, took a more conservative view and stated that the president ought to work within the Constitution.
1476:
1369:
exciting disaffection against the president or the Government while, or under the guise of, propagating or practising any religious belief.
275:
267:
136:
1410:
consent, by concurring with the Director. This is one of the few instances where the president's power is not limited by some other body.
2761:"President Halimah assents to draw on $ 21 billion from past reserves for historic Resilience and Solidarity Budgets | The Straits Times"
1863:"President Halimah assents to draw on $ 21 billion from past reserves for historic Resilience and Solidarity Budgets | The Straits Times"
4499:
3783:
1469:
1342:
The president appoints as Prime Minister an MP who, in his personal judgment, is likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs.
838:
241:
from funding spending from national reserves. There were also no safeguards against the government appointing unsuitable persons to key
4408:
1803:
1328:
540:
116:
112:
1186:
169:
3967:
3860:
2114:
1692:
1394:
311:
263:
132:
2936:
Constitution, Arts. 22A and 22C, as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).
4079:
Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the Elected Presidency
3339:
Speech by Minister for Foreign Affairs and Law, Mr K Shanmugam, at the Institute of Policy Studies Forum on the Elected Presidency
4580:
4570:
2271:
1580:
1318:
780:
of Parliament or is made under one of eight specified statutes. The president's approval is also needed for budgets of specified
1382:
1274:
784:
and Government companies that draw on their past reserves. The statutory boards that come under the president's purview are the
4432:
4058:
4037:
3221:
3071:
2578:
2245:
1659:
1453:
by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast by the electors. The clauses which Article 5(2A) applies to are:
1306:
1223:
1029:
946:
921:
797:
768:
467:
2393:
Constitution, Arts. 22B and 22D, as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) 1994 (
1679:
states that before addressing the nation on any matter of national or public importance, the Irish president must consult the
4575:
1795:
1602:
1198:
929:
189:
2927:
Constitution, Art. 22(2), as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).
543:) if the president does not concur with the advice or recommendation of a relevant authority that he is required to consult
2725:"Concerns about economy go back to mid-2008: President makes public for first time his decision to allow use of reserves",
1658:
In the lead-up to the 2011 presidential election, in addition to the views expressed by the candidates and the Government,
4401:
3264:
2816:
2680:"'I had a job to do' whether the Government liked it or not, says ex-President Ong β extended interview with Roger Mitton"
2023:
Constitutional Amendments to Safeguard Financial Assets and the Integrity of the Public Services [Cmd. 10 of 1988]
1918:
1791:
1260:
789:
532:
104:
1487:
of early 2014, Article 5(2A) had still not been brought into force. On 21 October 2008, in response to a question by NMP
168:
of the day to draw down past reserves that it did not accumulate, during economic downturns. In 2009, in response to the
4295:
Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill (Bill No. 23/90)
3869:
3419:
1010:
785:
383:
92:
2419:
Constitution, Arts. 22B(8) and (9), as amended by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2004 (
828:
the direct or indirect variation, changing or increase in powers of the CPF Board to invest moneys belonging to it; and
4083:
3308:
3067:
2845:"Budget 2021: $ 11b to support three-pronged approach to help Singapore bounce back from Covid-19 | The Straits Times"
2212:
2207:
1947:"Budget 2021: $ 11b to support three-pronged approach to help Singapore bounce back from Covid-19 | The Straits Times"
1587:
1021:
983:
511:
214:
209:
Whether the president may speak publicly on issues without the government's approval was discussed heavily during the
120:
2432:
Constitution, Art. 148I, inserted by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2004 (No. 12 of 2004).
1110:
earned from investing the Government's reserves, less expenses on investment and debt servicing. It does not include
3183:
The amendments were effected by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1996 (No. 41 of 1996).
1039:
made ministerial statements in Parliament on 17 August 1999 explaining the Government's views on the points raised.
3359:
1787:" posited by proponents would appear to be undermined by soft power, which has an unspecified and ambiguous scope.
1680:
1314:
1244:
1233:
528:
100:
4135:
4043:
3804:
IPS Forum on Elected Presidency: Friday, 5 August 2011, 4.00pmβ6.00pm, Orchard Hotel: Tommy Koh's Prepared Remarks
3547:
3503:
3391:
2561:
Constitution, Art. 142(2), as amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2001 (
253:
of the president, thus making the president directly accountable to its citizens, and enabling them to serve as a
3957:
3312:
3143:
2464:
Kevin Tan (1997), "The Presidency in Singapore: Constitutional Developments", in Kevin Tan; Lam Peng Er (eds.),
2082:
2004:
1980:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 6b draw on reserves to battle Covid-19 | The Straits Times"
1462:
1133:
625:
No, but must consider recommendations of advisory board considering detainee's representations against detention
579:
234:
185:. Eventually, the government drew just $ 4 billion, all of which was returned to the national reserves in 2011.
66:
3625:
3213:"Tan Kin Lian: President should speak up publicly: Tan Cheng Bock also reiterates president is not a figurehead"
213:. While some presidential candidates and members of the public suggested that the president has power to do so,
2789:"Second withdrawal of $ 31 billion from Singapore's reserves to cushion coronavirus impact | The Straits Times"
2689:
1891:"Second withdrawal of $ 31 billion from Singapore's reserves to cushion coronavirus impact | The Straits Times"
1016:
a disagreement regarding whether net investment income (NII) should be treated as current or past reserves; and
81:
by its citizens. The amendment conferred on the president certain executive functions to block attempts by the
4196:
4160:
3148:
Gary Leonard Low; Chia Jin Chong Daniel (1995), "Tribunal's Findings on the Powers of the Elected President",
2406:
Constitution, Art. 22B(9), as amended by the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 2002 (
2151:
1765:
1675:
who, like the Singapore president, is directly elected by the people but plays a largely ceremonial role. The
763:
The president has personal discretion as to whether to approve budgets or financial transactions of specified
4208:
Wan, Wai Yee (1994), "Recent Changes to the Westminster System of Government and Government Accountability",
3227:
1513:
To resolve the issue, Article 100 was inserted into the Constitution to enable the president to refer to the
721:
Referring question as to effect of provision of Constitution to tribunal of Supreme Court judges for opinion
4298:
4234:
3626:"Hard facts about 'soft power': Government 'not obliged' to listen to President who challenges its policies"
3459:
2078:
2027:
1676:
1652:
1139:
Following discussions between the president and the Government, in 1999 the Government issued a non-binding
897:
810:
781:
764:
434:
242:
238:
182:
165:
124:
87:
82:
74:
4480:
4424:
1784:
1778:
president has to act according to the advice of the Cabinet. In the context of the Constitution, the word
1555:
1299:
143:
50:
38:
4355:
Tan, Kevin Y L (2009), "State and Institution Building through the Singapore Constitution 1965β2005", in
3920:
4000:
3888:
1366:
carrying out subversive activities under the guise of propagating or practising any religious belief; or
1162:
magazine, during which he reiterated that he had only been given an incomplete list of the Government's
3649:"Shanmugam: Quality is what counts: He clarifies remarks on president's influence made at Friday forum"
3076:
speech during the Third Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 3) Bill
199:"take care of the people in terms of health and safety... and ensure that they continue to have income"
4062:
3722:
3704:
3123:
3095:
3075:
2582:
2542:
1475:
Articles 65 and 66, which mandate the dissolution of Parliament every five years and the holding of a
979:
1834:"FROM THE ARCHIVES: There was a time when Singapore had to dip into its reserves | The Straits Times"
1672:
1663:
1644:
1247:
are among the office holders whose appointments and dismissals must be concurred in by the president.
291:
287:
254:
58:
258:
changes to key Civil Service positions. The president also had certain powers of oversight over the
2301:"Ex-NMP Mildred Tan, veteran social worker Sudha Nair sworn in to Council of Presidential Advisers"
1703:
1061:
1009:
an "unpleasant" encounter in which he had felt compelled to withhold approval of the budget of the
908:
A provision, Article 151A, that was inserted into the Constitution in 1994 removed the president's
821:
776:
loan raised by the Government if the president concurs, whether the transaction is authorized by a
667:
for investigation to take place even if Prime Minister refuses consent for Director to investigate
3705:
speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill
3124:
speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill
2521:), s. 23(1)(m), as amended by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (Amendment) 2007 (
924:
and the Chief of Defence Force, certify to be necessary for the defence and security of Singapore.
759:
352:
The CPA conducts proceedings in private, and its members are required to take an oath of secrecy.
338:
4087:
3587:
3343:
2574:
1687:
950:
889:
736:
334:
54:
34:
307:). The president also has discretion to appoint one of the members of the council as chairman.
142:
Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, the president has the authority to raise and maintain the
17:
2817:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 11b draw on reserves | The Straits Times"
1919:"President Halimah Yacob approves Budget, including $ 11b draw on reserves | The Straits Times"
4368:
4341:
4320:
4302:
4280:
4257:
4238:
4172:
4168:
4109:
4033:
3931:
3727:
3258:
3098:
2899:
2821:
2793:
2765:
2710:
2651:
2545:
2498:
2473:
2163:
2159:
2074:
2054:
2031:
1923:
1895:
1867:
1838:
1625:
1230:
1069:
1060:
In December 1996, the CPA informed the president that for 1997 the CPF Board had budgeted for
99:
The president is also empowered to approve changes to key political appointments, such as the
70:
2744:
Jeremy Au Yong (13 March 2009), "President gives formal approval for draw on past reserves",
1360:
causing feelings of enmity, hatred, ill-will or hostility between different religious groups;
415:
Withholding of assent to Supply Bill, Supplementary Supply Bill or Final Supply Bill for any
146:(SAF). The president also has the power to form, disband or amalgamate units within the SAF.
4445:
4009:
3897:
3745:
Transcript of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Press Conference on the Presidential Election
3579:
1482:
other provisions in the Constitution which authorize the president to act in his discretion.
1226:
1065:
893:
805:
777:
326:
177:
4319:, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by Singapore National Printers, 1990,
2708:
Zakir Hussain (23 January 2009), "A Budget first: Govt to draw $ 4.9b from past reserves",
613:
Withholding of concurrence in relation to the detention of person under law passed against
29:
4460:
4389:
Official website of Istana Singapore: Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore
3995:
3883:
3297:
3119:
1799:
1757:
1609:
1492:
994:
793:
346:
250:
150:
78:
53:
may exercise at their own discretion, and those they must exercise in accordance with the
1547:
3916:
3570:
2650:, Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by the Government Printers, 1999,
1575:
1439:
Preventing certain constitutional amendments and circumvention or curtailment of powers
1310:
1240:
1107:
885:
873:
856:
820:
In addition, the president possesses personal discretion to withhold his assent to any
471:
2738:. The President's formal approval was signified in two notifications published in the
2454:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Act 1994 (No. 17 of 1994).
527:
Refusing to make or revoke an appointment to specified key offices (for instance, the
4564:
4475:
4314:
4161:"Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian"
3865:
3630:
2534:
2152:"Under Lock and Key: The Evolving Role of the Elected President as a Fiscal Guardian"
2021:
1807:
1640:
1523:
1202:
1036:
986:
958:
342:
330:
193:
639:
No, but must consider recommendations of Presidential Council for Religious Harmony
249:
The government took the view that the safeguards could be achieved by providing the
4465:
4254:
Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-making in Singapore
4073:
4021:
3488:
3333:
1749:
1667:
1648:
1594:
1567:
1181:
1115:
1111:
1078:
704:
217:
173:
892:, both the companies have large percentages of equity being continuously owned by
341:; founder, chairman and CEO of Ho Bee Group Chua Thian Poh; Bank of Singapore CEO
3605:
Ho Kwon Ping (23 July 2011), "Elected presidency: Navigating uncharted waters ",
2217:
1423:
1123:, the Government amended the Constitution to redefine how NII should be treated.
700:
566:
No, but must consult Chief Justice before appointing members other than chairman
4455:
4440:
4356:
4097:
3091:
2042:
1802:
has drawn a distinction between the "efficient" and "dignified" elements of the
1613:
1571:
1488:
1163:
1140:
933:
876:) was formerly a Government company and the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB, now
416:
154:
4273:
The Elected Presidency as a Safeguard for Official Reserves: What is at Stake?
3107:
1427:
4450:
4105:
4054:
3565:
2733:
Chua Mui Hoong (20 February 2009), "Turning of the second key went smoothly",
2050:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1450:
1136:
as it had enough budget surpluses built up within its current term of office.
1032:
614:
222:
4306:
2655:
4364:
4337:
4324:
3935:
3768:
2469:
2035:
877:
318:
3408:
Goh Chok Tong, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2031 and 2061.
2668:
Goh Chok Tong, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2034 and 2042.
1636:
1431:
1239:
during a bilateral maritime exercise in 2007. The Chiefs of the Air Force,
4393:
4182:"Constitutionalism in Times of Economic Strife: Developments in Singapore"
4013:
3901:
4470:
3838:
The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)
3780:
The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)
3656:
The Straits Times (reproduced on the Institute of Policy Studies website)
2684:
1551:
1168:
1158:
1104:
1100:
1086:
1003:
881:
382:
Withholding of assent to bill varying, changing or increasing powers of
3591:
3425:
1193:
Repeated continued use of financial powers during the COVID-19 pandemic
1120:
1073:
Government explained that the CPF Board's accounts were prepared on an
767:
and Government companies that are likely to draw on past reserves. The
681:
Appointing two members of CPA, and a member of the council as chairman
433:
Withholding of concurrence and approval to appointments and budgets of
69:
was amended to transform the office of president, which was previously
3981:
3961:
2518:
2137:
2008:
1624:
Without elaborating, Shanmugam pointed out that if the president acts
4069:(17 August 1999), vol. 70, cols. 2018β2061 ("Ministerial Statement").
3971:
3930:(3rd ed.), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., pp. 1β88,
3921:"The Cabinet [ch. 2]; The Monarchy [ch. 3]"
3036:
2118:
2094:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) 1991 (
1419:
1254:
Chief Justice, Judges and Judicial Commissioners of the Supreme Court
1147:. Speaking in Parliament on 17 August 1999, the Prime Minister said:
696:
437:
and Government companies specified in Fifth Schedule to Constitution
4361:
Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution
3583:
2634:
Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2028β2029.
2625:
Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2025β2027.
2616:
Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2021β2025.
2607:
Richard Hu, Ministerial Statement (17 August 1999), cols. 2019β2021.
1197:
In response to the economic crisis that occurred as a result of the
1156:
Six months after his term of office ended, Ong gave an interview to
850:
Transfer of surpluses from statutory boards and Government companies
188:
In response to the economic crisis that occurred as a result of the
2195:
See Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016.
975:
Differences between Government and first directly elected President
771:, photographed here in September 2009, is one such statutory board.
1702:
1635:
1546:
1217:
1180:
In January 2009, the Government requested approval from President
1082:
978:
758:
633:
Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act, s. 12.
28:
2186:
respect of the Constitution has made other provision: Art. 21(5).
325:, and the other full members were former Government minister and
203:" a situation where our own survival and existence are at stake."
909:
4397:
2589:(17 August 1999), vol. 70, col. 2018 ("Ministerial Statement").
1006:
to provide him with a list of the Government's physical assets;
4334:
Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency
2466:
Managing Political Change in Singapore: The Elected Presidency
1002:
that the Accountant-General had informed him it would take 52
1381:
Once a restraining order is made, it must be referred to the
1176:
First use of financial powers during financial crisis of 2008
1430:
from the execution of any sentence; and wholly or partially
868:
Removal of Singapore Technologies and POSB from Constitution
4388:
1418:
Subject to Cabinet's advice, the president is empowered to
1334:
the Director of the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau.
4275:, Singapore: Times Academic Press in association with the
3421:
President can only speak and act as advised by the Cabinet
3099:
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill
2885:
2883:
2688:, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 28β29, archived from
1283:
the Chairman and members of the Public Service Commission;
2272:"New member of Council of Presidential Advisers sworn in"
904:
Removal of veto powers over defence and security measures
2348:
Constitution, Arts. 22A(3), 22C(3) and the 5th Schedule.
1811:
undermine the traditional role played by the president.
1013:(CPF Board) as it would have drawn on its past reserves;
802:
Government of Singapore Investment Corporation Pte. Ltd.
2246:"Appointments to Council of Presidential Advisers made"
3810:, Institute of Policy Studies, para. 9, archived from
619:
Arts. 21(2)(g), 151(4); Internal Security Act, s. 13A
3026:
Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(g) and 151(4); ISA, s. 13A.
1401:
Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau investigations
3381:"Participants grill candidates on role of president"
2357:
Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(e), 21(2)(f), 22B and 22D.
824:
in Parliament providing directly or indirectly for:
317:
As of 17 February 2022, the Chairman of the CPA was
4498:
4431:
3703:
Richard Hu Tsu Tau (Minister for Finance),
2642:
2640:
172:, the government requested approval from President
149:The term of office of the first elected president,
3998:(July 1996), "The Monarchy and the Constitution",
3886:(July 1996), "The Monarchy and the Constitution",
3172:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal
1515:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal
966:Changes in the definition of net investment income
941:Changes to the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act
912:powers over "any defence and security measure". A
4132:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website)
3544:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website)
3500:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website)
3388:The Straits Times (reproduced on the SMU website)
314:, while alternate members serve four-year terms.
4067:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
3709:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
3619:
3617:
3128:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
3103:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
3080:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
2587:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
2550:Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report
2546:Monetary Authority of Singapore (Amendment) Bill
2497:, Singapore: Talisman Publications, p. 91,
1739:Arguments supporting the existence of soft power
2990:Constitution, Arts. 21(2)(h), 22I; MRHA, s. 12.
1605:, quoting a letter of 4 December 1963 from the
1543:Views of presidential candidates and Government
1497:
1149:
918:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3253:, archived from the original on 6 January 2014
1056:Withholding of approval for CPF Board's budget
686:
672:
654:
635:
621:
604:
586:
548:
518:
494:
479:
457:
442:
424:
406:
391:
4409:
3721:Elgin Toh; Zuraidah Ibrahim (7 August 2011),
1773:Arguments against the existence of soft power
1414:Granting of pardons, reprieves and remissions
8:
4102:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore
3711:(12 January 2001), vol. 72, cols. 1300β1302.
3328:
3326:
2696:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore
2047:Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore
1356:or has committed any of the following acts:
703:for offences or execution of sentences, and
3278:Wong, "President should speak up publicly".
2905:referred to in Arts. 111(2)(a), (b) or (c).
2495:An Introduction to Singapore's Constitution
845:Changes to the president's financial powers
4416:
4402:
4394:
1597:. In a speech at a forum organized by the
1586:The controversy drew sharp rebuttals from
1383:Presidential Council for Religious Harmony
1275:Presidential Council for Religious Harmony
570:
502:
374:
37:, the official residence of the president
4256:, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press,
4229:Chan, Helena HM (1995), "The Executive",
3958:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
3868:, 2 S.L.R. 1189 at 1272, para. 180,
3471:Irish Constitution, Arts. 13.7.2Β° and 3Β°.
3144:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
3082:(3 January 1991), vol. 56, cols. 722β723.
2517:Monetary Authority of Singapore Act (
2005:Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
800:, while the Government companies are the
262:and decisions of the Executive under the
131:and decisions of the Executive under the
3304:Elected Presidency on 5 August 2011]
3192:Constitution, Arts. 22H(1), (2) and (3).
2294:
2292:
1286:members of the Legal Service Commission;
1268:Presidential Council for Minority Rights
578:Withholding of consent to a request for
404:Arts. 21(2)(c) and (d), 144 (1) and (2)
354:
3831:"The parameters of presidential powers"
3096:speech during the Second Reading of the
2552:(12 February 2007), vol. 82, col. 1248.
2543:speech during the Second Reading of the
2129:
2127:
1820:
1201:(which began in early 2020), President
1127:Government's change in treatment of NII
896:, a state holding company owned by the
345:; former Singtel group chief executive
237:contained no provisions preventing the
4301:by Singapore National Printers, 1990,
3982:Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.
3773:"Demystifying the presidential office"
3256:
3168:Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995
3146: (1992 Reprint), Art. 22H(1): see
2138:Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.
2110:
2108:
2030:by Singapore National Printers, 1988,
1444:Article 5(2A) β the sleeping provision
1407:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
739:and promulgating emergency ordinances
665:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
260:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
129:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
4189:National Taiwan University Law Review
3972:Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.
3377:. For the candidates' responses, see
3220:The Straits Times (reproduced on the
3037:Cap. 241, 1993 Rev. Ed.
2519:Cap. 186, 1999 Rev. Ed.
2239:
2237:
2206:Derrick A. Paulo (18 February 2009),
2119:Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.
1210:Powers relating to key office holders
539:, the Chief of Defence Force and the
504:Powers relating to key office holders
455:Arts. 21(2)(f), 22B(7), 22D(6), 148G
164:The president grants attempts by the
7:
4547:Powers of the president of Singapore
4125:"Don't politicise role of President"
3978:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act
3537:"Don't politicise role of President"
3130:(21 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 532
3105:(20 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 369
2134:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1351:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act
1324:members of the Armed Forces Council;
356:Powers exercisable by the president
268:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act
137:Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act
47:powers of the president of Singapore
3633:(reproduced on the AsiaOne website)
2270:Baharudin, Hariz (8 January 2021).
1094:Definition of net investment income
949:(MAS) could only purchase and sell
440:Arts. 21(2)(e), 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D
4332:Tan, Kevin ; Lam, Peng Er (1997),
4271:Low, Linda; Toh, Mun Heng (1989),
4165:Singapore Journal of Legal Studies
3742:Lee Hsien Loong (19 August 2011),
2843:Khalik, Salma (16 February 2021).
2384:Constitution, Arts. 148A and 148D.
2176:Constitution, Arts. 21(1) and (2).
2156:Singapore Journal of Legal Studies
1945:Khalik, Salma (16 February 2021).
1804:Constitution of the United Kingdom
684:Arts. 21(2)(i), 37B(1)(a) and (2)
535:, the chairman and members of the
25:
4159:Lee, Yvonne C L (December 2007),
3861:Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General
3342:, Ministry of Law, archived from
3287:Leong, "Candidates cross swords".
3245:Leong Wee Keat (24 August 2011),
2868:1988 White Paper, p. 2, para. 11.
2204:Constitution, Art. 37B. See also
2073:Prior to 1991, the president was
386:to invest moneys belonging to it
333:; former Government minister and
119:. The president also appoint the
49:are divided into those which the
4489:
3432:from the original on 28 May 2012
2150:Yvonne C L Lee (December 2007),
2085: (1980 Reprint), Art. 17(1).
1319:Digital and Intelligence Service
1273:the chairman and members of the
1266:the chairman and members of the
1077:. Thus, capital expenditure was
844:
663:Concurring with Director of the
229:Grant of powers to the president
18:Council of Presidential Advisers
4038:Singapore Management University
3962:1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint
3251:Today (reproduced on AsiaViews)
3222:Singapore Management University
2694:, excerpted in Tan & Thio,
2539:Minister for Trade and Industry
2009:1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint
1660:Singapore Management University
1224:Republic of Singapore Air Force
1068:27 million, which exceeded its
956:Minister for Trade and Industry
947:Monetary Authority of Singapore
798:Monetary Authority of Singapore
769:Monetary Authority of Singapore
201:, as the pandemic gave rise to
3858:Constitution, Art. 21(1): see
3829:Thio Li-ann (11 August 2011),
3350:Teh Shi Ning (6 August 2011),
2815:Tham, Yuen-C (16 March 2021).
2678:Roger Mitton (10 March 2000),
2299:Lim, Min Zhang (3 June 2021).
1917:Tham, Yuen-C (16 March 2021).
1783:Constitution, the concept of "
1199:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
930:Nominated Member of Parliament
804:, MND Holdings Pte. Ltd., and
370:Whether CPA must be consulted
190:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
107:, chairman and members of the
41:, photographed in January 2009
1:
4297:, Singapore: Printed for the
4231:The Legal System of Singapore
4134:, p. A25, archived from
4123:Wan, Wai Yee (21 July 2011),
4042:, p. A27, archived from
3840:, p. A31, archived from
3782:, p. A21, archived from
3624:Lediati Tan (2 August 2011),
3546:, p. A25, archived from
3502:, p. A27, archived from
3450:Constitution, Art. 22L(3)(a).
3379:Tessa Wong (20 August 2011),
2026:, Singapore: Printed for the
1978:Ong, Justin (23 March 2022).
1792:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
1538:Public expressions of opinion
1099:current income, as it is the
1081:over the useful life of each
790:Housing and Development Board
4195:(3): 115β139, archived from
4026:"Soft powers of a president"
3676:Shanmugam, paras. 22 and 35.
3647:Tessa Wong (8 August 2011),
3535:Wan Wai Yee (21 July 2011),
3493:"Soft powers of a president"
3390:, p. A6, archived from
3226:, p. A6, archived from
2787:Tham, Yuen-C (26 May 2020).
1889:Tham, Yuen-C (26 May 2020).
1011:Central Provident Fund Board
914:defence and security measure
872:Singapore Technologies (now
786:Central Provident Fund Board
747:
744:
741:
729:
726:
723:
715:
712:
709:
689:
683:
675:
669:
657:
647:
638:
632:
624:
618:
607:
597:
589:
583:
565:
562:
559:
551:
545:
521:
515:
497:
491:
482:
476:
460:
454:
445:
439:
427:
421:
409:
403:
394:
388:
384:Central Provident Fund Board
367:Whether personal discretion
93:Central Provident Fund Board
4367:, pp. 50β78 at 68β71,
4277:Institute of Policy Studies
4104:(3rd ed.), Singapore:
3914:Bogdanor, p. 411. See also
3801:Tommy Koh (5 August 2011),
3568:(Fall 1990), "Soft Power",
3418:Amy Yeong (6 August 2011),
3364:Institute of Policy Studies
3211:Tessa Wong (28 July 2011),
3122: (Prime Minister),
2049:(3rd ed.), Singapore:
1599:Institute of Policy Studies
1022:1997 Asian Financial Crisis
364:Provisions of Constitution
4597:
4363:, London; New York, N.Y.:
3057:Constitution, Art. 22P(2).
3048:Constitution, Art. 22P(1).
2889:Constitution, Art. 151(2).
2759:Ho, Grace (9 April 2020).
2375:Constitution, Art. 144(2).
2339:Constitution, Art. 144(1).
2330:Constitution, Art. 37H(1).
2321:Constitution, Art. 37J(1).
1861:Ho, Grace (9 April 2020).
1686:In response, SMU academic
1564:2011 presidential election
806:Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd.
466:Concurring with advice of
211:2011 presidential election
4541:
4487:
4359:; Tan, Kevin Y L (eds.),
3520:Constitution, Art. 24(2).
3263:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3247:"Candidates cross swords"
2945:Constitution, Art. 25(1).
2877:Constitution, Art. 22(1).
2244:Ho, Grace (3 June 2020).
2208:"All the President's men"
945:Before 30 June 2007, the
735:Issuing Proclamations of
580:dissolution of Parliament
537:Public Service Commission
323:Public Service Commission
321:, former Chairman of the
305:Public Service Commission
301:Public Service Commission
235:Constitution of Singapore
109:Public Service Commission
67:Constitution of Singapore
3928:The English Constitution
2472:, pp. 52β87 at 67,
1592:Foreign Affairs Minister
1579:talk to the president".
4581:Presidents of Singapore
4571:Government of Singapore
4425:Presidents of Singapore
4299:Government of Singapore
4252:Ho, Khai Leong (2003),
4180:Tan, Kevin Y L (2009),
3750:Prime Minister's Office
3460:Constitution of Ireland
2972:MRHA, ss. 9(1) and (2).
2954:MRHA, ss. 8(1) and (3).
2698:(3rd ed.), pp. 426β428.
2598:Constitution, Art. 22F.
2366:Constitution, Art. 22E.
2028:Government of Singapore
1707:US political scientist
1677:Constitution of Ireland
1295:the Accountant-General;
1085:and not indicated as a
1035:and the Prime Minister
898:Government of Singapore
811:chief executive officer
183:Global Financial Crisis
170:Global Financial Crisis
4500:Presidential elections
4481:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
3578:(80): 153β171 at 168,
3201:Constitution, Art. 5A.
2493:Kevin Y L Tan (2005),
2083:Singapore Constitution
2039:("1988 White Paper");
1717:
1711:, who coined the term
1655:
1607:British Prime Minister
1559:
1502:
1329:Commissioner of Police
1300:Chief of Defence Force
1248:
1229:on the flight deck of
1154:
990:
926:
772:
584:Arts. 21(2)(b), 65(3)
541:Commissioner of Police
144:Singapore Armed Forces
117:commissioner of Police
113:chief of Defence Force
42:
4576:Politics of Singapore
4001:Parliamentary Affairs
3968:Internal Security Act
3896:(3): 407β422 at 414,
3889:Parliamentary Affairs
3866:[2011] SGCA 9
2115:Internal Security Act
1766:President's Challenge
1706:
1639:
1550:
1491:, the Prime Minister
1470:presidential election
1463:fundamental liberties
1395:Internal Security Act
1389:Internal Security Act
1221:
1043:Access to information
993:On 1 September 1993,
982:
839:Members of Parliament
762:
422:Arts. 21(2)(c), 148A
264:Internal Security Act
133:Internal Security Act
32:
4210:Singapore Law Review
4108:, pp. 420β431,
4059:Minister for Finance
3694:Shanmugam, para. 22.
3685:Shanmugam, para. 19.
3150:Singapore Law Review
3072:Minister for Defence
2849:www.straitstimes.com
2579:Minister for Finance
2053:, pp. 420β426,
1984:www.straitstimes.com
1951:www.straitstimes.com
1785:political legitimacy
1693:separation of powers
1673:president of Ireland
1664:Banyan Tree Holdings
1645:President of Ireland
1405:The Director of the
1292:the Auditor-General;
1030:Minister for Finance
670:Arts. 21(2)(i), 22G
468:Minister for Finance
389:Arts. 21(2)(c), 22E
125:Member of Parliament
59:Cabinet of Singapore
4365:Routledge-Cavendish
4055:Hu, Richard Tsu Tau
4036:(reproduced on the
4014:10.1093/pa/49.3.407
3902:10.1093/pa/49.3.407
3847:on 29 December 2013
3362:(reproduced on the
3300:(4 December 1936),
3066:Goh Chok Tong (
2692:on 10 February 2001
2523:No. 13 of 2007
2443:No. 36 of 1998
2421:No. 12 of 2004
2408:No. 24 of 2002
2395:No. 17 of 1994
2303:. The Straits Times
2220:on 19 February 2009
2100:No. 41 of 1996
1662:(SMU) Chairman and
1505:Articles 5A and 22H
1062:capital expenditure
922:Ministry of Defence
546:Arts. 21(2)(i), 22
516:Arts. 21(2)(a), 25
361:Presidential power
357:
233:Prior to 1991, the
4237:, pp. 22β29,
3723:"Son of Singapore"
3170:1 S.L.R.(R) 803,
2740:Government Gazette
2729:, 18 February 2009
2575:Richard Hu Tsu Tau
2563:No. 2 of 2001
2158:: 290β322 at 291,
2096:No. 5 of 1991
2075:indirectly elected
1842:. 16 February 2015
1718:
1656:
1626:unconstitutionally
1560:
1558:from 2011 to 2017.
1532:Government Gazette
1305:the Chiefs of the
1249:
1187:financial downturn
1033:Richard Hu Tsu Tau
991:
890:Singapore Exchange
815:Government Gazette
773:
470:on long-term real
355:
335:Keppel Corporation
71:indirectly elected
43:
4556:
4555:
4374:978-0-415-43862-9
4347:978-0-415-15632-5
4286:978-981-00-1014-0
4263:978-981-210-218-8
4244:978-0-409-99789-7
4235:Butterworths Asia
4141:on 2 January 2014
4115:978-981-236-795-2
4076:(5 August 2011),
4049:on 6 January 2014
4034:The Straits Times
3665:on 6 January 2014
3607:The Straits Times
3553:on 2 January 2014
3509:on 6 January 2014
3397:on 4 January 2013
3375:on 2 January 2013
3346:on 24 August 2012
3336:(5 August 2011),
3233:on 6 January 2014
2822:The Straits Times
2794:The Straits Times
2766:The Straits Times
2746:The Straits Times
2735:The Straits Times
2727:The Straits Times
2711:The Straits Times
2504:978-981-05-2969-7
2479:978-0-415-15632-5
2276:The Straits Times
2250:The Straits Times
2060:978-981-236-795-2
1924:The Straits Times
1896:The Straits Times
1868:The Straits Times
1839:The Straits Times
1581:Tony Tan Keng Yam
1566:. One candidate,
1289:the Chief Valuer;
1231:dock landing ship
1070:operating surplus
788:(CPF Board), the
752:
751:
602:), 21(2)(c), 22H
77:, into an office
16:(Redirected from
4588:
4493:
4446:Benjamin Sheares
4418:
4411:
4404:
4395:
4377:
4350:
4327:
4309:
4289:
4266:
4247:
4217:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4175:
4142:
4140:
4129:
4118:
4096:Tan, Kevin Y L;
4091:
4086:, archived from
4050:
4048:
4030:
4016:
3996:Bogdanor, Vernon
3940:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3879:
3873:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3809:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3771:(15 June 2011),
3765:
3759:
3757:
3756:on 25 April 2012
3752:, archived from
3739:
3733:
3731:
3728:The Sunday Times
3718:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3658:, archived from
3653:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3566:Joseph S Nye Jr.
3562:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3485:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3368:, archived from
3356:
3347:
3330:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3311:, archived from
3294:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3156:: 212β227 at 213
3141:
3135:
3117:
3111:
3094: (NMP),
3089:
3083:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2644:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2216:, archived from
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1830:
1720:First coined by
1681:Council of State
1614:King Edward VIII
1477:general election
1261:Attorney-General
1164:immovable assets
894:Temasek Holdings
886:public companies
782:statutory boards
765:statutory boards
755:Financial powers
650:not yet in force
600:not yet in force
533:Attorney-General
489:unusual urgency
435:statutory boards
376:Financial powers
358:
327:Temasek Holdings
299:chairman of the
215:Minister for Law
105:attorney-general
88:statutory boards
79:directly elected
21:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4537:
4494:
4485:
4461:Ong Teng Cheong
4427:
4422:
4385:
4375:
4354:
4348:
4331:
4313:
4293:
4287:
4270:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4228:
4225:
4207:
4202:on 17 July 2011
4199:
4184:
4179:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4148:Further reading
4138:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4095:
4090:on 7 April 2012
4084:Ministry of Law
4072:
4046:
4028:
4024:(7 July 2011),
4020:
3994:
3991:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3884:Vernon Bogdanor
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:Court of Appeal
3857:
3853:
3844:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3584:10.2307/1148580
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3495:
3491:(7 July 2011),
3487:
3486:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:, Art. 12.2.1Β°.
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3354:
3349:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3309:Ministry of Law
3298:Stanley Baldwin
3296:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3255:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3120:Lee Hsien Loong
3118:
3114:
3090:
3086:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2487:
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2463:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
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2427:
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2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
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2343:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2041:Kevin Y L Tan;
2040:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1800:Vernon Bogdanor
1775:
1758:Ong Teng Cheong
1741:
1701:
1634:
1610:Stanley Baldwin
1603:British Monarch
1545:
1540:
1507:
1493:Lee Hsien Loong
1479:thereafter; and
1446:
1441:
1416:
1403:
1391:
1353:
1348:
1212:
1195:
1178:
995:Ong Teng Cheong
977:
968:
943:
906:
870:
852:
847:
794:JTC Corporation
757:
510:Appointing the
472:rates of return
347:Chua Sock Koong
284:
251:direct election
231:
151:Ong Teng Cheong
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4383:External links
4381:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4352:
4346:
4329:
4311:
4291:
4285:
4268:
4262:
4249:
4243:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4205:
4177:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4093:
4070:
4052:
4040:(SMU) website)
4018:
4008:(3): 407β422,
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3917:Walter Bagehot
3907:
3874:
3851:
3821:
3817:on 2 June 2012
3793:
3789:on 8 June 2012
3760:
3734:
3713:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3639:
3635:, pp. 6β7
3613:
3597:
3571:Foreign Policy
3557:
3522:
3513:
3473:
3464:
3452:
3443:
3410:
3401:
3360:Business Times
3322:
3318:on 27 May 2012
3289:
3280:
3271:
3237:
3224:(SMU) website)
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3160:
3136:
3112:
3084:
3068:Prime Minister
3059:
3050:
3041:
3028:
3019:
3017:ISA, s. 12(1).
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2963:MRHA, s. 8(2).
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2907:
2891:
2879:
2870:
2861:
2835:
2807:
2779:
2751:
2717:
2700:
2670:
2661:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2567:
2554:
2527:
2510:
2503:
2485:
2478:
2456:
2447:
2434:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2288:
2262:
2233:
2224:
2197:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2142:
2123:
2104:
2087:
2066:
2059:
2013:
1996:
1963:
1937:
1909:
1881:
1853:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1774:
1771:
1740:
1737:
1700:
1697:
1643:, the sitting
1633:
1630:
1576:Tan Cheng Bock
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1506:
1503:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1390:
1387:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1211:
1208:
1194:
1191:
1177:
1174:
1134:budget deficit
1129:
1128:
1096:
1095:
1058:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1007:
984:Prime Minister
976:
973:
967:
964:
942:
939:
916:is defined as
905:
902:
874:ST Engineering
869:
866:
851:
848:
846:
843:
834:
833:
829:
756:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
660:
659:
656:
653:
646:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
617:
610:
609:
606:
603:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
575:
574:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:Prime Minister
507:
506:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:financial year
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
379:
378:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
283:
280:
230:
227:
121:prime minister
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:Halimah Yacob
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4336:, Singapore:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4233:, Singapore:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4022:Ho, Kwon Ping
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3794:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3631:The New Paper
3627:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:, p. A47
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
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3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3393:
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3367:
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3353:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
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3306:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3275:
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3238:
3229:
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3180:
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3161:
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3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3110:
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3100:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2999:ISA, s. 8(1).
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2697:
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2687:
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2641:
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2592:
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2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:Lim Hng Kiang
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2468:, Singapore:
2467:
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2238:
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2228:
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2219:
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2209:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:head of state
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
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1696:
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1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Mary McAleese
1638:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
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1573:
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1236:Harpers Ferry
1232:
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526:
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3989:Other works
3984:) ("MRHA").
3952:Legislation
3348:; see also
3092:Thio Li-ann
3008:ISA, s. 11.
2731:; see also
2307:17 February
2281:27 February
2140:) ("MRHA").
2043:Thio Li-ann
1724:, the term
1688:Wan Wai Yee
1632:Other views
1572:Tan Jee Say
1489:Thio Li-ann
1465:in Part IV;
1141:white paper
1079:depreciated
934:Walter Woon
857:undertaking
276:independent
155:white paper
4565:Categories
4451:Devan Nair
4106:LexisNexis
3974:) ("ISA").
3947:References
3436:10 January
2916:ex officio
2914:Excluding
2901:ex officio
2898:Excluding
2121:) ("ISA").
2079:Parliament
2051:LexisNexis
1756:President
1727:soft power
1722:Joseph Nye
1714:soft power
1709:Joseph Nye
1699:Soft power
1653:Government
1451:referendum
1227:Super Puma
951:securities
778:resolution
705:remissions
615:subversion
598:Arts. 5A (
492:Art. 148B
239:government
223:soft power
221:exercises
166:government
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75:Parliament
4338:Routledge
4307:212400288
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3769:Tommy Koh
2656:226180358
2470:Routledge
1307:Air Force
1143:entitled
1004:man-years
878:POSB Bank
742:Art. 150
737:Emergency
724:Art. 100
710:Art. 22P
701:reprieves
337:chairman
329:chairman
319:Eddie Teo
161:(1999).
157:entitled
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4471:Tony Tan
4325:39716236
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3919:(1882),
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2854:26 April
2828:26 April
2800:26 April
2772:26 April
2685:Asiaweek
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2045:(2010),
2036:83381201
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1989:26 April
1956:26 April
1930:26 April
1902:26 April
1874:26 April
1846:26 April
1796:monarchy
1794:and the
1666:founder
1552:Tony Tan
1424:reprieve
1169:DBS Bank
1159:Asiaweek
1105:dividend
1101:interest
1087:lump sum
882:DBS Bank
796:and the
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290:or of a
266:and the
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135:and the
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1116:losses
1108:income
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531:, the
312:Senate
282:Powers
103:, the
55:advice
35:Istana
4223:Books
4200:(PDF)
4185:(PDF)
4139:(PDF)
4128:(PDF)
4047:(PDF)
4029:(PDF)
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3845:(PDF)
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2213:Today
1815:Notes
1647:when
1432:remit
1331:; and
1121:above
1083:asset
255:check
4533:2023
4528:2017
4523:2011
4518:2005
4513:1999
4508:1993
4433:List
4369:ISBN
4342:ISBN
4321:OCLC
4303:OCLC
4281:ISBN
4258:ISBN
4239:ISBN
4169:SSRN
4110:ISBN
3932:OCLC
3438:2013
3265:link
3070:and
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2830:2022
2802:2022
2774:2022
2652:OCLC
2499:ISBN
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2309:2022
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2257:2020
2160:SSRN
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2032:OCLC
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1958:2022
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1393:The
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1259:the
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1243:and
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1234:USS
1103:and
1028:The
910:veto
822:bill
699:and
687:Yes
673:Yes
655:Yes
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605:Yes
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123:, a
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4010:doi
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3108:ff.
2077:by
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1588:Law
1426:or
1114:or
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1064:of
748:No
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727:No
716:No
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