681:
95:
250:
259:
83:
663:
623:
214:
604:
398:
582:
567:
307:
33:
164:
641:
440:
was available with an optional power retractable hardtop in place of the standard folding-textile soft-top. Compared to the regular soft-top, the hardtop weighed 77 lb (35 kg) more. It did not reduce cargo capacity. The hardtop roof was polycarbonate and manufactured by the German firm
680:
412:
lids that enable the trunk lid to both receive the retracting top from the front and also receive parcels or luggage from the rear. The trunk also often includes a divider mechanism to prevent the loading of luggage that would conflict with the operation of the hardtop.
344:, four lock motors, three drive motors, eight circuit breakers, as well as 610 feet (190 m) of electrical wire. It could raise or lower the top in about 40 seconds. The retractable top was noted for its complexity and usual reliability in the pre-transistor era.
105:
Ben P. Ellerbeck was granted a patent (U.S. No. 1,379,906 on 31 May 1921) for a retractable hardtop roof design for cars. He developed several scale models for the 1922 Automobile Body
Builders Exhibition in New York City. In 1922, he modified a 1919
456:] tops are installed into identical body designs. The soft-top and the retractable have the same automatic tonneau cover, luggage divider, and luggage space. The retractable version feature an underbody cross-brace not included in the softtop.
717:
123:
made his idea public by applying for a patent on a detachable hard roof design that could ultimately be moved and stowed automatically in a car's rear luggage compartment, under a reverse-hinged rear-deck lid.
241:
marketed one of the first series produced convertibles, with a retractable roof consisting of more than one section. Ninety-seven production models were made until the company's bankruptcy in 1951.
287:
with a servo-operated retractable roof. The concept was rejected for cost and marketing reasons. Engineering work was used by Ford for the retractable mechanism in their 1957 through 1959 flagship
1239:
662:
1551:
725:
581:
303:
After working for 4,000 hours and investing $ 100 in the whole car, Raymond P. Meyette built a one-piece power-operated hardtop convertible using a 1952 Nash
Ambassador chassis.
622:
74:
article suggested "more and more convertibles are eschewing soft cloth tops in favor of sophisticated folding metal roofs, making them practical in all climates, year-round."
566:
1112:
603:
389:, the Macarena's top folded in about 30 seconds. It has a reinforcing beam behind the front seats incorporating LCD screens into the crossmember for the rear passengers.
94:
249:
152:, who hired him as lead designer, and in 1934 they equipped first a Peugeot 401D, followed by a 601C, with "Eclipse" roofs and bodywork, on chassis provided by
1086:"Vanderbilt Cup Races - Blog - Mystery Friday Foto #4 Solved: The 1941 Chrysler Thunderbolt concept car with links to Tucker 1044 and 1937 Chrysler's Chrysler"
258:
640:
1147:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
1003:
896:
59:
Improved climate control and security benefits are traded against increased mechanical complexity, cost, weight, and often reduced luggage capacity.
357:. The car featured an electric folding hardtop and was marketed as a two-seater with a cargo area behind the front seats. Production was 500 units.
82:
834:
628:
1525:
1632:
1466:
1355:
1182:
1208:
982:
1304:
927:
408:
Retractable hardtops are commonly made from between two and five sections of metal or plastic and often rely on complex dual-hinged
1167:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
797:
1637:
178:
Peugeot purchased Paulin's patent, and introduced the first factory production, power-operated, retractable hardtop in 1935, the
1085:
1496:
1642:
553:
1174:
1154:
952:
297:
Brothers Ed and Jim
Gaylord showed a prototype at the 1955 Paris Motor Show, but the car failed to reach production.
325:
311:
288:
238:
452:'s) retractable hardtop also is marketed alongside a soft-top. According to development engineer Dave Lauzun, the
1381:
328:
in the United States. Further development of the 1953 Continental Mark II retractable proposal cost an estimated
48:— also known as "coupé convertible" or "coupé cabriolet" — is a car with an automatically operated, self-storing
68:
article suggested the retractable hardtop might herald the demise of the textile-roofed convertible, and a 2007
1325:
213:
182:, of which some 470 were built. Pourtout build custom examples, designed by Paulin, on other makes including
904:
654:
1406:
426:
features a five-segment retractable roof where one section is an independently sliding transparent sunroof.
798:"Going Like 100: the convertible celebrates a milestone birthday, all started by an uncelebrated inventor"
430:
1497:"Luxury Convertible Comparison: 2010 Audi A5 vs 2010 BMW 335i vs 2009 Infiniti G37 vs 2010 Lexus IS 350"
1060:
397:
110:
roadster with his manually operated gear and spring "flip top" system. It allowed unimpeded use of the
1552:"2010 Audi A5 2.0T Quattro vs. 2010 BMW 328i, 2009 Infiniti G37, 2010 Lexus IS350C – Comparison Tests"
842:
382:
329:
280:
149:
689:
Twintop (2005-2012), three-part roof stores in the upper half of the boot for luggage space below it
511:
476:
367:
Spyder by ASC was marketed in the U.S. The design was further popularized by such cars as the 1996
340:. A total of 48,394 were built from 1957 until 1959. Its mechanism contained ten power relays, ten
306:
284:
70:
433:
hardtop features a glass section that rotates during retraction to provide a more compact "stack."
1576:
1444:
1029:
672:
402:
321:
276:
1216:
1165:
1145:
1300:
368:
163:
1363:
517:
Potential need for more than minimum clearance while operating the hardtop. For example, the
1161:
1141:
1113:"Remembering the Playboy, America's First Production Convertible With a Retractable Hardtop"
445:
107:
32:
1266:
572:
437:
481:
May enable consolidation/simplification of a manufacturer's car lineup; for example, the
1602:
668:
609:
423:
364:
120:
64:
148:, a low convertible coupé. In 1933, Paulin showed his designs to premier coachbuilder
1626:
1293:
1240:"They told him it could not be built - so he built it himself: A Hardtop Convertible"
646:
591:
510:
Higher weight and center of gravity than soft-top convertibles, potentially reducing
354:
753:
507:
Potentially diminished passenger and trunk space compared to a soft-top convertible.
650:
587:
540:
522:
449:
341:
157:
87:
632:
409:
372:
337:
228:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
179:
168:
153:
145:
111:
53:
489:) was offered only as a coupé-convertible (hardtop), compared to the preceding
17:
1436:
686:
781:
Gosden, W.E. (April 1979). "The first
Fliptop? Ellerbeck had a Better Idea".
518:
37:
1526:"2007 VW Eos vs. Audi A4, BMW 328i, Volvo C70, Saab 9-3 – Comparison Tests"
960:
867:
381:
Peugeot presented a concept four-door retractable hardtop convertible, the
521:
requires 6.5 feet (2 m) of vertical clearance during operation, the
333:
224:
613:
595:
490:
486:
453:
386:
187:
49:
130:
The French patent system granted Paulin patent number 733.380 for his
493:
generation that had separate coupé and cabriolet (soft-top) variants.
482:
350:
183:
267:
The 1948 Playboy car with its top in a closed and open configuration
52:, as opposed to the folding textile-based roof used by traditional
396:
336:
with little luggage space and was priced double the baseline Ford
305:
212:
162:
93:
81:
31:
671:
c. 2007, the five-segment top includes a sliding sunroof made by
332:
18 million (US$ 195,270,142 in 2023 dollars). The
Skyliner was a
928:"1935 Peugeot Model 401D Eclipse: The first retractable hardtop"
543:'s trunk lid extends rearward while lowering or lifting the top.
114:
even with the top down. The design was not put into production.
160:, a French-built Lancia Augusta, was also built as an Eclipse.
1356:"¡Hey, Macarena! Heuliez Creates an Open-Top Peugeot 407"
283:
2 million (US$ 22,776,119 in 2023 dollars) to engineer a
190:
as well as the "Eclipse" coupé-convertibles based on the
98:
1934 Peugeot 401D Coupé transformable
Eclipse (Pourtout)
1010:. Vol. 63, no. 2. February 1935. p. 253
590:
c. 2007, aluminum hardtop made by a joint venture of
1467:"Great Drive: Luxury Hardtop Convertible Comparison"
1036:. Vol. 65, no. 1. January 1936. p. 53
862:
860:
631:c. 2006, its retractable hardtop final assembly by
1292:
539: in (2 m) of vertical clearance and the
144:retractable hard roof was first presented on the
1490:
1488:
1382:"2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Power Retractable Hardtop"
497:The retractable hardtop's disadvantages include:
1004:"Disappearing Top On Auto Worked By Push Button"
1581:volvocars.com, C70 owner documentation, Page 93
1375:
1373:
1135:
1133:
612:c. 2001, a retractable hardtop in the Japanese
1430:
1428:
1267:"Raising the Roof: The Ford Skyliner 'Retrac'"
828:
826:
824:
822:
465:The retractable hardtop's advantages include:
385:. Produced by French coachbuilding specialist
1519:
1517:
1246:. Vol. 106, no. 6. pp. 138–139
890:
888:
573:Mazda Miata Power Retractable Hard Top (PRHT)
8:
897:"The Story of Lancia, Paulin and John Moir"
1350:
1348:
1346:
1030:"Latest Foreign Auto Has Disappearing Top"
807:. Vol. 38, no. 2. pp. 14–16
776:
774:
401:Closing of the retractable hardtop of a
1183:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
983:"1934 Lancia Belna Eclipse by Pourtout"
699:
562:
1326:"1957-1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner"
469:More weatherly when the roof is raised
353:introduced a retractable hardtop, the
1447:from the original on 21 December 2021
1181:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
747:
745:
743:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
217:1941 Chrysler Thunderbolt concept car
7:
1061:"1941 Chrysler Thunderbolt Roadster"
926:Brierley, Brooks T. (17 June 2001).
27:Vehicle with a retracting solid roof
1437:"2008 Chrysler Sebring Convertible"
575:c. 2007, with polycarbonate hardtop
1380:Vaughn, Mark (10 September 2006).
653:retractable hardtop engineered by
548:List of retractable hardtop models
25:
1362:. 28 January 2006. Archived from
1265:Severson, Aaron (26 April 2009).
1238:Sand, George X. (December 1956).
718:"New Again: The Hideaway Hardtop"
227:introduced a retractable hardtop
1495:St. Antoine, Arthur (May 2010).
679:
661:
639:
621:
602:
580:
565:
257:
248:
146:Peugeot 401D Éclipse Décapotable
1407:"2007 Mazda MX-5 Miata Hardtop"
796:Creager, Reid (February 2022).
504:Increased mechanical complexity
314:with roof in mid folding action
169:Peugeot 402 Eclipse Decapotable
953:"From the Zero to the Eclipse"
716:Sass, Rob (10 December 2006).
1:
1601:Keebler, Jack (August 2002).
1295:The Ultimate Classic Car Book
754:"Convertibles with Hard Tops"
752:Vella, Matt (26 April 2007).
1175:American Antiquarian Society
1155:American Antiquarian Society
472:More secure than fabric tops
231:, the Chrysler Thunderbolt.
134:roof system on 5 July 1932.
1633:Automotive styling features
1209:"1950 Gaylord concept cars"
438:third-generation Mazda MX-5
180:"402BL Éclipse Décapotable"
1659:
1111:Radu, Vlad (6 June 2022).
872:Retractable Hardtop Online
554:List of coupé convertibles
551:
448:'s (and its successor the
312:Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner
289:Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner
239:Playboy Automobile Company
1550:Swan, Tony (March 2010).
1291:Willson, Quentin (1995).
461:Comparison with soft tops
1524:Swan, Tony (June 2007).
40:with retractable hardtop
1638:Automotive technologies
758:The Wall Street Journal
1330:auto.howstuffworks.com
1213:auto.howstuffworks.com
1090:vanderbiltcupraces.com
1065:auto.howstuffworks.com
783:Special Interest Autos
405:
315:
218:
172:
99:
91:
41:
400:
355:MZ20 Soarer Aerocabin
326:Fairlane 500 Skyliner
309:
216:
166:
97:
85:
35:
1643:Hardtop convertibles
1366:on 19 December 2006.
1207:(13 November 2007).
1059:(29 November 2007).
957:Peugeot.mainspot.net
383:Peugeot 407 Macarena
1603:"2004 Cadillac XLR"
845:on 21 February 2014
525:requires 6 ft
501:Higher initial cost
477:structural rigidity
285:Continental Mark II
279:spent an estimated
156:. The same year, a
71:Wall Street Journal
46:retractable hardtop
1413:. 1 September 2006
1219:on 17 January 2021
963:on 17 January 2010
868:"History, Revival"
728:on 29 October 2015
722:The New York Times
406:
403:BMW 3-series (E93)
316:
277:Ford Motor Company
219:
173:
100:
92:
42:
1299:. DK Publishing.
1271:Ate Up With Motor
1244:Popular Mechanics
1092:. 30 January 2023
1034:Popular Mechanics
1008:Popular Mechanics
895:Buchanan, James.
785:. pp. 20–21.
369:Mercedes-Benz SLK
16:(Redirected from
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1577:"2007 Volvo C70"
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1530:caranddriver.com
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1324:(20 July 2007).
1320:Auto Editors of
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1215:. Archived from
1203:Auto Editors of
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959:. Archived from
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903:. Archived from
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841:. Archived from
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805:Inventors Digest
802:
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787:
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778:
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724:. Archived from
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683:
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643:
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584:
569:
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446:Chrysler Sebring
261:
252:
108:Hudson Super Six
21:
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1441:Autonetwork.com
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1162:McCusker, J. J.
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1142:McCusker, J. J.
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907:on 26 July 2011
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835:"Ford Skyliner"
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324:introduced the
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150:Marcel Pourtout
80:
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23:
22:
18:Coupé cabriolet
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5:
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1556:Car and Driver
1542:
1513:
1484:
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1435:Lauzun, Dave.
1424:
1411:Car and Driver
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1369:
1342:
1322:Consumer Guide
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1257:
1230:
1205:Consumer Guide
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1179:1800–present:
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1057:Consumer Guide
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669:Volkswagen Eos
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610:Daihatsu Copen
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552:Main article:
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373:Peugeot 206 CC
365:Mitsubishi GTO
342:limit switches
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154:Emile Darl'mat
121:Georges Paulin
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65:New York Times
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1473:. August 2009
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839:Driving Today
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833:Nerad, Jack.
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431:Mercedes SL
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1586:3 February
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695:References
687:Opel Astra
475:Increased
417:Variations
410:trunk/boot
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