354:
wickedly" This work could be done only by a homogeneous party "…because such a party alone will submit to a drudgery of this kind". It did not suffice to be eager to speak, keen to act. "They who affect to head an opposition, …, must be equal, at least, to those whom they oppose…". The opposition had to be of a permanent nature to make sure that it would be looked at as a part of daily politics. It had to contrast, on every occasion, the government. He considered a party that systematically opposed the government to be more appealing than a party that occasionally opposed the government. This opposition had to prepare itself to control government.
377:
for more frequent elections, a faith that the local militia would substitute for a dangerous standing army, a desire for such moral reforms as temperance in an age of drunkenness, and less
Sabbath breaking. The country leaders stressed the civic duty of the upper class to engage in politics to strengthen the national interest. Such views amount to the main counter to extreme
350:. Such an opposition he called a "country party" which he opposed to the court party. Country parties had been formed before, for instance after the king's speech to Parliament in November 1685, but Bolingbroke was the first to state the need for a continual opposition to the government. To his mind the spirit of liberty was threatened by the court party's lust for power.
260:", shortened to "Whig", started being applied to the party – first as a pejorative term, then adopted and taken up by the party itself. The name "Country Party" was thus discarded – to be taken up later by opponents of the Whig Party itself, once it had come to dominate British politics following the
353:
Liberty could only be safeguarded by an opposition party that used "constitutional methods and a legal course of opposition to the excesses of legal and ministerial power…". He instructed the opposition party to "Wrest the power of government, if you can, out of the hands that employed it weakly and
287:
It was a movement rather than an organised party and had no formal structure or leaders. It claimed to be a nonpartisan force fighting for the nation's interest—the whole "country"—against the self-interested actions of the politicians in power in London (the "Court Party"). Country men believed the
376:
has interpreted that around 1700 instead of a country "party", the
English electorate, its Lords and its elected representatives had a country persuasion with key consensus demands that the government should be frugal and efficient, opposition to high taxes, a concern for personal liberty, a quest
409:
The writings of the country party were eagerly devoured by some
American colonists who came to fear the corruption of the English court as the greatest threat to the colonies’ desired liberties. They formed a
1018:
The
Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies
1622:
820:
1617:
1592:
1582:
182:
1587:
1106:
538:
427:
1577:
851:
839:
452:
343:
47:
292:
to buy support and was threatening
English and Scottish liberties and the proper balance of authority by shifting power from Parliament to the
1612:
293:
983:"The Great Inversion, or Court versus Country: A Comparison of the Revolution Settlements in England (1688–721) and America (1776–1816)"
1099:
419:
332:
300:, calling for annual elections to Parliament (instead of the seven-year term in effect), and wanted to fix power in the hands of the
1037:
971:
949:
927:
875:
829:
789:
468:
277:
119:
101:
498:
388:
246:
221:
187:
123:
1056:
Zagorin, Peter (April 1962). "The Court and the
Country: A Note on Political Terminology in the Earlier Seventeenth Century".
556:
281:
177:
492:
331:
to oppose what the
Country Party had cast as British monarchical tyranny and to develop a powerful political philosophy of
1602:
1092:
411:
328:
111:
1516:
1115:
797:
474:
142:
1491:
1607:
320:
919:
510:
486:
367:
134:
1005:
347:
323:) and political theorists. The ideology of the party faded away in England but became a powerful force in the
147:
627:
Robbins, Caroline (December 1958). "'Discordant
Parties': A Study of the Acceptance of Party by Englishmen".
232:, which they claimed was acting tyrannically and against the interest of the British nation and its people.
1379:
550:
434:
inherited the country party attack on elitism, centralization, and distant government during the ascent of
1536:
1238:
480:
431:
214:
942:
Republicanism and
Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America
1427:
1173:
1384:
1190:
1163:
885:
Hutson, James H. (July 1981). "Country, Court, and
Constitution: Antifederalism and the Historians".
753:
Hutson, James H. (July 1981). "Country, Court, and Constitution: Antifederalism and the Historians".
1496:
1434:
1233:
1178:
522:
261:
1551:
1183:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1073:
902:
770:
644:
435:
202:
167:
162:
304:
rather than the royal officials, urban merchants or bankers. It opposed any practices it saw as
1597:
1263:
1153:
1126:
1033:
982:
967:
945:
923:
871:
825:
458:
415:
324:
225:
1459:
1449:
1422:
1391:
1285:
1248:
1065:
894:
868:
The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution
762:
636:
614:
The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition
516:
463:
273:
250:
229:
93:
346:
was especially influential in stating the need and outlining the machinery of a systematic
1556:
1454:
1213:
1000:
986:
863:
609:
423:
257:
155:
1342:
1322:
1317:
1305:
959:
937:
815:
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504:
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316:
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1571:
1526:
1486:
1374:
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533:
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373:
363:
301:
297:
206:
115:
97:
1069:
1273:
1258:
1253:
42:
1027:
1016:
990:
1481:
1444:
1439:
1369:
1290:
1268:
1218:
1195:
439:
1541:
1501:
1471:
1357:
1337:
1228:
305:
220:
In the late 1600s, it was used to denote what would later become known as the
870:. Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Virginia.
1531:
1476:
1466:
1401:
1396:
1352:
1243:
1223:
1051:. Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Virginia.
378:
289:
964:
Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole
17:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1362:
1332:
1327:
1312:
1168:
1138:
561:
398:
381:
151:
385:
272:
During the period from the 1680s to the 1740s, and especially under the
228:; in the early to middle 1700s it was taken up by opponents of the Whig
1546:
1406:
1347:
1295:
1084:
906:
774:
648:
1077:
1300:
311:
The Country Party attracted a number of influential writers (such as
1008:: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition
898:
766:
640:
422:. Hutson identified country ideology as a major influence on the
1088:
209:) by political movements which campaigned in opposition to the
394:
which in its estimation morphed via other executives into the
249:
was a faction which opposed absolute monarchism and favoured
1029:
The Politics of Liberty in England and Revolutionary America
276:
from 1730 to 1743, the Country Party was a coalition of
1415:
161:
141:
129:
107:
89:
71:
53:
41:
32:
821:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
1623:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
995:. Princeton University Press. pp. 368–455.
296:. It sought to constrain the court by opposing
790:"American Populism and the Power of the State"
428:ratification of the United States Constitution
418:and used the country party ideas to help form
1100:
8:
288:Court Party was corrupting Britain by using
992:Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776
1107:
1093:
1085:
327:, where its tracts strongly motivated the
29:
27:Political party in the United Kingdom
1618:Politics of the Kingdom of Great Britain
1593:Political parties disestablished in 1752
1583:1752 disestablishments in Great Britain
574:
453:Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
344:Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
48:Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
581:
1588:Political parties established in 1726
1049:The Creation of the American Republic
916:Country and Court: England, 1658–1714
741:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
596:The Creation of the American Republic
224:, characterised by its opposition to
7:
1578:1726 establishments in Great Britain
788:Wilson, Clyde (18 February 2017).
420:Republicanism in the United States
333:republicanism in the United States
25:
217:and those who supported them).
1032:. Cambridge University Press.
794:theimaginativeconservative.org
755:The William and Mary Quarterly
557:Whig (British political party)
178:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
1070:10.1093/ehr/LXXVII.CCCIII.306
1010:. Princeton University Press.
844:On the Idea of a Patriot King
689:On the idea of a Patriot King
663:On the Idea of a Patriot King
256:In the late 1670s, the term "
201:was the name employed in the
1613:Political history of England
966:. Cornell University Press.
944:. Cornell University Press.
798:The Imaginative Conservative
77:; 272 years ago
59:; 298 years ago
1015:Robbins, Caroline (2004) .
856:On the Spirit of Patriotism
728:On the Spirit of Patriotism
715:On the Spirit of Patriotism
702:On the Spirit of Patriotism
676:On the Spirit of Patriotism
629:Political Science Quarterly
426:during the debate over the
1639:
887:William and Mary Quarterly
852:Bolingbroke, Henry St John
840:Bolingbroke, Henry St John
361:
321:Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun
1209:
1122:
1058:English Historical Review
368:The Craftsman (newspaper)
268:Country Party (1726—1752)
173:
35:Country Party (1726—1752)
1047:Wood, Gordon S. (1969).
1006:The Machiavellian Moment
981:Murrin, John M. (1980).
914:Jones, James R. (1978).
594:Wood, Gordon S. (1969).
348:parliamentary opposition
148:Parliamentary opposition
163:Political position
247:original Country Party
241:Original Country Party
215:Ministers of the Crown
1603:Political ideologies
1116:Political ideologies
1234:Christian democracy
523:The Oglethorpe Plan
262:Glorious Revolution
1149:Political spectrum
1026:Ward, Lee (2004).
469:Richard Cumberland
436:Alexander Hamilton
358:Country persuasion
203:Kingdom of England
1608:Political culture
1565:
1564:
1264:Constitutionalism
1127:The Establishment
824:. Belknap Press.
499:Francis Hutcheson
416:Thirteen Colonies
396:Walpole executive
325:American colonies
226:absolute monarchy
196:
195:
183:Political parties
108:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
1630:
1492:Internationalism
1423:Authoritarianism
1392:Social democracy
1286:Environmentalism
1249:Communitarianism
1109:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1081:
1064:(303): 306–311.
1052:
1043:
1022:
1011:
1001:Pocock, J. G. A.
996:
987:Pocock, J. G. A.
977:
955:
933:
910:
881:
864:Colbourn, Trevor
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847:
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624:
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610:Pocock, J. G. A.
606:
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579:
517:William Molyneux
487:James Harrington
464:Commonwealth men
384:and the similar
280:and disaffected
274:Walpole ministry
230:Walpole ministry
94:Commonwealth men
85:
83:
78:
67:
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60:
30:
21:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
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1629:
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1568:
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1566:
1561:
1557:Totalitarianism
1411:
1214:Accelerationism
1205:
1118:
1113:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1025:
1021:. Liberty Fund.
1014:
999:
980:
974:
960:Kramnick, Isaac
958:
952:
938:Kramnick, Isaac
936:
930:
913:
899:10.2307/1921952
884:
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862:
850:
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816:Bailyn, Bernard
814:
811:
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787:
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767:10.2307/1921952
752:
751:
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739:Julian Hoppit,
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673:
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641:10.2307/2146028
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621:
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588:
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571:
566:
475:Andrew Fletcher
448:
432:Jeffersonianism
424:Antifederalists
407:
370:
360:
341:
298:standing armies
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243:
238:
192:
156:Anti-corruption
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122:
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1343:Libertarianism
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1318:Fundamentalism
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1306:Third Position
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911:
893:(3): 337–368.
882:
876:
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848:
836:
830:
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807:
804:
803:
780:
761:(3): 337–368.
745:
732:
719:
706:
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667:
654:
635:(4): 505–529.
619:
601:
586:
573:
572:
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564:
559:
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551:John Trenchard
548:
545:Jonathan Swift
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505:Samuel Johnson
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459:Cato's Letters
456:
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372:The historian
359:
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340:
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317:Samuel Johnson
313:Jonathan Swift
294:prime minister
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213:(that is, the
205:(and later in
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90:Merger of
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1528:
1527:Progressivism
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1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
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1487:Individualism
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1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:Republicanism
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
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1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
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1287:
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1280:
1279:Social credit
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1202:
1201:Revolutionary
1199:
1197:
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1039:0-521-82745-0
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984:
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973:0-8014-8001-9
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951:0-8014-9589-X
947:
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929:0-7131-6103-5
925:
921:
920:Edward Arnold
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877:0-8078-0958-6
873:
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831:0-674-44301-2
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756:
749:
746:
743:(2000) p. 159
742:
736:
733:
730:pp. 61–3
729:
726:Bolingbroke,
723:
720:
716:
713:Bolingbroke,
710:
707:
703:
700:Bolingbroke,
697:
694:
690:
687:Bolingbroke,
684:
681:
677:
674:Bolingbroke,
671:
668:
664:
661:Bolingbroke,
658:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
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630:
623:
620:
615:
611:
605:
602:
597:
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583:
578:
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568:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:, (1662–1723)
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
535:
534:Republicanism
532:
529:
528:Richard Price
526:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:Thomas Hollis
491:
488:
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481:Thomas Gordon
479:
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473:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
430:. Similarly,
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Patriot cause
404:
402:
400:
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
375:
374:Julian Hoppit
369:
365:
364:Patriot Whigs
357:
355:
351:
349:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:landed gentry
299:
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291:
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259:
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248:
240:
235:
233:
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207:Great Britain
204:
200:
199:Country Party
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136:
135:The Craftsman
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
98:Patriot Whigs
95:
92:
88:
74:
70:
56:
52:
49:
46:
44:
40:
31:
19:
1435:Collectivism
1274:Distributism
1259:Conservatism
1254:Confucianism
1174:Centre-right
1061:
1057:
1048:
1028:
1017:
1004:
991:
963:
941:
915:
890:
886:
867:
855:
843:
819:
809:Bibliography
793:
783:
758:
754:
748:
740:
735:
727:
722:
714:
709:
701:
696:
688:
683:
675:
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662:
657:
632:
628:
622:
613:
604:
595:
589:
577:
408:
371:
352:
342:
310:
286:
271:
255:
251:exclusionism
244:
219:
210:
198:
197:
133:
1537:Regionalism
1482:Imperialism
1445:Culturalism
1440:Colonialism
1370:Nationalism
1291:Familialism
1269:Corporatism
1239:Communalism
1219:Agrarianism
1196:Reactionary
1164:Centre-left
691:p. 170
665:p. 117
582:Bailyn 1967
547:(1667–1745)
541:(1671–1713)
539:Shaftesbury
530:(1723–1791)
519:(1656–1698)
513:(1735–1801)
511:John Millar
507:(1709–1784)
501:(1694–1746)
495:(1720–1774)
489:(1611–1677)
483:(1692–1750)
477:(1655–1716)
471:(1632–1718)
455:(1678–1751)
440:Federalists
339:Bolingbroke
211:Court Party
18:Court Party
1572:Categories
1552:Syncretism
1542:Separatism
1502:Militarism
1472:Federalism
1358:Monarchism
1338:Liberalism
1229:Capitalism
1179:Right-wing
717:p. 61
704:p. 58
678:p. 42
438:and other
389:Whig Party
362:See also:
306:corruption
222:Whig Party
1532:Reformism
1517:Pluralism
1477:Globalism
1467:Extremism
1402:Third Way
1397:Socialism
1380:Classical
1353:Masculism
1244:Communism
1224:Anarchism
1184:Far-right
1159:Left-wing
405:Americans
379:High Tory
290:patronage
258:whiggamor
188:Elections
168:Syncretic
130:Newspaper
72:Dissolved
1598:Whiggism
1522:Populism
1512:Pacifism
1507:Nihilism
1497:Localism
1416:See also
1363:Royalism
1333:Islamism
1328:Hindutva
1313:Feminism
1169:Centrism
1154:Far-left
1144:Moderate
1139:Hardline
1003:(1975).
962:(1992).
940:(1990).
866:(1965).
854:(1749).
842:(1738).
818:(1967).
612:(1975).
562:Whiggism
446:See also
399:placemen
382:hegemony
329:Patriots
152:Populism
143:Ideology
116:Radicals
112:Patriots
1547:Statism
1407:Zionism
1348:Marxism
1296:Fascism
1191:Radical
989:(ed.).
907:1921952
775:1921952
649:2146028
414:in the
236:History
80: (
62: (
54:Founded
1385:Modern
1301:Nazism
1078:561547
1076:
1036:
970:
948:
926:
905:
874:
828:
773:
647:
386:bigwig
319:, and
278:Tories
120:Tories
102:Tories
43:Leader
1460:Multi
1450:Inter
1323:Green
1074:JSTOR
985:. In
903:JSTOR
771:JSTOR
645:JSTOR
569:Notes
392:cabal
282:Whigs
124:Whigs
1455:Mono
1428:Anti
1132:Anti
1034:ISBN
968:ISBN
946:ISBN
924:ISBN
872:ISBN
826:ISBN
366:and
245:The
82:1752
75:1752
64:1726
57:1726
1066:doi
895:doi
763:doi
637:doi
1574::
1072:.
1062:77
1060:.
922:.
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901:.
891:38
889:.
796:.
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759:38
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643:.
633:73
631:.
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284:.
264:.
253:.
1108:e
1101:t
1094:v
1080:.
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954:.
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909:.
897::
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858:.
846:.
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765::
651:.
639::
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598:.
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84:)
66:)
20:)
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