Covalent organic framework - Knowledge (XXG)

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frameworks that synergistically enhance the properties of the precursors, which, in turn, offers many advantages in terms of improved performance in different applications. As a result, the COF material is highly modular and tuned efficiently by varying the SBUs’ identity, length, and functionality depending on the desired property change on the framework scale. Ergo, there exists the ability to introduce diverse functionality directly into the framework scaffold to allow for a variety of functions which would be cumbersome, if not impossible, to achieve through a top-down method, such as lithographic approaches or chemical-based nanofabrication. Through reticular synthesis, it is possible to molecularly engineer modular, framework materials with highly porous scaffolds that exhibit unique electronic, optical, and magnetic properties while simultaneously integrating desired functionality into the COF skeleton.

235:, a material is built from atomic or molecular components synthetically as opposed to a top-down approach, which forms a material from the bulk through approaches such as exfoliation, lithography, or other varieties of post-synthetic modification. The bottom-up approach is especially advantageous with respect to materials such as COFs because the synthetic methods are designed to directly result in an extended, highly crosslinked framework that can be tuned with exceptional control at the nanoscale level. Geometrical and dimensional principles govern the framework's resulting topology as the SBUs combine to form predetermined structures. This level of synthetic control has also been termed " 378: 416: 412:(TFP) is used as one of the SBUs, two complementary tautomerizations occur (an enol to keto and an imine to enamine) which result in a β-ketoenamine moiety as depicted in the DAAQ-TFP framework. Both DAAQ-TFP and TpOMe-DAQ COFs are stable in acidic aqueous conditions and contain the redox active linker 2,6-diaminoanthroquinone which enables these materials to reversibly store and release electrons within a characteristic potential window. Consequently, both of these COFs have been investigated as electrode materials for potential use in supercapacitors. 243: 47:

structures with highly preferential structural orientation and properties which could be synergistically enhanced and amplified. With judicious selection of COF secondary building units (SBUs), or precursors, the final structure could be predetermined, and modified with exceptional control enabling fine-tuning of emergent properties. This level of control facilitates the COF material to be designed, synthesized, and utilized in various applications, many times with metrics on scale or surpassing that of the current state-of-the-art approaches.

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control, hereby enabling crystalline growth. This was employed by Yaghi and coworkers for 3D imine-based COFs (COF-300, COF 303, LZU-79, and LZU-111). However, the vast majority of COFs are not able to crystallize into single crystals but instead are insoluble powders. The improvement of crystallinity of these polycrystalline materials can be improved through tuning the reversibility of the linkage formation to allow for corrective particle growth and self-healing of defects that arise during COF formation.

350: 157:. The research team synthesized and designed the first 3D-COF ever; COF-103 and COF-108, helping unleash this new field. Unlike 0D and 1D systems, which are soluble, the insolubility of 2D and 3D structures precludes the use of stepwise synthesis, making their isolation in crystalline form very difficult. This first challenge, however, was overcome by judiciously choosing building blocks and using reversible condensation reactions to crystallize COFs. 337: 269: 641:

better delivery amount have been designed in the lab of William A. Goddard III, and they have been shown to be stable and overcome the DOE target in delivery basis. COF-103-Eth-trans and COF-102-Ant, are found to exceed the DOE target of 180 v(STP)/v at 35 bar for methane storage. They reported that using thin vinyl bridging groups aids performance by minimizing the interaction methane-COF at low pressure.

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storage of 180 v/v at 298 K and 35 bar. The best COFs on a delivery amount basis (volume adsorbed from 5 to 100 bar) are COF-102 and COF-103 with values of 230 and 234 v(STP: 298 K, 1.01 bar)/v, respectively, making these promising materials for practical methane storage. More recently, new COFs with

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is important to their stability. If the metalation with alkali meals is performed in the COFs, Goddard et al. calculated that some COFs can reach 2010 DOE gravimetric target in delivery units at 298 K of 4.5 wt %: COF102-Li (5.16 wt %), COF103-Li (4.75 wt %), COF102-Na (4.75 wt %)

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COFs are another class of porous polymeric materials, consisting of porous, crystalline, covalent bonds that usually have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 °C), are stable in water and low densities. They exhibit permanent porosity with specific surface

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solids consist of secondary building units (SBUs) which assemble to form a periodic and porous framework. An almost infinite number of frameworks can be formed through various SBU combinations leading to unique material properties for applications in separations, storage, and heterogeneous catalysis.

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that form two- or three-dimensional structures through reactions between organic precursors resulting in strong, covalent bonds to afford porous, stable, and crystalline materials. COFs emerged as a field from the overarching domain of organic materials as researchers optimized both synthetic control

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enables probing of linkage formation as well and is well suited for large, insoluble materials like COFs. Gas adsorption-desorption studies quantify the porosity of the material via calculation of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and pore diameter from gas adsorption isotherms. Electron

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Integration of SBUs into a covalent framework results in the synergistic emergence of conductivities much greater than the monomeric values. The nature of the SBUs can improve conductivity. Through the use of highly conjugated linkers throughout the COF scaffold, the material can be engineered to be

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Since Yaghi and coworkers’ seminal work in 2005, COF synthesis has expanded to include a wide range of organic connectivity such as boron-, nitrogen-, other atom-containing linkages. The linkages in the figures shown are not comprehensive as other COF linkages exist in the literature, especially for

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to advance into the construction of porous, crystalline materials with rigid structures that granted exceptional material stability in a wide range of solvents and conditions. Through the development of reticular chemistry, precise synthetic control was achieved and resulted in ordered, nano-porous

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There are several COF single crystals synthesized to date. There are a variety of techniques employed to improve crystallinity of COFs. The use of modulators, monofunctional version of precursors, serve to slow the COF formation to allow for more favorable balance between kinetic and thermodynamic

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A defining advantage of COFs is the exceptional porosity that results from the substitution of analogous SBUs of varying sizes. Pore sizes range from 7-23 Å and feature a diverse range of shapes and dimensionalities that remain stable during the evacuation of solvent. The rigid scaffold of the COF

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during synthesis. To date, researchers have attempted to establish better control through different synthetic methods such as solvothermal synthesis, interface-assisted synthesis, solid templation as well as seeded growth. First one of the precursors is deposited onto the solid support followed by

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Reticular synthesis is different from retrosynthesis of organic compounds, because the structural integrity and rigidity of the building blocks in reticular synthesis remain unaltered throughout the construction process—an important aspect that could help to fully realize the benefits of design in

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and coworkers synthesized a COF material (NiPc-Pyr COF) from nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) and pyrene organic linkers that had a conductivity of 2.51 x 10 S/m, which was several orders of magnitude larger than the undoped molecular NiPc, 10 S/m. A similar COF structure made by Jiang and coworkers,

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Due to the ability to introduce diverse functionality into COFs’ structure, catalytic sites can be fine-tuned in conjunction with other advantageous properties like conductivity and stability to afford efficient and selective catalysts. COFs have been used as heterogeneous catalysts in organic,

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It has been established in the literature that, when integrated into an isoreticular framework, such as a COF, properties from monomeric compounds can be synergistically enhanced and amplified. COF materials possess the unique ability for bottom-up reticular synthesis to afford robust, tunable

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Reticular synthesis was used by Yaghi and coworkers in 2005 to construct the first two COFs reported in the literature: COF-1, using a dehydration reaction of benzenediboronic acid (BDBA), and COF-5, via a condensation reaction between hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP) and BDBA. These framework

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Due to defining molecule-framework interactions, COFs can be used as chemical sensors in a wide range of environments and applications. Properties of the COF change when their functionalities interact with various analytes enabling the materials to serve as devices in various conditions: as

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Yang, Hui; Zhang, Shengliang; Han, Liheng; Zhang, Zhou; Xue, Zheng; Gao, Juan; Li, Yongjun; Huang, Changshui; Yi, Yuanping; Liu, Huibiao; Li, Yuliang (16 February 2016). "High Conductive Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework for Lithium Storage with Large Capacity".

612:. Such strategy consists of metalating the COF with alkali metals such as Li. These complexes composed of Li, Na and K with benzene ligands (such as 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate, the ligand used in MOF-177) have been synthesized by Krieck et al. and Goddard showed that the 496:

CoPc-Pyr COF, exhibited a conductivity of 3.69 x 10 S/m. In both previously mentioned COFs, the 2D lattice allows for full π-conjugation in the x and y directions as well as π-conduction along the z axis due to the fully conjugated, aromatic scaffold and

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In addition to storage, COF materials are exceptional at gas separation. For instance, COFs like imine-linked COF LZU1 and azine-linked COF ACOF-1 were used as a bilayer membrane for the selective separation of the following mixtures:

535:(NMR) spectroscopy. Precursor and COF IR spectra enables comparison between vibrational peaks to ascertain that certain key bonds present in the COF linkages appear and that peaks of precursor functional groups disappear. In addition, 428:

The solvothermal approach is the most common used in the literature but typically requires long reaction times due to the insolubility of the organic SBUs in nonorganic media and the time necessary to reach thermodynamic COF products.

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and COF103-Na (4.72 wt %). COFs also perform better in delivery units than MOFs because the best volumetric performance is for COF102-Na (24.9), COF102-Li (23.8), COF103-Na (22.8), and COF103-Li (21.7), all using delivery g H

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In a fully conjugated 2D COF material such as those synthesized from metallophthalocyanines and highly conjugated organic linkers, charge transport is increased both in-plane, as well as through the stacks, resulting in increased

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COF topological control through judicious selection of precursors that result in bonding directionality in the final resulting network. Adapted from Jiang and coworkers' Two- and Three-dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks

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Zheng, Weiran; Tsang, Chui-Shan; Lee, Lawrence Yoon Suk; Wong, Kwok-Yin (June 2019). "Two-dimensional metal-organic framework and covalent-organic framework: synthesis and their energy-related applications".

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Evans, Austin M.; Parent, Lucas R.; Flanders, Nathan C.; Bisbey, Ryan P.; Vitaku, Edon; Kirschner, Matthew S.; Schaller, Richard D.; Chen, Lin X.; Gianneschi, Nathan C.; Dichtel, William R. (2018-07-06).

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due to the inherent thermal and operational stability of the structures. It has also been shown that COFs inherently act as adsorbents, adhering to the gaseous molecules to enable storage and separation.

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crystalline solid-state frameworks. Similarly, reticular synthesis should be distinguished from supramolecular assembly, because in the former, building blocks are linked by strong bonds throughout the

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Marco, B.; Cortizo-Lacalle, D.; Perez-Miqueo, C.; Valenti, G.; Boni, A.; Plas, J.; Strutynski, K.; De Feyter, S.; Paolucci, F.; Montes, M.; Khlobystov, K.; Melle-Franco, M.; Mateo-Alonso, A. (2017).

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reaction. However, such researches are still in the very early stage. Most of the efforts have been focusing on solving the key issues, such as conductivity, stability in electrochemical processes.

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storage materials. In 2012, the lab of William A. Goddard III reported the uptake for COF102, COF103, and COF202 at 298 K and they also proposed new strategies to obtain higher interaction with H

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using an acid catalyst) can be used as a synthetic route to reach a new class of COFs. The 3D COF called COF-300 and the 2D COF named TpOMe-DAQ are good examples of this chemistry. When

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Reversible reactions for COF formation featuring a variety of atoms to form different linkages (a double stage connecting boronate ester and imine linkages, alkene, silicate, nitroso).

146:. COF-1 and COF-5 exhibit high thermal stability (to temperatures up to 500 to 600 °C), permanent porosity, and high surface areas (711 and 1590 square meters per gram, respectively). 63:) and Adrien P Cote published the first paper of COFs in 2005, reporting a series of 2D COFs. They reported the design and successful synthesis of COFs by condensation reactions of 2708:

Krieck, S.; Gorls, H.; Westerhausen, M., Alkali Metal-Stabilized 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene Monoanions: Synthesis and Characterization of the Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Complexes.

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Sharma, Rakesh Kumar; Yadav, Priya; Yadav, Manavi; Gupta, Radhika; Rana, Pooja; Srivastava, Anju; Zbořil, Radek; Varma, Rajender S.; Antonietti, Markus; Gawande, Manoj B. (2020).

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range of photons, and allows energy transfer and migration. Furthermore, TP-COF is electrically conductive and capable of repetitive on–off current switching at room temperature.

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Diercks, Christian S.; Lin, Song; Kornienko, Nikolay; Kapustin, Eugene A.; Nichols, Eva M.; Zhu, Chenhui; Zhao, Yingbo; Chang, Christopher J.; Yaghi, Omar M. (16 January 2018).

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in COF structures is especially important for applications such as catalysis and energy storage where quick and efficient charge transport is required for optimal performance.

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El-Kaderi, H. M.; Hunt, J. R.; Mendoza-Cortes, J. L.; Cote, A. P.; Taylor, R. E.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. (2007). "Designed Synthesis of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks".

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There exists a wide range of characterization methods for COF materials. There are several COF single crystals synthesized to date. For these highly crystalline materials,

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Halder, Arjun; Ghosh, Meena; Khayum M, Abdul; Bera, Saibal; Addicoat, Matthew; Sasmal, Himadri Sekhar; Karak, Suvendu; Kurungot, Sreekumar; Banerjee, Rahul (2018-09-05).

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of the framework materials to introduce precise perturbations in chemical composition, resulting in the highly controlled tunability of framework properties. Through a

142:(COF-5). Their crystal structures are entirely held by strong bonds between B, C, and O atoms to form rigid porous architectures with pore sizes ranging from 7 to 27 2349:

Ma, Tianqiong; Kapustin, Eugene A.; Yin, Shawn X.; Liang, Lin; Zhou, Zhengyang; Niu, Jing; Li, Li-Hua; Wang, Yingying; Su, Jie; Li, Jian; Wang, Xiaoge (2018-07-06).

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and free volume, by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations as a function of temperature and pressure. This is the highest value reported for associative H

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A prototype 2 nanometer thick COF layer on a graphene substrate was used to filter dye from industrial wastewater. Once full, the COF can be cleaned and reused.

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reaction which is a molecular dehydration reaction between boronic acids. In case of COF-1, three boronic acid molecules converge to form a planar six-membered B

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Ben, Teng; Ren, Hao; Ma, Shengqian; Cao, Dapeng; Lan, Jianhui; Jing, Xiaofei; Wang, Wenchuan; Xu, Jun; Deng, Feng; Simmons, Jason M.; Qiu, Shilun (2009-12-07).

464:. This high surface area to volume ratio and incredible stability enables the COF structure to serve as exceptional materials for gas storage and separation. 561: 187:

minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. MOFs are a class of porous polymeric material, consisting of metal ions linked together by organic bridging

2005:"Construction of Crystalline 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Remarkable Chemical (Acid/Base) Stability via a Combined Reversible and Irreversible Route" 821:

scaffold that showed effective drug loading and release in a simulated body fluid environment, making it useful as a nanocarrier for pharmaceutical drugs.

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Reversible reactions for COF formation featuring nitrogen to form a variety of linkages (imine, hydrazone, azine, squaraine, phenazine, imide, triazine).

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The term ‘secondary building unit’ has been used for some time to describe conceptual fragments which can be compared as bricks used to build a house of

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Uribe-Romo, F. J.; Hunt, J. R.; Furukawa, H.; Klck, C.; O'Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M.; A Crystalline Imine-Linked 3-D Porous Covalent Organic Framework.

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Zhao, Yu; Das, Saikat; Sekine, Taishu; Mabuchi, Haruna; Irie, Tsukase; Sakai, Jin; Wen, Dan; Zhu, Weidong; Ben, Teng; Negishi, Yuichi (2023-01-23).

621:/L units for 1–100 bar. These are the highest gravimetric molecular hydrogen uptakes for a porous material under these thermodynamic conditions. 581:

Due to the exceptional porosity of COFs, they have been used extensively in the storage and separation of gases such as hydrogen, methane, etc.

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Shun, W.; Jia, G.; Jangbae, K.; Hyotcherl, I.; Donglin, J.; A Belt-Shaped, Blue Luminescent, and Semiconducting Covalent Organic Framework.

516:(XRD) is a powerful tool capable of determining COF crystal structure. The majority of COF materials suffer from decreased crystallinity so 277:

scaffolds were interconnected through the formation of boroxine and boronate linkages, respectively, using solvothermal synthetic methods.

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Li, Xing; Wang, Hui; Chen, Zhongxin; Xu, Hai‐Sen; Yu, Wei; Liu, Cuibo; Wang, Xiaowei; Zhang, Kun; Xie, Keyu; Loh, Kian Ping (2019-10-14).

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per unit volume COF adsorbent is COF-1, which can store 195 v/v at 298 K and 30 bar, exceeding the U.S. Department of Energy target for CH

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and precursor selection. These improvements to coordination chemistry enabled non-porous and amorphous organic materials such as organic

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Côté, A. P.; Benin, A. I.; Ockwig, N. W.; O'Keeffe, M.; Matzger, A. J.; Yaghi, O. M.; Porous, Crystalline, Covalent Organic Frameworks.

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The synthesis of 3D COFs has been hindered by longstanding practical and conceptual challenges until it was first achieved in 2007 by

3238:"Reticular Electronic Tuning of Porphyrin Active Sites in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction" 1235:

Yaghi, O. M.; O'Keeffe, M.; Ockwig, N. W.; Chae, H. K.; Eddaoudi, M.; Kim, J.; Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials.

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and William A. Goddard III also reported COFs as exceptional methane storage materials. The best COF in terms of total volume of CH

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structure enables the material to be evacuated of solvent and retain its structure, resulting in high surface areas as seen by the

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Morphological control on the nanoscale is still limited as COFs lack synthetic control in higher dimensions due to the lack of

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in ionothermal conditions (molten zinc chloride at high temperature (400 °C)). CTF-1 is a good example of this chemistry.

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fully conjugated, enabling high charge carrier density as well as through- and in-plane charge transport. For instance,

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Han, S.; Hurukawa, H.; Yaghi, O. M.; Goddard, W. A.; Covalent Organic Frameworks as Exceptional Hydrogen Storage Materials.

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Fan, Hongwei; Mundstock, Alexander; Feldhoff, Armin; Knebel, Alexander; Gu, Jiahui; Meng, Hong; Caro, Jürgen (2018-08-15).

2879:"Twisted Aromatic Frameworks: Readily Exfoliable and Solution-Processable Two-Dimensional Conjugated Microporous Polymers" 2055:

DeBlase, Catherine R.; Silberstein, Katharine E.; Truong, Thanh-Tam; Abruña, Héctor D.; Dichtel, William R. (2013-11-13).

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Most studies to date have focused on the development of synthetic methodologies with the aim of maximizing pore size and

2107:"Recent development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs): synthesis and catalytic (organic-electro-photo) applications" 541: 272:

Reversible reactions for COF formation featuring boron to form a variety of linkages (boronate, boroxine, and borazine).

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uptakes at 77 K are 10.0 wt % at 80 bar for COF-105, and 10.0 wt % at 100 bar for COF-108, which have higher

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and William A. Goddard III reported COFs as exceptional hydrogen storage materials. They predicted the highest excess H

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Vitaku, Edon; Gannett, Cara N.; Carpenter, Keith L.; Shen, Luxi; Abruña, Héctor D.; Dichtel, William R. (2020-01-08).

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Ratiometric Electrochemical Sensors Based on Nanospheres Derived from Ferrocence-Modified Covalent Organic Frameworks"

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Allendorf, Mark D.; Dong, Renhao; Feng, Xinliang; Kaskel, Stefan; Matoga, Dariusz; Stavila, Vitalie (2020-08-26).

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Kandambeth, Sharath; Mallick, Arijit; Lukose, Binit; Mane, Manoj V.; Heine, Thomas; Banerjee, Rahul (2012-12-05).

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was reported. MOF under solvent-free conditions can also be used for catalytic activity in the cycloaddition of CO

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Yaghi, Omar M.; O'Keeffe, Michael; Ockwig, Nathan W.; Chae, Hee K.; Eddaoudi, Mohamed; Kim, Jaheon (2003-06-12).

3543:"Record Ultralarge-Pores, Low Density Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework for Controlled Drug Delivery" 2522:"A Stable and Conductive Metallophthalocyanine Framework for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Water" 793:

A few COFs possess the stability and conductivity necessary to perform well in energy storage applications like

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Fenton, Julie L.; Burke, David W.; Qian, Dingwen; Olvera de la Cruz, Monica; Dichtel, William R. (2021-01-27).

830: 556:(AFM) have also been used to characterize COF microstructural information as well. Additionally, methods like 3351:"A Microporous Covalent-Organic Framework with Abundant Accessible Carbonyl Groups for Lithium-Ion Batteries" 2742:"Covalent Organic Framework–Covalent Organic Framework Bilayer Membranes for Highly Selective Gas Separation" 357:

Another class of high performance polymer frameworks with regular porosity and high surface area is based on

2656:"High H 2 Uptake in Li-, Na-, K-Metalated Covalent Organic Frameworks and Metal Organic Frameworks at 298 K" 2520:

Huang, Ning; Lee, Ka Hung; Yue, Yan; Xu, Xiaoyi; Irle, Stefan; Jiang, Qiuhong; Jiang, Donglin (2020-09-14).

850: 553: 501: 180: 154: 79: 2309:"Targeted Synthesis of a Porous Aromatic Framework with High Stability and Exceptionally High Surface Area" 64: 192: 135: 3610: 219:; in the context of this page it refers to the geometry of the units defined by the points of extension. 2974: 528: 305: 236: 139: 442:

the introduction of the second precursor in vapor form. This results in the deposition of the COF as a

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Luo, Zhiqiang; Liu, Luojia; Ning, Jiaxin; Lei, Kaixiang; Lu, Yong; Li, Fujun; Chen, Jun (2018-07-20).

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Liang, Huihui; Xu, Mengli; Zhu, Yongmei; Wang, Linyu; Xie, Yi; Song, Yonghai; Wang, Li (2020-01-24).

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Feng, Liang; Wang, Kun-Yu; Lv, Xiu-Liang; Yan, Tian-Hao; Li, Jian-Rong; Zhou, Hong-Cai (2020-02-12).

1137: 945: 497: 3517: 3099:"Covalent Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Principle, Current Status, and Challenges" 2266: 1534: 604:

storage of any material. Thus 3D COFs are most promising new candidates in the quest for practical H

3463:"Phenazine-Based Covalent Organic Framework Cathode Materials with High Energy and Power Densities" 2947:

Hussain, MD. Waseem; Bhardwaj, Vipin; GIRI, ARKAPRABHA; Chande, Ajit; Patra, Abhijit (2019-11-27).

835: 818: 794: 565: 548:(TEM) can resolve surface structure and morphology, and microstructural information, respectively. 3402:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

2408:"Solving the COF trilemma: towards crystalline, stable and functional covalent organic frameworks" 3498: 3378: 3331: 3287: 3268: 3182: 3079: 3059: 3040: 2832: 2777: 2557: 2497: 2189: 2134: 1985: 1766: 1746: 1727: 1512: 1454: 1360: 1161: 1023: 969: 527:

In order to verify and analyze COF linkage formation, various techniques can be employed such as

517: 293: 95: 3596: 349: 996:"Molecular Engineering of Multifunctional Metallophthalocyanine-Containing Framework Materials" 3564: 3490: 3482: 3443: 3425: 3370: 3323: 3315: 3260: 3218: 3136: 3118: 3032: 2908: 2824: 2816: 2769: 2761: 2691: 2683: 2609: 2549: 2541: 2489: 2481: 2437: 2429: 2388: 2380: 2328: 2282: 2247: 2239: 2181: 2173: 2126: 2084: 2076: 2032: 2024: 1977: 1969: 1899: 1866: 1858: 1817: 1719: 1711: 1661: 1653: 1606: 1550: 1504: 1496: 1446: 1407: 1399: 1352: 1344: 1295: 1287: 1153: 1073: 1065: 1015: 961: 911: 903: 521: 513: 336: 2521: 2057:"β-Ketoenamine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Capable of Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage" 3554: 3474: 3433: 3417: 3398:"Metal- and covalent-organic frameworks as solid-state electrolytes for metal-ion batteries" 3362: 3307: 3252: 3210: 3172: 3164: 3126: 3110: 3071: 3022: 2956: 2898: 2890: 2861: 2808: 2753: 2721: 2675: 2638: 2599: 2533: 2473: 2462:"Two-Dimensional Chemiresistive Covalent Organic Framework with High Intrinsic Conductivity" 2419: 2370: 2320: 2274: 2229: 2165: 2118: 2068: 2016: 1961: 1950:"Interlayer Hydrogen-Bonded Covalent Organic Frameworks as High-Performance Supercapacitors" 1927: 1848: 1809: 1758: 1703: 1645: 1596: 1542: 1488: 1438: 1391: 1334: 1326: 1277: 1248: 1217: 1190: 1145: 1112: 1057: 1007: 953: 895: 719:. That means the functions of COFs have not yet been well explored, but COFs can be used as 520:(PXRD) is used. In conjunction with simulated powder packing models, PXRD can determine COF 492: 1625: 17: 2987: 782: 778: 740: 675: 268: 184: 995: 934:"Covalent organic frameworks: a materials platform for structural and functional designs" 3592: 3413: 3303: 2671: 2588:"Eyes of covalent organic frameworks: cooperation between analytical chemistry and COFs" 2366: 2225: 1699: 1641: 1592: 1141: 949: 3438: 3397: 3131: 3098: 2903: 2878: 2278: 2153: 1546: 736: 724: 38: 3075: 1683: 994:

Aykanat, Aylin; Meng, Zheng; Benedetto, Georganna; Mirica, Katherine A. (2020-07-14).

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Jackson, Karl T.; Rabbani, Mohammad G.; Reich, Thomas E.; El-Kaderi, Hani M. (2011).

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and epoxides into cyclic organic carbonates with enhanced catalyst recyclability.

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functionalities alternately linked in a mesoporous hexagonal skeleton, is highly

134:(COF-5) revealed 2-dimensional expanded porous graphitic layers that have either 3462: 2948: 2796: 2169: 1949: 1887:; Porous, Covalent Triazine-Based Frameworks Prepared by Ionothermal Synthesis. 1884: 716: 696: 168: 3114: 2960: 1786:"Synthesis of highly porous borazine-linked polymers and their application to H 1745:

Yusran, Yusran; Li, Hui; Guan, Xinyu; Fang, Qianrong; Qiu, Shilun (June 2020).

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Kitagawa, S.; Kitaura, R.; Noro, S.; Functional Porous Coordination Polymers.

700: 461: 94:). Powder X-ray diffraction studies of the highly crystalline products having 60: 3486: 3429: 3319: 3122: 3036: 2820: 2765: 2687: 2655: 2613: 2545: 2485: 2433: 2384: 2243: 2210:"Seeded growth of single-crystal two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks" 2177: 2130: 2080: 2056: 2028: 1973: 1862: 1821: 1715: 1657: 1610: 1500: 1450: 1403: 1348: 1314: 1291: 1069: 1019: 965: 907: 781:

for energy-related catalysis, including carbon dioxide electro-reduction and

2604: 2587: 2375: 2351:"Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks" 2350: 2234: 2209: 1707: 1427:"From Top-Down to Bottom-Up to Hybrid Nanotechnologies: Road to Nanodevices" 1149: 1116: 443: 3568: 3559: 3542: 3494: 3447: 3421: 3374: 3366: 3327: 3311: 3264: 3222: 3214: 3140: 3027: 3002: 2928:"New Technology to Capture, Convert Carbon Dioxide | MIT Technology Review" 2912: 2894: 2865: 2828: 2773: 2695: 2553: 2537: 2493: 2441: 2392: 2332: 2324: 2251: 2185: 2088: 2036: 1981: 1903: 1870: 1723: 1665: 1508: 1411: 1356: 1299: 1194: 1157: 1077: 915: 3518:"Nano-sponges on graphene make efficient filters of industrial wastewater" 2654:

Mendoza-Cortés, José L.; Han, Sang Soo; Goddard, William A. (2012-02-16).

2267:"Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks at the Solid–Vapor Interface" 385: 183:(MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Zeolites are microporous, 3478: 3256: 2812: 2757: 2477: 1965: 1492: 1339: 1282: 1265: 735:

In 2015 the use of highly porous, catalyst-decorated COFs for converting

720: 366: 358: 330: 301: 143: 43: 3177: 2586:

Guo, Hao; Zhang, Longwen; Xue, Rui; Ma, Baolong; Yang, Wu (2019-03-26).

1330: 1252: 2949:"Functional Ionic Porous Frameworks Based on Triaminoguanidinium for CO 2741: 2461: 2424: 2407: 2122: 2106: 1853: 1836: 1813: 1785: 1395: 1379: 1378:

Yu, Hai-Dong; Regulacio, Michelle D.; Ye, Enyi; Han, Ming-Yong (2013).

1061: 1045: 899: 883: 855: 798: 401: 257: 216: 188: 176: 2725: 2679: 2642: 2072: 2020: 1931: 1221: 688: 297: 165: 2004: 1577:"Reticular chemistry at the atomic, molecular, and framework scales" 199:

areas surpassing those of well-known zeolites and porous silicates.

2460:

Meng, Zheng; Stolz, Robert M.; Mirica, Katherine A. (2019-07-31).

480: 394: 384: 241: 239:", abiding by the concept termed by Arthur R. von Hippel in 1956. 206: 884:"Covalent organic frameworks (COFs): from design to applications" 760:

sensors, as well as electrochemical sensors for small molecules.

1837:"On the road towards electroactive covalent organic frameworks" 1535:"Two- and Three-dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)" 613: 191:

and are a new development on the interface between molecular

3058:

Hu, Hui; Yan, Qianqian; Ge, Rile; Gao, Yanan (July 2018).

1575:

Zhang, Yue-Biao; Li, Qiaowei; Deng, Hexiang (2021-11-28).

568:

can be used to identify elemental composition and ratios.

817:

A 3D COF was created, characterised by an interconnected

400:

reaction which eliminates water (exemplified by reacting

3060:"Covalent organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts" 932:

Huang, Ning; Wang, Ping; Jiang, Donglin (2016-09-20).

333:) ring with the elimination of three water molecules. 1315:"Reticular synthesis and the design of new materials" 769:

electrochemical, as well as photochemical reactions.

687:

A highly ordered π-conjugation TP-COF, consisting of

3288:"Covalent‐Organic‐Framework‐Based Li–CO 2 Batteries" 2154:"Electronic Devices Using Open Framework Materials" 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 353:

Formation of CTF-1 COF featuring triazine linkages.

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The COFs outperformed 518:powder X-ray diffraction 308:of phenyldiboronic acid. 304:rings, synthesized by a 203:Secondary building units 181:metal-organic frameworks 2605:10.1515/revac-2017-0023 2376:10.1126/science.aat7679 2235:10.1126/science.aar7883 1708:10.1126/science.1120411 1626:"Molecular Engineering" 1150:10.1126/science.1139915 1117:10.1126/science.1120411 851:Metal-organic framework 554:atomic force microscopy 531:(IR) spectroscopy, and 502:electrical conductivity 296:of COF-1 consisting of 195:and materials science. 155:Newcomb Cleveland Prize 80:hexahydroxytriphenylene 3560:10.1002/anie.202300172 3422:10.1098/rsta.2018.0225 3367:10.1002/anie.201805540 3312:10.1002/adma.201905879 3215:10.1021/acsami.5b12370 3028:10.1021/acsanm.9b02117 2982:Cite journal requires 2895:10.1002/anie.201700271 2866:10.1002/anie.200890235 2538:10.1002/anie.202005274 2325:10.1002/anie.200904637 1195:10.1002/anie.200300610 1000:Chemistry of Materials 831:Jose L. 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