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leadership of the target troops. Suppressive fire is often used as covering fire, defined by NATO as "Fire used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms." This is sometimes called "winning the firefight" in an infantry-only action. However, suppressive fire may be used against indirect firers, enemy air defenses or other military activities such as construction work or logistic activities, or to deny an area to the enemy for a short period of time (it is unsuitable for prolonged area denial due to ammunition supply constraints). Using smoke to 'blind' enemy observation is a form of non-lethal suppression and at night illuminating flares may be used to suppress enemy activities by denying them the cover of darkness.
2263:
2141:' (SEAD), which has a broader definition and includes materiel damage. An important consideration in the application of suppressive fire from indirect fire systems (e.g. mortars, artillery and ships) and aircraft is the safety of the attacking troops. Fragmenting munitions are indiscriminate and potentially lethal in all directions around the point of burst although the pattern and extent of the lethal area depends on several variable factors, some specific to each situation.
2106:
31:
2122:
have a suppressive effect within about one metre of its trajectory, whereas a single artillery shell may suppress a few thousand square metres around its burst. Furthermore, sustained suppression over more than a few minutes may be difficult to achieve with small arms fire for logistic reasons, air delivered suppression is similarly affected by payload limits. In contrast, artillery can suppress an area for an extended period.
2097:
2250:
2230:
usage of aircraft and aerial assaults also gave rise to bombing runs and strafing runs, serving as oft-used means of suppressing enemy forces, disrupting enemy lines, and inflicting heavy damage on the enemy all at once, using concentrated fire from machine guns and/or carried-on explosives to pin down entire swathes of territory.
2328:. Automatic cannon (20–40 mm) or grenade fire may also be available and fire from larger direct fire systems such as tanks. However, limited ammunition loads mean that such systems are better suited to destructive fire against precisely identified targets unless the required suppression time period is short.
2130:
For example, a US Marines article notes that "communication and suppressive fire are what enables movement on the battlefield, giving
Marines the upper hand." Suppressive fire may be used to enable a helicopter or boat to land or extract soldiers from a battle zone (the latter is called a "hot extraction").
2283:
There are several variations for applying artillery (and mortar and naval gun) fire for suppressive effect. In World War I a moving barrage was the normal method; shrapnel shells were fired to place their bullet cone ahead of the advancing infantry with their aimpoints moved 100 yard further forward
2295:
While HE is most used for suppression, smoke screens can also be used to suppress by obscuring the enemy's view, this is effective against an enemy with direct fire weapons. Modern smoke is impenetrable to modern thermal imaging sights. In peace support operations, illuminating with parachute flares
2291:
A suppressive concentration by a single battery can suppress a position of around 250x250 metres and may be used to support a platoon or company attack on a single or succession of objectives. For larger operations many batteries may be involved against many targets and move their fire to different
2274:
Suppressive fire can be delivered by any weapon or group of weapons capable of delivering the required intensity for the required period of suppression. Suppressive fire may be direct or indirect. However, suppressive fire capabilities of different weapons vary, most notably in the size of the area
2221:
Infantry minor tactics also evolved and suppression became a key element in 'winning the fire fight'. This was greatly facilitated by the increase in the availability of machine guns, from before World War I and later. However, suppression by infantry direct fire weapons is generally only tactically
2129:
Suppressive fire is a tactic to reduce casualties to friendly forces and enable them to conduct their immediate mission. For example, a suppressed target will be unable to engage vulnerable forces that are moving without cover. This enables forces to advance to new positions or close with the enemy.
2121:
Suppression can be delivered by any weapon or group of weapons capable of delivering the required intensity of fire for the required period of suppression. Suppressive fire capabilities vary widely because the suppressive effect area varies widely. For example, a rifle or machine gun bullet may only
2287:
However, HE concentrations against specific targets became more common and gradually replaced the barrage. With a concentration the fire starts when attacking forces become vulnerable to the target and lifts off the target when the attacking forces reach an agreed distance from it. The suppressive
2125:
The purpose of suppression is to stop or prevent the enemy from observing, shooting, moving or carrying out other military tasks that interfere (or could interfere) with the activities of friendly forces. An important feature of suppressive fire is that it is only effective while it lasts and while
2144:
The primary intended effect of suppressive fire is psychological. Rather than directly trying to kill enemy soldiers, it makes the enemy soldiers feel unable to safely perform any actions other than seeking cover. Colloquially, this goal is expressed as "it makes them keep their heads down" or "it
2229:
amphibious assaults, naval warships would open fire with their main armaments at known or suspected enemy artillery, mortar, or machine gun positions, on or behind the landing beaches, to suppress enemy fire from these positions which could be directed against the landing troops. The rise of mass
2335:
rocket launchers for use against
Russian helicopters by adding a curved pipe to the end of the blast tube, which diverted the backblast, allowing the RPG to be fired upward at aircraft from a prone position. At the time, Soviet helicopters countered the threat from RPGs at landing zones by first
2303:
can call up is "immediate suppression". This orders every gun in any concerned battery to immediately fire whatever round and fuse is loaded, possibly from someone else's, or more than one callsign's mission. The FO may end up getting white phosphorus illumination, DPICM, and VT-HE rounds on the
2209:
realised that the effects of artillery fire could not smash an opening in German trench lines or reliably destroy enemy artillery at critical times. They therefore developed artillery techniques to suppress the enemy in trenches to allow their infantry to approach them and to suppress the enemy
2117:
Suppressive fire usually achieves its effect by threatening casualties to individuals who expose themselves to it, forcing them to inactivity and ineffectiveness by keeping their heads down, 'or else take a bullet'. Willingness to expose themselves varies depending on the morale, motivation and
2148:
Suppressive fire requires sufficient intensity over the target area, intensity being the suppressive effect per unit of target area per unit of suppression time. Weapons vary widely in their suppressive capabilities, which are the threat signaled by the noise of projectiles in flight and their
2176:
unit has taken a position where it can observe the terrain ahead, especially likely enemy positions. This allows it to provide effective covering fire for advancing friendly units. An ideal overwatch position provides cover for the unit, and unobstructed
2284:
every few minutes on a front of several kilometres to support an attack by several divisions or corps. High
Explosive (HE) barrages were also used in World War II, including to cover the advance of tanks by suppressing anti-tank gunners.
2185:
position. If the overwatching unit is in a position to fire over advancing friendly units, great care must be taken not to let fire fall short. The friendly units should be within tracer burnout (the range at which
2320:
A rifle or machine gun bullet only has a suppressive effect within about one metre of its trajectory. However, both can be used to suppress an enemy within a small area, often called "winning the fire fight".
2065:
is "fire that degrades the performance of an enemy force below the level needed to fulfill its mission". When used to protect exposed friendly troops advancing on the battlefield, it is commonly called
2312:
2101:
Two US Navy crew chiefs look over the horizon with their .50-cal machine gun and
Minigun. Door gunners use machine guns to provide suppressive fire when the helicopter has to land in a hostile area.
2145:
keeps them pinned down". However, depending on factors including the type of ammunition and the target's protection, suppressive fire may cause casualties and/or damage to enemy equipment.
2089:
armies generally used "neutralisation" with the same definition as suppression. NATO now defines neutralisation as "fire delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable".
2218:
was the usual ammunition used by the
British Army in its barrages. Suppressive fire was used against enemy artillery that attacked the assaulting troops with indirect fire.
2343:
at the platoon level for providing special long-distance disrupting and suppressive fire on the battlefield, even with sudden close encounters with enemy troops in mind.
2210:
artillery at critical stages to protect attacking infantry. Thereafter, suppression became the defining
British artillery tactic, although it had been first used in the
2222:
useful against targets that do not have mutual support from adjacent positions and ammunition stocks may only be available for several minutes of sustained firing.
2133:
Suppressive fire is typically used as covering fire against the enemy in the close combat zone. However, suppressive fire delivered by artillery and other
84:
2407:
MĂĽller, Lars (December 2015). "The Force
Intervention Brigade—United Nations Forces beyond the Fine Line Between Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement".
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1008:
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Machine gun fire is also available from armoured fighting vehicles and aircraft, notably helicopters and perhaps fixed wing aircraft such as
2435:"3/7 rushes to perfect fire, manoeuvre tactics. 7/31/2009. By Lance Cpl. M. C. Nerl, Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms"
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means can be used to suppress targets of any type, most notably as counter-battery fire against indirect fire units. NATO also defines '
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as "the application of fire, coordinated with the maneuver of forces, to destroy, neutralise or suppress the enemy".
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Two US Marines providing covering fire with a M4 carbine and a 40 mm M203 grenade launcher while a Marine from
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2214:. A moving barrage could suppress a line of front providing covering fire for an attack several miles wide.
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U.S. Navy special warfare combatant-craft crewman (SWCC) of
Special Boat Team 22 conducts training.
2181:. It may be on a height of ground or at the top of a ridge, where a vehicle may be able to adopt a
2070:. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire. It is one of three types of
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were also used for suppression, area denial, and extensive psychological effect. The
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effect lingers for a short period, about 2 minutes, after the artillery fire stops.
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clearing them with saturation anti-personnel suppression fire from machine guns.
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GHQ Artillery Notes No 4, Artillery in
Offensive Operations, April 1916
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techniques and the protection provided by trenches. By late 1915, the
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or military vehicle supporting another unit, while they are executing
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Weapons fire that degrades the performance of an enemy force
2299:
For artillery batteries, the last-ditch mission that a
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has been used to thwart activities by a warring party.
2270:(1917) showing the creeping fire to protect an advance.
2160:
is a force protection tactic: the state of one small
2113:
being fired from a gunship in
Vietnam during the war.
2201:
marked a steep change because of the development of
49:to lay suppressive fire during a "hot extraction"
2331:In Afghanistan, the Mujahideen often modified
2038:
8:
2045:
2031:
55:
1009:List of military strategies and concepts
2364:
63:
2375:NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions
2238:and the commonplace implementation of
2292:targets as the operation progresses.
2266:Map of artillery barrages during the
7:
2409:Journal of Conflict and Security Law
2258:spots targets in Ramadi, Iraq, 2006.
2081:Before NATO defined the term, the
25:
2256:Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
2139:suppression of enemy air defenses
83:
2268:Second Battle of Passchendaele
39:Special Warfare Combat Crewman
1:
2275:of their suppressive effect.
2126:it has sufficient intensity.
2462:The Titi Tudorancea Library
2207:British Expeditionary Force
1502:Military–industrial complex
981:Operational manoeuvre group
2508:
2304:target in the same shot.
1566:Loss-of-strength gradient
423:Combat information center
2242:furthered this concept.
1884:Military science fiction
1369:Technology and equipment
790:List of military tactics
1952:Wartime sexual violence
1708:Full-spectrum dominance
1519:Supply-chain management
2339:The Russians used the
2317:
2271:
2259:
2114:
2102:
2074:, which is defined by
1864:Awards and decorations
1837:Peace through strength
1812:Low-intensity conflict
1446:Conscientious objector
1319:Area of responsibility
53:
2341:Dragunov sniper rifle
2315:
2279:Indirect fire weapons
2265:
2253:
2108:
2100:
456:Torpedo data computer
446:Ship gun fire-control
33:
2487:Military terminology
1982:Military occupations
1817:Military engineering
1719:Unrestricted Warfare
1576:Force multiplication
474:Military manoeuvrers
2421:10.1093/jcsl/krv005
2308:Direct fire weapons
1668:Penal military unit
1653:Rules of engagement
1329:Command and control
954:Operations research
418:Director (military)
408:Fire-control system
178:Command and control
59:Part of a series on
2458:"Suppressive Fire"
2318:
2272:
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2115:
2109:A rotating-barrel
2103:
1777:Counter-insurgency
1698:Command of the sea
1643:Jewish laws on war
1618:Geneva Conventions
1154:Divide and conquer
949:Military operation
914:Tactical objective
413:Fire-control radar
390:Electronic-warfare
54:
2166:fire and movement
2055:
2054:
1947:Horses in warfare
1894:Anti-war movement
1797:Gunboat diplomacy
1787:Disaster response
1735:Philosophy of war
1730:Principles of war
1703:Deterrence theory
1648:Right of conquest
1571:Lanchester's laws
1339:Principles of war
1029:Counter-offensive
1014:Military campaign
919:Target saturation
842:Counterinsurgency
451:Gun data computer
385:Close air support
347:Aircraft carriers
51:training exercise
16:(Redirected from
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2492:Weapon operation
2482:Military tactics
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2382:. Archived from
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2301:forward observer
2063:suppressive fire
2059:military science
2047:
2040:
2033:
1802:Humanitarian aid
1740:Security dilemma
1561:Power projection
1344:Economy of force
1324:Chain of command
1039:Defence in depth
1024:Commerce raiding
847:Defeat in detail
183:Defense ministry
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21:
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2377:, Edition 2014"
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1822:Multilateralism
1807:Law enforcement
1767:
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1725:Just war theory
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1623:Geneva Protocol
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1189:Network-centric
1109:
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882:Rapid dominance
787:
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732:Electromagnetic
641:
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494:
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479:Combat training
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403:Combat systems:
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357:Auxiliary ships
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279:Military police
245:
168:
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47:riverine vessel
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2353:Harassing fire
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2190:are visible).
2154:modern warfare
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1169:Fleet in being
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718:Disinformation
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469:Basic training
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2389:on 2020-05-01
2385:
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2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:tracer rounds
2184:
2180:
2179:lines of fire
2175:
2171:
2168:tactics. An
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:indirect fire
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:covering fire
2064:
2060:
2048:
2043:
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2036:
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2029:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
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1874:Warrior caste
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1844:Show of force
1842:
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1832:Peacebuilding
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1688:Air supremacy
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1628:Islamic rules
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1608:Court-martial
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1507:Arms industry
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966:Expeditionary
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837:Counterattack
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762:Psychological
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698:Combined arms
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537:Fortification
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352:Landing craft
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129:pike and shot
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62:
58:
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52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
32:
19:
18:Covering fire
2461:
2452:
2443:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2374:
2367:
2338:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2246:Weapons used
2227:World War II
2224:
2220:
2197:
2173:
2170:overwatching
2169:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2087:Commonwealth
2080:
2072:fire support
2067:
2062:
2056:
1957:Fifth column
1937:War resister
1932:Women in war
1827:Peacekeeping
1772:Arms control
1717:
1406:Mobilization
1401:Conscription
1359:Intelligence
1312:Organization
958:
887:Encirclement
767:Radiological
703:Conventional
557:Subterranean
464:Development:
463:
440:
402:
364:
327:Naval units:
326:
319:Signal corps
286:
264:Intelligence
249:Specialties:
248:
173:Organization
124:Early modern
2236:Vietnam War
2199:World War I
1942:War studies
1765:Non-warfare
1693:Appeasement
1658:Martial law
1497:War economy
1436:Transgender
1389:Recruitment
1149:Containment
1034:Culminating
942:Operational
862:Envelopment
805:Air assault
686:Air cavalry
646:Air defence
626:Information
527:Cold-region
492:Battlespace
441:Historical:
287:Land units:
213:Space force
208:Coast guard
141:Late modern
102:Prehistoric
2476:Categories
2415:(3): 368.
2393:2015-11-14
2359:References
2174:supporting
2002:War crimes
1992:Operations
1899:Foot drill
1869:Battle cry
1782:deterrence
1441:Harassment
1416:Specialism
1239:Technology
1234:Succession
1179:Liberation
1114:Asymmetric
1049:Empty fort
960:Blitzkrieg
929:Withdrawal
892:Investment
671:Camouflage
666:Biological
604:Underwater
579:Amphibious
498:Aerospace
365:Air units:
342:Submarines
151:fourth-gen
146:industrial
134:napoleonic
2232:Firebombs
2212:Boer Wars
2203:artillery
2183:hull-down
2158:overwatch
1889:War novel
1792:Grey-zone
1752:War games
1713:Overmatch
1663:War crime
1613:Desertion
1603:Ceasefire
1598:Armistice
1485:Logistics
1463:Mercenary
1451:Volunteer
1382:Personnel
1354:Engineers
1299:Sociology
1254:World war
1249:Total war
1229:Strategic
1219:Religious
1204:Political
1199:Perpetual
1174:Irregular
1089:Offensive
1064:Defensive
1059:Deception
1019:Attrition
872:Guerrilla
867:Formation
810:Airbridge
742:Loitering
656:Artillery
309:Artillery
259:Engineers
227:Irregular
198:Air force
36:U.S. Navy
2347:See also
2216:Shrapnel
2149:impact.
1904:War song
1879:War film
1512:Materiel
1431:Children
1411:Training
1349:Medicine
1334:Doctrine
1289:Training
1224:Resource
1209:Princely
1159:Economic
1144:Conquest
1139:Colonial
1134:Cold war
1119:Blockade
1004:Strategy
976:Maneuver
737:Infantry
693:Chemical
547:Mountain
507:Airborne
370:Fighters
337:Warships
292:Infantry
218:Reserves
166:Military
2464:. 2017.
2373:"AAP-6
2194:History
2111:minigun
2083:British
2017:Writers
2012:Weapons
1977:Battles
1926:Related
1914:Wargame
1909:Uniform
1857:Culture
1638:Perfidy
1633:Justice
1554:Science
1539:Outpost
1492:History
1472:Warrior
1468:Soldier
1456:foreign
1394:counter
1294:Service
1244:Theater
1184:Limited
1164:Endemic
1079:Nuclear
852:Foxhole
827:Cavalry
815:Airdrop
800:Airlift
785:Tactics
757:Nuclear
747:Missile
676:Cavalry
661:Barrage
639:Weapons
599:Surface
380:Command
375:Bombers
332:Frogman
302:Cavalry
274:Medical
241:Militia
223:Regular
203:Marines
117:castles
107:Ancient
95:History
74:outline
43:minigun
41:uses a
2326:AC-130
2240:napalm
1997:Sieges
1681:Theory
1421:Morale
1279:Policy
1274:Branch
1054:Mosaic
1044:Fabian
991:Covert
924:Trench
909:Screen
832:Charge
822:Battle
795:Aerial
713:Denial
681:Horses
609:Seabed
562:Tunnel
542:Jungle
532:Desert
502:Aerial
2387:(PDF)
2380:(PDF)
2333:RPG-7
2172:, or
2093:Usage
1970:Lists
1426:Women
1364:Ranks
1284:Staff
1214:Proxy
1129:Class
1084:Naval
1069:Depth
904:Swarm
897:Siege
877:Naval
857:Drone
752:Music
727:Robot
723:Drone
708:Cyber
651:Armor
621:Cyber
594:Green
589:Brown
552:Urban
512:Space
433:Radar
428:Sonar
297:Armor
254:Staff
232:Ranks
45:on a
2162:unit
2085:and
2076:NATO
2007:Wars
1524:Base
1074:Goal
986:Raid
584:Blue
522:Land
193:Navy
188:Army
2417:doi
2225:In
2152:In
2057:In
1591:Law
1534:FOB
1529:MOB
574:Sea
66:War
2478::
2460:.
2413:20
2411:.
2156:,
2061:,
1470:/
725:/
239:/
225:/
34:A
2437:.
2423:.
2419::
2396:.
2046:e
2039:t
2032:v
76:)
72:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
