337:, and identically-patterned upperparts feathers. Although the bill of the Cooper's specimen was straight (compared to the drooping bill of Cox's), it was suggested that this could be due to damage and distortion. The birds do differ insofar as that the Cooper's specimen has a spotted, not streaked, breast. This could be accounted for by the plumage stage, given the differences in the times of year when the specimens were collected; also, some of the Cox's sandpipers seen in Australia have had similar underparts markings to the Cooper's specimen. Nonetheless, those that have directly compared the Cooper's and Cox's sandpipers feel that they are not identical.
270:. All mature specimens that have been observed have been in non-breeding plumage, although some have started to acquire a few breeding-plumage feathers. In non-breeding plumage, birds are brown-grey above and white below, with a brown-grey breast-band and no flank-streaks. When hints of a breeding plumage are acquired, a rusty tinge develops on the breast and ear-coverts, some flank streaks appear, and on the upper parts the non-breeding-plumaged feathers are replaced by feathers with black centres, grey tips and buff or pale chestnut fringes.
37:
214:), but as additional birds were discovered — particularly in the period between 1968 and 1975 — doubts were cast on the initial identifications. By 1986, at least 20 such birds had been observed along the continent's southern and eastern coasts, though no consensus existed about their identity; among the theories postulated were that the birds were aberrant individuals or a previously undescribed
277:
and one from Japan, both believed to be Cox's sandpiper based on their morphology, but not identified with certainty. These birds closely resembled juvenile pectoral sandpipers, but without a well-demarcated breast-band (although the
Japanese bird showed strong streaking on the breast-sides). In this
332:
When John Cox examined slides of the specimen in
February 1988, he found a number of features in common with the Australian birds. The birds appeared to be of the same size and structure, with several plumage features in common including a heavily streaked head and neck with a rusty wash, a split
218:
of the dunlin, or that they were a stereotyped hybrid (meaning that all birds of some hybrid parentage appear near-identical). In order to help resolve the problem of the birds' identity John Cox collected two specimens, one in 1975 and another in 1977, and deposited them at the
242:
Following Parker's description, the view that these birds represented a good species (as opposed to aberrant individuals or hybrids) gained some ground; the "species" was listed in the
Shorebirds volume of the
263:). The bill is fairly long, blackish and slightly drooping, sometimes with a yellowish base; the legs are dull brownish-green in colour. The birds' wings at rest extend just slightly beyond the tail.
365:, Massachusetts, United States, in September, 1987, and was tentatively identified as a Cox's sandpiper. The bird was observed in the field, and also trapped and examined in the hand as well as
883:
231:
from which that form was named; replies indicated that the birds were not of the same taxon. A live bird was caught and photographed in 1981, and, in 1982,
429:). Since mtDNA is inherited only from the mother, they concluded that the parentage of Cox's sandpipers was a male pectoral and a female curlew sandpiper.
421:
variation fit the pattern seen in curlew and pectoral sandpipers, but neither agreed with that of other proposed parent species (sharp-tailed sandpiper,
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247:, for example, although with a note indicating that the possibility of hybrid origin could not be ruled out.
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220:
194:. However, it was later found to be a hybrid. Most if not all birds found to date are males, in accord with
834:
422:
256:
223:. Thinking that the birds might be "Cooper's sandpipers" (see below), the two specimens were sent to the
206:
The first Cox's sandpiper was recorded in
Australia in 1955. Observers initially identified the birds as
952:
914:
608:
384:, Japan. An account of this bird, illustrated with photographs, was published in the British journal
678:
643:
466:
345:
Most records to date have come from the more heavily populated south and south-east of
Australia.
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632:"First Northern Hemisphere record and first juvenile plumage description of the Cox's Sandpiper (
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671:) in Massachusetts, a first New World occurrence and a hitherto undescribed plumage"
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plumage, the birds also showed large amounts of white on the uppertail-coverts.
191:
186:). First discovered in Australia in the 1950s, it was originally described as a
861:
323:
215:
98:
48:
700:
Ujihara, Michiaki (2002). "An apparent juvenile Cox's
Sandpiper in Japan".
255:
Cox's sandpipers are similar in size and shape to pectoral sandpipers and
855:
418:
108:
68:
400:(1996). They analyzed 3 specimens of Cox's sandpiper and found that the
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Juvenile Cox's sandpipers are known from only two individuals, one from
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showing features of both pectoral and curlew sandpipers was found at
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58:
828:
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461:
388:. This bird was believed to be another juvenile "Cox's sandpiper".
401:
778:"Molecular assessment of the taxonomic status of Cox's Sandpiper"
414:
78:
832:
573:
Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world
396:
The birds were conclusively shown to be hybrids by
Christidis
772:; Davies, Kizanne; Westerman, Michael; Christian, Peter D.;
630:
Kasprzyk, M. J.; Forster, R. A.; Harrington, B. A. (1987).
606:(1987). "Cox's Sandpiper in Atlantic USA: Europe next?".
748:(1990). "The enigmatic Cooper's and Cox's Sandpiper".
369:. Several accounts of this individual were published.
462:"Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals"
724:
Cox, John B. (1988). "Cox's, Cooper's or hybrids?".
665:
Vickery, P. D.; Finch, D. W.; P. K. Donahue (1987).
266:
Cox's sandpiper has never been observed in breeding
841:
502:"The World's first known juvenile Cox's Sandpiper"
417:was identical to that of Curlew sandpipers, while
287:The original specimen of "Cooper's" sandpiper
8:
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310:in 1858 based on a specimen collected on
190:and named after Australian ornithologist
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598:
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372:In late August, 2001, another juvenile
539:(1982). "A new sandpiper of the genus
825:Photos of the 2001 Shintone specimen.
7:
318:, in May 1833 and deposited at the
320:American Museum of Natural History
225:American Museum of Natural History
14:
235:formally described the bird as a
282:Subsequent (and earlier) records
227:in 1977 for comparison with the
35:
823:Juvenile Calidris Hybrid ?
341:Pattern of records in Australia
286:
567:Prater, Tony; Marchant, John;
1:
357:sandpiper was encountered on
667:"Juvenile Cox's Sandpiper (
546:South Australian Naturalist
439:Hybridisation in shorebirds
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329:, who collected the bird.
245:Helm Identification Guides
349:Records outside Australia
322:. It was named after the
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139:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
938:Birds of South Australia
958:Birds described in 1982
500:Buckley, P. A. (1988).
308:Spencer Fullerton Baird
257:sharp-tailed sandpipers
221:South Australian Museum
669:Calidris paramelanotos
634:Calidris paramelanotos
423:white-rumped sandpiper
353:A mysterious juvenile
188:species new to science
149:Calidris paramelanotos
302:, was described (as
202:Discovery and naming
467:Journal of Genetics
184:Calidris ferruginea
25:Cox's sandpiper
480:10.1007/BF02983075
392:The mystery solved
382:Ibaraki Prefecture
292:Cooper's sandpiper
261:Calidris acuminata
176:Calidris melanotos
172:pectoral sandpiper
925:
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897:Open Tree of Life
835:Taxon identifiers
458:Haldane, J. B. S.
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124:C. melanotos
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212:Calidris alpina
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178:) and a female
170:between a male
164:Cox's sandpiper
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89:Charadriiformes
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793:(3): 459–463.
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686:: 1366–1369.
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519:. Retrieved
517:(6): 253–257
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99:Scolopacidae
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409:cytochrome
335:supercilium
312:Long Island
237:new species
192:John B. Cox
932:Categories
734:: 238–239.
616:: 311–312.
575:. London:
445:References
296:"Calidris"
251:Appearance
216:subspecies
843:Calidris
609:Twitching
604:Grant, P.
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
943:Calidris
889:11694649
862:Q5179856
856:Wikidata
776:(1996).
758:: 53–64.
571:(1986).
541:Calidris
460:(1922).
433:See also
419:allozyme
405:sequence
378:Shintone
374:Calidris
355:Calidris
316:New York
141:Synonyms
110:Calidris
95:Family:
69:Chordata
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
902:5560022
876:5722881
807:1369559
521:22 July
407:of the
300:cooperi
268:plumage
208:dunlins
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
948:Erolia
915:366873
805:
786:Condor
583:
425:, and
398:et al.
367:banded
168:hybrid
155:, 1982
153:Parker
910:WoRMS
884:IRMNG
803:JSTOR
781:(PDF)
674:(PDF)
639:(PDF)
553:: 63.
505:(PDF)
402:mtDNA
306:) by
166:is a
127:♂ ×
871:GBIF
581:ISBN
523:2015
427:ruff
415:gene
79:Aves
795:doi
543:".
476:doi
934::
912::
899::
886::
873::
858::
801:.
791:98
789:.
783:.
756:12
754:.
730:.
716:^
708:15
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692:^
684:41
682:.
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657:^
649:41
647:.
641:.
636:)"
622:^
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559:^
551:56
549:.
515:81
513:.
507:.
488:^
472:12
470:.
464:.
380:,
361:,
314:,
298:×
294:,
239:.
198:.
845:×
809:.
797::
732:1
614:1
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525:.
482:.
478::
411:b
259:(
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182:(
174:(
133:♀
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