119:
1978:
111:
1966:
103:
2002:
1990:
42:
163:
Crampons are fastened to footwear by means of a binding system. Improved attachment systems – such as a cam action "step-in" system similar to a ski binding and particularly well adapted to plastic technical mountaineering boots - have widely increased crampon use. Crampons also use a full
172:
To prevent snow from balling up under crampons, especially in temperatures around freezing, most models can be fitted with plastic or rubber "anti-balling" systems to reduce build-up. Rubber models use flexion to repel snow while plastic anti-balling plates employ a
324:
on steep and dense snow or glacial ice in order to maintain strong traction and avoid falls, whereas microspikes may be attached to multiple types of shoes and are generally used for hiking on flatter surfaces such as snow or even gravel or dirt.
87:
with dedicated front and rear lugs, as a cam-action lever attaches the crampon to the heel. The last type (strap bindings) is more versatile and can adapt to virtually any boot or shoe, but often does not fit as precisely as the other two types.
1887:
1882:
147:
Early 10-point crampons lacked forward-angled spikes and thus required step cutting on steep terrain. In the 1930s two additional forward-slanting points were added, making them exceptional for
185:
Crampons are graded C1, C2 and C3 relative to their flexibility and general compatibility with different styles of boots. No crampons are suitable for B0 boots (flexible walking boots).
1934:
901:
1946:
94:
designed the first 10-point crampon in 1908, dramatically reducing the need for step cutting. This design was then made commercially available by the
Italian Henry Grivel.
320:, microspikes typically are flexible rubber or metal chains with more, smaller spikes. Since crampons are tighter and have larger spikes, they are typically used for
889:
874:
1928:
1897:
923:
918:
381:
155:. There is currently a range of models, including specialized crampons with as many as 14 points and models with single points for ice climbing.
456:
884:
533:
2033:
869:
854:
390:
2006:
337:
to perform heel hooks. They are a source of controversy, however, with some regarding the use of heel spurs as being a form of
1867:
135:
Crampons are made of steel alloy, lightweight aluminum, or a combination of the two. Lighter weight crampons are popular for
2028:
501:
1797:
1174:
1169:
935:
1857:
1219:
1772:
1767:
913:
79:
There are three main attachment systems: step-in, hybrid, and strap bindings. The first two require boots with
164:"strap-in" system and a "hybrid" binding that features a toe strap at the front and a heel lever at the back.
1902:
1697:
1672:
1563:
1556:
961:
864:
819:
1872:
1812:
1722:
1365:
1118:
974:
906:
526:
406:
1847:
1762:
1264:
1130:
1994:
1877:
1862:
1852:
1103:
1069:
849:
623:
601:
582:
1752:
1570:
1549:
1452:
1394:
1389:
1348:
1323:
1246:
1152:
1074:
986:
727:
466:
317:
123:
84:
64:. Besides ice climbing, crampons are also used for secure travel on snow and ice, such as crossing
1965:
1892:
1474:
1442:
1113:
1096:
952:
930:
896:
645:
640:
635:
283:
31:
1982:
1907:
1702:
1630:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1399:
1301:
981:
652:
577:
519:
386:
118:
316:
While crampons generally have a solid frame, and large spikes, and may only be attached to a
1842:
1777:
1757:
1732:
1717:
1484:
1462:
1338:
1081:
717:
91:
1970:
1837:
1782:
1737:
1712:
1682:
1467:
1437:
1360:
1355:
1214:
1162:
1086:
1047:
1020:
705:
678:
505:
1829:
1802:
1707:
1677:
1542:
1489:
1432:
1427:
1377:
1318:
1254:
1125:
1108:
1025:
859:
824:
789:
784:
739:
697:
668:
618:
606:
334:
321:
152:
148:
46:
2022:
1792:
1692:
1637:
1598:
1497:
1447:
1422:
1333:
1306:
1186:
1042:
1008:
829:
804:
683:
673:
630:
613:
557:
461:
342:
60:
is a traction device attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice during
491:
1912:
1807:
1687:
1623:
1502:
1457:
1201:
1064:
1052:
1013:
998:
809:
734:
722:
572:
359:
338:
110:
61:
50:
333:
Heel spurs are a type of crampon that attaches to the back of the heel and allow
290:
than in the United States, these ski crampons are known by their
European names:
1747:
1742:
1479:
1372:
1271:
1057:
991:
814:
794:
756:
744:
710:
427:
136:
80:
292:
102:
1328:
1209:
1142:
1003:
774:
751:
594:
589:
354:
174:
69:
1651:
1644:
1512:
1507:
1417:
1382:
1296:
1241:
1147:
1091:
1030:
779:
73:
441:
1727:
1577:
1313:
1276:
1234:
542:
1343:
1229:
1179:
1035:
799:
106:
Yellow/grey plastic "anti-balling" plates prevent snow from building up
65:
35:
17:
1191:
1157:
30:
This article is about the traction aid. For the heraldic device, see
41:
1940:
1787:
1259:
1137:
969:
305:
117:
109:
101:
287:
515:
442:"The Hike Boot Grading System and the Crampon Grading System"
139:
where demands are generally lower and lightweight a premium.
126:
equipped with a traditional 12-point glacier/trekking crampon
1941:
511:
495:
76:, ascending snow slopes, and scaling ice-covered rock.
1883:
Federación Española de
Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
1935:
International
Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
1888:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
1947:
1921:
1828:
1821:
1665:
1615:
1534:
1527:
1410:
1289:
1200:
960:
951:
944:
842:
767:
696:
661:
565:
556:
549:
151:and glacier travel and beginning a revolution in
239:versatile - for both walking and mountaineering
527:
304:(Italian), literally French and Italian for "
286:on hard snow and ice. Far more common in the
8:
379:Cox, Steven M.; Kris Fulsaas, eds. (2003).
282:Specialized "ski crampons" are employed in
1929:International Federation of Sport Climbing
1825:
1531:
957:
948:
562:
553:
534:
520:
512:
385:(7 ed.). Seattle: The Mountaineers.
382:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
187:
40:
34:. For bread added to soup or salad, see
502:Caltech Alpine Club's guide to crampons
371:
7:
1989:
2001:
219:relatively flexible - for walking
25:
1898:South African Climbing Federation
455:Nelson, Ryan (27 February 2012).
2000:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1964:
870:IFSC World Championships winners
27:Traction device for ice-climbing
457:"Is Mixed Climbing Legitimate?"
1868:British Mountaineering Council
508: (archived March 30, 2012)
1:
259:for technical mountaineering
189:Crampon / boot compatibility
177:surface to prevent adhesion.
49:" crampons used for vertical
2052:
211:(technical climbing boot)
29:
1960:
1858:Appalachian Mountain Club
498:, No. 226, December 2003.
407:"Crampons: How to Choose"
255:
235:
215:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
2034:Mountaineering equipment
1773:Mountain Safety Research
1768:Mountain Equipment Co-op
1903:South Tyrol Alpine Club
1698:Eastern Mountain Sports
1564:Canadian Alpine Journal
1557:American Alpine Journal
820:Roof and tunnel hacking
1723:Holubar Mountaineering
1535:Magazines and journals
865:IFSC World Cup winners
308:" in those languages.
206:B2 boot (fully stiff)
127:
115:
107:
53:
1848:Alpine Club of Canada
1758:Marmot Mountain Works
1713:GERRY Mountain Sports
203:B1 boot (semi stiff)
121:
113:
105:
44:
2029:Footwear accessories
1878:Club Alpino Italiano
1863:Austrian Alpine Club
1853:American Alpine Club
428:"Crampon Attachment"
85:mountaineering boots
1873:Club Alpin Français
1247:Mountaineering boot
860:Piolet d'Or winners
318:mountaineering boot
200:B0 boot (flexible)
190:
124:mountaineering boot
1893:German Alpine Club
284:ski mountaineering
188:
137:alpine ski touring
128:
116:
108:
54:
32:crampon (heraldry)
2016:
2015:
1956:
1955:
1908:Swiss Alpine Club
1661:
1660:
1616:Non-fiction films
1592:Planinski Vestnik
1585:Himalayan Journal
1523:
1522:
1285:
1284:
914:Historical events
885:Eight-thousanders
838:
837:
692:
691:
496:Climbing Magazine
430:. Crampons Guide.
275:
274:
83:, or specialized
16:(Redirected from
2041:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1826:
1778:Outdoor Research
1532:
958:
949:
919:Grade milestones
728:Expedition style
563:
554:
536:
529:
522:
513:
479:
478:
476:
474:
469:on 30 April 2023
465:. Archived from
452:
446:
445:
438:
432:
431:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
403:
397:
396:
376:
191:
114:Walking crampons
92:Oscar Eckenstein
21:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
1952:
1917:
1817:
1683:Cascade Designs
1657:
1611:
1519:
1406:
1281:
1215:Abalakov thread
1196:
940:
834:
763:
688:
657:
641:Deep-water solo
545:
540:
506:Wayback Machine
488:
483:
482:
472:
470:
454:
453:
449:
440:
439:
435:
426:
425:
421:
412:
410:
405:
404:
400:
393:
378:
377:
373:
368:
351:
331:
314:
280:
210:
183:
170:
161:
145:
133:
100:
98:Characteristics
45:Rigid step-in "
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:The North Face
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Sierra Designs
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Frostline Kits
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1599:Rock & Ice
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1543:Alpine Journal
1538:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:Climbing route
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:Simul-climbing
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Front pointing
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1255:Avalanche cord
1249:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1220:Bottled oxygen
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
994:
984:
979:
978:
977:
966:
964:
955:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
911:
910:
909:
904:
894:
893:
892:
887:
879:
878:
877:
875:IFSC victories
872:
867:
862:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
769:
765:
764:
762:
761:
760:
759:
749:
748:
747:
742:
732:
731:
730:
725:
715:
714:
713:
702:
700:
698:Mountaineering
694:
693:
690:
689:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
663:
659:
658:
656:
655:
650:
649:
648:
643:
638:
628:
627:
626:
621:
611:
610:
609:
599:
598:
597:
587:
586:
585:
575:
569:
567:
560:
551:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
510:
509:
499:
492:Crampon Review
487:
486:External links
484:
481:
480:
462:Rock & Ice
447:
433:
419:
398:
391:
370:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
357:
350:
347:
335:mixed climbers
330:
327:
322:mountaineering
313:
310:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
182:
179:
169:
166:
160:
157:
153:front pointing
149:mountaineering
144:
141:
132:
129:
99:
96:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:International
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:Organizations
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Early Winters
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Black Diamond
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:The Dawn Wall
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Bachar ladder
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Climbing wall
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Approach shoe
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:Climbing rope
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
956:
954:
950:
947:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
925:
924:First ascents
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
766:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
654:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
564:
561:
559:
558:Rock climbing
555:
552:
548:
544:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
514:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
468:
464:
463:
458:
451:
448:
443:
437:
434:
429:
423:
420:
408:
402:
399:
394:
392:0-89886-828-9
388:
384:
383:
375:
372:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
348:
346:
344:
343:free climbing
340:
336:
328:
326:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
300:(French) and
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
277:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
214:
193:
192:
186:
180:
178:
176:
167:
165:
158:
156:
154:
150:
142:
140:
138:
130:
125:
120:
112:
104:
97:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1913:USA Climbing
1813:Wild Country
1808:Therm-a-Rest
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1624:The Alpinist
1622:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1503:Campus board
1458:First ascent
1224:
1202:Ice and snow
999:Belay device
850:Alpine clubs
810:Ropes course
723:Alpine style
471:. Retrieved
467:the original
460:
450:
436:
422:
411:. Retrieved
401:
380:
374:
339:aid climbing
332:
315:
301:
297:
291:
281:
278:Ski crampons
184:
171:
168:Anti-balling
162:
146:
134:
90:
78:
62:ice climbing
57:
55:
51:ice climbing
2007:WikiProject
1843:Alpine Club
1838:Access Fund
1748:Lowe Alpine
1743:La Sportiva
1480:Fall factor
1373:Self-arrest
1349:Redpointing
1272:Snow anchor
1026:Boulder mat
975:Daisy chain
945:Terminology
936:Terminology
815:Rooftopping
757:Hillwalking
745:Dry-tooling
711:Via ferrata
624:Traditional
602:Competition
583:Multi-pitch
566:Disciplines
312:Microspikes
293:Harscheisen
175:hydrophobic
47:front-point
2023:Categories
1631:El Capitan
1395:Traversing
1344:Onsighting
1324:Glissading
1307:Dülfersitz
1302:Australian
1265:Transeiver
1210:Alpenstock
1143:Portaledge
1131:Copperhead
1070:Descenders
1004:Auto belay
795:Commercial
775:Buildering
752:Scrambling
662:Rock types
653:Top roping
590:Bouldering
413:2014-02-11
366:References
355:Ice cleats
341:, and not
329:Heel spurs
296:(German),
159:Attachment
70:snowfields
1783:Patagonia
1666:Companies
1652:Hard Grit
1645:Free Solo
1513:MoonBoard
1508:Hangboard
1494:Training
1443:Guidebook
1418:Ape index
1383:Rope team
1297:Abseiling
1242:Ice screw
1148:Quickdraw
1031:Carabiner
953:Equipment
931:Technique
897:Equipment
780:Canyoning
718:Himalayan
646:Rope solo
636:Free solo
131:Materials
74:icefields
1983:Category
1830:National
1728:JanSport
1703:Five Ten
1578:Desnivel
1571:Climbing
1550:Alpinist
1475:Exposure
1453:Chipping
1400:Tyrolean
1390:Spotting
1361:Crevasse
1339:Flashing
1329:Jumaring
1314:Belaying
1277:Snowshoe
1235:Ice tool
1225:Crampons
1075:Figure-8
987:Ascender
855:Climbers
595:Highball
578:Big wall
543:Climbing
473:30 April
349:See also
302:coltelli
298:couteaux
209:B3 boot
66:glaciers
1995:Commons
1949:(UIMLA)
1943:(UIAGM)
1334:Leading
1251:Rescue
1230:Ice axe
1180:Camalot
1114:Lanyard
1097:Skyhook
1082:Harness
1053:Dynamic
1036:Maillon
1009:Glasses
890:Everest
881:Deaths
800:Parkour
504:at the
444:. H2G2.
58:crampon
36:crouton
18:Crampon
1971:Portal
1937:(UIAA)
1931:(IFSC)
1763:Millet
1753:Mammut
1718:Grivel
1688:Deuter
1606:Summit
1490:Guides
1485:Grades
1356:Rescue
1290:Action
1192:Tricam
1158:Grigri
1104:Hammer
1058:Static
1014:Gloves
982:Anchor
902:Brands
706:Alpine
389:
360:Cleats
306:knives
181:Grades
143:Points
1788:Petzl
1738:Kelty
1528:Media
1463:Pitch
1428:Clean
1411:Other
1260:RECCO
1187:Shoes
1175:SLCDs
1170:Sling
1138:Piton
1087:Hooks
1065:Chalk
992:Croll
970:Aider
907:Knots
843:Lists
825:Slide
790:Grass
785:Crane
768:Other
740:Mixed
669:Crack
619:Sport
607:Speed
550:Types
494:from
409:. REI
194:Type
81:welts
1678:CAMP
1468:Topo
1438:Beta
1366:Self
1163:Revo
1153:SLDs
1092:Fifi
1048:Cord
1021:Bolt
962:Rock
830:Tree
805:Pole
684:Slab
679:Roof
674:Face
631:Solo
614:Free
475:2023
387:ISBN
288:Alps
271:Yes
251:Yes
248:Yes
231:Yes
228:Yes
225:Yes
197:Use
72:and
1798:REI
1793:Rab
1126:Nut
1119:PAC
1109:Hex
735:Ice
573:Aid
268:No
265:No
262:No
256:C3
245:No
242:No
236:C2
222:No
216:C1
2025::
459:.
345:.
122:A
68:,
56:A
535:e
528:t
521:v
477:.
416:.
395:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
