Cranberry - Knowledge (XXG)

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first part of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 in) of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years, water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which is how white cranberry juice is made. Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests.

2048: 981: 2123:). The authority for the actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress. The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand the Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea. 425: 515: 265: 755: 2091:. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends. 476: 635: 600: 81: 690: 999: 935: 257: 1813: 783: 906: 60: 245: 3995: 963:

temperatures. In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years.

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Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost. Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the

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Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent,

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Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed

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Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $ 65.00 per barrel ($ 0.65 per pound or $ 1.43 per kilogram)—a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kilograms—in 1996 then fell to $ 18.00 per barrel ($ 0.18 per pound or $ 0.40 per kilogram) in 2001.

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cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company

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method. Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial

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and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened. Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At four teaspoons of sugar per 100 grams (one teaspoon per ounce), cranberry juice cocktail is more highly sweetened than even soda drinks that

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The Cranberry Marketing Committee is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product. The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962

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As of 2016, the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea. From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China the second largest country importer, reaching $ 36 million in

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about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year. During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low

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In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin

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Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration.

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flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide

2115:(12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke the Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production. 1707:

there is an account of Europeans coming ashore and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, there is a 1633 account of the husband of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for 16 shillings. In 1643,

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The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under the

3284:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061" 2710: 1969:

for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer. However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits. Potential is limited by poor

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Sánchez-Patán, Fernando; Bartolomé, Begoña; Martín-Alvarez, Pedro J.; Anderson, Mark; Howell, Amy; Monagas, María (2012). "Comprehensive Assessment of the Quality of Commercial Cranberry Products. Phenolic Characterization and in Vitro Bioactivity".

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with an account of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to hunt and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to

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cranberries particularly in growth habit. A deciduous shrub, their flowers are borne in June of a tubular shape with reflexed petals consistent with the rest of the subgenera. They produce edible scarlet berries described as being seemingly

1739:. In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a banquet in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 book 1908:

on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of

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With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The

1757:] plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards red, as big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower [ 913:

By 1900, 8,700 hectares (21,500 acres) were under cultivation in the New England region. In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was 360,000 metric tons (790 million pounds), with

1761:] astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are excellent against the Scurvy. They are also good to allay the fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling [ 1800:(American cranberry) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at the first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled 3387:

Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A, et al. (March 2006). "The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers".

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Koo, H.; Nino de Guzman, P.; Schobel, B.D.; Vacca Smith, A.V. & Bowen W.H. (January 2006). "Influence of Cranberry Juice on Glucan-Mediated Processes Involved in Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development".

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Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small

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Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station.

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light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year. The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between $ 74,000 and $ 124,000 per hectare ($ 30,000 and $ 50,000 per acre).

297:. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to 2 meters (7 ft) long and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 in) in height; they have slender stems that are not thickly woody and have small 3161: 2081: 1127:. Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or 1617: 1897:(UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with 1703:. In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and it was the first reference to American cranberries up until this point. In James Rosier's book 902:

planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts.

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Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form

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with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.

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brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell.

497:, differing in the leaves being more triangular, and the flower stems hairless; additionally, their stems can also be smaller and produce a smaller number of flowers than 462: in) leaves, with an inrolled margin. The flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stalks. The fruit is a small pale pink to red 4296: 2590: 3675:

Tarascou, Isabelle; Mazauric, Jean-Paul; Meudec, Emmanuelle; et al. (2011). "Characterisation of genuine and derived cranberry proanthocyanidins by LC–ESI-MS".

501:. They also differ in the fact that their leaves can be smaller in size, even though the main difference is their triangular shape. Some botanists include it within 4196: 3931: 1765:] them with sugar for sauce to eat with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries. 1928:

guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, inconvincing or weak.

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that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It has an acidic taste which usually overwhelms its sweetness.

2106:, Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors. 2095:

The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate.

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Vvedenskaya, Irina O; Vorsa, Nicholi (2004). "Flavonoid composition over fruit development and maturation in American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait".

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In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the

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Williams, Gabrielle; Stothart, Christopher I.; Hahn, Deirdre; et al. (10 November 2023). "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections".

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In 2020, the U.S., Canada, and Chile accounted for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as

3804: 1083:(60% of Canadian production) are two of the largest producers of cranberries in the two countries. Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in 4170: 2069:

represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for

980: 1772:, published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner. In 1787, 3431:

Zheng W, Wang SY (January 2003). "Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries".

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of 50 studies concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of

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ten barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as a means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of

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and won $ 200,000 in real damages plus triple damages, just in time for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the

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that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, but has an acidic taste.

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Blumberg, JB; Camesano, TA; Cassidy, A; Kris-Etherton, P; Howell, A; Manach, C; Ostertag, LM; Sies, H; Skulas-Ray, A; Vita, JA (2013).

2011:(PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the 1714: 2992:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 2133: 3113: 2749: 866: 469:

Widespread throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America.

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around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in). The surface is

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Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing.

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described cranberries, referring to them as "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott was quoted in

2580: 1914: 804: 2557: 3011: 2905:. New York: Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 2016. 2020: 959: 1784:. Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. 2951: 2273: 2041: 1849: 847: 3636:"Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation" 647:

They are typically found in forests and thickets within alpine areas between 1,000–2,600 metres (3,300–8,500 ft).

1709: 891: 819: 681:. These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, petals that are not reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs. 514: 4232: 1024: 879: 800: 35: 793: 754: 2667: 2099: 2065: 1719: 826: 4237: 4034: 264: 2070: 760: 3885: 3138: 2008: 1995:

pathogens that cause tooth decay. Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on

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is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile. In some methods of classification,

3795: 3704:"Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders" 2902: 1820:

As fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and bitter, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make

4149: 3036: 2849: 2077: 1845: 1796: 1728: 1604: 1475: 883: 626: 521: 482: 324: 228: 222: 2451: 4175: 4051: 2739: 815: 475: 4286: 3715: 3587:"Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation" 2394: 1991: 1982: 1736: 1684: 1527: 1488: 2614:"There's only one cranberry farm in Minnesota, and it's run by a 21-year-old woman and her brother" 1680: 1037: 943: 641: 431: 314: 234: 216: 599: 4311: 4301: 4258: 3616: 3567: 3413: 3235:"Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?" 2585: 2410: 2084: 1462: 1442: 1239: 1096: 1042: 75: 2189: 1868:. Less commonly, cranberries are used to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews. 2073:. As of 2006, about 65% of the North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative. 899: 634: 4209: 4201: 3978: 3964: 3833: 3777: 3733: 3657: 3608: 3559: 3500: 3448: 3405: 3342: 3317:"Guideline of guidelines: management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women (table 2)" 3264: 3215: 3203: 3081: 3003: 2993: 2933: 2871: 2824:"Cranberry production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)" 2755: 2745: 2166: 1910: 1890: 1540: 1327: 705: 4214: 2916:

Pham DQ, Pham AQ (March 2007). "Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin".

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resulted in many Chinese businesses cutting off ties with their U.S. cranberry suppliers.

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Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of

1788:, a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work 1616:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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announced that some of the 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide

934: 3822: 3495: 3470: 3337: 3316: 3259: 3234: 2250: 1978: 1120: 1052: 840: 732: 560: 463: 385: 302: 105: 2826:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024 4280: 3797:

The Cranberry Industry and Ocean Spray Cooperative: Lessons in Cooperative Governance

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Native to Southern China, Taiwan, the Japanese archipelago, and the Korean Peninsula

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Native to northern North America across Canada, and eastern United States, south to

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leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the

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had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.

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Broussard, Melissa; Rao, Sujaya; Stephen, William P.; White, Linda (June 2011).

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in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the

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fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a

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dinners in the U.S. and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom.

3888:. Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture. 22 November 2016 3401: 3076: 3059: 2666:

Carolyn J. DeMoranville; Hilary A. Sandler & Frank L. Caruso (June 2001).

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reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that a

1514: 1361: 1310: 1088: 1075:, with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total. 1057: 952: 894:

around 1816. In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and

728: 662: 556: in) long, and flat, and in the slightly apple-like taste of the berries. 3300: 3283: 3207: 3085: 2351: 1751:

Sauce for the Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling [

17: 3652: 3635: 2480: 2103: 1954: 1918: 1898: 1650: 1639: 1501: 1420: 1407: 1394: 1076: 915: 905: 377: 373: 298: 293: 276: 252:: Red: common cranberry. Orange: small cranberry. Green: American cranberry. 174: 164: 4250: 4108: 4094: 4045: 3860: 3781: 3737: 3661: 3612: 3563: 3504: 3452: 3409: 3346: 3282:

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (May 2014).

3268: 3219: 3007: 2937: 2560:. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. 24 November 2021 2558:"Cranberry production in top-producing States to increase modestly in 2021" 1634:

and fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46

59: 3994: 3486: 3250: 2759: 1699:, the Narragansett people may have introduced cranberries to colonists in 244: 4245: 4129: 4103: 4088: 3932:"How The Trade War Crushed A Growing Chinese Market For U.S. Cranberries" 2823: 2274:"Garden Tips: Give thanks for cranberries, grown with a taste of Florida" 1985:

material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of

1966: 1950: 1692: 1293: 1124: 1116: 887: 392: 283: 154: 144: 131: 3773: 2165:(3rd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 512, 1941:

Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of

4162: 2929: 2458:. Research Guides, University of Wisconsin Libraries, Madison, WI. 2017 2414: 1962: 1925: 1829: 1635: 1631: 1273: 807: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 625:

Native to southeastern United States at high altitudes in the southern

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This article is about a group of plant species. For the rock band, see

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An overhead view of a cranberry farm near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin

3112:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from 1861: 1857: 1853: 1377: 1092: 1080: 923: 895: 508:

Occurs in northern North America, northern Europe and northern Asia.

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is regarded as a genus in its own right. Cranberries can be found in

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Kwok M, McGeorge S, Mayer-Coverdale J, et al. (November 2022).

2406: 739:. The traditional English name for the plant more common in Europe, 2799:"Fresh Fruit Production BMP: Publications UMass Cranberry Station" 2046: 2007:

Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of

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Cranberry research at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

4022: 3162:"Cranberry industry seeks to avoid school ban - The Boston Globe" 747:, originated from plants with small red berries found growing in 1852:) as well as English dinners. The berry is also used in baking ( 1553: 341: 4065: 3909:"Beyond Thanksgiving: The Humble Cranberry Takes Root in China" 3702:

Prior, Ronald L; Fan, Ellen; Ji, Hongping; et al. (2010).

3060:"Native Bees, Honeybees, and Pollination in Oregon Cranberries" 344:

bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

3471:"Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health" 2515:"Cranberries: The Most Intriguing Native North American Fruit" 1753: 1215: 776: 748: 68: 2673:. University of Massachusetts, Cranberry Experiment Station. 2668:"Planting New Cranberry Beds: Recommendations and management" 727:

used the word, cranberry, to represent the expanding flower,

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may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in

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for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection.

41:"Wild cranberry" redirects here. The term may also refer to 2220:"How Cranberries Grow: "Cranberries 101" – An Introduction" 3106:"Eat this! Cranberries more than a thanksgiving condiment" 2956:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2082:

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

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as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by

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is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and

3139:"The American Cranberry-Basic Information on Cranberries" 1667:

are commonly processed with up to 10 times their natural

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design and inadequate numbers of subjects. In 2014, the

1840:. Such preparations are traditionally served with roast 1671:. The drying process also eliminates vitamin C content. 898:

from which shipments were also sent to Europe. In 1843,

3039:. FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture. 2018 2700:"Alternative 4 – Bog Renovation for Cranberry Growing" 2200:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team 735:, and petals resembling the neck, head, and bill of a 4023:

University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station

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There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the

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in 1647. Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in

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is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while

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Hosted by the University of Massachusetts – Amherst

3886:"Cranberries: No Longer Just an American Tradition" 2483:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017 1589: 1577: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1513: 1500: 1487: 1474: 1461: 1440: 1419: 1406: 1393: 1376: 1360: 1343: 1326: 1309: 1292: 1271: 1236: 1212: 1194: 1184: 1168: 1154: 1149: 1071:In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 439:(common cranberry, northern cranberry or cranberry) 2989:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 391:There are 4–5 species of cranberry, classified by 301:leaves. The flowers are dark pink. The fruit is a 3585:McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K (November 2003). 1864:). In baking it is often combined with orange or 1452: 1283: 67:Cranberry bush with fruit partially submerged in 3861:"About CMC » Cranberry Marketing Committee" 2645:Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment 529:(large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry) 3233:Liska, D. J.; Kern, H. J.; Maki, K. C. (2016). 2744:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 66. 2222:. Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association. 2014 1828:Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a 1695:for food and for dye. Calling the red berries, 248:Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. 3708:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2327:"Cranberries: A colorful and nutritious fruit" 2051:Annual U.S. crops of cranberries, 1907 to 1935 1804:which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts. 1150:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 617:This species differs significantly from sect. 355:, with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. 4046:University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station 4031:Hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison 3975:Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums 3634:Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A (October 2002). 3031: 3029: 2852:. Fruit & Vegetable, Annex Business Media 8: 1144: 1123:such as increased incidence of bleeding and 1047:Cranberry falseblossom disease, caused by a 4322:Crops originating from indigenous Americans 3464: 3462: 3188:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2513:Caruso FL; Bristow PR; Oudemans PV (2000). 536:in the leaves being larger, 10–20 mm ( 4062: 3961:The Cranberry: Hard Work and Holiday Sauce 3754:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3321:British Journal of Urology - International 2952:United States Food and Drug Administration 1253: 1143: 633: 598: 58: 49: 4006:Germplasm Resources Information Network: 3727: 3651: 3602: 3494: 3336: 3299: 3258: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3075: 2428:Faculty of Natural Resources Management. 2329:. South Dakota State University Extension 2249:. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Archived from 1099:, as well as in the Canadian province of 867:Learn how and when to remove this message 4297:Crops originating from the United States 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2843: 2841: 2098:Cranberry handlers (processors) include 614:(southern mountain cranberry, bearberry) 580: 466:, with a refreshing sharp acidic flavor. 405: 3810:from the original on 11 September 2015. 2579:Morales, Christina (17 November 2022). 2272:Carol Cloud Bailey (19 November 2009). 2150: 2017:liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry 759:The Cranberry Harvest on the Island of 2552: 2550: 2548: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2475: 2473: 2280:. Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group 4025:for information on cranberry research 3133: 3131: 2581:"How Jellied Cranberry Sauce Is Made" 2352:"Encyclopaedia Britannica: Cranberry" 2302:. Cranberry Institute. Archived from 2198:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 7: 3823:"Cranberry: Botany and Horticulture" 3104:Zeldes, Leah A. (25 November 2009). 2593:from the original on 17 January 2024 2346: 2344: 1844:, as a staple of Thanksgiving (both 1691:appeared to be using cranberries in 886:first cultivated cranberries in the 805:adding citations to reliable sources 3959:Cole, S. & Gifford, L. (2009). 3911:. New York: The Wall Street Journal 3907:Jennifer Levitz (4 November 2017). 3832:. New York: Wiley. pp. 215–6. 2612:Hutton, Rachel (16 November 2023). 1626:Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% 4238:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007533-2 4058:, December 1904. Internet Archive. 3849:from the original on 14 June 2007. 2966:from the original on 27 March 2024 2247:: Small Cranberry, Technical Page" 1715:A Key into the Language of America 27:Plant species bearing edible fruit 25: 4317:Medicinal plants of North America 4052:"Harvest-Time in a Cranberry Bog" 3518:Miranda Hill (23 November 2005). 2850:"Crazy for cranberries in Canada" 2741:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants 1653:, each with more than 10% of its 3993: 3604:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04472.x 3323:. 130 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 11–22. 2680:from the original on 29 May 2010 2027:PAC extract product to another. 1977:Cranberry juice contains a high 1878:, that include cranberry juice. 781: 513: 474: 423: 312:may refer to the native species 79: 3014:from the original on 9 May 2024 2707:Town of Carlisle, Massachusetts 2527:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2000-1100 2365:Jacquemart, Anne-Laure (1997). 1924:A 2022 review of international 1747:described cranberries, writing: 1741:New England Rarities Discovered 1055:by the blunt nosed leafhopper ( 1033:Diseases of cranberry include: 1002:Cranberry harvest (wet-picking) 792:needs additional citations for 3689:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.062 3374:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.001 3200:10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7 2163:New Flora of the British Isles 1915:European Food Safety Authority 1103:(33% of Canadian production). 1: 4307:Crops originating from Canada 3963:. Tilbury House Publishers. 3930:Ma, Adrian (6 October 2019). 3865:Cranberry Marketing Committee 3037:"Cranberries, dried (survey)" 2134:China–United States trade war 2110:Cranberry Marketing Committee 2021:4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 1919:cause and effect relationship 1825:have been linked to obesity. 719:in English by the missionary 2379:(Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. ( 1961:compounds are being studied 1724:Clear Sunshine of the Gospel 1612:Percentages estimated using 351:, sauce, jam, and sweetened 2848:Ronda Payne (2 July 2019). 1605:Link to USDA Database entry 1079:(59% of US production) and 661:Cranberries are related to 442:It has small 5–10 mm ( 4338: 3821:Roper TR, Vorsa N (1997). 1661:have low content (table). 1160:46 kcal (190 kJ) 1022: 989:Child Labor, Cranberry Bog 880:American Revolutionary War 318:, while in North America, 40: 36:Cranberry (disambiguation) 29: 3402:10.1007/s00394-005-0572-9 3077:10.21273/hortsci.46.6.885 2071:agricultural cooperatives 1782:Constitutional Convention 1770:The Compleat Cook's Guide 1630:, and contain negligible 1611: 1601: 1597: 1573: 1565: 1436: 1432: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1232: 1228: 1208: 1204: 1164: 751:(marsh) lands of England. 282:or trailing vines in the 207: 202: 76:Scientific classification 74: 66: 57: 52: 3301:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657 2132:cranberry products. The 2009:A-type proanthocyanidins 1895:urinary tract infections 1107:Possible safety concerns 930:Geography and bog method 493:It is highly similar to 4056:The Booklovers Magazine 3653:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601442 2872:"Cranberry cultivation" 2519:Apsnet Feature Articles 2031:Marketing and economics 1638:and moderate levels of 1614:US recommendations 612:Oxycarpus erythrocarpus 607:Vaccinium erythrocarpum 367:Description and species 211:Vaccinium erythrocarpum 43:Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4029:Cranberry Library Page 3520:"Blocking tooth decay" 2918:Am J Health Syst Pharm 2874:. US Cranberries. 2018 2440:. Lakehead University. 2052: 2013:European Pharmacopoeia 1817: 1767: 1733:the pine tree shilling 1679:In North America, the 1618:the National Academies 1003: 995: 939: 910: 769: 711:(English translation, 697: 269: 261: 253: 34:. For other uses, see 4002:at Wikimedia Commons 3830:Horticultural Reviews 3828:. In Janick J (ed.). 3487:10.3945/an.113.004473 3475:Advances in Nutrition 3251:10.3945/an.115.011197 3239:Advances in Nutrition 3160:Calvan, Bobby Caina. 2454:Vaccinium macrocarpon 2452:"American Cranberry ( 2432:Oxycoccus microcarpus 2381:Oxycoccus Microcarpus 2377:Vaccinium Microcarpum 2192:Vaccinium macrocarpon 2104:Cliffstar Corporation 2078:Sherman Antitrust Act 2050: 1974:and rapid excretion. 1815: 1797:Vaccinium macrocarpon 1749: 1258:Vitamins and minerals 1001: 983: 937: 908: 757: 692: 627:Appalachian Mountains 527:Oxycoccus macrocarpus 522:Vaccinium macrocarpon 488:Oxycoccus microcarpus 483:Vaccinium microcarpum 267: 259: 247: 229:Vaccinium microcarpum 223:Vaccinium macrocarpon 3973:Trehane, J. (2009). 1992:Streptococcus mutans 1904:When the quality of 1850:in the United States 1705:The Land of Virginia 1646:, and the essential 976:Ripening and harvest 960:common misconception 801:improve this article 563:at high altitudes). 3720:2010JSFA...90.1473P 2399:1997JEcol..85..381J 2373:Oxycoccus Palustris 2369:Vaccinium Oxycoccos 2300:"About Cranberries" 2245:Vaccinium oxycoccos 2127:International trade 1901:or pregnant women. 1899:urination disorders 1681:Narragansett people 1345:Pantothenic acid (B 1146: 1038:Cranberry fruit rot 741:Vaccinium oxycoccos 694:Vaccinium oxycoccos 642:Vaccinium japonicum 437:Oxycoccus palustris 432:Vaccinium oxycoccos 334:V. macrocarpon 330:Vaccinium oxycoccos 315:Vaccinium oxycoccos 235:Vaccinium oxycoccos 217:Vaccinium japonicum 3141:. Library.wisc.edu 3116:on 1 February 2010 2930:10.2146/ajhp060370 2586:The New York Times 2533:on 8 December 2017 2387:Journal of Ecology 2354:. 23 October 2023. 2085:Arthur S. Flemming 2053: 1818: 1687:in the regions of 1579:Other constituents 1043:Cranberry root rot 1004: 996: 940: 911: 770: 715:), first named as 698: 270: 262: 254: 4274: 4273: 4210:Open Tree of Life 4068:Taxon identifiers 3998:Media related to 3983:978-1-60469-072-9 3977:. Timber Press. 3969:978-0-88448-316-8 3839:978-0-471-18907-7 3766:10.1021/jf204912u 3729:10.1002/jsfa.3966 3556:10.1159/000088901 3445:10.1021/jf020728u 3433:J Agric Food Chem 3329:10.1111/bju.15756 2999:978-0-309-48834-1 2778:Stone Bridge Farm 2383:Turcz. ex Rupr.)" 2306:on 9 January 2010 2253:on 23 August 2011 2241:Steven Clemants. 2172:978-0-521-70772-5 1947:proanthocyanidins 1911:clinical research 1891:systematic review 1816:Dried cranberries 1685:Algonquian nation 1665:Dried cranberries 1624: 1623: 1569: 1568: 938:Cranberry harvest 877: 876: 869: 851: 706:Middle Low German 704:derives from the 654: 653: 567: 566: 499:V. ocycoccos 490:(small cranberry) 353:dried cranberries 268:Cranberry harvest 242: 241: 198: 16:(Redirected from 4329: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4222:Panartic Flora: 4218: 4217: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4152: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4112: 4111: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4079: 4063: 3997: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3802: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3760:(13): 3396–408. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3606: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3498: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3340: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3214: 10636779. 3194:(11): CD001321. 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3079: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2736:Angier, Bradford 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2715: 2709:. Archived from 2704: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2529:. Archived from 2510: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2438:borealforest.org 2434:Small Cranberry" 2425: 2419: 2418: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2325:Keith, Gabriel. 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2155: 2019:, or a modified 1979:molecular weight 1802:American Cookery 1794:. He notes that 1778:Thomas Jefferson 1720:Thomas Shepard's 1456: 1381: 1365: 1348: 1331: 1314: 1297: 1287: 1254: 1147: 1145:Cranberries, raw 1101:British Columbia 985:Arthur Rothstein 872: 865: 861: 858: 852: 850: 809: 785: 777: 637: 602: 581: 555: 554: 550: 545: 544: 540: 532:It differs from 517: 478: 461: 460: 456: 451: 450: 446: 427: 406: 196: 191: 84: 83: 62: 50: 21: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4115: 4107: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4070: 3991: 3954:Further reading 3951: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3840: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3640:Eur J Clin Nutr 3633: 3632: 3628: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3544:Caries Research 3540: 3539: 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78: 46: 39: 32:The Cranberries 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4264:wfo-4000027552 4255: 4242: 4229: 4219: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4141: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 3990: 3989:External links 3987: 3986: 3985: 3971: 3949: 3948: 3922: 3899: 3877: 3852: 3838: 3813: 3787: 3743: 3694: 3677:Food Chemistry 3667: 3646:(10): 1020–3. 3626: 3577: 3533: 3510: 3458: 3423: 3379: 3352: 3307: 3274: 3245:(3): 498–506. 3225: 3178: 3152: 3127: 3110:Dining Chicago 3091: 3070:(6): 885–888. 3050: 3025: 2998: 2977: 2943: 2908: 2885: 2863: 2837: 2815: 2790: 2765: 2750: 2727: 2691: 2658: 2632: 2604: 2571: 2544: 2494: 2469: 2443: 2420: 2393:(3): 381–396. 2357: 2340: 2317: 2291: 2264: 2233: 2211: 2177: 2171: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2111: 2108: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2004: 2001: 1938: 1937:Phytochemicals 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1063: 1045: 1040: 1023:Main article: 1020: 1017: 977: 974: 968: 965: 931: 928: 909:Cranberry farm 875: 874: 789: 787: 780: 774: 771: 686: 683: 658: 655: 652: 651: 648: 645: 638: 630: 629: 623: 615: 603: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 578: 568: 565: 564: 561:North Carolina 557: 530: 518: 510: 509: 506: 491: 479: 471: 470: 467: 440: 428: 420: 419: 416: 413: 410: 403: 397: 368: 365: 325:V. macrocarpon 240: 239: 205: 204: 200: 199: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 135: 134: 129: 122: 121: 116: 109: 108: 103: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 72: 71: 64: 63: 55: 54: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4334: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 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1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1786:William Aiton 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:James Madison 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1745:John Josselyn 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1701:Massachusetts 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1669:sugar content 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1644:dietary fiber 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:carbohydrates 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1311:Riboflavin (B 1308: 1301: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1266: 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( 2335:2023 2312:2009 2286:2009 2259:2011 2228:2014 2206:2014 2167:ISBN 1981:non- 1965:and 1953:and 1848:and 1593:87 g 1554:Zinc 1548:2 mg 1496:6 mg 1476:Iron 1470:8 mg 1428:5 μg 1389:1 μg 1179:12 g 1135:Uses 1111:The 922:and 820:news 729:stem 587:Name 412:Name 380:and 4259:WFO 4145:FNA 3770:hdl 3762:doi 3724:doi 3685:doi 3681:128 3648:doi 3599:doi 3552:doi 3491:PMC 3483:doi 3441:doi 3398:doi 3370:doi 3366:167 3333:PMC 3325:doi 3296:doi 3255:PMC 3247:doi 3212:PMC 3196:doi 3072:doi 2960:FDA 2926:doi 2523:doi 2403:doi 1989:by 1832:or 1763:sic 1759:sic 1754:sic 1507:16% 1454:%DV 1400:16% 1285:%DV 1216:Fat 803:by 749:fen 610:or 525:or 486:or 435:or 69:bog 4283:: 4261:: 4248:: 4235:: 4212:: 4199:: 4186:: 4173:: 4160:: 4147:: 4132:: 4106:: 4091:: 4054:, 3934:. 3863:. 3842:. 3803:. 3776:. 3768:. 3758:60 3756:. 3732:. 3722:. 3712:90 3710:. 3706:. 3679:. 3656:. 3644:56 3642:. 3638:. 3615:. 3607:. 3595:92 3593:. 3589:. 3566:. 3558:. 3548:40 3546:. 3499:. 3489:. 3477:. 3473:. 3461:^ 3447:. 3437:51 3435:. 3412:. 3404:. 3394:45 3392:. 3364:. 3341:. 3331:. 3319:. 3292:12 3290:. 3286:. 3263:. 3253:. 3241:. 3237:. 3210:. 3202:. 3190:. 3164:. 3130:^ 3108:. 3094:^ 3080:. 3068:46 3066:. 3062:. 3028:^ 3010:. 3002:. 2962:. 2958:. 2932:. 2922:64 2920:. 2888:^ 2840:^ 2801:. 2776:. 2754:. 2705:. 2643:. 2616:. 2589:. 2583:. 2547:^ 2521:. 2517:. 2497:^ 2472:^ 2436:. 2409:. 2401:. 2391:85 2389:. 2385:. 2343:^ 2276:. 2196:. 2102:, 1949:, 1856:, 1642:, 1559:1% 1546:0% 1533:3% 1520:1% 1494:1% 1481:1% 1468:1% 1426:4% 1413:9% 1387:0% 1370:3% 1354:6% 1337:1% 1320:2% 1303:1% 1091:, 1087:, 987:, 958:A 926:. 764:, 743:, 731:, 665:, 395:: 328:. 141:: 128:: 115:: 102:: 3945:. 3919:. 3896:. 3874:. 3784:. 3772:: 3764:: 3740:. 3726:: 3718:: 3691:. 3687:: 3664:. 3650:: 3623:. 3601:: 3574:. 3554:: 3530:. 3507:. 3485:: 3479:4 3455:. 3443:: 3420:. 3400:: 3376:. 3372:: 3349:. 3327:: 3298:: 3271:. 3249:: 3243:7 3222:. 3198:: 3175:. 3149:. 3124:. 3088:. 3074:: 3047:. 3022:. 2974:. 2940:. 2928:: 2882:. 2860:. 2834:. 2812:. 2787:. 2762:. 2724:. 2688:. 2655:. 2629:. 2601:. 2568:. 2541:. 2525:: 2491:. 2466:. 2430:" 2417:. 2405:: 2397:: 2367:" 2337:. 2314:. 2288:. 2261:. 2243:" 2230:. 2208:. 2194:" 2190:" 2119:( 1620:. 1382:) 1380:9 1364:6 1349:) 1347:5 1332:) 1330:3 1315:) 1313:2 1298:) 1296:1 1062:) 870:) 864:( 859:) 855:( 845:· 838:· 831:· 824:· 797:. 553:4 549:3 546:– 543:8 539:3 505:. 459:8 455:3 452:– 449:4 445:1 45:. 38:. 20:)

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