4677:
875:
792:
621:
483:
9004:
8870:
8029:
7962:
7831:
7214:
6816:
855:
835:
526:
447:
820:
467:
514:
740:. Since the crab claw does not lie symmetrically to the airflow, like an aircraft delta wing, but rather lies with the lower spar nearly parallel to the water, the airflow is not symmetrical. However, the presence of the water, close to the lower spar and parallel to it, makes the airflow behave roughly like the airflow over half of a delta wing, as though a "reflection" in the water provided the other half (apart from a narrow gap near the water, which causes a small difference there).
895:
499:
4645:
671:
690:
248:
31:
4629:
401:
293:
600:, the forward intersection of the spars is placed towards the bow. The sail is supported by a short mast attached near the middle of the upper spar, and the forward corner is attached to the hull. The lower spar, or boom, is attached at the forward intersection, but is not attached to the mast. The proa has a permanent windward and leeward side, and exchanges one end for the other when coming about.
4613:
747:(1996). The vortex on the top spar of the sail is much larger, covering most of the sail area, while the lower vortex is very small and stays close to the spar. Marchaj attributes the large lifting power of the sail to lift generated by the vortices, while others attribute the power to a favourable mix of aspect ratio, camber and (lack of) twist at this point of sail.
4661:
772:
289:(also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.
607:. To shunt, the proa's sheet is let out. The joined corner of the spars is then transferred to the opposite end of the boat. While remaining attached to the top of the mast, the upper spar tilts to vertical and beyond as the forward corner moves past the mast and onward to the other end of the boat. Meanwhile, the
341:
of western
Southeast Asia. Others, however, believe that the tanja sail was an indigenous invention of Southeast Asian Austronesians, though they also believe that the lateen sail may have been introduced to Arab sailors via contact with Austronesian crab claw sails. A third theory however, concludes
424:
along the long sides. Austronesian sails typically have spars along two edges of the sail. This is to distribute the loads of sheets and other point loads on the sail. The traditional and historic mat sails used for
Austranesian sails has no reinforcement of the sail material along the edges. Since
268:
to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more
428:
The crab claw may also traditionally be constructed with curved spars, giving the edges of the sail along the spars a convex shape, while the leech of the sail is often quite concave to keep it stiff on the trailing edge. These features give it its distinct, claw-like shape. Modern crab claws
732:). C. A. Marchaj, a researcher who has experimented extensively with both modern rigs for racing sailboats and traditional sailing rigs from around the world, has done wind tunnel testing of scale models of crab claw rigs. One popular but disputed theory is that the crab claw wing works like a
277:
which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail". Micronesian, Island
Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop
1437:
Lape, Peter V.; O’Connor, Sue; Burningham, Nick (31 January 2007). "Rock Art: A Potential Source of
Information about Past Maritime Technology in the South-East Asia-Pacific Region: P. V. LAPE ET AL.: ROCK ART OF THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA-PACIFIC REGION".
1646:
240:(a "double sprit") in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "
537:
244:") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered. There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.
727:
The crab claw sail is something of an enigma. It has been demonstrated to produce very large amounts of lift when reaching, and overall seems superior to any other simple sail plan (this discounts the use of specialised sails such as
611:
is detached and used to rotate the rearward end of the boom through a horizontal half circle. The spar join is then re-attached at the new "forward" end of the boat and the mainsheet is re-tightened at the new "rearward" end.
1001:
Compare the mat sail construction with that used for the canvas sails in
Western maritime technology, and with modern sails in synthetic materials – these tend to have bolt ropes and extra layers of
269:
power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a
429:
generally have straighter spars and a less convex leech, which gives more sail area for a given length of spar. Spars may taper towards the leech. The structure helps the sail to spill gusts.
874:
264:
The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of
482:
361:, the crab claw sail reappeared as a recent development. Traditionally the people from western Indonesian islands had shifted to the tanja sail, but starting in the 19th century the
318:
leaves. These sails allowed
Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure of pandanus to establish populations in
543:
542:
539:
538:
791:
707:
The term "crab claw sail" is also used for non-shunting sails that widen upwards. The 'ōpe'a, the upper spar, is braced up so high that it is nearly parallel to the mast (as in a
1180:
Examining pre-colonial
Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques
544:
670:
8219:
689:
1698:
446:
854:
525:
466:
8224:
7537:
7485:
5418:
1075:
834:
603:
To tack, or switch directions across the wind, the forward corner of the sail is loosened and then transferred to the opposite end of the boat, a process called
570:. In a shunt, the sail is unfixed from the bow, the other side of it is fixed to the stern, and the mast rake is also reversed. After this conversion, the bow
541:
3001:
432:
The crab claw characteristically widens upwards, putting more sail area higher above the ocean, where the wind is stronger and steadier. This increases the
8229:
6290:
8772:
8752:
8840:
425:
mat sails are not as strong as other sail materials, such as canvas, it is important that the spars provide the necessary reinforcement of the edges.
8018:
213:
technology due to the necessity for stability once crab claw sails were attached to small watercraft. Crab claw sails can be used for double-canoe (
4676:
513:
8428:
7922:
8762:
8013:
7885:
1691:
894:
8289:
1381:
498:
8710:
5451:
540:
8757:
7900:
4920:
408:
trimaran. Notice pocket in right hand edge of sail to hold spar. Second spar in this particular configuration is not required since a
1153:
1356:
1059:
9027:
8767:
8157:
1684:
1650:
1603:
1484:
1291:
1252:
1147:
1031:
819:
620:
8792:
8699:
7659:
4776:
2994:
1307:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The
Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
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8519:
6637:
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4832:
8509:
7916:
1316:
7515:
9032:
8853:
8835:
8483:
2881:
901:
8777:
8374:
7993:
4842:
2897:
7809:
354:
in 1500. This means that the development of lateen sails in western sailors were not influenced by the crab claw sail.
8830:
8661:
8207:
8110:
7649:
7408:
6688:
2987:
8686:
7949:
7792:
7664:
7554:
7510:
6312:
6276:
8919:
8848:
8423:
8279:
8212:
7932:
7438:
7381:
5742:
4837:
2228:
337:
sail; and in return Arab square-shaped sails may have influenced the development of the
Austronesian rectangular
8960:
8172:
7699:
7694:
7500:
7231:
6781:
6434:
6299:
5444:
4191:
3342:
2591:
8465:
2932:
333:
and
Austronesians in their Indian Ocean voyages may have influenced the development of the triangular Arabic
8909:
8782:
8438:
8386:
8089:
7880:
7787:
7674:
7309:
6660:
6081:
6071:
5692:
5280:
8947:
8815:
8460:
8269:
8264:
8084:
7927:
7799:
7532:
6962:
6913:
6856:
6801:
6655:
5611:
2790:
2195:
1474:
1412:
771:
719:. The two spars can be brought together or pulled apart with control lines. The mast is fixed and stayed.
659:
A shunting rig with the sail propped vertically at the bow, very similar to the proa rig described above.
647:
6733:
1500:
8938:
8820:
8494:
8470:
8325:
7804:
7762:
7689:
7587:
7572:
7562:
7154:
7033:
6987:
6918:
6883:
4852:
3105:
2400:
2294:
303:
Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In
190:
138:
8135:
7314:
5106:
4827:
4130:
282:, where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end-to-end when sailing against the wind.
3602:
1578:
412:
holds the sail's upper edge and the mast is located in the back of the sailboat. Note lack of shaping.
307:, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab
8914:
8787:
8727:
8580:
8514:
8357:
8345:
8189:
7998:
7757:
7752:
7654:
7614:
7495:
7418:
7304:
7297:
6851:
6243:
6076:
5810:
4925:
2947:
329:
Because of the crab claw sail's more ancient origin, there is also a hypothesis that contact between
186:
134:
3402:
311:(hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.
8976:
8904:
8732:
8722:
8693:
8561:
8394:
8335:
7905:
7814:
7714:
7704:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7624:
7619:
7604:
7599:
7376:
7254:
7199:
7124:
6548:
6512:
6231:
5953:
5845:
5437:
5177:
5074:
4435:
4277:
4225:
4094:
3640:
3464:
3050:
2968:
2902:
2540:
2370:
35:
8362:
5287:
5184:
4220:
4089:
3811:
3704:
3562:
3474:
3459:
3297:
3068:
8673:
8330:
8130:
8115:
7910:
7865:
7860:
7709:
6871:
6128:
4915:
4512:
4364:
3990:
3714:
3172:
3010:
2628:
2581:
2025:
1970:
1672:
Wind Tunnel results on effects of crabclaw sail orientation - apex position and consistent camber
1455:
1223:
1113:
1069:
751:
314:
Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant
279:
5170:
5156:
4589:
4084:
3961:
1554:
436:: the sails tend to blow the watercraft over. For this reason, crab claws are typically used on
5294:
5067:
5035:
4507:
236:
and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from "V"-shaped perpendicular
8593:
8254:
8202:
8184:
8125:
7747:
7684:
7679:
7609:
7505:
7465:
7460:
7443:
7413:
7249:
7079:
7023:
7017:
6866:
6843:
6665:
6553:
6238:
5751:
5537:
5361:
4962:
4644:
4451:
4209:
3948:
3837:
3302:
3227:
2805:
2576:
2499:
1792:
1599:
1480:
1377:
1352:
1312:
1287:
1248:
1143:
1055:
1027:
777:
711:). The paepae, the lower spar/boom, points well above the horizontal, unlike the boom of most
563:
343:
8586:
5163:
5081:
4634:
4272:
4135:
3867:
3755:
1242:
8899:
8455:
8350:
8094:
8003:
7895:
7724:
7719:
7470:
7453:
7423:
7354:
7129:
6908:
6786:
6713:
6533:
6409:
6201:
6164:
6066:
6026:
6009:
6004:
5986:
5717:
5517:
5273:
4895:
4474:
4204:
4199:
4163:
4117:
4023:
3956:
3937:
3872:
3862:
3694:
3277:
3134:
2596:
2545:
2469:
2454:
1866:
1767:
1736:
1731:
1447:
1279:
1215:
1132:
222:
218:
198:
146:
101:
81:
4857:
4517:
4430:
4013:
3222:
8315:
7669:
7629:
7567:
6670:
6605:
6459:
6176:
6159:
6123:
6048:
5938:
5904:
5889:
5830:
5825:
5787:
5767:
5722:
5651:
4812:
4756:
4666:
4581:
4563:
4466:
4341:
4282:
4254:
4125:
4041:
3572:
3332:
3177:
2876:
2856:
2851:
2739:
2669:
2309:
2153:
2095:
2070:
1995:
940:
880:
781:
567:
433:
362:
247:
4008:
1275:ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi
30:
27:
Triangular sail with spars along upper and lower edges used by traditional Austronesians
8825:
8621:
8567:
8555:
8340:
8310:
8069:
8008:
7944:
7937:
7742:
7737:
7448:
7401:
7319:
7264:
6992:
6898:
6861:
6570:
6404:
6216:
6106:
5963:
5948:
5923:
5915:
5859:
5840:
5737:
5464:
5413:
5230:
5142:
4957:
4905:
4771:
4540:
4441:
4346:
4313:
3918:
3617:
3567:
3512:
3449:
3327:
3322:
3207:
3197:
3042:
2922:
2820:
2800:
2649:
2248:
2170:
2113:
1881:
1871:
1272:) in Hawaii". In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.).
840:
421:
400:
265:
210:
130:
91:
4628:
1528:
292:
9021:
8969:
8810:
8680:
8654:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8259:
8194:
8074:
7396:
7391:
7364:
7292:
7189:
6723:
6645:
6558:
6394:
6374:
6337:
6091:
5882:
5757:
5687:
5568:
5223:
5149:
5049:
5042:
4397:
4171:
4000:
3882:
3781:
3740:
3689:
3597:
3552:
3437:
3387:
3367:
3307:
3267:
3091:
2825:
2810:
2749:
2729:
2618:
2439:
2429:
2375:
1861:
1451:
1273:
922:
826:
807:
576:
392:
deviates from close hauled. The configuration has been considered for modern yachts.
389:
347:
319:
308:
1676:
1671:
1620:
1459:
8715:
8405:
8399:
8305:
8300:
8239:
8120:
7475:
7349:
7324:
7276:
7269:
7194:
7109:
6745:
6680:
6538:
6476:
6399:
6357:
6206:
6154:
6149:
6133:
6101:
5815:
5727:
5626:
5595:
5542:
5486:
5266:
5248:
5016:
4382:
4305:
3771:
3719:
3668:
3632:
3607:
3557:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3432:
3282:
3232:
3144:
2917:
2795:
2754:
2704:
2608:
2550:
2510:
2355:
2335:
2082:
1828:
1802:
865:
750:
A more modern academic wind tunnel study (2014) provided similar results, with the
505:
233:
126:
8640:
5099:
4456:
2055:
1278:. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge ; University of Hawai'i Press.
562:
Due to the construction of the sail, a symmetrical boat with a crab claw does not
285:
The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the
8992:
8954:
8537:
8476:
8295:
8249:
8234:
8162:
7890:
7369:
7174:
7069:
6876:
6612:
6543:
6449:
6367:
6352:
5795:
5646:
5502:
4930:
4890:
4863:
4847:
4822:
4807:
4479:
4387:
4374:
4054:
3816:
3750:
3673:
3650:
3577:
3547:
3484:
3337:
3257:
3182:
3139:
3060:
2937:
2912:
2830:
2724:
2679:
2674:
2623:
2555:
2515:
2459:
2243:
2233:
2218:
2175:
2165:
2148:
2133:
2020:
2000:
1896:
1841:
1757:
1726:
916:
737:
695:
676:
489:
385:
381:
330:
323:
299:
in 2009, with crab claw sails where the upper spars also function as fixed masts
296:
237:
74:
53:
420:
in shape. The equal length sides are usually longer than the third side, with
260:, a single-outrigger canoe with a canted mast "crane sprit"-type crab claw sail
8489:
8320:
8179:
8167:
8079:
7577:
7329:
6997:
6972:
6951:
6893:
6755:
6728:
6444:
6324:
6248:
6056:
6021:
5943:
5869:
5762:
5552:
5527:
5512:
5507:
5216:
5209:
4935:
4910:
4735:
4682:
4554:
4318:
4108:
3377:
3362:
3317:
3078:
2815:
2764:
2684:
2633:
2560:
2530:
2380:
2319:
2314:
2258:
2223:
2185:
2060:
2010:
1851:
1817:
1812:
1777:
1741:
1666:
1283:
1219:
978:
973:
950:
733:
712:
708:
473:
453:
338:
286:
202:
194:
154:
142:
137:
by at least 2000 BCE. It is used in many traditional Austronesian cultures in
87:
17:
8499:
8412:
7428:
7386:
7359:
7169:
7114:
7098:
6956:
6796:
6750:
6675:
6650:
6627:
6617:
6471:
6414:
6389:
6211:
6118:
6061:
5999:
5958:
5894:
5835:
5800:
5777:
5747:
5661:
5656:
5573:
4993:
4900:
4786:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4618:
4612:
4392:
4356:
4296:
3910:
3857:
3832:
3658:
3587:
3417:
3347:
3312:
3247:
3164:
3086:
2871:
2866:
2699:
2613:
2603:
2535:
2395:
2123:
1980:
1945:
1911:
1244:
A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i
811:
729:
608:
457:
437:
409:
358:
304:
214:
206:
174:
150:
67:
49:
43:
5429:
326:
is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.
133:
along upper and lower edges. The crab claw sail was first developed by the
8647:
8634:
8367:
7520:
7149:
7144:
7094:
7012:
6967:
6888:
6776:
6771:
6740:
6497:
6454:
6419:
6384:
6332:
6196:
6191:
6086:
6036:
6031:
6014:
5933:
5877:
5820:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5666:
5641:
5621:
5578:
5532:
5522:
5386:
5368:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
4951:
4869:
4791:
4725:
4522:
4484:
4415:
4336:
4145:
4049:
3923:
3887:
3852:
3842:
3760:
3745:
3729:
3724:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3622:
3592:
3507:
3494:
3479:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3352:
3262:
3217:
3192:
3154:
3149:
3129:
2744:
2734:
2520:
2505:
2490:
2485:
2434:
2350:
2268:
2253:
2203:
2103:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
1920:
1886:
1797:
1782:
1772:
1647:"Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Performance of Canoe Sails from Oceania"
968:
935:
716:
643:
581:
417:
315:
226:
107:
97:
4660:
1227:
1203:
1117:
1101:
8932:
8379:
7875:
7767:
7527:
7259:
7164:
7134:
7119:
7089:
7074:
7059:
7054:
7007:
6977:
6700:
6507:
6502:
6439:
6379:
6342:
6221:
6181:
6113:
6096:
5994:
5977:
5928:
5899:
5805:
5772:
5732:
5671:
5468:
5312:
5202:
4988:
4983:
4489:
4446:
4425:
4420:
4076:
4060:
4031:
3979:
3893:
3796:
3791:
3776:
3532:
3372:
3292:
3287:
3252:
3242:
3212:
2759:
2709:
2689:
2586:
2495:
2464:
2444:
2390:
2385:
2360:
2345:
2299:
2289:
2213:
2143:
2030:
1985:
1975:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1856:
1712:
1708:
955:
930:
884:
861:
755:
654:
639:
630:
270:
256:
166:
111:
1334:
Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times
743:
This can clearly be seen in Marchaj's wind tunnel photos published in
531:
Hawaiian crab claw rig amalgamating the upper spar into the fixed mast
8983:
8628:
8449:
8244:
7988:
7433:
7339:
7184:
7139:
7084:
7049:
7044:
7028:
7002:
6946:
6791:
6718:
6622:
6595:
6590:
6580:
6528:
6429:
6362:
6226:
6186:
5636:
5547:
5124:
4978:
4817:
4730:
4571:
4532:
4328:
4230:
4215:
4176:
4153:
4065:
3877:
3822:
3806:
3801:
3786:
3735:
3612:
3582:
3542:
3522:
3454:
3444:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3272:
3237:
3202:
3116:
3033:
2979:
2952:
2927:
2785:
2719:
2714:
2525:
2449:
2340:
2304:
2263:
2208:
2158:
2138:
2128:
1990:
1960:
1930:
1836:
1807:
1787:
982:
803:
798:
585:
334:
170:
60:
38:
generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of crab-claw sails.
6268:
1311:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
384:
studies of sail types show that crab sail performance improves over
273:
from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian
193:
by at least 2000 BCE. It spread with the Austronesian migration to
7849:
7344:
7334:
7179:
7159:
7104:
7064:
7038:
6982:
6481:
6253:
6169:
4650:
4499:
4407:
4241:
4181:
3899:
3847:
3827:
3766:
3709:
3663:
3502:
3357:
3187:
3124:
2907:
2861:
2835:
2694:
2413:
2365:
2273:
2238:
2180:
2108:
2065:
2005:
1935:
1891:
1876:
844:
619:
535:
399:
351:
346:
sailors introduced the lateen sail to Asian waters, starting with
291:
246:
241:
29:
6941:
6930:
6600:
6585:
6565:
6466:
6347:
5460:
4781:
4249:
3984:
3971:
3469:
2942:
2769:
2118:
2015:
1965:
1950:
1901:
1846:
1052:
The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives
945:
597:
550:
274:
252:
8885:
8044:
7977:
7846:
7229:
6831:
6310:
6272:
5433:
5014:
4702:
3021:
2983:
1680:
6575:
5631:
4874:
4264:
574:
the stern and vice versa. The vessel therefore always has the
1309:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
1645:
Anne Di Piazza, Erik Pearthree and Francois Paille (2014).
683:, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails, in 1976.
342:
that lateen sails were originally Mediterranean and that
1268:
Gallaher, Timothy (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (
760:
s crab claw sail configuration dominating measurements.
416:
The crab claw sail consists of a sail, approximately an
1133:"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs"
1476:
Waipio Valley: A Polynesian Journey from Eden to Eden
209:. It may have also caused the unique development of
8801:
8743:
8546:
8530:
8278:
8148:
8103:
8062:
8055:
7780:
7586:
7553:
7546:
7484:
7285:
7242:
6929:
6842:
6764:
6699:
6636:
6521:
6490:
6323:
6142:
6047:
5985:
5976:
5913:
5867:
5858:
5786:
5680:
5604:
5591:
5561:
5495:
5482:
5378:
5304:
5258:
5240:
5194:
5134:
5116:
5091:
5059:
5027:
4971:
4944:
4883:
4800:
4744:
4713:
4580:
4562:
4553:
4531:
4498:
4465:
4406:
4373:
4355:
4327:
4304:
4295:
4263:
4240:
4190:
4162:
4144:
4116:
4107:
4075:
4040:
4022:
3999:
3970:
3947:
3936:
3909:
3649:
3631:
3493:
3163:
3115:
3104:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3032:
2961:
2890:
2844:
2778:
2662:
2642:
2569:
2478:
2422:
2328:
2282:
2194:
2094:
2079:
1910:
1826:
1750:
1719:
1596:
Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power
745:
Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power
1374:Medieval Religion and Technology. Collected Essays
1247:. University of California Press. pp. 25–26.
519:New Guinea-style crab claw rig with vertical sails
1667:Video "Hot Buoys" Self-Tacking Crab-Claw Trimaran
1050:Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.).
702:) tightened to partly close her crab-claw sails.
646:; it was used for travel and trading within the
1399:The Prahu: Traditional Sailingboat of Indonesia
1142:. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress.
1045:
1043:
5419:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
369:" actually means lateen, but the existence of
6284:
5445:
2995:
1692:
1440:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
588:, traveling equally well in both directions.
8:
1621:"Delta Sail in A "Wind Tunnel" Experiences"
584:, if there is one) to windward, and has no
8882:
8826:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
8773:International Congress of Maritime Museums
8753:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
8059:
8052:
8041:
7974:
7843:
7550:
7239:
7226:
6839:
6828:
6320:
6307:
6291:
6277:
6269:
5982:
5864:
5601:
5492:
5452:
5438:
5430:
5024:
5011:
4710:
4699:
4559:
4301:
4113:
3944:
3112:
3038:
3029:
3018:
3002:
2988:
2980:
2091:
1699:
1685:
1677:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1074:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8841:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1336:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
460:, the direct precursor of crab claw sails
1555:"starbulletin.com - News - /2007/03/06/"
1523:
1521:
488:"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of the
8811:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1351:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1014:
994:
900:1750 illustration of crab claw sail by
767:
666:
504:Forward-mounted crab claw rig from the
442:
177:, and has an independent older origin.
8763:European Association of Archaeologists
1138:. In Di Piazza A, Pearthree E (eds.).
1067:
440:, which resist heeling more strongly.
165:, even though it is not restricted to
8019:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
1204:"The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs"
404:Crab claw sail being constructed for
373:(lower spar/boom) indicates that the
185:Crab-claw sails were invented by the
7:
1598:. International Marine/McGraw-Hill.
1479:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 626.
860:Illustration of a crab claw sail in
848:with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail
472:"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of
225:boat configurations, in addition to
8758:Archaeological Institute of America
4921:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
4891:Austronesian maritime trade network
1579:Hōkūle‘a Image Gallery (From 1973)
1401:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1376:. University of California Press.
1102:"The Lateen Sail in World History"
1026:. Texas A&M University Press.
1024:Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins
25:
8768:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
8158:Coastal defence and fortification
7533:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
6833:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1651:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1159:from the original on 26 July 2020
9002:
8868:
8793:Society for American Archaeology
8027:
7960:
7829:
7212:
6814:
4777:Polynesian multihull terminology
4675:
4659:
4643:
4627:
4611:
1452:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00135.x
893:
873:
853:
833:
818:
790:
770:
688:
669:
524:
512:
497:
481:
465:
445:
8225:Phoenician discovery of America
5477:including limited use, outdated
4833:Makassan contact with Australia
4704:Ship construction & sailing
1202:Horridge, Adrian (April 1986).
157:. It is sometimes known as the
7917:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
5060:Federated States of Micronesia
1625:Experiences from B.J. Slotboom
1332:Hourani, George Fadlo (1951).
1241:Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012).
1208:The Journal of Pacific History
1:
8836:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
7511:Phoenician maritime expansion
1529:"Parts of the Hawaiian Canoe"
1501:"Proa Rig Options: Crab Claw"
1413:"Proa Rig Options: Crab Claw"
983:modern crabclaw-like variants
8778:Nautical Archaeology Society
4843:Marshall Islands stick chart
2898:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
8831:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
8208:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
8014:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
7871:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1584:, accessed 12 February 2020
1182:(PhD). Flinders University.
232:Crab claw sails are rigged
221:(on the windward side), or
9049:
8687:Phoenician Ship Expedition
7528:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
7521:Circumnavigation of Africa
1507:. Proa File. July 23, 2014
1473:Gross, Jeffrey L. (2016).
1349:The Seacraft of Prehistory
923:James Wharram's voyage on
652:
566:, and instead the sail is
365:developed the lete sail. "
9000:
8892:
8881:
8866:
8213:Samothrace temple complex
8051:
8040:
8025:
7984:
7973:
7958:
7856:
7842:
7827:
7733:
7238:
7225:
7210:
6838:
6827:
6812:
6319:
6306:
5743:Spritsail (square-rigged)
5475:
5404:
5023:
5010:
4709:
4698:
4604:
3028:
3017:
1559:archives.starbulletin.com
1553:Star-Bulletin, Honolulu.
1397:Horridge, Adrian (1981).
1284:10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648
1220:10.1080/00223348608572530
1140:Canoes of the Grand Ocean
9028:Sailing rigs and rigging
7501:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
2592:Iron-hulled sailing ship
1347:Johnstone, Paul (1980).
1178:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016).
1106:Journal of World History
1022:Doran, Edwin B. (1981).
8783:RPM Nautical Foundation
8520:Surviving ancient ships
8439:Marsala Punic shipwreck
2401:Square-rigged caravel (
1594:Marchaj, C. A. (2003).
1100:Campbell, I.C. (1995).
548:Shunting manoevre on a
251:1846 illustration of a
8816:Giza Solar boat museum
8270:Underwater exploration
8265:Underwater archaeology
8230:Pre-Columbian theories
8085:John Sinclair Morrison
8046:Research and education
7496:Austronesian Expansion
5642:Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
5612:Asymmetrical spinnaker
4838:Māori migration canoes
3987: (Waqa tabu)
3902: (Dapang, Pilang)
3819: (Kumpit, Pidlas)
663:Non-shunting crab claw
650:
648:Santa Cruz archipelago
554:
413:
300:
261:
118:
8887:Legend and literature
8845:Viking ship museums:
8821:Grand Egyptian Museum
8581:Austronesian replicas
8556:Heyerdahl expeditions
8466:Caligula's Giant Ship
8326:Dover Bronze Age Boat
6988:Berenice Troglodytica
5713:Mainsail (square rig)
5281:Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti
4853:Polynesian navigation
2933:Pinnace (ship's boat)
2295:Chinese treasure ship
698:with her kaula pe'a (
623:
547:
403:
295:
250:
191:Island Southeast Asia
139:Island Southeast Asia
129:triangular sail with
33:
9033:Austronesian culture
8788:Sea Research Society
8190:Maritime archaeology
7999:Ameinias the Phocian
7994:Mediterranean piracy
4926:Sepik Coast exchange
4906:Lapita trade network
3732: (Birok, Bidok)
2948:Thames sailing barge
2779:Recreational vessels
1372:White, Lynn (1978).
888:with crab claw sails
135:Austronesian peoples
88:Rectangular boom lug
7881:Maritime Jade Route
7034:Kaveri Poompattinam
5231:Spirit of Majapahit
2969:Nautical operations
2903:Floating restaurant
2791:Ljungström sailboat
2371:Full-rigged pinnace
1619:Slotboom, Bernard.
1582:archive.hokulea.com
1533:archive.hokulea.com
1131:Horridge A (2008).
785:with crab claw sail
377:is crab claw sail.
8429:Bajo de la Campana
8131:Peter Throckmorton
8116:Jean-Yves Empereur
8090:William L. Rodgers
7911:Maritime Silk Road
5334:Masawa Hong Butuan
4916:Maritime Silk Road
4828:List of Māori waka
3011:Austronesian ships
2086:and other vessels
2080:Naval and merchant
1270:Pandanus tectorius
752:Santa Cruz Islands
651:
642:and sailed out of
555:
418:isosceles triangle
414:
301:
262:
119:
108:Trapezial boom lug
9015:
9014:
9011:
9010:
8877:
8876:
8864:
8863:
8484:Madrague de Giens
8203:Temple of Isthmia
8199:Maritime temples
8185:Marine navigation
8144:
8143:
8136:Shelley Wachsmann
8126:J. Richard Steffy
8036:
8035:
7969:
7968:
7838:
7837:
7825:
7824:
7776:
7775:
7506:Ocean exploration
7221:
7220:
7208:
7207:
6867:Rutter (nautical)
6823:
6822:
6810:
6809:
6666:Mortise and tenon
6300:Ancient seafaring
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
5972:
5971:
5854:
5853:
5587:
5586:
5427:
5426:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5327:Lahi ng Maharlika
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4963:Cirebon shipwreck
4875:Yapese navigation
4694:
4693:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4549:
4548:
4291:
4290:
4192:Northern Marianas
4103:
4102:
3949:Admiralty Islands
3932:
3931:
3100:
3099:
2977:
2976:
2806:Sailing hydrofoil
2658:
2657:
2577:Blackwall frigate
2500:Baltimore Clipper
1383:978-0-520-03566-9
1054:. Canberra, ACT.
545:
492:with a fixed mast
476:with a loose prop
16:(Redirected from
9040:
9006:
9005:
8900:Ark of bulrushes
8883:
8872:
8871:
8510:Oldest surviving
8220:Nusantao network
8095:Chester G. Starr
8060:
8053:
8042:
8031:
8030:
8004:Cilician pirates
7975:
7964:
7963:
7901:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
7896:Iron Age Britain
7844:
7833:
7832:
7551:
7240:
7227:
7216:
7215:
7130:Ptolemais Theron
6840:
6829:
6818:
6817:
6410:Single-outrigger
6321:
6308:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6270:
6005:Running backstay
5983:
5865:
5602:
5493:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5431:
5092:French Polynesia
5025:
5012:
4896:Hiri trade cycle
4711:
4700:
4679:
4663:
4647:
4631:
4615:
4560:
4302:
4164:Marshall Islands
4118:Caroline Islands
4114:
4024:Papua New Guinea
3945:
3890: (Tinimbao)
3695:Bangka anak-anak
3681: (Barangay)
3603:Perahu tambangan
3278:Jukung tambangan
3113:
3039:
3030:
3019:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2546:Ship of the line
2470:Ship of the line
2092:
2088:(by origin date)
1867:Full-rigged ship
1768:Fore-and-aft rig
1737:Age of Discovery
1732:Maritime history
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1199:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1097:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1019:
1003:
999:
897:
877:
857:
837:
822:
794:
774:
692:
673:
546:
528:
516:
501:
485:
469:
449:
223:double-outrigger
219:single-outrigger
199:Island Melanesia
147:Island Melanesia
102:Gulf of Thailand
82:Marshall Islands
21:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8888:
8873:
8869:
8860:
8803:
8797:
8745:
8744:Institutes and
8739:
8694:Viking replicas
8635:Balangay Voyage
8548:
8542:
8526:
8281:
8274:
8150:
8140:
8099:
8047:
8032:
8028:
8023:
7980:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7852:
7834:
7830:
7821:
7772:
7729:
7582:
7542:
7487:
7480:
7281:
7234:
7217:
7213:
7204:
7080:Mueang Phra Rot
6934:
6925:
6834:
6819:
6815:
6806:
6760:
6734:Triangular sail
6695:
6632:
6606:Sail components
6517:
6486:
6460:Tessarakonteres
6315:
6302:
6297:
6267:
6258:
6138:
6043:
5968:
5909:
5905:Pelican striker
5890:Dolphin striker
5850:
5782:
5676:
5593:
5583:
5557:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5458:
5428:
5423:
5392:
5374:
5369:Sultan sin Sulu
5300:
5254:
5236:
5190:
5130:
5112:
5087:
5055:
5019:
4998:
4967:
4940:
4879:
4813:Fealofani Bruun
4796:
4757:Lashed-lug boat
4740:
4705:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4594:
4576:
4545:
4527:
4494:
4467:Society Islands
4461:
4402:
4369:
4351:
4323:
4287:
4259:
4236:
4186:
4158:
4140:
4099:
4071:
4042:Solomon Islands
4036:
4018:
3995:
3966:
3939:
3928:
3905:
3645:
3627:
3489:
3159:
3107:
3096:
3073:
3055:
3024:
3013:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2957:
2886:
2840:
2774:
2663:Fishing vessels
2654:
2638:
2565:
2474:
2418:
2324:
2278:
2190:
2154:Tessarakonteres
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
1996:Outrigger canoe
1906:
1822:
1746:
1715:
1705:
1663:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1201:
1200:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1099:
1098:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1000:
996:
991:
965:
960:
941:Outrigger canoe
911:
904:
898:
889:
878:
869:
858:
849:
838:
829:
823:
814:
795:
786:
775:
766:
725:
703:
693:
684:
674:
665:
657:
618:
594:
580:outrigger (and
560:
536:
532:
529:
520:
517:
508:
502:
493:
486:
477:
470:
461:
450:
398:
363:Madurese people
183:
169:, is neither a
117:
98:Square boom lug
73:Oceanic sprit (
66:Oceanic sprit (
59:Oceanic sprit (
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9046:
9044:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9020:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8936:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8902:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8807:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8749:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8713:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8684:
8677:
8669:Mediterranean
8667:
8666:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8632:
8625:
8622:Alingano Maisu
8618:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8565:
8552:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8471:De Meern ships
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8341:Cape Gelidonya
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8286:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8107:
8105:
8104:Archaeologists
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8070:David Blackman
8066:
8064:
8057:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:Jewish pirates
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7847:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7695:Lake Trasimene
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:Mediterranean:
7592:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7244:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6899:Maritime pilot
6896:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6869:
6864:
6862:Portolan chart
6859:
6854:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6435:Oared warships
6432:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6219:
6217:Roller furling
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5949:Spinnaker pole
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5841:Spreader patch
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:Reefing points
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5434:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:Lapita culture
5411:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5355:Sama Tawi-Tawi
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5320:Diwata ng Lahi
5316:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5203:Alfred Wallace
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5143:Alingano Maisu
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4958:Borobudur ship
4955:
4954:(Butuan boats)
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4772:Outrigger boat
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:Crab claw sail
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3919:Sampan panjang
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:Sampan panjang
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3450:Sampan panjang
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:Borobudur ship
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3108:Southeast Asia
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
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5917:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5883:sprit topmast
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5590:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5224:Samudra Raksa
5221:
5219:
5218:
5217:Nur Al Marege
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5050:Te Au o Tonga
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:Marumaru Atua
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:Ship replicas
5013:
5009:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4684:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4652:
4646:
4636:
4630:
4620:
4614:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:(Flying proa)
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4001:Green Islands
3998:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Perahu payang
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Knabat bogolu
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:Special terms
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Sailing yacht
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:East Indiaman
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Bermuda sloop
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:sailing ships
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1605:0-07-141310-3
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1486:9781479798469
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1293:9780824840938
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1254:9780520953833
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1149:9781407302898
1145:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:9780890961070
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1009:
998:
995:
988:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:
921:
919:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
896:
891:
887:
886:
882:
876:
871:
867:
863:
856:
851:
847:
846:
842:
836:
831:
828:
827:New Caledonia
821:
816:
813:
809:
808:West Sulawesi
805:
801:
800:
793:
788:
784:
783:
779:
773:
768:
763:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
736:, generating
735:
731:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
701:
697:
691:
686:
682:
678:
672:
667:
662:
660:
656:
649:
645:
641:
638:was built on
637:
633:
632:
627:
622:
615:
613:
610:
606:
601:
599:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
557:
553:
552:
527:
522:
515:
510:
507:
500:
495:
491:
484:
479:
475:
468:
463:
459:
455:
448:
443:
441:
439:
435:
430:
426:
423:
419:
411:
407:
402:
395:
393:
391:
390:point of sail
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
348:Vasco da Gama
345:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
320:Easter Island
317:
312:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
272:
267:
259:
258:
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:somewhere in
188:
187:Austronesians
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Oceanic sprit
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
80:Crane sprit (
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
32:
19:
8991:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8953:
8948:On the Ocean
8946:
8939:
8931:
8928:Literature:
8716:
8698:
8679:
8672:
8662:Aotearoa One
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8572:
8568:
8560:
8547:Experimental
8515:Museum ships
8482:
8475:
8448:
8420:Phoenician:
8411:
8406:Leontophoros
8404:
8368:Butuan boats
8363:Pontian boat
8301:Dufuna canoe
8240:Shipbuilding
8151:and theories
8121:Boris Rankov
7915:
7848:Economy and
7748:Incendiaries
7595:
7382:Indus Valley
7350:Tarumanagara
7277:Ubaid period
7195:Wadi al-Jarf
7110:Ostia Antica
6714:Fore-and-aft
6708:
6681:Shipbuilding
6656:Carvel built
6638:Construction
6596:Steering oar
6477:Sailing ship
6400:Obelisk ship
6358:Dugout canoe
6207:Parrel beads
6155:Belaying pin
6150:Baggywrinkle
6134:Topping lift
5616:
5596:sailing rigs
5518:Fore-and-aft
5487:jury rigging
5408:
5385:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5341:Raya Kolambu
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5293:
5288:Pūmaiterangi
5286:
5279:
5272:
5267:Aotearoa One
5265:
5249:Naga Pelangi
5247:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5123:
5105:
5098:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5028:Cook Islands
4862:
4720:
4306:Cook Islands
2918:Norfolk punt
2796:Mast aft rig
2705:Herring buss
2629:West Country
2551:Sloop-of-war
2406:
2402:
2336:Crommesteven
1829:sailing rigs
1803:Mast aft rig
1762:
1751:Sailing rigs
1711:vessels and
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:proafile.com
1504:
1495:
1475:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1373:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1243:
1236:
1214:(2): 83–99.
1211:
1207:
1179:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1139:
1126:
1109:
1105:
1051:
1023:
1017:
997:
963:Related rigs
924:
915:
902:George Anson
883:
866:Louis Choris
843:
797:
780:
754:
749:
744:
742:
726:
706:
699:
680:
658:
635:
629:
625:
604:
602:
595:
575:
571:
561:
549:
506:Duff Islands
431:
427:
415:
405:
396:Construction
386:Bermuda rigs
379:
374:
370:
366:
356:
328:
313:
302:
284:
263:
255:
238:square sails
234:fore-and-aft
231:
184:
162:
158:
127:fore-and-aft
122:
120:
50:Common sprit
36:Austronesian
34:Traditional
8955:Argonautica
8942:(Herodotus)
8905:Flood myths
8802:Museums and
8746:conferences
8711:Vital Alsar
8549:archaeology
8358:Austronesia
8351:Hjortspring
8346:Rochelongue
8296:Pesse canoe
8250:Ship burial
8235:Sea Peoples
8168:Lighthouses
8163:Grave goods
8111:George Bass
7891:Spice trade
7488:exploration
7310:Philippines
7305:Austronesia
7298:Old Kingdom
7175:Trincomalee
7125:Prosphorion
7070:Myos Hormos
6914:Micronesian
6905:By region:
6877:Lighthouses
6685:By region:
6450:Quinquereme
6375:Kunlun ship
6368:Penteconter
6353:Dragon boat
5605:Three-sided
5348:Raya Siyagu
5305:Philippines
5259:New Zealand
5210:Hati Marege
4945:Archaeology
4931:Spice trade
4848:Mau Piailug
4808:Fanuankuwel
4635:Wa'a kaulua
4388:Waka hourua
4375:New Zealand
4365:Vaka touʻua
4347:Waʻa kaulua
3751:Chinedkeran
3651:Philippines
3323:K'un-lun po
2913:Mersey flat
2891:Other types
2680:Barca-longa
2582:Down Easter
2219:Bomb vessel
2171:K'un-lun po
2149:Quadriremes
2134:Penteconter
2021:Quadrimaran
1842:Barquentine
1758:Bermuda rig
1727:Age of Sail
1112:(1): 1–23.
738:vortex lift
723:Performance
713:gunter rigs
681:waʻa kaulua
626:Maunga Nefe
490:Philippines
382:wind tunnel
357:In western
324:New Zealand
173:sail nor a
75:Philippines
54:Philippines
9022:Categories
8964:(Polybius)
8608:Hawaiʻiloa
8490:Nemi ships
8375:Black Sea
8321:Khufu ship
8282:and relics
8180:Marine art
8173:Alexandria
8080:Fik Meijer
8063:Historians
7950:Indo-Roman
7763:Greek navy
7665:Salamis II
7655:Hellespont
7615:Artemisium
7605:Nile Delta
7568:Achaemenid
7461:Achaemenid
7330:Langkasuka
7325:Micronesia
7243:Prehistory
7170:Sounagoura
6998:Chittagong
6973:Barbarikon
6952:Alexandria
6894:Pilot boat
6844:Navigation
6676:Sewn-plank
6671:Lashed-lug
6549:Figurehead
6522:Components
6491:Propulsion
6445:Quadrireme
6426:Polyremes
6405:Outriggers
6249:Turnbuckle
6177:Clevis pin
6143:Components
6077:Cunningham
6057:Boomkicker
6022:Stay mouse
5944:Crosstrees
5788:Components
5768:Topgallant
5763:Tanja sail
5681:Four-sided
5538:Ljungström
5171:Hokualakai
5157:Hikianalia
5150:Hawaiʻiloa
5107:Tahiti Nui
4936:Trepanging
4911:Lingling-o
4801:Navigation
4736:Tanja sail
4731:Pinisi rig
4683:Padewakang
4590:Laka fiara
4555:Madagascar
4398:Waka tīwai
4319:Vaka katea
4212:(Agaraide)
4109:Micronesia
4068:(Mon, Ora)
3378:Padewakang
3363:Malangbang
3318:Kotta mara
3023:Ship types
2877:Treenailed
2857:Lashed lug
2852:Inflatable
2831:Windsurfer
2816:Sportsboat
2765:Well smack
2634:Windjammer
2561:Trincadour
2531:Padewakang
2381:Man-of-war
2320:Trabaccolo
2259:Malangbang
2061:Vaka katea
2011:Pentamaran
1852:Brigantine
1813:Square rig
1808:Pinisi rig
1788:Lateen rig
1778:Gunter rig
1742:Navigation
1630:January 7,
1511:2017-04-21
1422:11 October
1318:0415100542
1163:22 October
1010:References
979:Lateen rig
974:Gunter rig
951:Tanja sail
825:A proa in
778:Carolinian
734:delta wing
730:spinnakers
709:gunter rig
700:sail lines
474:Micronesia
454:square rig
438:multihulls
375:layar lete
344:Portuguese
339:tanja sail
287:tanja sail
266:outriggers
203:Madagascar
195:Micronesia
155:Madagascar
143:Micronesia
8977:Geography
8915:Gilgamesh
8804:memorials
8728:Viracocha
8641:Faʻafaite
8594:Sarimanok
8500:Yassi Ada
8413:Syracusia
8336:Canaanite
8311:Moor Sand
7781:By region
7743:Grappling
7715:Naulochus
7705:Myonessus
7660:Echinades
7645:Arginusae
7640:Cynossema
7625:Naupactus
7620:Eurymedon
7454:Classical
7429:Phoenicia
7424:Mycenaean
7387:Tamilakam
7370:Polynesia
7360:Srivijaya
7155:Satingpra
7115:Palembang
7099:Cattigara
7041:(Kadaram)
7024:Jambukola
7018:Guangzhou
6959:(Podouke)
6957:Arikamedu
6919:Polynesia
6852:Celestial
6765:Armaments
6751:Spritsail
6709:Crab claw
6651:Careening
6618:Sternpost
6472:Reed boat
6415:Catamaran
6390:Multihull
6244:Traveller
6232:gooseneck
6212:Ring bolt
6119:Preventer
6082:Clewlines
6072:Buntlines
6062:Boom vang
6000:Lazy jack
5895:Jackstaff
5846:Tell-tale
5836:Sailcloth
5801:Bolt rope
5778:Watersail
5748:Spritsail
5718:Moonraker
5703:Junk sail
5693:Fisherman
5662:Spinnaker
5657:Screecher
5617:Crab claw
5574:Turbosail
5569:Rotorsail
5409:See also:
5362:Sarimanok
5295:Te Aurere
5195:Indonesia
5100:Faʻafaite
5068:Halametaw
5036:Maire Nui
4994:Kota mara
4901:Kula ring
4787:Sewn boat
4767:Outrigger
4762:Multihull
4752:Catamaran
4619:Ipanitika
4508:Hamatafua
4457:Vaʻa-tele
4393:Waka taua
4357:Marquesas
4297:Polynesia
3940:Melanesia
3911:Singapore
3858:Salisipan
3833:Panineman
3659:Armadahan
3588:Pencalang
3418:Pencalang
3348:Leti leti
3343:Lepa-Lepa
3313:Kora kora
3248:Janggolan
3165:Indonesia
3087:Ipanitika
2872:Tall ship
2700:Gableboat
2614:Leti leti
2604:Janggolan
2536:Post ship
2407:de armada
2396:Speronara
2124:Fire ship
2056:Va'a-tele
1981:Kora kora
1946:Catamaran
1912:Multihull
1818:Tanja rig
1763:Crab claw
1720:Overviews
1707:Types of
1070:cite book
812:Indonesia
802:boats in
717:gaff rigs
636:folafolau
609:mainsheet
458:Melanesia
452:V-shaped
410:bolt-rope
406:Hot Buoys
388:, as the
359:Indonesia
305:Polynesia
227:monohulls
215:catamaran
207:Polynesia
175:spritsail
151:Polynesia
68:Marquesas
44:Sri Lanka
8993:Tākitimu
8896:Legend:
8854:Roskilde
8733:Tangaroa
8674:Olympias
8648:Gaualofa
8587:Hōkūleʻa
8562:Kon-Tiki
8395:Ashkelon
8331:Uluburun
8290:Earliest
8056:Scholars
7938:shipping
7738:Boarding
7650:Mytilene
7635:Syracuse
7600:Alashiya
7563:Egyptian
7547:Military
7538:Timeline
7516:Sardinia
7439:Carthage
7355:Kalingga
7315:Sa Huỳnh
7250:Timeline
7200:Zanzibar
7150:Sarapion
7145:Rhacotis
7075:Martaban
7020:(Canton)
7013:Godavaya
7008:Giao Chỉ
6978:Barygaza
6968:Avalites
6889:Piloting
6777:Catapult
6772:Ballista
6746:Mast-aft
6559:Planking
6498:Paddling
6455:Hexareme
6420:Trimaran
6385:Longship
6333:Balangay
6197:Footrope
6192:Fairlead
6087:Downhaul
6037:forestay
6032:backstay
6015:ratlines
5987:Standing
5954:Spreader
5878:Bowsprit
5821:Jackline
5758:Studding
5752:Optimist
5723:Ringtail
5708:Lug sail
5698:Foresail
5667:Staysail
5652:Ringtail
5622:Gennaker
5579:Wingsail
5543:Mast-aft
5387:Gaualofa
5241:Malaysia
5185:Makali'i
5164:Hōkūleʻa
4952:Balangay
4870:Weriyeng
4864:Tākitimu
4823:Kafeŕoor
4792:Trimaran
4726:Junk rig
4582:Sakalava
4564:Malagasy
4523:Tongiaki
4485:Tipairua
4452:Vaʻa-alo
4438:(Foulua)
4210:Galaideʻ
4146:Kiribati
4057:(Solima)
4050:Binabina
3924:Tongkang
3888:Tilimbao
3853:Salambaw
3843:Pangayaw
3838:Pasaplap
3763:(Balutu)
3761:Djenging
3746:Chinarem
3700:Basnigan
3679:Balangay
3674:Balación
3623:Tongkang
3593:Penjajap
3573:Lancaran
3508:Bangkong
3495:Malaysia
3480:Tongkang
3408:Patorani
3398:Penjajap
3393:Paledang
3383:Paduwang
3353:Lis-alis
3333:Lancaran
3303:Kolekole
3263:Jongkong
3228:Fakatora
3218:Chialoup
3193:Bangkong
3155:Tongkang
3150:Penjajap
3130:Bangkong
2826:Wharrams
2745:Sixareen
2740:Nordland
2735:Patorani
2521:Gundalow
2506:Gallivat
2491:Chialoup
2486:Bilander
2435:Corvette
2351:Galleass
2310:Lancaran
2269:Tongkang
2254:Longship
2204:Balinger
2104:Balangay
2051:Ungalawa
2046:Trimaran
2041:Tongiaki
2036:Tipairua
1887:Schooner
1783:Junk rig
1773:Gaff rig
1564:17 April
1538:17 April
1460:28293144
1417:Proafile
1228:25168892
1154:Archived
1118:20078617
969:Gaff rig
936:Junk rig
917:Hokule'a
909:See also
881:Madurese
696:Hokule'a
677:Hokule'a
644:Nifiloli
605:shunting
586:bad tack
582:sidestay
558:Shunting
316:pandanus
297:Hokule'a
280:shunting
8933:Odyssey
8910:Genesis
8707:Others
8506:Lists:
8495:Marausa
8445:Roman:
8435:Punic:
8400:Kyrenia
8391:Greek:
8387:Marsala
8380:Sinop D
8255:Tacking
7989:History
7876:Meluhha
7866:Fishing
7861:Whaling
7768:Ramming
7690:Aegates
7685:Drepana
7680:Ecnomus
7610:Salamis
7598:
7588:Battles
7466:Nabatea
7449:Archaic
7419:Nuragic
7409:Somalia
7260:Oceania
7255:Britain
7232:History
7165:Socotra
7135:Qandala
7120:Piraeus
7090:Muziris
7060:Madurai
7055:Manthai
6993:Canopus
6963:Arsinoe
6935:harbors
6884:History
6872:Coastal
6802:Sambuca
6787:Dolphin
6701:Rigging
6513:Poling
6503:Sailing
6440:Trireme
6380:Liburna
6343:Coracle
6313:Vessels
6239:Trapeze
6222:Shackle
6182:Deadeye
6114:Outhaul
6097:Halyard
6049:Running
5995:Bobstay
5978:Rigging
5929:Boomkin
5900:Jibboom
5811:Emblems
5806:Cringle
5773:Topsail
5738:Spanker
5733:Skysail
5672:Trysail
5508:B&R
5503:Bermuda
5496:Textile
5469:rigging
5313:Balatik
5082:Sailoam
4989:Daramba
4984:Burulan
4714:Rigging
4426:Fautasi
4421:Amatasi
4273:Chugpin
4136:Waserak
4077:Vanuatu
4061:Tepukei
4032:Lakatoi
3980:Camakau
3894:Tiririt
3868:Seberen
3797:Karakoa
3792:Junkung
3777:Guilalo
3756:Dinahit
3568:Lancang
3533:Cerucuh
3513:Banting
3403:Pangkur
3373:Orembai
3328:Lancang
3293:Kelulus
3288:Kalulis
3253:Jellore
3243:Golekan
3213:Cerucuh
3198:Banting
3043:Kavalan
2962:Related
2760:Tartane
2710:Jangada
2690:Felucca
2685:Falkuša
2643:20th c.
2597:Warship
2587:Golekan
2570:19th c.
2496:Clipper
2479:18th c.
2465:Polacca
2445:Frigate
2423:17th c.
2391:Patache
2386:Manchua
2361:Flyboat
2346:Galleon
2329:16th c.
2300:Caravel
2290:Carrack
2283:15th c.
2249:Kondura
2214:Birlinn
2144:Trireme
2096:Ancient
2031:Tepukei
1986:Lakatoi
1976:Karakoa
1956:Guilalo
1941:Camakau
1926:Amatasi
1914:vessels
1882:Mistico
1857:Catboat
1798:Lug rig
1709:sailing
956:Tepukei
931:Jangada
885:golekan
868:, 1816)
862:Tikehau
841:Visayan
764:Gallery
756:tepukei
655:Tepukei
640:Taumako
631:te puke
616:Tepukei
572:becomes
568:shunted
380:Modern
309:pincers
271:halyard
257:camakau
181:History
167:Oceania
161:or the
112:Vietnam
8984:Aeneid
8700:Viking
8681:Regina
8450:Alkedo
8306:Abydos
8280:Wrecks
8149:Topics
7979:Piracy
7933:Greece
7793:Odisha
7725:Actium
7720:Mycale
7555:Navies
7444:Greece
7434:Olmecs
7402:Pandya
7377:Minoan
7340:Champa
7320:Lapita
7265:Remote
7185:Tyndis
7140:Quilon
7085:Muscat
7050:Lothal
7045:Korkai
7029:Jeddah
7003:Essina
6947:Adulis
6857:Charts
6792:Harpax
6782:Corvus
6756:Square
6724:Settee
6719:Lateen
6628:Tiller
6623:Strake
6591:Rudder
6581:Paddle
6529:Anchor
6508:Towing
6430:Bireme
6363:Galley
6338:Bangka
6227:Swivel
6202:Gasket
6187:Earing
6107:throat
6067:Braces
6010:Shroud
5796:Batten
5688:Course
5647:Raffee
5637:Lateen
5592:Sails
5553:Square
5548:Pinisi
5528:Gunter
5274:Haunui
5178:Iosepa
5135:Hawaii
4979:Apilan
4818:Hipour
4572:Lakana
4541:Paopao
4533:Tuvalu
4475:Ivahah
4442:Paopao
4436:Lualua
4329:Hawaii
4231:Sakman
4216:Ladjak
4205:Duduli
4200:Duding
4177:Tipnol
4172:Korkor
4154:Baurua
4095:Wangga
4066:Tomako
3957:Endrol
3938:Island
3896:(Buti)
3883:Tempel
3878:Tataya
3873:Tapake
3863:Sapyaw
3823:Ontang
3807:Lanong
3802:Kulibo
3787:Junkun
3782:Juanga
3736:Buggoh
3730:Biroko
3690:Bangka
3685:Baloto
3641:Kabang
3613:Sampan
3583:Pelang
3553:Juanga
3543:Ghurab
3523:Buggoh
3465:Sekong
3455:Sandeq
3445:Sampan
3438:Palari
3428:Pinisi
3423:Perahu
3413:Pelang
3388:Pajala
3368:Mayang
3273:Jukung
3268:Juanga
3238:Ghurab
3203:Benawa
3135:Gubang
3117:Brunei
3106:Island
3092:Tatara
3051:Mangka
3034:Taiwan
2953:Wherry
2928:Pausik
2786:Dinghy
2730:Mayang
2725:Masula
2720:Lugger
2715:Jukung
2619:Palari
2541:74-gun
2526:Lanong
2450:Galeas
2376:Lorcha
2341:Galiot
2305:Ghurab
2264:Shitik
2209:Benawa
2159:Dromon
2139:Bireme
2129:Galley
1991:Lanong
1961:Jukung
1931:Baurua
1862:Cutter
1837:Barque
1602:
1483:
1458:
1380:
1355:
1315:
1290:
1251:
1226:
1146:
1116:
1058:
1030:
1002:canvas
925:Lapita
804:Majene
799:Sandeq
371:pekaki
335:lateen
253:Fijian
242:sprits
205:, and
171:lateen
153:, and
61:Tahiti
8920:Greek
8723:Abora
8717:Ivlia
8629:Saina
8573:Ra II
8531:Sites
8316:Dokos
7928:Egypt
7850:trade
7815:Rafts
7800:Japan
7788:India
7700:Chios
7670:Mylae
7630:Olpae
7578:Roman
7573:Greek
7471:Aksum
7397:Chera
7392:Chola
7365:Sunda
7345:Kutai
7335:Kedah
7180:Tulum
7160:Sidon
7105:Opone
7095:Óc Eo
7065:Malao
7039:Kedah
6983:Basra
6931:Ports
6909:Inuit
6729:Tanja
6689:Egypt
6539:Cabin
6482:Tomol
6325:Types
6254:Winch
6170:bitts
6165:Cleat
6160:Block
6124:Sheet
6027:Stays
5959:Sprit
5939:Truck
5860:Spars
5831:Roach
5816:Draft
5728:Royal
5627:Genoa
5562:Other
5483:Rigs
5465:spars
5461:Sails
5379:Samoa
5125:Saina
5075:Quest
4972:Other
4884:Trade
4858:Rapwi
4651:Paraw
4518:Pōpao
4513:Kalia
4500:Tonga
4431:Laʻau
4416:ʻalia
4408:Samoa
4337:Mālia
4278:Popow
4242:Palau
4226:Panga
4221:Lelek
4182:Walap
4090:Angga
4014:Tsǐne
3991:Takia
3900:Vinta
3848:Paraw
3828:Owong
3812:Lapis
3772:Garay
3767:Falua
3741:Casco
3725:Biray
3720:Birau
3710:Bigiw
3705:Batil
3669:Awang
3664:Avang
3633:Moken
3608:Pinas
3563:Kolek
3558:Kakap
3538:Ghali
3528:Birau
3518:Bedar
3503:Bajak
3475:Teneh
3460:Sarua
3433:Lambo
3358:Londe
3298:Kolay
3283:Kakap
3233:Ghali
3223:Eloha
3188:Bajak
3178:Bagan
3145:Kakap
3125:Bajak
2908:Fusta
2862:Razee
2836:Yacht
2755:Smack
2750:Sgoth
2695:Fifie
2670:Bagan
2624:Tamar
2609:Lambo
2511:Garay
2414:Xebec
2403:round
2366:Fluyt
2356:Ghali
2274:Zabra
2239:Knarr
2181:Mtepe
2109:Boita
2066:Vinta
2026:Takia
2006:Paraw
1971:Kalia
1936:Bigiw
1921:ʻalia
1892:Sloop
1877:Ketch
1456:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
1157:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
1114:JSTOR
989:Notes
845:paraw
596:In a
456:from
422:spars
352:India
331:Arabs
275:proas
131:spars
125:is a
8849:Oslo
8571:and
8477:Isis
8424:Gozo
7945:Rome
7923:Maya
7805:Rome
7710:Nile
7476:Rome
7414:Maya
7270:Near
7190:Tyre
6942:Aden
6741:Junk
6613:Stem
6601:Sail
6586:Rope
6571:Mast
6566:Keel
6554:Hull
6544:Deck
6467:Raft
6348:Dhow
6129:Tack
6102:peak
5964:Yard
5934:Gaff
5924:Boom
5916:mast
5533:Junk
5523:Gaff
5467:and
5117:Guam
4782:Proa
4745:Hull
4490:Vaʻa
4480:Pahi
4447:Vaʻa
4383:Waka
4342:Waʻa
4314:Vaka
4250:Kaep
4131:Wahr
4055:Lisi
3985:Drua
3972:Fiji
3817:Lepa
3715:Bilo
3578:Lepa
3548:Jong
3485:Toop
3470:Solu
3338:Lepa
3258:Jong
3183:Bago
3173:Abak
3140:Jong
3069:Ruza
3061:Thao
2943:Scow
2938:Pram
2882:ULDB
2867:Sewn
2770:Yoal
2675:Bago
2556:Toop
2516:Grab
2460:Pink
2455:Koff
2244:Koch
2234:Jong
2229:Hulk
2176:Lepa
2166:Junk
2119:Dhow
2016:Proa
2001:Pahi
1966:Kaep
1951:Drua
1902:Yawl
1897:Snow
1847:Brig
1713:rigs
1632:2015
1600:ISBN
1566:2018
1540:2018
1481:ISBN
1424:2020
1378:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1165:2019
1144:ISBN
1076:link
1056:ISBN
1028:ISBN
946:Proa
715:and
628:, a
624:The
598:proa
592:Proa
564:tack
551:kaep
367:Lete
322:and
121:The
7886:Tin
6933:and
6797:Ram
6576:Oar
6534:Bow
6092:Guy
5914:On
5870:bow
5868:On
5632:Jib
5513:Cat
4265:Yap
4085:Aka
4009:Kǒp
3962:Kel
3079:Tao
2405:or
2315:Hoy
2224:Cog
2186:Uru
1827:By
1448:doi
1280:doi
1216:doi
634:or
577:ama
217:),
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8569:Ra
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