73:
524:
55:
910:
which break off very easily and cleanly at the base with an audible crack. Broken twigs and branches can take root readily, enabling the species to colonise new areas as broken twigs fall into waterways and can be carried some distance downstream. It is particularly adept at colonising new riverside
1534:
Zenni, Rafael D.; Ziller, Sílvia R.; da Rosa, Clarissa A.; Sühs, Rafael B.; Puechagut, Patricia B.; Marterer, Beloni T. P.; Heringer, Gustavo; de Matos, Ana
Carolina L.; Bueno, Marina L.; Almeida, Jonathan W.; Silva, Carlos H. T.; Legracie-Júnior, José Renato; Chapla, Tatiani E. (2024).
618:, which grows rapidly to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) (rarely to 29 m (95 ft)) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (3.3 ft) diameter, often multi-trunked, and an irregular, often leaning crown. The
703:" for the hybrid, with the pure species requiring a new name. After discussion, the decision was made by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants in 2009 to reject the first proposal and conserve "
1577:
Griffiths, J; Armstrong, H; Innes, R; Terry, J (January 2018). "Can aerial herbicide application control Grey Willow (Salix cinerea L.) and stimulate native plant recovery in New
Zealand wetlands?".
1005:'s native plant species diversity by forming monospecific stands. As only the male plant is present in New Zealand no fruit is formed unless hybridised. Species spread is facilitated by stem
648:, with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–6 cm long, the female catkins are also 4–6 cm long, with the individual flowers having either one or two
652:. In late spring fruit capsules release numerous small cotton-tufted seeds. They are easily distributed by wind and moving water, and germinate immediately after soil contact.
958:, very easily propagated by cuttings. It is a vigorous tree commonly reaching 20–25 m (66–82 ft) tall, with leaves up to 15 cm long. It is a female clone.
1674:"Aerial glyphosate application reduces grey willow (Salix cinerea) canopy cover, increases light availability, and stimulates kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) growth"
1939:
629:
are bright green, 9–15 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin; they are very finely hairy at first in spring, but soon become hairless.
748:
is very variable, with forms linking both parents. Some formally named varieties include the following. As of August 2021, none were accepted at this rank by
2004:
1481:
sites include: CN, CO, ID, IL, IN, IO, MA, MI, MN, MO, NB, ND, NJ, OH, OR, NH, NM, NV, NY, PA, RI, SD, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, and WY. (USFS & invasive.org)
906:
The plant is commonly called crack willow or brittle willow because it is highly susceptible to wind, ice and snow damage. The name also derives from the
1890:
1965:
1903:
2086:
1187:
2208:
2203:
1211:
1115:
1091:
2188:
1926:
1612:
1428:
1237:
2183:
2122:
2065:
1970:
1991:
1006:
2213:
1952:
1812:
1789:
2127:
998:
749:
2009:
2198:
2193:
2178:
1460:
72:
1877:
1882:
1856:
1851:
1747:
1817:
897:– Bedford willow; female tree with long narrow leaves having somewhat uneven teeth; of cultivated origin
193:
1908:
1045:
667:" in 1753. It was later discovered that Linnaeus was actually describing a species he had also called
2019:
1838:
1708:
1491:
1140:
1869:
1733:
1010:
1983:
2145:
2137:
1864:
1506:
1401:
1366:
221:
67:
2091:
1944:
2040:
1825:
1654:
1594:
1556:
1419:
1207:
1183:
1111:
1087:
2045:
1918:
1728:
1685:
1646:
1586:
1548:
1514:
1393:
1358:
1282:
974:
707:" for the hybrid. Irina V. Belyaeva then described the previously unnamed parent species as
2027:
931:
669:
645:
110:
1009:
which are carried via waterways and nearby adult individuals. Control and management for
2078:
1345:
Christensen, Knud I. & Jonsell, Bengt (2005). "(1698) Proposal to conserve the name
2173:
2073:
1717:
1638:
1536:
1447:
1384:
Brummitt, R.K. (2009). "Report of the
Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 60".
1308:
753:
717:
for the hybrid. The lectotype was shown by molecular evidence to be the hybrid between
714:
688:
97:
2167:
1507:"Invasion by a non-native willow (Salix × rubens) in Brazilian subtropical highlands"
986:
951:
660:
619:
569:
528:
213:
1616:
2150:
1830:
990:
709:
586:
581:
565:
146:
31:
1781:
523:
54:
1794:
2114:
1996:
1978:
1637:
Becker, Laise Orsi; Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Dechoum, Michele de Sá (2023-12-07).
1519:
982:
1650:
1552:
1182:(4th ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk: C & M Floristics. p. 348.
679:
623:
592:
156:
1770:
1658:
1598:
1560:
1505:
Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Dechoum, Michele de Sá; Ziller, Silvia Renate (2020).
2104:
2055:
1014:
978:
612:
17:
1957:
1690:
1673:
2099:
1804:
1764:
977:
in various parts of the world, including: all states and territories in
935:
123:
2032:
1405:
1370:
1895:
1397:
1286:
1002:
955:
1590:
1362:
994:
649:
641:
637:
633:
573:
561:
557:
166:
136:
1741:
1224:
912:
832:– male and female trees known; leaves with even, well spaced teeth
577:
532:
522:
84:
1931:
1001:, which means it cannot be sold or distributed. It can replace a
915:. It also spreads by root suckers, expanding into pure 'groves'.
907:
626:
615:
1843:
1745:
673:. At least since the 1920s, botanists applied Linnaeus's name "
1718:
Center for
Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health—Invasive.org
818:– male tree with relatively wide leaves; of cultivated origin
30:"Crack willow" redirects here. For Eastern crack willow, see
1537:"Invasive non-native species in Brazil: an updated overview"
1307:
Kuzovkina, Yulia A. & Belyaeva, Irina V. (July 2018).
622:
is dark grey-brown, coarsely fissured in older trees. The
596:, and is very variable, with forms linking both parents.
1639:"Understanding willow invasion in subtropical highlands"
793:
by Plants of the World Online and by
Belyaeva, but to
950:) is by far the most common clone of crack willow in
756:
suggested some would be better treated as cultivars.
1754:
1613:"Crack willow | MPI Biosecurity New Zealand"
1084:Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland
677:" both to a pure species and to its hybrid with
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
691:for the pure species, with the hybrid called "
1340:
1338:
8:
1324:. Fact Sheet No 2. University of Connecticut
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
752:, being treated as synonyms of the species.
1204:Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles
1102:
1100:
1742:
1448:Invasive.org Salix fragilis (crack willow)
572:, usually found growing beside rivers and
53:
38:
1689:
1672:Griffiths, James; McAlpine, Kate (2017).
1518:
1265:Belyaeva, Irina (2009). "Nomenclature of
1511:Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1579:Ecological Management & Restoration
1026:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
663:first described a willow species as "
1572:
1570:
1349:with a conserved type (Salicaceae)".
1078:
1076:
1074:
997:. In New Zealand it is listed on the
973:has escaped cultivation to become an
228:
7:
2128:5fb7ab52-b016-4f58-93c6-6333c17131f8
2020:72702ba7-b2bd-4f67-8a7a-4aea79ae6dfc
699:". The alternative was to conserve "
1709:USFS—United States Forest Service:
1429:The International Plant Names Index
1238:The International Plant Names Index
1141:USFS—United States Forest Service:
640:in early spring, and pollinated by
725:, the name of which is written as
25:
683:. In 2005, it was proposed that "
584:channels. It is a hybrid between
930:is cultivated as a fast-growing
71:
1678:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1180:New Flora of the British Isles
1:
1206:8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray
1492:"Plant an indigenous garden"
1060:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2209:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1520:10.1016/j.pecon.2020.09.001
1108:Trees of Britain and Europe
733:to show its hybrid status.
611:is a medium-sized to large
2230:
1651:10.1007/s10530-023-03206-0
1553:10.1007/s10530-024-03302-9
1473:U.S. states with invasive
1058:Plants of the World Online
999:National Pest Plant Accord
750:Plants of the World Online
29:
1170:Stace, Clive A. (2019). "
556:, is a hybrid species of
227:
220:
199:
192:
68:Scientific classification
66:
61:
52:
41:
2204:Plants described in 1753
985:; the upper half of the
548:, with the common names
2189:Garden plants of Europe
1086:. BSBI Handbook No. 4.
911:sandbanks formed after
298:Tausch ex W.D.J.Koch
1691:10.20417/nzjecol.41.22
1269:L. and a new species,
1106:Rushforth, K. (1999).
1082:Meikle, R. D. (1984).
536:
2184:Flora of Western Asia
526:
1713:— "Weed of the Week"
1643:Biological Invasions
1541:Biological Invasions
1450:. accessed 1.13.2013
1202:Bean, W. J. (1980).
1147:. accessed 1.13.2013
1145:— "Weed of the Week"
1013:projects often uses
938:'Russelliana' (syn.
1734:Plants for a Future
1310:Name change alert:
1011:habitat restoration
713:, and designated a
2214:Plant nothospecies
1398:10.1002/tax.581028
1287:10.1002/tax.584021
879:(Schrank) P.D.Sell
568:. It is native to
537:
379: monspeliensis
2161:
2160:
2041:Open Tree of Life
1748:Taxon identifiers
1591:10.1111/emr.12299
1189:978-1-5272-2630-2
896:
880:
864:
848:
817:
784:
773:
570:riparian habitats
521:
520:
515:
503:
491:
479:
478:Tausch ex Opiz
467:
455:
443:
439: persicifolia
431:
419:
407:
395:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
331: fragilissima
323:
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
16:(Redirected from
2221:
2199:Ornamental trees
2194:Flora of Ukraine
2154:
2153:
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2131:
2130:
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2117:
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2107:
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2059:
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2036:
2035:
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2013:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1997:NBNSYS0000003861
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1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1911:
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1886:
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1873:
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1870:Salix x fragilis
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1807:
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1729:"Salix fragilis"
1696:
1695:
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1663:
1662:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1615:. Archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1547:(8): 2397–2405.
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
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1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:"Salix fragilis"
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1439:
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1436:
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1410:
1409:
1381:
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1374:
1363:10.2307/25065400
1342:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1281:(4): 1344–1348.
1262:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1104:
1095:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1042:
975:invasive species
962:Invasive species
895:(Sm.) W.D.J.Koch
894:
878:
862:
846:
815:
785:) – assigned to
782:
771:
636:are produced in
529:riparian habitat
513:
510:
501:
498:
489:
486:
477:
474:
465:
463: russelliana
462:
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209:
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184:
76:
75:
57:
46:
39:
21:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2179:Trees of Europe
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2028:Observation.org
2026:
2018:
2016:
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2003:
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1576:
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1528:
1504:
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1490:
1489:
1485:
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1468:
1459:
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1454:
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1434:
1432:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1294:
1273:(Salicaceae)".
1264:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1151:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1098:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1028:
1023:
964:
932:ornamental tree
921:
904:
739:
670:Salix pentandra
658:
602:
511: russeliana
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
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388:
376:
364:
355: gracilenta
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343: fragillima
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44:
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27:Species of tree
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2151:wfo-0000928469
2142:
2132:
2119:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2060:
2056:Salix_fragilis
2050:
2037:
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2014:
2001:
1988:
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1936:
1923:
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1900:
1887:
1874:
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1848:
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1822:
1809:
1799:
1786:
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1760:
1758:
1756:Salix fragilis
1752:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1722:photos gallery
1715:
1711:Salix fragilis
1704:
1703:External links
1701:
1698:
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1604:
1566:
1526:
1513:(3): 203–209.
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1411:
1392:(1): 280–292.
1376:
1357:(2): 555–556.
1347:Salix fragilis
1334:
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1267:Salix fragilis
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1143:Salix fragilis
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754:Clive A. Stace
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723:S. euxina
705:Salix fragilis
701:Salix fragilis
685:Salix fragilis
675:Salix fragilis
665:Salix fragilis
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475: sanguinea
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415: palustris
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1424:I.V.Belyaeva"
1423:
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1212:0-7195-2428-8
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514:(Sm.) Raf.
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262:Burtt Davy
260:
253:
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247: fragilis
241:
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207: fragilis
198:
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194:Binomial name
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185: fragilis
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47: fragilis
40:
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33:
19:
1755:
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1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1585:(1): 49–57.
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1578:
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1529:
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1500:
1486:
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1427:
1422:Salix euxina
1421:
1414:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1326:. Retrieved
1317:
1313:
1309:
1278:
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991:South Africa
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719:S. alba
718:
710:Salix euxina
708:
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692:
687:" should be
684:
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668:
664:
659:
631:
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604:
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591:
587:Salix euxina
585:
582:water meadow
566:Western Asia
553:
550:crack willow
549:
544:
540:
539:
538:
506:
494:
487: viridis
482:
470:
458:
446:
442:Schleich.
434:
427: pendula
422:
410:
398:
391: montana
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
295: excelsa
290:
278:
266:
254:
250:(L.) Raf.
242:
230:
202:
200:
180:
179:
167:
147:Malpighiales
130:
117:
104:
91:
42:
36:
32:Salix euxina
18:Crack willow
2079:kew-5000691
1979:NatureServe
983:New Zealand
948:russelliana
919:Cultivation
892:russelliana
644:. They are
600:Description
451: rubens
394:J.Forbes
382:J.Forbes
370:J.Forbes
367: lyonii
255:Salix alba
243:Psatherips
111:Angiosperms
2168:Categories
2135:WisFlora:
2074:Plant List
1623:2013-04-22
1435:2021-08-07
1328:2021-08-07
1244:2021-08-07
1110:. Collins
1064:2021-08-07
1021:References
1015:herbicides
772:W.D.J.Koch
680:Salix alba
624:lanceolate
593:Salix alba
560:native to
454:Schrank
157:Salicaceae
2105:100372115
1883:200005838
1857:200005838
1659:1387-3547
1599:1442-7001
1561:1387-3547
1271:S. euxina
979:Australia
860:polyandra
780:decipiens
769:decipiens
737:Varieties
715:lectotype
689:conserved
650:nectaries
646:dioecious
613:deciduous
576:, and in
535:, Germany
358:Tausch
286:Hoffm.
175:Species:
81:Kingdom:
2123:VicFlora
2112:VASCAN:
2100:Tropicos
2053:PalDat:
1984:2.150152
1945:11328392
1802:BioLib:
1765:Wikidata
1479:fragilis
1406:27756843
1371:25065400
1316:fragilis
1231:fragilis
1176:fragilis
1052:fragilis
971:fragilis
944:fragilis
936:cultivar
928:fragilis
888:fragilis
872:fragilis
856:fragilis
840:fragilis
830:fragilis
826:fragilis
809:fragilis
801:by Stace
791:fragilis
765:fragilis
746:fragilis
731:fragilis
656:Taxonomy
609:fragilis
545:fragilis
406:Goerz
346:Schur
274:Schur
259:elyensis
231:Oisodix
222:Synonyms
181:S.
153:Family:
124:Eudicots
1932:59775-3
1896:5372829
1771:Q157518
1233:L."
1054:L."
1003:habitat
956:Ireland
902:Ecology
813:furcata
729:×
642:insects
638:catkins
634:flowers
578:marshes
574:streams
502:Lej.
430:Ser.
418:Host
334:Host
322:Host
310:Host
238:Raf.
163:Genus:
143:Order:
85:Plantae
62:Leaves
2087:PLANTS
2046:895191
2017:NZOR:
1844:584245
1818:254552
1782:153358
1779:APDB:
1657:
1597:
1559:
1404:
1369:
1318:L.
1210:
1186:
1114:
1090:
995:Brazil
934:. The
913:floods
876:rubens
847:Spenn.
844:glauca
799:euxina
797:
783:Hoffm.
697:rubens
627:leaves
562:Europe
558:willow
507:Vimen
495:Salix
490:Fr.
483:Salix
471:Salix
466:Sm.
459:Salix
447:Salix
435:Salix
423:Salix
411:Salix
399:Salix
387:Salix
375:Salix
363:Salix
351:Salix
339:Salix
327:Salix
315:Salix
303:Salix
291:Salix
279:Salix
267:Salix
203:Salix
137:Rosids
43:Salix
2174:Salix
2138:16748
2063:PFI:
2010:77063
1971:22535
1958:48577
1940:IRMNG
1919:11590
1916:IPA:
1909:32711
1865:FoAO2
1831:79C4X
1805:38931
1795:59805
1684:(2).
1402:JSTOR
1386:Taxon
1367:JSTOR
1351:Taxon
1322:(PDF)
1312:Salix
1275:Taxon
1227:Salix
1048:Salix
967:Salix
954:and
946:var.
924:Salix
908:twigs
890:var.
874:var.
863:Wimm.
858:var.
842:var.
828:var.
811:var.
767:var.
727:Salix
693:Salix
605:Salix
541:Salix
533:Hesse
168:Salix
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
2115:9106
2092:SAFR
2033:7395
2005:NCBI
1966:ITIS
1927:IPNI
1904:GRIN
1891:GBIF
1813:BOLD
1790:APNI
1655:ISSN
1595:ISSN
1557:ISSN
1208:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1088:ISBN
993:and
721:and
632:The
620:bark
616:tree
590:and
580:and
564:and
552:and
257:var.
2146:WFO
2066:185
1992:NBN
1953:ISC
1878:FoC
1852:FNA
1839:EoL
1826:CoL
1686:doi
1647:doi
1587:doi
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