870:
605:
749:
924:
799:
906:. Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like populations in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding. The dusky crag martin and rock are largely resident apart from local movements after breeding, when many birds descend to lower altitudes, although some pale northern rock martins from North African and southern Arabian may winter further south alongside the local subspecies in Ethiopia, Mali and Mauritania.
655:
936:
pellets and lined with soft dry grass or sometimes feathers. It may be a half-cup when constructed under an overhang on a vertical wall or cliff, or shaped as a bowl like that of the barn swallow when placed on a sheltered ledge. The nest may be built on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or on a man-made structure, and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. Usually two broods are raised, and the rock martin may nest for a third time in a season.
63:
792:
38:
648:
598:
742:
813:
sexes are similar, but juveniles show pale edges to the upperparts and flight feathers. The species differ in plumage shades and size, Eurasian crag martin being significantly larger than the others. The flight is slow, with rapid wing beats interspersed with flat-winged glides. The songs of these birds are simple twitterings, and contact calls include a high-pitched
783:
639:
940:
17.7 x 13.0 mm (0.70 x 0.51 in) with a weight of 1.57 g (0.06 oz) for the dusky crag martin. Both adults incubate the eggs for 13–19 days to hatching, and feed the chicks at least ten times an hour until they fledge 24–27 days later. The fledged young continue to be fed by the parents for some time after they can fly.
733:
693:
588:
952:
are fed, the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they have to fly to catch insects, the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest. At other times, they may hunt low over open ground. The insects taken depend on what is locally available, but may include
951:
martins feed mainly on insects caught in flight, although they will occasionally feed on the ground. When breeding, birds often fly back and forth along a rock face catching insects in their bills and usually feeding close to the nesting territory. To maintain the high frequency with which the young
909:
The crag martins mainly breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges, and the
Eurasian crag martin reaches 5,000 m (16,500 ft) in Central Asia. The use of buildings as artificial cliffs has enabled breeding expansion into lowland areas, particularly for
240:
barn swallows and are placed in that genus by some authorities. These are small swallows with brown upperparts, paler underparts without a breast band, and a square tail with white patches. They can be distinguished from each other on size, the colour shade of the upperparts and underparts, and minor
1071:
All four species have extensive ranges and large populations, and the increasing use of artificial nest sites has enabled range expansion. The rock martin often breeds in lowland and desert towns, the
Eurasian crag martin's range is expanding in Austria, Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Romania,
860:
species overlap, the
Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin, and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts, than the dusky crag martin. The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives. In the east
812:
These martins are 12–15 cm (4.7–5.9 in) long with drab brown or grey plumage and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The
935:
may form. These are more common south of the Sahara, where up to 40 rock martin pairs together have been recorded. Crag martins aggressively defend their nesting territory against conspecifics and other species. The nest, built by both adults over several weeks, is made from several hundred mud
939:
The clutch is two to five eggs that are white with brownish, ruddy or grey blotches particularly at the wide end. The egg size ranges from an average 20.2 x 14.0 mm (0.80 x 0.55 in) with a weight of 2.08 g (0.073 oz) for the
Eurasian crag martin to
910:
the two tropical species, and the rock martin breeds in desert towns. In South Asia, migrant
Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings in winter.
1212:
Schield, D.R.; Brown, C.E.; Shakya, S.B.; Calabrese, G.M.; Safran, R.J.; Sheldon, F.H. (2024). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the swallow family (Hirundinidae) inferred from comparisons of thousands of UCE loci".
877:
These are exclusively Old World species. The rock martin breeds throughout Africa and through the Middle East as far as
Afghanistan and Pakistan, and is replaced by the dusky crag martin further east in India and
988:
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. Crag martins exploit the area close to the cliff when they hunt, relying on their high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns.
413:
studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the
Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built. The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the
1080:. There is also a recent unconfirmed report from Cambodia. Their large ranges and presumed high numbers mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
252:, although all four will also frequent human habitation. The African rock martin and the south Asian dusky crag martin are resident, but the Eurasian crag martin is a partial
1242:; Whittingham, Linda A; Moyle, Robert G; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David W (2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA".
405:
These are members of the swallow family of birds, and are placed in the subfamily
Hirundininae, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive
7361:
7400:
1797:
268:
overhangs or in crevices in their mountain homes, and have readily adapted to the artificial cliffs provided by buildings and motorway bridges. Up to five
2087:
2054:
7461:
256:; birds breeding in southern Europe are largely resident, but some northern breeders and most Asian birds are migratory, wintering in north Africa or
7335:
1933:
Hoogstraal, Harry; Kaiser, Makram N; Walker, Jane B; Ledger, John A; Converse, James D; Rice, Robin G A (June 1975). "Observations on the subgenus
7374:
2055:"Ornithological records from the lowlands of southern Laos during December 1995-September 1996, including areas on the Thai and Cambodian borders"
1814:
Dowsett, R J; Douglas, M G; Stead, D E; Taylor, V A; Alder, J R; Carter, A T (July 1983). "Breeding and other observations on the Taita Falcon
2333:
2314:
2277:
2267:
2256:
2225:
2206:
2139:
1244:
869:
234:). They are closely related to each other, and have formerly sometimes been considered to be one species. They are closely related to the
3279:
260:. They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are more gregarious outside the breeding season. These martins build neat mud
2364:
284:
caught in flight, and patrol cliffs near the breeding site with a slow hunting flight as they seek their prey. They may be hunted by
2164:
2030:
1580:
296:, but their large ranges and populations mean that none of the crag martins are considered to be threatened, and all are classed as
604:
7379:
7387:
2911:
2906:
1191:
20:
1239:
62:
7283:
3210:
2991:
968:. Martins often feed alone, but sizeable groups may congregate if food is abundant, such as where insects are fleeing
377:
1914:
748:
7314:
3195:
2649:
849:
7405:
1794:
7327:
3220:
3200:
2190:
1029:
674:
3016:
2102:
662:
573:
329:
2069:
798:
1028:
as predators if they approach the nesting cliffs. The dusky crag martin has been recorded in the diet of the
4553:
3272:
3175:
3110:
2456:
7223:
3190:
3120:
3115:
3006:
2976:
2886:
2881:
2531:
2357:
2172:
2119:
Azam, Mirza
Mohammad; Shafique, Chaudhry M (2005). "Birdlife in Nagarparkar, district Tharparkar, Sindh".
2038:
1715:
1588:
1528:
1452:
1395:
1141:
567:
1845:
1515:
Verzeichniss einer
Sammlung von Säugethieren und Vögeln aus dem Kaffernlande, nebst einer Käffersammlung
861:
of its range, the rock martin always has lighter, more contrasted underparts than the dusky crag martin.
7456:
7426:
7288:
3205:
3090:
2861:
2821:
2541:
1491:
1105:
762:
712:
668:
618:
1555:
1422:
706:
7270:
4730:
3715:
3238:
3140:
3038:
3001:
2929:
2856:
2851:
2801:
2781:
2741:
2736:
2711:
2587:
2451:
2194:
1292:
1017:
561:
317:
203:
168:
5510:
5833:
5338:
5140:
3075:
2996:
2986:
2956:
2826:
2786:
2569:
2235:
830:
768:
718:
546:
369:
353:
2146:
2053:
Evans, T D; Towll, H C; Timmins, R J; Thewlis, R M; Stones, A J; Robichaud, W G; Barzen J (2000).
923:
654:
6071:
4516:
4383:
4207:
3265:
3130:
3085:
3080:
1281:"Evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae): A molecular phylogenetic perspective"
554:
151:
57:
7431:
5579:
4596:
4482:
3257:
2627:
1444:
7261:
5427:
3957:
7413:
7366:
7296:
6616:
6517:
5471:
4688:
3135:
3048:
2981:
2654:
2536:
2350:
2329:
2310:
2273:
2252:
2221:
2202:
1962:
1895:
1320:
1261:
883:
756:
511:
357:
227:
45:
1004:
that specialise in catching swallows and martins in flight, and by other falcons such as the
894:
to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations of the Eurasian crag martin are
7418:
6279:
5188:
4674:
3150:
3145:
3053:
2771:
2731:
2607:
2377:
1954:
1885:
1827:
1774:
1550:
1486:
1417:
1310:
1300:
1253:
1218:
1005:
612:
333:
211:
836:
These drab martins can only be confused with each other, or with sand martins of the genus
791:
7176:
5990:
5660:
4786:
4525:
4088:
3898:
2971:
2966:
2796:
2791:
2746:
1801:
1468:
678:
461:
into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that a coherent enlarged genus
37:
1532:
1399:
1108:
in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than
1296:
647:
7322:
7309:
6956:
6907:
6697:
6602:
6422:
6314:
6207:
6162:
6134:
5626:
5345:
5329:
5222:
4894:
4491:
3779:
3768:
3170:
3125:
2961:
2897:
2831:
2776:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2551:
2546:
1945:, n. sp., a Pretoria virus-infected parasite of birds in southern and eastern Africa".
1831:
1013:
1001:
931:
Martin pairs often nest alone, although where suitable sites are available small loose
895:
597:
425:
species construct a mud nest and therefore belong to the last group; They resemble the
253:
2086:
Shing, Lee Kwok; Wai-neng Lau, Michael; Fellowes, John R; Lok, Chan Bosco Pui (2006).
741:
7450:
7275:
7169:
7141:
7010:
6974:
6865:
6809:
6781:
6767:
6355:
6332:
6244:
6120:
6092:
6019:
5999:
5875:
5681:
5595:
5492:
5078:
5071:
5029:
5022:
4779:
4723:
4681:
4462:
4356:
4314:
4229:
4158:
4151:
4079:
4059:
4005:
3967:
3828:
3788:
3623:
3547:
3522:
3374:
3161:
2766:
2684:
1795:
A review of the population status and threats to Peregrine Falcons throughout Namibia
1541:
1477:
1408:
1369:
1315:
1280:
1085:
1081:
997:
985:
495:
445:
301:
297:
273:
1179:
1167:
1051:. Invertebrate species first found in nests of crag martin species include the tick
7127:
7104:
7072:
7058:
7044:
6963:
6949:
6816:
6802:
6795:
6737:
6706:
6679:
6651:
6644:
6593:
6568:
6445:
6383:
6258:
6251:
6148:
6141:
6127:
6010:
5970:
5805:
5798:
5775:
5743:
5588:
5533:
5457:
5407:
5400:
5384:
5366:
5243:
5181:
5092:
4977:
4935:
4852:
4667:
4498:
4473:
4455:
4434:
4413:
4374:
4193:
4165:
4109:
4095:
4028:
3887:
3848:
3632:
3568:
3494:
3487:
3473:
3459:
3425:
3215:
3180:
3011:
2951:
2872:
2706:
2442:
2391:
1025:
1021:
1009:
887:
624:
507:
478:
418:
410:
406:
393:
341:
160:
134:
7301:
2342:
1890:
1869:
1012:. Crows may attack migrating Eurasian crag martins, and that species also treats
7392:
7348:
7255:
7197:
7113:
7079:
6914:
6886:
6858:
6717:
6672:
6609:
6575:
6477:
6459:
6411:
6369:
6362:
6341:
6307:
6300:
6196:
6189:
6169:
6106:
6085:
5945:
5938:
5896:
5826:
5812:
5695:
5637:
5617:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5450:
5158:
4991:
4963:
4901:
4880:
4800:
4793:
4658:
4633:
4560:
4448:
4420:
4392:
4349:
4278:
4200:
4186:
4144:
4137:
4123:
4116:
3936:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3880:
3740:
3704:
3664:
3598:
3557:
3480:
3466:
3353:
3185:
3043:
2812:
2695:
2664:
2659:
2618:
1257:
1222:
932:
903:
845:
414:
345:
242:
219:
7246:
2140:"Cambodia Oriental Bird Club fundraising tour 21st January – 2nd February 2007"
1958:
7148:
7120:
7030:
7021:
6983:
6921:
6900:
6851:
6830:
6774:
6760:
6746:
6665:
6623:
6452:
6438:
6376:
6216:
6078:
6047:
5979:
5952:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5854:
5791:
5715:
5688:
5667:
5653:
5499:
5464:
5393:
5352:
5317:
5257:
5229:
5195:
5147:
5106:
5085:
5064:
5050:
5015:
4928:
4911:
4887:
4866:
4821:
4744:
4716:
4695:
4612:
4574:
4539:
4441:
4399:
4238:
4179:
4172:
4068:
4021:
4014:
3978:
3857:
3837:
3797:
3684:
3653:
3639:
3536:
3529:
3445:
3395:
3384:
2675:
1779:
1758:
973:
902:, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the
487:
house martins are considered to be a separate genus, as is normally the case,
506:
The small, pale northern subspecies of crag martin found in the mountains of
7190:
7086:
6994:
6893:
6788:
6658:
6637:
6533:
6497:
6466:
6431:
6404:
6390:
6348:
6321:
6286:
6272:
6265:
6026:
5924:
5847:
5840:
5819:
5764:
5757:
5729:
5706:
5646:
5526:
5418:
5359:
5264:
5250:
5174:
5043:
5008:
5001:
4984:
4949:
4843:
4828:
4772:
4758:
4737:
4647:
4567:
4532:
4505:
4427:
4363:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4258:
4102:
3994:
3761:
3752:
3605:
3589:
3578:
3508:
3452:
3341:
3326:
3289:
2088:"Forest bird fauna of South China: notes on current distribution and status"
1757:
Rizzolli, Franco; Sergio, Fabrizio; Marchesi, Luigi; Pedrini, Paolo (2005).
1305:
1039:
Crag martins may host parasites, including blood-sucking mites of the genus
977:
891:
879:
261:
186:
114:
74:
2247:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).
1899:
1759:"Density, productivity, diet and population status of the Peregrine Falcon
1265:
898:, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the
1966:
1324:
7240:
7162:
7065:
7051:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6872:
6837:
6823:
6726:
6686:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6397:
6237:
6180:
6054:
6040:
6033:
5889:
5882:
5868:
5736:
5674:
5478:
5443:
5373:
5285:
5215:
5206:
5167:
5124:
4970:
4956:
4859:
4814:
4807:
4765:
4751:
4709:
4702:
4605:
4546:
4406:
4287:
4247:
4214:
4130:
4039:
3871:
3416:
3363:
3308:
3101:
3064:
2842:
2520:
1072:
and Bulgaria, and the dusky crag martin is spreading northeastwards into
981:
969:
953:
489:
483:
439:
433:
269:
94:
996:
The crag martins may be hunted by fast, agile birds of prey such as the
7340:
7093:
7037:
7003:
6844:
6753:
6630:
6582:
6526:
6506:
6486:
6155:
6099:
6061:
5959:
5602:
5519:
5485:
5271:
5113:
5099:
5057:
4942:
4873:
4640:
4626:
4619:
4581:
4307:
4298:
4267:
3987:
3808:
3646:
3515:
3436:
3405:
3320:
2940:
2638:
2598:
2506:
2428:
2373:
1073:
427:
398:
388:(Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The genus
272:, white with dark blotches at the wider end, may be laid, and a second
249:
236:
199:
124:
7353:
7183:
7134:
6113:
5931:
5861:
5784:
5722:
5436:
5278:
5236:
5036:
4918:
3302:
2757:
965:
450:
385:
285:
281:
84:
7217:
1076:, south into lowland Laos, and westwards to the hills and plains of
7155:
6293:
6230:
6223:
5750:
4342:
4048:
3817:
3612:
3501:
3314:
2494:
2416:
1077:
922:
868:
518:. The remaining birds are now identified as Eurasian crag martin.
265:
257:
190:
384:(πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and
6879:
899:
293:
289:
104:
7221:
5315:
3738:
3339:
3261:
2477:
2389:
2346:
2307:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
2201:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
540:
537:
961:
957:
1990:
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft
972:. The Eurasian crag martin may take aquatic species such as
421:
that utilise natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders".
2272:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
1793:
Simmons, Robert E; Jenkins, Andrew R; Brown Christopher J "
1517:(in German). Berlin: Royal Academy of Sciences. p. 18.
1121:
Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.
852:, and have the white tail spots which are absent from the
2007:
Tsai, L-y; Pan, F-c; Liu Chuan (1980). "A new species of
886:
and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the
2220:. London: Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. p. 226.
2216:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2002).
514:
peninsula is now usually split as the pale crag martin,
241:
plumage details like throat colour. They resemble the
844:
species are slightly larger and more robust than the
6067:
5136:
4997:
4924:
4907:
3963:
3953:
3868:
1921:. Texas A&M University Department of Entomology.
1720:) [The hunting strategy of the crag martin]"
774:
724:
684:
630:
579:
7230:
7103:
7020:
6993:
6973:
6736:
6716:
6696:
6592:
6516:
6496:
6476:
6421:
6331:
6206:
6179:
6009:
5989:
5969:
5774:
5705:
5636:
5616:
5578:
5509:
5426:
5417:
5383:
5328:
5205:
5157:
5123:
4842:
4657:
4595:
4515:
4481:
4472:
4382:
4373:
4297:
4277:
4257:
4237:
4228:
4078:
4058:
4038:
4004:
3977:
3944:
3935:
3897:
3867:
3847:
3827:
3807:
3787:
3778:
3751:
3703:
3683:
3663:
3622:
3588:
3567:
3546:
3435:
3415:
3394:
3373:
3352:
3229:
3159:
3099:
3062:
3025:
2938:
2920:
2895:
2870:
2840:
2810:
2755:
2693:
2673:
2636:
2616:
2596:
2578:
2560:
2518:
2492:
2440:
2414:
2326:
A handbook to the swallows and martins of the world
2305:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1804:" in Sielicki & Mizera (2008) pp. 99–108
1492:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005790A104344586.en
1285:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
431:species in that they make open cup nests, whereas
380:in 1850. The genus name is derived from the Greek
1556:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T104005679A94325303.en
1423:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22712216A118840565.en
469:the mud-builder genera. Although the nests of the
2300:(in French). Lipsiae: Christian Gottlob Hischeri.
2242:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: R H Porter.
1874:Dugès, 1834 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae)"
2291:(in German). Dresden and Leipzig: F. Hofmeister.
1984:-group (Dipt., Hippoboscidae) from crag martin (
1856:. The Darwin Initiative Centre for Bat Research.
453:closed nests with an entrance tunnel. The genus
417:, the "nest-adopters", which are birds like the
245:, but are darker below, and lack a breast band.
1279:Winkler, David W; Sheldon, Frederick H (1993).
457:is closely related to the larger swallow genus
2266:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005).
1575:
1573:
3273:
2358:
1661:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
8:
1354:
2199:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
1655:Dodsworth, P T L (1912). "The Crag Martin (
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
7218:
5423:
5325:
5312:
5129:
4478:
4379:
4234:
3941:
3784:
3748:
3735:
3349:
3336:
3280:
3266:
3258:
2500:
2489:
2474:
2422:
2411:
2386:
2365:
2351:
2343:
1980:Hutson, A M (1981). "A new species of the
525:
36:
27:
1889:
1778:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1554:
1490:
1421:
1314:
1304:
1234:
1232:
473:crag martins resembles those of typical
248:These are species of craggy mountainous
1716:"Die Jagdstrategie der Felsenschwalbe (
1690:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1058–1059
1650:
1648:
1620:Snow & Perrins (1998) pp. 1059–1061
1133:
1097:
882:. The Eurasian crag martin breeds from
2324:Turner, Angela K; Rose, Chris (1989).
1642:Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) p. 311
1616:
1614:
1612:
481:, the DNA research showed that if the
2287:Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav (1850).
2269:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide
2121:Records Zoological Survey of Pakistan
1245:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1215:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1055:from a rock martin nest and the fly
534:
531:
528:
368:by British soldier and ornithologist
7:
7328:0319a09a-cff4-4d90-9527-9eb977063e4b
2309:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1542:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1478:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1409:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
437:martins build closed cups, and the
372:. They were moved to the new genus
2296:Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769).
2240:The nests and eggs of Indian birds
1832:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1979.tb05020.x
14:
1915:"Bibliography of the Eriophyidae"
1699:Ali & Ripley (1986) pp. 53–54
1148:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
1063:from European crag martin nests.
352:), described by German zoologist
7462:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
2479:All other swallows and martins (
2011:from Chinghai Province, China".
1870:"Historical review of the genus
797:
790:
782:
781:
747:
740:
731:
691:
653:
646:
638:
637:
603:
596:
586:
364:) formally described in 1832 as
61:
1868:Roy, Lise; Chauve, C M (2007).
1467:BirdLife International (2016).
2145:. birdtourasia. Archived from
732:
692:
587:
1:
2912:Southern rough-winged swallow
2907:Northern rough-winged swallow
2396:subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae
1947:Journal of Medical Entomology
1513:Lichtenstein, Martin (1842).
1192:British Trust for Ornithology
856:martins. Where the ranges of
2328:. London: Christopher Helm.
3211:South African cliff swallow
2992:White-throated blue swallow
2298:Annus I Historico-Naturalis
1891:10.1051/parasite/2007142087
1457:Retrieved 20 November 2012.
1258:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008
1223:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108111
522:List of crag martin species
378:Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
7478:
3196:Red-throated cliff swallow
2650:Brown-throated sand martin
1714:Fantur, von Roman (1997).
1485:: e.T104005790A104344586.
1061:Ceratophyllus nanshanensis
850:brown-throated sand martin
503:should also be split off.
185:are four species of small
18:
5324:
5311:
5132:
3747:
3734:
3348:
3335:
3297:
3221:Chestnut-collared swallow
2503:
2488:
2473:
2425:
2410:
2385:
2251:. London: HarperCollins.
1988:) (Aves, Hirundinidae)".
1780:10.1080/00063650509461390
1729:(in German and English).
1549:: e.T104005679A94325303.
1416:: e.T22712216A118840565.
1370:"L'Hirondelle isabelline
1368:Bergier, Patrick (2007).
1358:Turner (1989) pp. 158–164
1049:Ptilonyssus ptyonoprognes
1030:greater false vampire bat
553:
550:
545:
166:
159:
58:Scientific classification
56:
44:
35:
30:
3292:and their extinct allies
3017:Black-and-rufous swallow
2013:Acta Entomologica Sinica
1959:10.1093/jmedent/12.2.194
1681:(1997) pp. 276–277
1184:[Scopoli, 1769]"
865:Distribution and habitat
663:Red-throated rock martin
376:by German ornithologist
330:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
19:Not to be confused with
3176:Streak-throated swallow
3111:Greater striped swallow
2481:subfamily: Hirundininae
2457:White-eyed river martin
2177:Retrieved 26 March 2010
2101:: 23–38. Archived from
2068:: 29–52. Archived from
2043:Retrieved 11 April 2010
1937:(Ixodoidea: Argasidae:
1923:Retrieved 30 March 2010
1400:"Eurasian Crag Martin:
1306:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5705
1053:Argas (A.) africolumbae
992:Predators and parasites
984:. Cliff faces generate
280:martins feed mainly on
3201:Preuss's cliff swallow
3191:American cliff swallow
3121:Rufous-chested swallow
3116:Lesser striped swallow
3007:Pearl-breasted swallow
2977:White-throated swallow
2887:Black-collared swallow
2882:Blue-and-white swallow
2532:Square-tailed saw-wing
2289:Avium systema naturale
2173:BirdLife International
2154:Retrieved 7 April 2010
2039:BirdLife International
1986:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1858:Retrieved 6 April 2010
1657:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1593:Retrieved 4 April 2010
1589:BirdLife International
1529:BirdLife International
1453:BirdLife International
1402:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
1396:BirdLife International
1182:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
928:
874:
829:call like that of the
593:1,200,000 - 2,299,999
568:Ptyonoprogne rupestris
328:by Italian naturalist
7427:Paleobiology Database
3206:Red Sea cliff swallow
3091:Siberian house martin
2862:White-thighed swallow
2822:Brown-bellied swallow
2542:White-headed saw-wing
2195:Ripley, Sidney Dillon
1535:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1471:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
1372:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
1047:, and the nasal mite
1018:Eurasian sparrowhawks
926:
872:
763:Ptyonoprogne concolor
713:Ptyonoprogne fuligula
669:Ptyonoprogne rufigula
619:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
535:IUCN Red List Status
516:Ptyonoprogne obsoleta
202:family. They are the
50:Ptyonoprogne concolor
7323:Fauna Europaea (new)
3239:White-backed swallow
3141:West African swallow
3039:Eurasian crag martin
3002:White-tailed swallow
2930:Tawny-headed swallow
2857:Black-capped swallow
2852:White-banded swallow
2802:Brown-chested martin
2782:Grey-breasted martin
2742:White-rumped swallow
2737:White-winged swallow
2712:Violet-green swallow
2588:White-backed swallow
2452:African river martin
2236:Hume, Allan Octavian
1943:A. (A.) africolumbae
1800:20 July 2011 at the
1763:in the Italian Alps"
1533:"Large Rock Martin:
1240:Sheldon, Frederick H
1146:aviansystematics.org
873:Eurasian crag martin
562:Eurasian crag martin
318:Eurasian crag martin
204:Eurasian crag martin
3076:Common house martin
2997:Pied-winged swallow
2987:Wire-tailed swallow
2957:Red-chested swallow
2827:Pale-footed swallow
2570:Grey-rumped swallow
2165:"Species factsheet
2031:"Species factsheet
1581:"Species factsheet
1445:"Species factsheet
1297:1993PNAS...90.5705W
1166:Reichenbach (1850)
840:. Even the smaller
370:William Henry Sykes
354:Martin Lichtenstein
3131:Red-rumped swallow
3086:Nepal house martin
3081:Asian house martin
2249:Collins Bird Guide
1106:binomial authority
960:, aerial spiders,
929:
875:
288:and infected with
7442:
7441:
7414:Open Tree of Life
7224:Taxon identifiers
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
6518:Paradoxornithidae
5612:
5611:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
4838:
4837:
4591:
4590:
4224:
4223:
3931:
3930:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3136:Sri Lanka swallow
3049:Dusky crag martin
2982:Ethiopian swallow
2655:Congo sand martin
2537:Mountain saw-wing
2514:
2513:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2436:
2435:
2335:978-0-7470-3202-1
2316:978-0-19-854099-1
2279:978-84-87334-66-5
2258:978-0-00-219728-1
2227:978-0-7136-6304-4
2208:978-0-19-561857-0
2167:Hirundo rupestris
2033:Hirundo fuligula
1982:Ornithomya biloba
1816:Falco fasciinucha
1718:Hirundo rupestris
1447:Hirundo fuligula
1378:Go-South Bulletin
1291:(12): 5705–5707.
805:
804:
757:Dusky crag martin
707:Large rock martin
532:Scientific name
477:species like the
366:Hirundo concolor
358:dusky crag martin
356:in 1842, and the
326:Hirundo rupestris
322:P. rupestris
228:dusky crag martin
208:P. rupestris
179:
178:
169:Hirundo rupestris
155:
46:Dusky crag martin
7469:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7421:
7409:
7408:
7396:
7395:
7393:NHMSYS0000530796
7383:
7382:
7370:
7369:
7357:
7356:
7344:
7343:
7331:
7330:
7318:
7317:
7305:
7304:
7292:
7291:
7279:
7278:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7219:
6069:
5424:
5326:
5313:
5138:
5130:
4999:
4926:
4909:
4479:
4380:
4235:
3965:
3955:
3942:
3870:
3785:
3749:
3736:
3350:
3337:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3151:Striated swallow
3146:Striated swallow
3054:Pale crag martin
2787:Galápagos martin
2772:Caribbean martin
2732:Mangrove swallow
2608:Mascarene martin
2501:
2490:
2475:
2423:
2412:
2387:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2262:
2243:
2231:
2212:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2152:on 20 July 2011.
2151:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:on 10 June 2011.
2107:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2075:on 10 June 2011.
2074:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1761:Falco peregrinus
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:Hirundo concolor
1577:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1138:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1057:Ornithomya rupes
801:
794:
785:
784:
778:
751:
744:
735:
734:
728:
695:
694:
688:
657:
650:
641:
640:
634:
613:Pale crag martin
607:
600:
590:
589:
583:
526:
449:swallows, have
362:P. concolor
350:P. fuligula
340:), described by
338:P. obsoleta
334:pale crag martin
316:species are the
232:P. concolor
224:P. fuligula
216:P. obsoleta
212:pale crag martin
150:
66:
65:
40:
28:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7447:
7446:
7443:
7438:
7430:
7425:
7417:
7412:
7404:
7399:
7391:
7386:
7378:
7373:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7347:
7339:
7334:
7326:
7321:
7313:
7308:
7300:
7295:
7287:
7282:
7274:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7226:
7216:
7203:
7177:Tephrozosterops
7099:
7016:
6989:
6969:
6732:
6712:
6692:
6588:
6512:
6492:
6472:
6417:
6327:
6202:
6175:
6005:
5991:Erythrocercidae
5985:
5965:
5770:
5701:
5661:Cryptosylvicola
5632:
5608:
5574:
5505:
5413:
5379:
5320:
5291:
5201:
5153:
5119:
4834:
4653:
4587:
4511:
4468:
4369:
4293:
4273:
4253:
4220:
4089:Campylorhynchus
4074:
4054:
4034:
4000:
3973:
3927:
3899:Ptiliogonatidae
3893:
3863:
3843:
3823:
3803:
3774:
3743:
3722:
3699:
3679:
3659:
3618:
3584:
3563:
3542:
3431:
3411:
3390:
3369:
3344:
3331:
3293:
3286:
3256:
3243:
3225:
3155:
3095:
3069:(house martins)
3068:
3058:
3031:
3021:
2972:Welcome swallow
2967:Pacific swallow
2945:(barn swallows)
2944:
2934:
2916:
2891:
2866:
2836:
2806:
2797:Southern martin
2792:Peruvian martin
2751:
2747:Chilean swallow
2700:(tree swallows)
2699:
2689:
2669:
2642:
2632:
2628:Brazza's martin
2612:
2592:
2574:
2556:
2524:
2510:
2484:
2461:
2432:
2406:
2381:
2380:: Hirundinidae)
2371:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:(1–2): 157–162.
1979:
1978:
1974:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:Biology Catalog
1912:
1911:
1907:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1733:(107): 229–252.
1722:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1579:
1578:
1571:
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1559:
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1522:
1512:
1511:
1507:
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1438:
1428:
1426:
1394:
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1389:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1332:
1278:
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1273:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1069:
1014:common kestrels
994:
946:
921:
916:
867:
810:
766:
716:
672:
622:
571:
524:
465:should contain
324:) described as
310:
175:
172:
149:
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7475:
7473:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7449:
7448:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7423:
7410:
7397:
7384:
7371:
7358:
7345:
7332:
7319:
7310:Fauna Europaea
7306:
7293:
7280:
7267:
7252:
7236:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7109:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6957:Thescelocichla
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6908:Phyllastrephus
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6702:
6700:
6698:Phylloscopidae
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6603:Gampsorhynchus
6598:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6423:Macrosphenidae
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6315:Trochalopteron
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6210:
6208:Leiothrichidae
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6163:Stelgidopteryx
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6135:Pseudochelidon
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5780:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5515:
5513:
5511:Certhilaudinae
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5346:Calamonastides
5342:
5334:
5332:
5330:Acrocephalidae
5322:
5321:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5223:Chlamydochaera
5219:
5211:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4922:
4915:
4905:
4898:
4895:Cinnyricinclus
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3950:
3948:
3946:incertae sedis
3939:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3780:Bombycilloidea
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Forest swallow
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Mosque swallow
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3032:(crag martins)
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Angola swallow
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2898:Stelgidopteryx
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2832:Andean swallow
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Sinaloa martin
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Tumbes swallow
2724:
2722:Bahama swallow
2719:
2717:Golden swallow
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2643:(sand martins)
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2552:Fanti saw-wing
2549:
2547:Black saw-wing
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2443:Pseudochelidon
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2402:Pseudochelidon
2390:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2244:
2232:
2226:
2218:Birds of India
2213:
2207:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2156:
2138:Eaton, James.
2130:
2111:
2078:
2045:
2022:
1999:
1972:
1953:(2): 194–210.
1925:
1905:
1860:
1848:Megaderma lyra
1837:
1826:(3): 362–366.
1806:
1786:
1773:(2): 188–192.
1749:
1736:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1670:
1644:
1635:
1622:
1608:
1595:
1569:
1520:
1505:
1459:
1436:
1387:
1360:
1330:
1271:
1252:(1): 254–270.
1228:
1204:
1171:
1168:plate LXXXVII.
1159:
1142:"Hirundinidae"
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1034:Megaderma lyra
1002:Eurasian hobby
993:
990:
986:standing waves
945:
942:
920:
917:
915:
912:
866:
863:
809:
806:
803:
802:
795:
788:
786:
779:
772:
759:
753:
752:
745:
738:
736:
729:
722:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
696:
689:
682:
665:
659:
658:
651:
644:
642:
635:
628:
615:
609:
608:
601:
594:
591:
584:
577:
564:
558:
557:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
523:
520:
309:
306:
177:
176:
173:
164:
163:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
16:Genus of birds
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7474:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7445:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7170:Sterrhoptilus
7167:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7142:Megazosterops
7139:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6975:Scotocercidae
6972:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6810:Calyptocichla
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6782:Arizelocichla
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6768:Altimastillas
6765:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6356:Cincloramphus
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6333:Locustellidae
6330:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6245:Grammatoptila
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6121:Psalidoprocne
6118:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6093:Petrochelidon
6090:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6020:Alopochelidon
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
6001:
6000:Erythrocercus
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5876:Micromacronus
5873:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5596:Heteromirafra
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5493:Melanocorypha
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5141:Meridiocichla
5135:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5079:Speculipastor
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:Scissirostrum
5069:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:Onychognathus
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4780:Myrmecocichla
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:Heteroxenicus
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4682:Campicoloides
4679:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4463:Xenocopsychus
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:Ramphocinclus
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:Cinclocerthia
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Muscicapoidea
4227:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4159:Odontorchilus
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:Microcerculus
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4080:Troglodytidae
4077:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4060:Tichodromidae
4057:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4006:Polioptilidae
4003:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3968:Kischinskinia
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:Hylocitreidae
3826:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:Bombycillidae
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:Stenostiridae
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:Picathartidae
3545:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:Pseudopodoces
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:Chloropseidae
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:Petrochelidon
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:Alopochelidon
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Purple martin
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2685:Banded martin
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2521:Psalidoprocne
2517:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:River martins
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Ceratophyllus
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1913:Amrine, Jim.
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1884:(2): 87–100.
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:Bats in China
1851:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1747:(1997) p. 165
1746:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1667:(2): 660–661.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:(2002) p. 268
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1380:(in French).
1379:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:"Crag Martin
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1086:IUCN Red List
1083:
1082:Least Concern
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1059:and the flea
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:D. chelidonis
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:common ravens
1023:
1022:Eurasian jays
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Taita falcons
1007:
1003:
999:
998:African hobby
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
943:
941:
937:
934:
925:
918:
913:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
864:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
807:
800:
796:
793:
789:
787:
780:
777:
773:
770:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
737:
730:
727:
723:
720:
715:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
699:
697:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
643:
636:
633:
629:
626:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
585:
582:
578:
575:
570:
569:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
548:
544:
538:Distribution
527:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:
496:Petrochelidon
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
446:Petrochelidon
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:river martins
403:
401:
400:
396:to the genus
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:in 1850, the
343:
339:
335:
332:in 1769, the
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:IUCN Red List
299:
298:Least Concern
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
192:
189:birds in the
188:
184:
174:Scopoli, 1769
171:
170:
165:
162:
158:
153:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:Passeriformes
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
7457:Ptyonoprogne
7444:
7276:Ptyonoprogne
7262:Ptyonoprogne
7232:Ptyonoprogne
7231:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7128:Dasycrotapha
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:Zosteropidae
7092:
7085:
7078:
7073:Pomatorhinus
7071:
7064:
7059:Melanocichla
7057:
7050:
7045:Erythrogenys
7043:
7036:
7029:
7009:
7002:
6982:
6964:Tricholestes
6962:
6955:
6950:Stelgidillas
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6817:Chlorocichla
6815:
6808:
6803:Brachypodius
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:Pycnonotidae
6725:
6707:Phylloscopus
6705:
6685:
6680:Schoeniparus
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6652:Malacopteron
6650:
6645:Malacocincla
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:Pellorneidae
6581:
6574:
6569:Paradoxornis
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6505:
6485:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6446:Macrosphenus
6444:
6437:
6430:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6259:Ianthocincla
6257:
6252:Heterophasia
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6195:
6188:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6149:Pygochelidon
6147:
6142:Ptyonoprogne
6140:
6133:
6128:Pseudhirundo
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:Hirundinidae
5998:
5978:
5971:Donacobiidae
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5806:Calamonastes
5804:
5799:Bathmocercus
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:Cisticolidae
5763:
5756:
5749:
5744:Phyllergates
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5625:
5601:
5594:
5589:Calendulauda
5587:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5534:Ammomanopsis
5532:
5525:
5518:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5458:Chersophilus
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5408:Psaltriparus
5406:
5401:Leptopoecile
5399:
5392:
5385:Aegithalidae
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5339:Acrocephalus
5337:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5244:Entomodestes
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5194:
5187:
5182:Neocossyphus
5180:
5173:
5166:
5146:
5139:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5093:Streptocitta
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4990:
4983:
4978:Lamprotornis
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4936:Goodfellowia
4934:
4927:
4917:
4910:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4853:Acridotheres
4851:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4668:Brachypteryx
4666:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4504:
4499:Cercotrichas
4497:
4490:
4474:Muscicapinae
4461:
4456:Swynnertonia
4454:
4447:
4440:
4435:Pogonocichla
4433:
4426:
4419:
4414:Cossyphicula
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4375:Muscicapidae
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4286:
4266:
4246:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4194:Thryorchilus
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4166:Pheugopedius
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4110:Cinnycerthia
4108:
4101:
4096:Cantorchilus
4094:
4087:
4067:
4047:
4029:Ramphocaenus
4027:
4020:
4013:
3993:
3986:
3966:
3956:
3945:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3886:
3879:
3856:
3849:Hypocoliidae
3836:
3816:
3796:
3767:
3760:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3633:Chelidorhynx
3631:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3577:
3569:Promeropidae
3556:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3495:Pardaliparus
3493:
3488:Melanochlora
3486:
3479:
3474:Machlolophus
3472:
3465:
3460:Cephalopyrus
3458:
3451:
3444:
3424:
3404:
3383:
3362:
3325:Infraorder:
3230:
3216:Cave swallow
3181:Fairy martin
3160:
3100:
3063:
3028:Ptyonoprogne
3027:
3026:
3012:Blue swallow
2952:Barn swallow
2939:
2921:
2896:
2873:Pygochelidon
2871:
2841:
2811:
2756:
2707:Tree swallow
2694:
2674:
2637:
2617:
2597:
2579:
2562:Pseudhirundo
2561:
2519:
2505:
2493:
2480:
2441:
2427:
2415:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2325:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2268:
2248:
2239:
2217:
2198:
2166:
2159:
2147:the original
2133:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2103:the original
2098:
2094:
2081:
2070:the original
2065:
2061:
2048:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1789:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1695:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1606:(1999) p.240
1603:
1598:
1582:
1560:. Retrieved
1546:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1482:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1446:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1413:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1243:
1214:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1187:
1181:
1174:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1117:
1109:
1100:
1070:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
995:
982:pond skaters
949:Ptyonoprogne
948:
947:
938:
930:
908:
888:Persian Gulf
876:
858:Ptyonoprogne
857:
853:
842:Ptyonoprogne
841:
837:
835:
831:house martin
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
775:
761:
725:
719:Lichtenstein
711:
685:
667:
631:
617:
580:
566:
529:Common name
515:
508:North Africa
505:
501:Ptyonoprogne
500:
494:
488:
482:
479:barn swallow
474:
471:Ptyonoprogne
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:Ptyonoprogne
454:
444:
438:
432:
426:
423:Ptyonoprogne
422:
419:tree swallow
411:DNA sequence
404:
397:
390:Ptyonoprogne
389:
381:
374:Ptyonoprogne
373:
365:
361:
349:
342:Jean Cabanis
337:
325:
321:
314:Ptyonoprogne
313:
311:
278:Ptyonoprogne
277:
247:
235:
231:
223:
215:
207:
195:Ptyonoprogne
194:
193:
183:crag martins
182:
180:
167:
161:Type species
146:Ptyonoprogne
145:
144:
135:Hirundininae
125:Hirundinidae
49:
31:Crag martin
25:
21:Craig Martin
7349:iNaturalist
7256:Wikispecies
7198:Zosterornis
7114:Apalopteron
7080:Spelaeornis
6915:Poliolophus
6887:Microtarsus
6718:Pnoepygidae
6673:Ptilocichla
6610:Graminicola
6576:Rhopophilus
6478:Nicatoridae
6460:Sphenoeacus
6412:Schoenicola
6370:Helopsaltes
6363:Elaphrornis
6342:Bradypterus
6308:Pterorhinus
6301:Montecincla
6197:Pholidornis
6170:Tachycineta
6107:Phedinopsis
6086:Orochelidon
6072:Miochelidon
5946:Schistolais
5939:Scepomycter
5897:Oreophilais
5827:Drymocichla
5813:Camaroptera
5696:Xanthomixis
5638:Bernieridae
5618:Alcippeidae
5569:Ramphocoris
5562:Pinarocorys
5555:Eremopterix
5548:Chersomanes
5541:Certhilauda
5451:Calandrella
5159:Myadestinae
4964:Hartlaubius
4902:Creatophora
4881:Arizelopsar
4801:Pinarochroa
4794:Phoenicurus
4659:Saxicolinae
4634:Leucoptilon
4561:Melaenornis
4517:Muscicapini
4449:Stiphrornis
4421:Dessonornis
4393:Chamaetylas
4384:Erithacinae
4350:Oreoscoptes
4279:Elachuridae
4208:Troglodytes
4201:Thryothorus
4187:Thryophilus
4145:Hylorchilus
4138:Henicorhina
4124:Cyphorhinus
4117:Cistothorus
3937:Certhioidea
3922:Ptiliogonys
3915:Phainoptila
3908:Phainopepla
3881:Chaetoptila
3741:Muscicapida
3716:Passeroidea
3705:Passeroidea
3694:See below ↓
3674:See below ↓
3665:Muscicapida
3599:Anthoscopus
3558:Picathartes
3481:Melaniparus
3467:Lophophanes
3354:Chaetopidae
3186:Tree martin
3044:Rock martin
2813:Orochelidon
2696:Tachycineta
2665:Pale martin
2660:Sand martin
2619:Phedinopsis
2525:(saw-wings)
2184:Cited texts
2019:(1): 79–81.
1872:Dermanyssus
1498:7 September
1041:Dermanyssus
978:caddisflies
970:grass fires
927:Rock martin
904:Middle East
900:Nile Valley
846:sand martin
808:Description
675:Fischer, GA
451:retort-like
415:sand martin
346:rock martin
276:is common.
243:sand martin
220:rock martin
152:Reichenbach
131:Subfamily:
7451:Categories
7149:Parayuhina
7121:Cleptornis
7031:Cyanoderma
7022:Timaliidae
6984:Scotocerca
6922:Pycnonotus
6852:Hypsipetes
6831:Euptilotus
6775:Andropadus
6761:Alophoixus
6747:Acritillas
6666:Pellorneum
6624:Illadopsis
6617:Gypsophila
6453:Melocichla
6439:Cryptillas
6377:Locustella
6217:Actinodura
6079:Neophedina
6048:Cheramoeca
5980:Donacobius
5953:Spiloptila
5918:Phyllolais
5911:Phragmacia
5904:Orthotomus
5855:Hypergerus
5792:Artisornis
5716:Abroscopus
5689:Thamnornis
5668:Hartertula
5654:Crossleyia
5580:Mirafrinae
5500:Spizocorys
5472:Eremophila
5465:Eremalauda
5394:Aegithalos
5353:Chloropeta
5318:Sylvioidea
5258:Hylocichla
5230:Cichlopsis
5196:Stizorhina
5148:Pinarornis
5107:Sturnornis
5086:Spodiopsar
5065:Saroglossa
5051:Rhabdornis
5016:Notopholia
4929:Fregilupus
4912:Cryptopsar
4888:Basilornis
4867:Ampeliceps
4822:Thamnolaea
4745:Leonardina
4717:Heinrichia
4696:Emarginata
4689:Cinclidium
4613:Cyanoptila
4597:Niltavinae
4575:Namibornis
4540:Empidornis
4483:Copsychini
4442:Sheppardia
4400:Cichladusa
4239:Buphagidae
4180:Thryomanes
4173:Salpinctes
4069:Tichodroma
4022:Polioptila
4015:Microbates
3979:Certhiidae
3858:Hypocolius
3838:Hylocitrea
3798:Bombycilla
3685:Sylvioidea
3654:Stenostira
3640:Culicicapa
3537:Sylviparus
3530:Sittiparus
3446:Baeolophus
3396:Hyliotidae
3385:Chloropsis
3319:Suborder:
3290:passerides
3288:Genera of
3231:Cheramoeca
2676:Neophedina
2580:Cheramoeca
2191:Ali, Salim
1767:Bird Study
1602:Mullarney
1217:: 108111.
1188:Bird facts
1129:References
974:stoneflies
956:and other
954:mosquitoes
555:Population
226:) and the
7191:Zosterops
7087:Stachyris
6995:Sylviidae
6894:Neolestes
6789:Baeopogon
6659:Napothera
6638:Laticilla
6534:Chrysomma
6498:Panuridae
6467:Sylvietta
6432:Achaetops
6405:Robsonius
6391:Megalurus
6349:Catriscus
6322:Turdoides
6287:Liocichla
6280:Leiothrix
6273:Leioptila
6266:Laniellus
6027:Atronanus
5925:Poliolais
5848:Euryptila
5841:Eremomela
5820:Cisticola
5765:Urosphena
5758:Tickellia
5730:Hemitesia
5707:Cettiidae
5647:Bernieria
5527:Ammomanes
5428:Alaudinae
5419:Alaudidae
5360:Hippolais
5265:Ridgwayia
5251:Geokichla
5175:Myadestes
5044:Poeoptera
5009:Neocichla
5002:Necropsar
4985:Leucopsar
4950:Gracupica
4844:Sturnidae
4829:Vauriella
4773:Myophonus
4759:Monticola
4738:Larvivora
4648:Sholicola
4568:Muscicapa
4554:Humblotia
4533:Bradornis
4506:Copsychus
4428:Erithacus
4364:Toxostoma
4336:Melanotis
4329:Margarops
4322:Dumetella
4259:Cinclidae
4103:Catherpes
3995:Salpornis
3958:Certhiops
3762:Corthylio
3753:Regulidae
3606:Auriparus
3590:Remizidae
3579:Promerops
3509:Periparus
3453:Cyanistes
3342:Passerida
3327:Passerida
3301:Kingdom:
1727:Carinthia
1629:Grimmett
1562:3 January
1429:3 January
1374:au Maroc"
1110:Accipiter
1006:peregrine
914:Behaviour
896:migratory
892:Himalayas
880:Indochina
679:Reichenow
312:The four
187:passerine
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
7247:Q1192748
7241:Wikidata
7163:Staphida
7066:Mixornis
7052:Macronus
6943:Spizixos
6936:Setornis
6929:Rubigula
6873:Ixonotus
6838:Eurillas
6824:Criniger
6727:Pnoepyga
6687:Turdinus
6562:Myzornis
6555:Moupinia
6548:Lioparus
6541:Fulvetta
6398:Poodytes
6238:Garrulax
6181:Hyliidae
6055:Delichon
6041:Cecropis
6034:Atticora
5890:Oreolais
5883:Neomixis
5869:Malcorus
5737:Horornis
5675:Oxylabes
5479:Galerida
5444:Alaudala
5374:Nesillas
5286:Zoothera
5216:Catharus
5207:Turdinae
5168:Grandala
5125:Turdidae
4971:Hylopsar
4957:Grafisia
4860:Agropsar
4815:Tarsiger
4808:Saxicola
4787:Oenanthe
4766:Myiomela
4752:Luscinia
4710:Ficedula
4703:Enicurus
4675:Calliope
4606:Anthipes
4547:Fraseria
4526:Agricola
4407:Cossypha
4288:Elachura
4248:Buphagus
4215:Uropsila
4131:Ferminia
4040:Sittidae
3872:Mohoidae
3417:Irenidae
3364:Chaetops
3309:Chordata
3307:Phylum:
3303:Animalia
3102:Cecropis
3065:Delichon
2843:Atticora
2374:Swallows
2238:(1890).
2197:(1986).
2127:: 26–32.
2095:Forktail
2062:Forktail
1900:17645179
1878:Parasite
1798:Archived
1531:(2016).
1398:(2017).
1266:15737595
1197:28 March
1043:such as
933:colonies
919:Breeding
890:and the
821:, and a
819:chi, chi
771:, 1832)
721:, 1842)
681:, 1884)
627:, 1850)
576:, 1769)
541:Picture
510:and the
490:Cecropis
484:Delichon
440:Cecropis
434:Delichon
308:Taxonomy
250:habitats
121:Family:
95:Chordata
91:Phylum:
85:Animalia
71:Domain:
7367:1047059
7341:7340277
7094:Timalia
7038:Dumetia
7004:Curruca
6845:Hemixos
6754:Alcurus
6631:Kenopia
6583:Suthora
6527:Chamaea
6507:Panurus
6487:Nicator
6156:Riparia
6100:Phedina
6062:Hirundo
5960:Urolais
5627:Alcippe
5603:Mirafra
5520:Alaemon
5486:Lullula
5272:Ixoreus
5114:Sturnus
5100:Sturnia
5058:Sarcops
4943:Gracula
4874:Aplonis
4641:Niltava
4627:Eumyias
4620:Cyornis
4582:Sigelus
4308:Allenia
4299:Mimidae
4268:Cinclus
3988:Certhia
3809:Dulidae
3769:Regulus
3647:Elminia
3516:Poecile
3437:Paridae
3406:Hyliota
3321:Passeri
3313:Class:
2941:Hirundo
2639:Riparia
2599:Phedina
2507:Species
2429:Species
2400:genus:
2398:·
1967:1159742
1743:Barlow
1677:Barlow
1384:: 6–25.
1325:8516319
1293:Bibcode
1152:15 July
1084:on the
1074:Guangxi
966:beetles
944:Feeding
854:Riparia
838:Riparia
625:Cabanis
574:Scopoli
512:Arabian
475:Hirundo
463:Hirundo
459:Hirundo
428:Hirundo
399:Hirundo
300:on the
286:falcons
282:insects
254:migrant
237:Hirundo
218:), the
210:), the
200:swallow
198:of the
141:Genus:
111:Order:
101:Class:
7432:379187
7419:302791
7380:915802
7354:144348
7184:Yuhina
7135:Heleia
7011:Sylvia
6866:Ixodia
6114:Progne
5932:Prinia
5862:Incana
5834:Eminia
5785:Apalis
5723:Cettia
5682:Randia
5437:Alauda
5279:Turdus
5237:Cochoa
5189:Sialia
5037:Pholia
5030:Pastor
4919:Enodes
4731:Irania
4492:Alethe
2758:Progne
2378:family
2332:
2313:
2276:
2255:
2224:
2205:
1965:
1941:) 10.
1898:
1745:et al.
1679:et al.
1323:
1313:
1264:
1067:Status
884:Iberia
677:&
551:Trend
547:Status
394:sister
386:Procne
274:clutch
264:under
154:, 1850
7406:72889
7362:IRMNG
7315:97285
7289:52591
7156:Rukia
6796:Bleda
6384:Malia
6294:Minla
6231:Cutia
6224:Argya
6190:Hylia
5751:Tesia
5367:Iduna
4343:Mimus
4049:Sitta
3818:Dulus
3613:Remiz
3502:Parus
3426:Irena
2495:Genus
2417:Genus
2150:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2106:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
2073:(PDF)
2058:(PDF)
1939:Argas
1935:Argas
1723:(PDF)
1631:et al
1604:et al
1316:46790
1092:Notes
1078:Sindh
958:flies
823:tshir
769:Sykes
382:ptuon
294:fleas
290:mites
266:cliff
262:nests
258:India
191:genus
7401:NCBI
7375:ITIS
7336:GBIF
7302:759N
7284:BOLD
6880:Ixos
6859:Iole
4992:Mino
3888:Moho
3714:See
3315:Aves
2330:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2203:ISBN
1963:PMID
1896:PMID
1820:Ibis
1659:)".
1564:2021
1547:2016
1500:2024
1483:2016
1431:2021
1414:2017
1321:PMID
1262:PMID
1199:2010
1154:2023
1024:and
1008:and
980:and
964:and
962:ants
848:and
827:trrt
815:twee
499:and
443:and
292:and
270:eggs
181:The
105:Aves
7388:NBN
7297:CoL
7271:ADW
6901:Nok
1955:doi
1886:doi
1828:doi
1824:125
1818:".
1775:doi
1731:187
1551:doi
1487:doi
1418:doi
1311:PMC
1301:doi
1254:doi
1219:doi
1016:,
1000:or
825:or
817:or
467:all
392:is
7453::
7429::
7416::
7403::
7390::
7377::
7364::
7351::
7338::
7325::
7312::
7299::
7286::
7273::
7258::
7243::
2193:;
2171:.
2125:16
2123:.
2099:22
2097:.
2093:.
2066:16
2064:.
2060:.
2037:.
2017:23
2015:.
1994:54
1992:.
1961:.
1951:12
1949:.
1917:.
1894:.
1882:14
1880:.
1876:.
1852:.
1822:.
1771:52
1769:.
1765:.
1725:.
1704:^
1665:21
1663:.
1647:^
1611:^
1587:.
1572:^
1545:.
1539:.
1481:.
1475:.
1451:.
1412:.
1406:.
1376:.
1333:^
1319:.
1309:.
1299:.
1289:90
1287:.
1283:.
1260:.
1250:35
1248:.
1231:^
1190:.
1186:.
1144:.
1104:A
1088:.
1036:.
1032:,
1020:,
976:,
833:.
776:LC
726:LC
686:LC
632:LC
581:LC
493:,
409:.
402:.
304:.
52:)
6068:†
5137:†
4998:†
4925:†
4908:†
3964:†
3954:†
3869:†
3571:?
3550:?
3398:?
3377:?
3356:?
3281:e
3274:t
3267:v
2483:)
2405:)
2394:(
2376:(
2366:e
2359:t
2352:v
2338:.
2319:.
2282:.
2261:.
2230:.
2211:.
2175:.
2169:"
2041:.
2035:"
1969:.
1957::
1902:.
1888::
1850:"
1846:"
1834:.
1830::
1783:.
1777::
1591:.
1585:"
1566:.
1553::
1537:"
1502:.
1489::
1473:"
1469:"
1455:.
1449:"
1433:.
1420::
1404:"
1382:4
1327:.
1303::
1295::
1268:.
1256::
1225:.
1221::
1201:.
1156:.
1112:.
767:(
717:(
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