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534:. He died in 1851 and is buried with his wife, Hannah at Notchland, a house built by Bemis at Hart's Location which still stands today as the Notchland Inn. Bemis had bought the property, on which Abel's Crawford House stood, in 1856 but the actual Crawford House building was probably torn down in 1900. Ethan and Lucy, who died in 1869, are buried in the same graveyard as Eleazar and his wife, not far from the Cog railway. Continued financial difficulties meant that Thomas Crawford and Nathaniel Davis both lost their properties, Notch House and Mount Crawford House, respectively, in the 1850s.
519:, which was written in Ethan's voice. Pavel Cenkl says that Lucy intended the book to be in large part a paean to Ethan, building up his image so that more people might ask him to be their guide, although just as with the trails and inns, it was subsequent investors in the area's tourism industry who benefited from interest in it. The Crawfords had long had a reputation for eloquent story-telling about the mountains, although some people questioned the veracity of what they said. Following the death of Ethan, people began referring to White Mountain Notch as Crawford Notch.
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192:. Eleazar Rosebrook, who was restless despite the success of his farm in Guildhall, visited and agreed to buy the cabin when Abel decided it was insufficiently remote for his liking. Thus, Abel then moved to the even more spectacular Hart's Location and was joined there by his wife and two young sons, Erastus and Ethan Allen, who had been born in Guildhall in 1792. Eventually comprising Abel, Hannah, eight sons and a daughter, the Crawford family developed the new site, where the present-day Notchland Inn is situated, as a farm.
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accommodation that the
Crawfords could offer. Ethan took out a further mortgage in 1832 to finance a new two-story wing for the Old Moosehorn Tavern, hoping that it would counter the competition now coming from the new White Mountain House hotel. He continued to develop new trails and also tamed some animals to amuse visitors, as well as adding a bowling alley and dance floor, but he became less interested in acting as a guide and often employed people to do that for him. He developed
75:, and were pioneers in establishing a tourist industry in that area. Abel Crawford and his father-in-law, Eleazar Rosebrook, began the effort, and one of Abel's sons, Ethan Allen Crawford, made significant contributions. Another son, Thomas Jefferson Crawford, continued the work; and Ethan's wife, Lucy, also contributed. Their work was in the area then known as White Mountain Notch, subsequently called
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married his cousin, Lucy Howe, in
November of the same year, having become close to her when she arrived at Giant's Grave to look after Eleazar, their mutual grandfather. On the night of July 18, 1818, being the same day that Lucy gave birth to their first child, the Old Moosehorn Tavern was destroyed by a fire caused by an unattended candle. There were uninsured losses of
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410:. The Willey family, who had taken occupation of the Old Notch House, died trying to outrun the water and the terrain was stripped bare, remaining that way for many years after with the house still standing in stark contrast to the desolation. Natural beauty and tragedy combined to entice visitors with an interest in morbid
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Ethan knew how to exploit the attractions of the scenery to his best advantage, one example being that he took to greeting visitors by firing a cannon or blowing a horn at his door so that they could appreciate the natural echo. The number of visitors increased greatly following a natural disaster on
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in the 1840s, was known as the "Patriarch of the
Mountains". Abel also acted as the collector of tolls from people traveling over the Jefferson turnpike and, in the early 1830s, his strategic position there caused him to be suggested as someone who might assist authorities in monitoring smugglers who
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Ethan constructed a shelter for travelers at the summit in 1821 and in 1823 built three stone huts there. At least one of the huts was fitted out with a stove, vegetation for bedding and a sheet of lead on which visitors could write their names with a nail, but they proved too uncomfortable and so he
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Competition for the tourist trade, which from the outset had been the monopoly of the
Crawfords, increased with the greater interest in the area that followed the Willey disaster of 1826. The type of visitor changed, too, and the people who now flocked to the mountains disdained the relatively crude
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3000, made worse because payments were still due on the mortgage, but Ethan nonetheless managed to build a smaller replacement building. This cramped replacement may not have been entirely new but in fact one already standing some 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Giant's Grave, from whence it was moved
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Ethan and Lucy had struggled financially since the fire of 1818, having taken on more debt for their various projects. They became vulnerable to the activities of land speculators and Ethan was eventually imprisoned for non-payment of debt. Unable to pay the mortgage that he had taken out in 1832,
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1000 of damage and Abel's farm was wrecked almost beyond repair. However, they were also affected in a positive manner with the subsequent influx of tourists. In 1828, Ethan began construction of a new inn, called the Notch House, at the northern end of the valley, appointing his brother Thomas to
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and was too feeble to run his farm and inn without assistance; in return for Ethan's help, Eleazar offered ownership of the property to Ethan. Thus, when
Eleazar died in September 1817, Ethan inherited the property and also the mortgage on it, which he increased to develop the business further. He
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of the White
Mountains, an area which Kevin Avery described as an "inhospitable, indeed potentially lethal, wilderness" in the years immediately following the American Revolutionary War. Abel moved from Guildhall to settle at the northern end of the notch in 1790 with his wife, Hannah. He bought a
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In
Dickerman's chronology, Erastus had been born prior to Abel leaving Guildhall for Nash and Sawyer's Location, with Ethan Allen born in January 1792 prior to his family joining him in the notch that year; Johnson says both boys were born in 1792. Ethan himself, according to his wife, Lucy, says
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It was as a consequence of the fire that Ethan sought new opportunities to repair his ravaged finances. The area was beginning to attract tourists desirous of reaching the mountain peaks, and in 1819 Abel had already guided a couple of groups up the hills. Ethan was also approached and noted the
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The
Crawford Path was a major milestone, for it marked the birth of wilderness experience as a recreational activity in the White Mountains. Increasing numbers of visitors used the trail, a sign that Americans were beginning to view the mountain wilderness as worthy of exploration for personal,
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Unhappy with being distant from the mountains, Ethan and Lucy returned from their new abode in
Guildhall in 1843, renting and re-opening the abandoned White Mountain House hotel, which stood about 1 mile (1.6 km) distant from their old home. Meanwhile, Ethan's sister, Hannah, had married
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of the Notch House, Crawford Notch. Built by Ethan
Crawford around 1828 and managed by his brother, Thomas. This is, according to Dona Brown, "One of the best-known images of the White Mountains, combining the looming grandeur of the mountains with old-fashioned comfort and
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erected a tent capable of holding 18 people. The tent did not survive for long because of the high winds that are a feature of the mountain. Also in 1823, despite his precarious financial position, Ethan expanded his provision of accommodation by renting the
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By the mid-1850s there were numerous hotels in the White Mountains, including four that travel guide writer John H. Spaulding described at the time as "mammoth". There were also numerous transport routes to enable access from the cities, notably the
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used the interest in the tragedy to further their careers, deliberately painting and writing about an area that had suddenly gained national attention. Ethan, too, exploited it by, for example, ensuring that the Willey House was well signposted.
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was an early visitor to Eleazar's property and wrote approvingly of what he had achieved. The location and his reputation for hospitality made it a success, and Abel followed it by building his own inn, Crawford House, at Hart's Location.
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Nathaniel T. P. Davis and the couple lived with Abel while continuing the family's connection with tourism. In 1844–1845, Davis constructed a new horse route from Crawford House inn at Hart's Location to the Mount Washington summit, via
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the couple left the area in 1837 after years of financial struggle. Their property was sold to repay their debts. Horace Fabyan leased the original farm and then bought it outright in 1841; he renamed the inn as Mount Washington House.
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Visitor interest in the effects of the disastrous storm waned over time, despite the efforts of people such as Willey's brother to maintain and profit from it by offering guided tours of the house for a fee. It had become old
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around 1840, allowing Abel, then in his 70s, to become the first person to ride a horse to the summit of the mountain. This change to the path was in response to increased competition from facilities by now being developed at
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and a tumor that caused him constant pain, leading him to attempt unsuccessfully to sell his business in 1835. No-one was prepared to offer a price that would pay his debts but during this time he also befriended
381:. Lucy also had some involvement, making her own first ascent to the summit in 1825. Word of Ethan's abilities and deeds spread, gaining him a heroic status, with incidents such as one where he carried a
587:, which is land east of Fabyan and Bretton Woods that was bought by Ethan Allen Crawford and brothers Thomas and Nathaniel Abbott in 1834. Other namings include Ethan Pond and Crawford Brook, as well as
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and which soon became more popular than the original path. His brother, Thomas Jefferson Crawford, together with guide Joseph Hall, who worked for him, improved the original path by converting it into a
21:
215:. The vast increase in traffic caused by this development gave Eleazar an opportunity to improve his fortunes. He constructed a two-story inn on a mound called Giant's Grave and supplemented it with a
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Horace Fabyan upgraded and extended the Old Moosehorn Tavern, which he renamed Mount Washington House, after his purchase in 1841. It burned down in a fire in 1853 and the derelict site was bought by
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Pavel Cenkl says that the Crawfords were "subsistence farmers, traders, and entrepreneurs". While Abel had apparently planted around 700 apple trees on his land, mostly for the purpose of making
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cabin, which later became known as "Fabyan" or "Fabyans", from settlers there but soon sold it to his father-in-law, Eleazar Rosebrook, and moved 12 miles (19 km) south through the notch to
465:. It was particularly popular with artists because of its stunning setting and, despite being destroyed by fire in 1854, is still well known because of its frequent depiction in their works.
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aesthetic, and scientific reasons. As the Crawfords cleared more trails through the White Mountains, they enhanced the intrinsic value of the mountain wilderness by opening up access to it.
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Until 1811, when Ethan left to join the army, father and son worked, hunted and fished together in the environs of the Notch. After leaving the army, Ethan was engaged in various jobs in
326:, still mostly follows the original route and is considered to be the oldest White Mountains trail in continuous use. It may not, however, have been the first path to the summit: the
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An alternative chronology to this has Abel Crawford initially moving alone to the notch in 1791, leaving his wife in Guildhall while he constructed a cabin at a spectacular site on
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While most sources just name Abel as the first person to ride a horse to the summit of Mount Washington, Woodrow Thompson says that he was accompanied by the state geologist
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The family's involvement in constructing trails continued with the work of Ethan A. Crawford II, who had an involvement in building a route at the Jefferson Notch pass near
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prints. Over time, the 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m)-tall Ethan gained the name "Giant of the Hills"; his father, who probably acted as a guide for the geologist
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Ethan, who has been described as "prodigiously strong", appears to have been the major worker on the original Crawford Path. The first travelers, guided by Abel, included
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775:, which refers to Phineas Rosebrook Jr. as completing the construction. According to Bryant Tolles, the accuracy of Merrill's work "may be legitimately questioned".
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According to Johnson, White Mountain House was a hotel built by another descendant of Eleazar Rosebrook. However, the source for this is George Drew Merrill's 1888
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Aside from Crawford Notch and the Crawford Path, the Crawfords are commemorated in the names of Mount Crawford, due to a suggestion made by Bemis, and also in the
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difficulties that they experienced in negotiating the thickly-wooded terrain. Later that year, he and Abel together eased those problems by clearing woodland and
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Sources vary regarding Abel Crawford's year of birth. Some say he was aged 75 in 1840, others that he was aged 79 and some specifically say he was born in 1766.
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Ethan, who had at least two daughters and a son, died on June 22, 1846, at White Mountain House. Either in the same year or the one prior to it, Lucy published
267:. Once the home of Ethan Crawford, it later became a tourist attraction following a storm in 1826 which resulted in the deaths of the Willey family and others
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that connected its northern and southern areas via the mountain pass. Such a device had been considered by settlers since the 1760s because people living in
314:. Covering a distance of over 8 miles (13 km), beginning at the top of what was then called White Mountain Notch, the path cut through forest past the
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340:, who wrote an account of it. Ethan developed other trails in the area, including one initiated in 1821 whose route was closely followed later by the
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762:. A merchant and speculator rather than a mountain man, he also took control of the Willey House in 1845 and converted that into a 50-bed hotel.
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136:, in 1772, eventually having four sons and two daughters, including Abel's future wife, Hannah. The Rosebrooks had moved to the remote upper
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247:(1868). Not a true-to-life depiction but thought to be a representation of the Crawford Path based on memory, sketches and artistic license.
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494:, a dentist and early photographer from Boston through whom he found a doctor who was able to relieve some of the tumor-related pain.
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recorded a windspeed of 231 miles per hour (372 km/h) at the summit, which was a world record for most of the 20th century.
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152:, and his family relocated to Guildhall for safety. On his return from service, Eleazar established a successful farm there.
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was revised and expanded in 1860. According to Christopher Johnson, "it was and remains a beloved White Mountain classic."
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in 1864. As a partner in the Mount Washington Hotel Company, he eventually managed to open a hotel there in 1873, called
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Abel Crawford (1760s–1851), pioneer of tourist industry in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, drawn by Thomas Johnson
459:. Ethan guided and hosted Nathaniel Hawthorne for several days in 1832, and Hawthorne later described the hotel in his
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and Mount Tom Brook, which were both named after Thomas. Guidebooks have also extolled the virtues of Abel and Ethan.
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322:, then traversed a bleak ridge and negotiated various other peaks before reaching its goal. It is today known as the
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Eleazar Rosebrook established the first inn at the Notch in 1803 when the state of New Hampshire decided to build a
181:. It was there that he built the inn, called Crawford House, where his son, Ethan Allen Crawford, was born in 1792.
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Ethan was a capable guide for travelers using the trail, assisting surveyors such as a party that included
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before deciding to return to the Notch at the request of the ailing Eleazar in 1816. Eleazar had developed
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362:, which had been built in 1793 and lay close to Abel's home, and by extending the Giant's Grave building.
129:
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Tatham, David (1999), "From Paris to the Presidentials: Winslow Homer's "Bridle Path, White Mountains"",
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and the surrounding area of the upper Connecticut River were forced to make a long, difficult detour via
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Journals of the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire - June Session, 1846
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Mount Washington is notorious for its erratic weather. On the afternoon of April 12, 1934, the
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This Vast Book of Nature: Writing the Landscape of New Hampshire's White Mountains, 1784–1911
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probably commissioned the creation of a crude path, now lost, on the eastern slopes in 1809.
102:, lie in the late-18th-century marriage of first cousins Abel Crawford and Hannah Rosebrook.
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The turnpike through the notch was the Tenth New Hampshire Turnpike, which is now a part of
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The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790–1830
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The History of the White Mountains: From the First Settlement of Upper Coos and Pequaket
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The History of the White Mountains from the First Settlement of Upper Coos and Pequaket
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The History of the White Mountains from the First Settlement of Upper Coos and Pequaket
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The History of the White Mountains from the First Settlement of Upper Coos and Pequaket
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Numerous geographical features in the White Mountains are now named after the family.
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Towards the end of his life, aged in his 80s, Abel Crawford was twice elected from
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1944:
This Grand & Magnificent Place: The Wilderness Heritage of the White Mountains
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The significance of the Crawford Path is considerable. Christopher Johnson notes:
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run it. The business opened in 1829 and attracted many notable people, including
125:. John married Mary Rosebrook, with whom he had eleven children, including Abel.
2122:
The Grand Resort Hotels of the White Mountains: A Vanishing Architectural Legacy
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438:, ca. 1872. The original building had been significantly extended by that date.
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The Crawfords were directly affected by the storm: Ethan's property suffered
288:, including road-building and river transportation. He intended to settle in
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2045:
Walkin' with the Ghost Whisperers: Lore and Legends of the Appalachian Trail
407:
377:, and, in 1821, the first women to ascend the summit, as well as the author
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315:
220:
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1904:
On the Road North of Boston: New Hampshire Taverns and Turnpikes, 1700–1900
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2092:"History of Research on Glaciation in the White Mountains, New Hampshire"
1893:
The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton, Mass
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109:, is uncertain. His father was John, the third son of James Crawford, an
168:, as it was originally called, is a mountain pass that lies between the
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1779:"Selling the Sublime and the Beautiful: Landscape Painting and Tourism"
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2139:
Weiss, Thomas (June 2004), "Tourism in America before World War II",
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472:, by the 1830s Thomas was proposing that his own hotel would be a
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270:
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43:
20:
1873:
White Mountains Hiking History: Trailblazers of the Granite State
1822:
Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century
1907:(Reprinted, revised ed.), University Press of New England,
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2241:"The Papers of Lucy Crawford in the Dartmouth College Library"
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Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail
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into a raging torrent through the Notch valley and triggered
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2014:
Out of Nowhere: Disaster and Tourism in the White Mountains
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418:. Dona Brown believes that Cole and such other visitors as
55:(1839, oil on canvas). The building is "the Crawford house"
1781:, in Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover; Howat, John K. (eds.),
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Other people who traveled in Samuel May's group included
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The "mammoth" hotels were the Alpine House at Gorham,
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August 28, 1826, that was publicized by Dwight in his
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on his shoulders, a feat immortalized in drawings and
1977:(Revised ed.), University Press of New England,
844:
842:
840:
132:, was Mary's brother. He had married Hannah Hanes of
2219:. Houghton, Mifflin & Company. pp. 61–69.
2034:Guide and Historical Relics of the White Mountains
2235:. American Unitarian Association. pp. 50–58.
49:The Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch)
1901:Garvin, Donna-Belle; Garvin, James L. (2003) ,
560:
510:led to the creation of one that is used today.
1627:Journal of the House of Representatives (1846)
1189:. Mount Washington Observatory. Archived from
1687:
1675:
1485:
8:
1971:Julyan, Robert Hixson; Julyan, Mary (1993),
1783:Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825–1861
1735:
1590:
1336:
1240:
889:
310:a route for the first path to the summit of
394:were then particularly active in the area.
105:The date of birth of Abel, who was born in
2303:American families of Scotch-Irish ancestry
98:The origins of the Crawford family of the
2263:People from Carroll County, New Hampshire
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1711:
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1123:
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1023:
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25:Section of Geo. T. Crawford's map of the
1802:The White Mountains: Alps of New England
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959:
402:guidebook. A summer storm converted the
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1149:
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1042:
983:
947:
914:
813:
800:, Notch House and White Mountain House.
654:
2288:19th-century people from New Hampshire
2229:"Horseback Journey to White Mountains"
2017:, The Johns Hopkins University Press,
1763:(Reprinted ed.), Heritage Books,
1614:
1458:
1386:
995:
627:New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 87
621:New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 30
528:New Hampshire House of Representatives
207:in order to trade with places such as
61:Crawford family of the White Mountains
2217:Tales of the White Hills and Sketches
1927:, University of Massachusetts Press,
1723:
1578:
1566:
1434:
1410:
1359:
1348:
1324:
1276:
1252:
1228:
1006:
971:
831:
773:History of Coos County, New Hampshire
7:
1890:Dwight, Benjamin Woodbridge (1871),
1161:
848:
302:with the aid of family and friends.
1947:, University Press of New England,
2203:. John P. Haven. pp. 194–196.
2099:Géographie Physique et Quaternaire
1974:Place Names of the White Mountains
570:Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad
318:to reach a ridge near the peak of
14:
2258:Businesspeople from New Hampshire
148:Eleazar was away, serving in the
128:Eleazar Rosebrook, who came from
2119:Tolles, Bryant Franklin (1998),
1997:, University of Virginia Press,
241:The Bridle Path, White Mountains
2141:The Journal of Economic History
1760:The Book of the White Mountains
414:and to inspire artists such as
223:, stables and other buildings.
2283:People from Guildhall, Vermont
1785:, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
1:
2090:Thompson, Woodrow B. (1999),
1941:Johnson, Christopher (2006),
2243:. Dartmouth College Library.
1845:, University of Iowa Press,
1799:Bennett, Randall H. (2003),
733:Mount Washington Observatory
342:Mount Washington Cog Railway
121:in 1726 and then settled in
2298:Families from New Hampshire
2233:Memoir of Samuel Joseph May
2031:Spaulding, John H. (1856),
1921:Gassan, Richard H. (2008),
1865:, F. A. & A. F. Gerrish
1825:, Smithsonian Institution,
1688:Anderson & Morse (2002)
1676:Anderson & Morse (2002)
1486:Anderson & Morse (2002)
156:Life in the White Mountains
144:now stands, but during the
63:were a family who moved to
2319:
1736:Garvin & Garvin (2003)
1591:Garvin & Garvin (2003)
1337:Garvin & Garvin (2003)
1241:Garvin & Garvin (2003)
890:Julyan & Julyan (1993)
606:, at its opening in 1902.
572:that had been extended to
546:The Crawford Path between
186:Nash and Sawyer's Location
146:American Revolutionary War
39:Nash and Sawyer's Location
2153:10.1017/S0022050704002712
1896:, vol. 2, J. Munsell
671:Erastus was born in 1791.
616:Crawford Notch State Park
604:Governor of New Hampshire
117:man who had emigrated to
2278:Tourism in New Hampshire
2189:. Hoyt, Fogg and Donham.
2064:The American Art Journal
1870:Dickerman, Mike (2013),
1777:Avery, Kevin J. (2000),
1644:WhiteMountainHistory.org
134:Brimfield, Massachusetts
2183:Crawford, Lucy (1883).
2011:Purchase, Eric (1999),
1859:Crawford, Lucy (1846),
434:of the Willey House by
2213:"Sketches from Memory"
2200:The Northern Traveller
1991:Marshall, Ian (1998),
1876:, Arcadia Publishing,
1805:, Arcadia Publishing,
720:Charles Thomas Jackson
699:George Barrell Emerson
598:, over which he drove
565:
555:
439:
281:
268:
248:
130:Grafton, Massachusetts
95:
56:
41:
2293:Families from Vermont
1839:Cenkl, Pavel (2009),
1819:Brown, Dona (2014) ,
1640:"The Crawford Family"
623:: The Crawford Family
545:
429:
274:
254:
239:
93:
47:
24:
2209:Hawthorne, Nathaniel
2042:Tate, J. R. (2013),
703:Samuel Edmund Sewall
462:Sketches from Memory
166:White Mountain Notch
33:, ca. 1896, showing
16:New Hampshire family
2048:, Stackpole Books,
1339:, pp. 157, 162
1187:"World Record Wind"
585:Crawford's Purchase
581:unincorporated area
453:Henry David Thoreau
449:Ralph Waldo Emerson
420:Nathaniel Hawthorne
232:Further development
2268:American hoteliers
2225:May, Samuel Joseph
1476:, pp. 61, 131
1425:, pp. 131–132
1315:, pp. 132–133
1267:, pp. 29, 148
834:, pp. 115–118
638:White Mountain art
556:
440:
432:stereoscopic slide
400:Northern Traveller
282:
269:
249:
123:Union, Connecticut
107:Guildhall, Vermont
96:
73:Guildhall, Vermont
71:in the 1790s from
57:
42:
2273:American pioneers
2132:978-1-56792-026-0
2055:978-0-811-74544-4
2037:, J. R. Hitchcock
2024:978-0-8018-6013-3
2004:978-0-81391-798-6
1984:978-0-87451-638-8
1954:978-1-58465-461-2
1934:978-1-55849-665-1
1914:978-1-58465-321-9
1883:978-1-62584-533-7
1852:978-1-58729-714-4
1832:978-1-58834-430-4
1812:978-0-73852-433-7
1792:978-0-87099-957-4
1770:978-0-78842-217-1
600:Chester B. Jordan
532:state legislature
338:Samuel Joseph May
294:cancer of the lip
225:Timothy Dwight IV
138:Connecticut River
2310:
2244:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2195:Dwight, Theodore
2190:
2171:
2135:
2125:, D. R. Godine,
2115:
2114:
2112:10.7202/004879ar
2096:
2086:
2058:
2038:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1967:
1957:
1937:
1917:
1897:
1886:
1866:
1855:
1835:
1815:
1795:
1773:
1753:Anderson, John;
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:, pp. 46–47
1721:
1715:
1712:Spaulding (1856)
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
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1618:
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1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1513:Dickerman (2013)
1510:
1501:
1498:Dickerman (2013)
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1413:, pp. 42–43
1408:
1402:
1401:, pp. 59–60
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:, pp. 58–59
1286:
1280:
1279:, pp. 60–62
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1219:, pp. 55–56
1214:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1152:, pp. 75–76
1147:
1141:
1136:
1127:
1124:Dickerman (2013)
1121:
1115:
1112:Dickerman (2013)
1109:
1100:
1097:Dickerman (2013)
1094:
1085:
1082:Dickerman (2013)
1079:
1073:
1070:Dickerman (2013)
1067:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1045:, pp. 52–54
1040:
1027:
1024:Dickerman (2013)
1021:
1010:
1004:
998:
993:
987:
986:, pp. 48–49
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
950:, pp. 49–50
945:
939:
938:, pp. 10–11
936:Dickerman (2013)
933:
918:
917:, pp. 49–51
912:
893:
892:, pp. 34–36
887:
852:
846:
835:
829:
801:
794:
788:
782:
776:
769:
763:
752:
746:
742:
736:
729:
723:
716:
710:
691:
685:
678:
672:
668:
662:
659:
629:: Crawford House
552:Mount Eisenhower
530:, a part of the
445:
436:Kilburn Brothers
312:Mount Washington
300:
174:Franconia Ranges
150:Continental Army
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2177:Further reading
2174:
2138:
2133:
2118:
2094:
2089:
2076:10.2307/1594631
2061:
2056:
2041:
2030:
2025:
2010:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1940:
1935:
1920:
1915:
1900:
1889:
1884:
1869:
1858:
1853:
1838:
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1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1301:Marshall (1998)
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1265:Purchase (1999)
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1139:Thompson (1999)
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
960:Crawford (1846)
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
921:
913:
896:
888:
855:
847:
838:
830:
815:
805:
804:
795:
791:
783:
779:
770:
766:
756:Sylvester Marsh
753:
749:
743:
739:
730:
726:
717:
713:
692:
688:
679:
675:
669:
665:
660:
656:
646:
612:
596:Mount Jefferson
540:
482:
476:establishment.
443:
379:Theodore Dwight
360:Old Notch House
298:
234:
179:Hart's Location
163:
158:
100:White Mountains
88:
69:White Mountains
35:Hart's Location
27:White Mountains
17:
12:
11:
5:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
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2265:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2221:
2205:
2191:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2147:(2): 289–327,
2136:
2131:
2116:
2087:
2070:(1/2): 36–49,
2059:
2054:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2008:
2003:
1988:
1983:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1918:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1856:
1851:
1836:
1831:
1816:
1811:
1796:
1791:
1774:
1769:
1755:Morse, Stearns
1749:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1700:Johnson (2006)
1692:
1680:
1668:
1664:Johnson (2006)
1656:
1631:
1619:
1617:, p. 1106
1607:
1603:Johnson (2006)
1595:
1583:
1571:
1556:
1552:Johnson (2006)
1544:
1540:Johnson (2006)
1529:
1525:Bennett (2003)
1517:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1474:Johnson (2006)
1463:
1451:
1447:Johnson (2006)
1439:
1427:
1423:Johnson (2006)
1415:
1403:
1399:Johnson (2006)
1391:
1379:
1375:Bennett (2003)
1364:
1352:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1313:Johnson (2006)
1305:
1293:
1289:Johnson (2006)
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1217:Johnson (2006)
1204:
1193:on May 1, 2021
1178:
1174:Bennett (2003)
1166:
1154:
1150:Bennett (2003)
1142:
1128:
1116:
1101:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1058:Bennett (2003)
1047:
1043:Johnson (2006)
1028:
1011:
999:
988:
984:Bennett (2003)
976:
964:
952:
948:Johnson (2006)
940:
919:
915:Johnson (2006)
894:
853:
836:
812:
811:
803:
802:
789:
777:
764:
747:
737:
724:
711:
686:
682:U.S. Route 302
673:
663:
653:
652:
645:
642:
641:
640:
635:
630:
624:
618:
611:
608:
539:
536:
504:Mount Crawford
481:
478:
457:Daniel Webster
286:New York state
277:W. H. Bartlett
265:Crawford Notch
257:W. H. Bartlett
233:
230:
162:
159:
157:
154:
87:
84:
77:Crawford Notch
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2315:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
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2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1738:, p. 190
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:, p. 191
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 164
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:, p. 131
1665:
1660:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1629:, p. 390
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:Dwight (1871)
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 115
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:, p. 117
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1488:, p. 184
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Tolles (1998)
1455:
1452:
1449:, p. 132
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:, p. 159
1388:
1387:Gassan (2008)
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:, p. 204
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:, p. 103
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:, p. 321
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:Tatham (1999)
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:, p. 187
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
854:
851:, p. 320
850:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:
799:
793:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
768:
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
741:
738:
734:
728:
725:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Caleb Cushing
690:
687:
683:
677:
674:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
650:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
564:
559:
553:
549:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
517:
511:
509:
508:Mount Willard
505:
499:
495:
493:
488:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
437:
433:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
392:
391:Charles Lyell
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:William Oakes
372:
368:
367:John W. Weeks
363:
361:
355:
353:
352:Pinkham Notch
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
329:
325:
324:Crawford Path
321:
320:Bald Mountain
317:
313:
309:
303:
295:
291:
287:
278:
273:
266:
262:
258:
253:
246:
245:Winslow Homer
242:
238:
231:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:Bretton Woods
187:
182:
180:
175:
171:
167:
160:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
92:
85:
83:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:New Hampshire
62:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
31:New Hampshire
28:
23:
19:
2232:
2216:
2199:
2185:
2144:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2098:
2067:
2063:
2044:
2033:
2013:
1993:
1973:
1962:
1943:
1923:
1903:
1892:
1872:
1861:
1841:
1821:
1801:
1782:
1759:
1746:Bibliography
1745:
1744:
1731:
1724:Cenkl (2009)
1719:
1714:, p. 71
1707:
1702:, p. 54
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1605:, p. 63
1598:
1586:
1581:, p. 44
1579:Cenkl (2009)
1574:
1569:, p. 68
1567:Brown (2014)
1554:, p. 61
1547:
1542:, p. 62
1520:
1515:, p. 19
1500:, p. 14
1493:
1481:
1461:, p. 44
1454:
1442:
1437:, p. 65
1435:Brown (2014)
1430:
1418:
1411:Cenkl (2009)
1406:
1394:
1382:
1377:, p. 79
1362:, p. 45
1360:Cenkl (2009)
1355:
1349:Weiss (2004)
1344:
1332:
1327:, p. 26
1325:Cenkl (2009)
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1277:Brown (2014)
1272:
1260:
1255:, p. 60
1253:Brown (2014)
1248:
1236:
1231:, p. 54
1229:Cenkl (2009)
1224:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1181:
1176:, p. 60
1169:
1157:
1145:
1126:, p. 18
1119:
1114:, p. 17
1099:, p. 15
1084:, p. 13
1077:
1065:
1060:, p. 55
1026:, p. 12
1009:, p. 57
1007:Brown (2014)
1002:
991:
979:
974:, p. 25
972:Cenkl (2009)
967:
955:
943:
832:Avery (2000)
807:
806:
792:
784:
780:
772:
767:
760:Fabyan House
750:
740:
727:
714:
707:William Ware
689:
676:
666:
657:
648:
647:
633:Fabyan House
593:
578:
566:
561:
557:
548:Mount Pierce
521:
514:
512:
500:
496:
492:Samuel Bemis
483:
467:
460:
441:
399:
396:
364:
356:
335:
331:George Gibbs
328:mineralogist
304:
283:
261:Willey House
240:
194:
183:
170:Presidential
164:
127:
115:Scotch-Irish
104:
97:
81:
60:
58:
48:
18:
2105:(1): 7–24,
1162:Tate (2013)
1072:, p. 9
849:Tate (2013)
602:, the then
524:Coos County
416:Thomas Cole
412:Romanticism
275:Drawing by
255:Drawing by
53:Thomas Cole
2252:Categories
798:Glen House
644:References
487:rheumatism
408:landslides
404:Saco River
290:Louisville
213:Portsmouth
161:Beginnings
2169:154664712
1757:(2002) ,
1197:March 10,
808:Citations
589:Mount Tom
583:known as
371:botanists
347:bridleway
316:tree line
221:gristmill
205:Haverhill
201:Lancaster
142:Colebrook
2227:(1890).
2211:(1889).
2197:(1841).
1649:March 6,
610:See also
474:teetotal
373:such as
209:Portland
197:turnpike
140:, where
2161:3874776
2084:1594631
554:in 2004
526:to the
480:Endings
387:woodcut
308:grading
280:cheer."
259:of the
217:sawmill
86:Origins
2167:
2159:
2129:
2082:
2052:
2021:
2001:
1981:
1966:, 1846
1951:
1931:
1911:
1880:
1849:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1767:
705:, and
574:Gorham
538:Legacy
119:Boston
2165:S2CID
2157:JSTOR
2095:(PDF)
2080:JSTOR
745:news.
649:Notes
470:cider
111:Irish
2127:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1651:2018
1199:2018
550:and
455:and
444:US$
383:bear
299:US$
219:, a
211:and
172:and
59:The
37:and
2149:doi
2107:doi
2072:doi
243:by
188:at
113:or
67:'s
51:by
29:of
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2163:,
2155:,
2145:64
2143:,
2103:53
2101:,
2097:,
2078:,
2068:30
2066:,
1642:.
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1532:^
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1131:^
1104:^
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1050:^
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839:^
816:^
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451:,
430:A
369:,
354:.
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2151::
2109::
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