158:
1988:
205:, entitled "Organization for Civil Space Programs", encouraging the creation of a civil space program based upon a "strengthened and redesignated" NACA which could expand its research program "with a minimum of delay." In late March, a NACA report entitled "Suggestions for a Space Program" included recommendations for subsequently developing a hydrogen fluorine fueled
2000:
221:
of 1958, on July 16. Only two days later von Braun's
Working Group submitted a preliminary report severely criticizing the duplication of efforts and lack of coordination among various organizations assigned to the United States' space programs. Stever's Committee on Space Technology concurred with
173:
It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space... It is accordingly proposed that the scientific research
216:
In April 1958, Eisenhower delivered to the U.S. Congress an executive address favoring a national civilian space agency and submitted a bill to create a "National
Aeronautical and Space Agency." NACA's former role of research alone would change to include large-scale development, management, and
121:
From late 1957 to early 1958, the already existing
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) began studying what a new non-military space agency would entail, as well as what its role might be, and assigned several committees to review the concept. On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a
19:
718:
27:
26:
24:
21:
20:
1343:
25:
229:, establishing NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 46-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$ 100 million, three major research laboratories (
700:
724:
23:
335:
746:
109:
and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based upon NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The
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857:
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64:
44:
22:
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be the responsibility of a national civilian agency... NACA is capable, by rapid extension and expansion of its effort, of providing leadership in
1958:
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249:
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835:
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706:
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1933:
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557:
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76:
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1943:
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1130:
869:
815:
593:
268:
and many of ARPA's early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In
December 1958, NASA gained control of the
186:, officially Satellite 1958 Alpha, became the U.S.'s first Earth satellite. The Explorer 1 payload consisted of the
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1686:
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1203:
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1953:
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130:'s large booster program, referred to as the Working Group on Vehicular Programs. This group was headed by
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222:
the criticisms of the von Braun Group (a final draft was published several months later, in
October).
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106:
84:
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101:, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership known as the "
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989:
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1135:
883:
432:
385:
131:
2003:
930:
1827:
1468:
1079:
658:
527:"Recollections of Childhood: Early Experiences in Rocketry as Told by Werner Von Braun 1963"
175:
157:
80:
190:
without a tape data recorder which was not modified in time to make it onto the satellite.
1806:
1776:
1239:
1213:
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1064:
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1963:
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1600:
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915:
773:
442:
265:
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123:
102:
75:. In the early 1950s, there was a challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the
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2022:
1991:
1973:
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1268:
999:
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198:
113:
was also created at this time to develop space technology for military application.
1838:
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68:
52:
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were incorporated into NASA. A significant contributor to NASA's entry into the
166:
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741:
377:
Stages to Saturn: A Technological
History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles
375:
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187:
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143:
48:
1948:
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952:
374:
Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). "From NACA to NASA". In Lucas, William R. (ed.).
93:
88:
326:"July 29, 1958: National Aeronautics and Space Administration is created"
217:
operations. The U.S. Congress passed the bill, somewhat reworded, as the
72:
97:) on October 4, 1957, the United States stepped up its own efforts. The
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published "A National
Research Program for Space Technology" stating:
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17:
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260:(led by von Braun) which in turn incorporated the technology of
40:
589:
425:
Into the
Unknown Together—The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight
47:(NACA), and other related organizations, as the result of the
295:"95 years ago: First Human Rocket-Powered Aircraft Flight"
585:
264:'s earlier works. Earlier research efforts within the
126:. Stever's committee included consultation from the
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1759:
1674:
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1381:
1191:
1178:
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1022:
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967:
893:
882:
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633:
623:
533:. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Archived from
122:"Special Committee on Space Technology", headed by
256:with the Soviet Union was the technology from the
248:, of which von Braun's team was a part, and the
213:) thrust designed with second and third stages.
171:
79:(1957–58). An effort for this was the American
601:
142:had developed ballistic missiles such as the
37:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
105:", urged immediate action, while President
65:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
45:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1188:
1019:
980:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
890:
630:
608:
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586:
417:
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369:
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1874:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
490:
488:
486:
2034:1958 establishments in the United States
272:, a contractor facility operated by the
225:On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the
31:Short documentary on the origins of NASA
1959:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
285:
209:of 4,450,000 newtons (1,000,000 lb
747:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
305:from the original on November 13, 2023
195:President's Science Advisory Committee
87:launched the world's first artificial
1537:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
7:
1999:
556:Van Atta, Richard (April 10, 2008).
338:from the original on August 1, 2023
165:On January 14, 1958, NACA Director
67:(NACA) had been experimenting with
653:National Aeronautics and Space Act
459:Garber, Steve (October 10, 2007).
274:California Institute of Technology
239:Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory
227:National Aeronautics and Space Act
219:National Aeronautics and Space Act
150:before being brought to the US in
51:between the United States and the
14:
1607:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1161:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
471:from the original on 24 June 2023
241:) and two small test facilities.
111:Advanced Research Projects Agency
1998:
1987:
1986:
1902:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
1660:Space Flight Operations Facility
846:Operations and Checkout Building
502:. August 4, 2006. Archived from
398:from the original on 1 June 2023
324:Tristan, David (July 29, 2022).
201:wrote a memorandum to President
1121:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
231:Langley Aeronautical Laboratory
43:) was created in 1958 from the
558:"50 years of Bridging the Gap"
182:Launched on January 31, 1958,
77:International Geophysical Year
1:
246:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
128:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
1939:Space program on U.S. stamps
1864:Gemini and Apollo medallions
1814:Solar System Family Portrait
1590:Joint Polar Satellite System
1459:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
713:Vision for Space Exploration
683:Space Exploration Initiative
235:Ames Aeronautical Laboratory
161:Explorer 1 installed in 1958
117:Transition from NACA to NASA
1934:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
1891:We choose to go to the Moon
1854:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1412:International Space Station
1392:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1131:Great Observatories program
975:International Space Station
953:Roscosmos State Corporation
870:Science Mission Directorate
816:Manned Space Flight Network
293:Uri, John (June 12, 2023).
2057:
1751:NASA cameras on spacecraft
1562:James Webb Space Telescope
1474:Solar Dynamics Observatory
695:U.S. National Space Policy
525:von Braun, Werner (1963).
461:"Explorer-I and Jupiter-C"
188:Iowa Cosmic Ray Instrument
1982:
826:Vehicle Assembly Building
270:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
250:Naval Research Laboratory
71:, such as the supersonic
1897:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1821:The Day the Earth Smiled
1156:Solar Terrestrial Probes
431:. Air University Press.
1954:Other primates in space
1666:Deep Space Atomic Clock
1486:Mars Science Laboratory
1274:Spitzer Space Telescope
863:Lunar Sample Laboratory
806:Launch Services Program
422:Erickson, Mark (2005).
1969:National Astronaut Day
1912:The Astronaut Monument
1734:Space Shuttle missions
1434:Mars Exploration Rover
1417:Hubble Space Telescope
1326:Kepler space telescope
1126:Earth Observing System
1100:Mars Exploration Rover
811:Mercury Control Center
448:on September 20, 2009.
180:
162:
32:
2039:Spaceflight histories
1917:Lunar sample displays
1907:Space Mirror Memorial
1849:Voyager Golden Record
1741:United States rockets
933: (with the
841:Launch Control Center
258:German rocket program
160:
138:scientist who during
30:
935:Soviet space program
853:Johnson Space Center
821:Kennedy Space Center
784:spinoff technologies
570:on February 24, 2009
506:on November 18, 2022
203:Dwight D. Eisenhower
85:Soviet space program
1944:Apollo 17 Moon mice
1800:Pillars of Creation
1707:Space Shuttle crews
1185:(human and robotic)
1179:Individual featured
762:Ranks and positions
531:MSFC History Office
152:Operation Paperclip
1746:NASA cancellations
1641:Deep Space Network
1631:Near Earth Network
1116:Living With a Star
1090:Project Prometheus
1070:Planetary Observer
537:on August 21, 2012
496:"T. Keith Glennan"
384:. pp. 32–33.
163:
33:
2014:
2013:
1927:stolen or missing
1724:uncrewed missions
1702:Apollo astronauts
1697:Gemini astronauts
1615:
1614:
1399:2001 Mars Odyssey
1174:
1173:
1050:Mars Surveyor '98
1008:
1007:
951: (with
884:Human spaceflight
878:
877:
836:Launch Complex 48
831:Launch Complex 39
132:Wernher von Braun
28:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1828:Fallen Astronaut
1469:Van Allen Probes
1189:
1095:Mars Exploration
1020:
891:
659:Space Task Group
631:
610:
603:
596:
587:
580:
579:
577:
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569:
563:. Archived from
562:
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522:
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481:
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478:
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450:
449:
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441:. Archived from
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403:
371:
348:
347:
345:
343:
321:
315:
314:
312:
310:
290:
244:Elements of the
197:(PSAC) Chairman
176:space technology
81:Project Vanguard
29:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2010:
1978:
1878:
1869:Mission patches
1844:Pioneer plaques
1807:Mystic Mountain
1784:Family Portrait
1777:The Blue Marble
1761:
1755:
1729:Apollo missions
1670:
1622:
1611:
1578:
1383:
1377:
1214:Mercury-Atlas 6
1184:
1180:
1170:
1104:
1040:Mariner Mark II
1004:
985:Commercial Crew
963:
886:
874:
858:Mission Control
757:Astronaut Corps
752:Chief Scientist
730:
635:
619:
614:
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63:From 1946, the
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5:
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2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1983:
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1971:
1966:
1964:Astronauts Day
1961:
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1625:
1623:and navigation
1621:Communications
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1609:
1604:
1601:Europa Clipper
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1055:New Millennium
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266:U.S. Air Force
262:Robert Goddard
210:
124:Guyford Stever
118:
115:
103:Sputnik crisis
60:
57:
55:in the 1950s.
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2027:
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2017:
2007:
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1997:
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1975:
1974:Nikon NASA F4
1972:
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1860:
1859:NASA insignia
1857:
1855:
1852:
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1842:
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1839:Lunar plaques
1837:
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1832:
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1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
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1792:
1791:Pale Blue Dot
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1719:NASA missions
1717:
1715:
1714:NASA aircraft
1712:
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1637:
1636:Space Network
1634:
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342:December 30,
340:. Retrieved
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148:Nazi Germany
140:World War II
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83:. After the
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36:
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1834:Deep fields
1762:and artwork
1760:NASA images
1332:Opportunity
801:NASA Social
627:and history
394:. SP-4206.
167:Hugh Dryden
2023:Categories
1922:Moon rocks
1682:Astronauts
1675:NASA lists
1532:OSIRIS-REx
1366:helicopter
1234:Pioneer 11
1227:Pioneer 10
1030:Hitchhiker
905:suborbital
742:Space Race
331:ABC27 WHTM
280:References
254:Space Race
184:Explorer 1
144:V-2 rocket
107:Eisenhower
59:Background
49:Space Race
1949:Moon tree
1770:Earthrise
1645:Goldstone
1542:Mars 2020
1511:Voyager 2
1504:Voyager 1
1440:Curiosity
1384:operating
1382:Currently
1364:Ingenuity
1301:MESSENGER
1280:Sojourner
1209:Mercury 3
1199:Apollo 11
1146:Discovery
1136:Explorers
725:Augustine
689:Augustine
94:Sputnik 1
89:satellite
1993:Category
1655:Canberra
1567:timeline
1555:timeline
1491:timeline
1447:timeline
1344:observed
1339:timeline
1307:Aquarius
1247:timeline
1220:Magellan
1182:missions
1080:Surveyor
1016:programs
946:Shuttle–
887:programs
719:Aldridge
638:creation
574:July 15,
541:July 15,
510:July 15,
475:July 15,
469:Archived
396:Archived
336:Archived
309:June 21,
303:Archived
73:Bell X-1
2005:Commons
1883:Related
1692:by year
1687:by name
1464:GOES 15
1454:GOES 14
1371:flights
1357:InSight
1313:Cassini
1241:Galileo
1166:SIMPLEx
1141:Voyager
1109:Current
1065:Pioneer
1035:Mariner
1014:Robotic
995:Artemis
968:Current
911:Mercury
903: (
796:NASA TV
735:General
634:History
402:May 27,
1650:Madrid
1583:Future
1498:NuSTAR
1429:THEMIS
1351:RHESSI
1288:Spirit
1085:Viking
1075:Ranger
926:Skylab
921:Apollo
916:Gemini
774:Budget
727:(2009)
721:(2004)
715:(2004)
709:(2003)
703:(2002)
701:CFUSAI
697:(1996)
691:(1990)
685:(1989)
679:(1987)
673:(1986)
671:Rogers
667:(1986)
661:(1958)
655:(1958)
649:(1915)
625:Policy
435:
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237:, and
207:rocket
136:German
1595:NISAR
1550:rover
1522:MAVEN
1442:rover
1423:Swift
1334:rover
1295:LADEE
1290:rover
1282:rover
1259:GRAIL
1254:GALEX
1045:MESUR
990:Orion
791:NASA+
767:Chief
665:Paine
568:(PDF)
561:(PDF)
446:(PDF)
429:(PDF)
2029:NASA
1574:PACE
1517:WISE
1480:Juno
1320:Dawn
1264:WMAP
1204:COBE
1192:Past
1023:Past
901:X-15
894:Past
707:CAIB
677:Ride
647:NACA
617:NASA
576:2009
543:2009
512:2009
500:NASA
477:2009
465:NASA
433:ISBN
404:2009
386:ISBN
382:NASA
344:2022
311:2023
299:NASA
146:for
134:, a
41:NASA
35:The
1527:MMS
948:Mir
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