38:
82:
465:. Despite their relatively low numbers and limited habitat range, their extinction came later than all of the other moa species. Given that there is no evidence that crested moa were ever hunted by humans (unlike every other species of moa), it seems likely that their populations were too isolated and remote to have been accessed by humans. Instead, it is probable that the crested moa were wiped out by
460:
showed that the specimen died between 1396 and 1442 AD, over 100 years after humans first settled on the Island. During the climatic changes before the settlers arrived, the crested moa followed the changes in elevation of their sub-alpine habitats with little change in their
400:. While their remains have occasionally been found together, the heavy-footed moa generally preferred warmer and drier lowland areas. However, it is likely the crested moa would have migrated from the high country to these more hospitable areas in winter.
424:). The robust beak with a pointed tip, sturdy jaws, together with large numbers of gizzard stones suggests the diet of Pachyornis was high in fibrous plant material such as branches of trees and shrubs. The only real threat of predation came from the
363:
Almost nothing is known about the feather pits on the crested moa's skull. It is likely the feathers were used in courtship rituals or to challenge rivals, but no feathers have been found so their color or size can only be speculated at.
881:
Williams, P. W.; King, D. N. T.; Zhao, J. X.; Collerson, K. D. (2005). "Late
Pleistocene to Holocene composite speleothem 18O and 13C chronologies from South Island, New Zealand — did a global Younger Dryas really exist?".
851:
Rawlence, N. J.; Metcalf, J. L.; Wood, J. R.; Worthy, T. H.; Austin, J. J.; Cooper, A. (2012). "The effect of climate and environmental change on the megafaunal moa of New
Zealand in the absence of humans".
1024:
324:. The name crested moa is due to pits being found in their skulls, suggesting they had crests of long feathers. These cranial pits are also found occasionally in
1037:
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998:
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597:
500:
1103:
781:
735:
Cooper, A.; Atkinson, I. A. E.; Lee, W. G.; Worthy, T. H. (1993). "Evolution of the moa and their effect on the New
Zealand flora".
725:
553:
1098:
913:
Worthy, T. H. (1990). "An analysis of the distribution and relative abundance of moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)".
772:
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Moas (Dinoornithidae)". In
Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J (eds.).
81:
1042:
37:
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The crested moa weighed around 75 kg (165 lb). The crested moa was smaller than the heavy-footed moa (
989:
504:
826:"Youngest reported radiocarbon age of a moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) dated from a natural site in New Zealand"
352:
776:. Vol. 8: Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
951:
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505:"Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency Antarctica"
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and other caves in the vicinity. It was the ecological equivalent of the heavy-footed moa in the
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Until recently it was thought that the crested moa became extinct at the
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452:) during a period of significant climatic upheaval. In 2012 however
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791:
Oliver, W.R.B. (1949). "The moas of New
Zealand and Australia".
421:
123:
949:
592:. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 26.
316:. Some of the species of this group are flightless and lacks a
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286:
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146:
282:. It is one of the 9 known species of moa to have existed.
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Moa: the life and death of New
Zealand's legendary bird
690:
546:
Moa: the life and death of New
Zealand's legendary bird
356:) and their bones are sometimes mistaken for those of
941:
Crested Moa information on "New
Zealand Birds Online"
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684:
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448:transition roughly 10,000 years ago (10,000 years
392:area. Crested moa remains have been found in the
388:forests in the North West, particularly in the
638:
672:
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8:
412:species, the crested moa filled the role of
830:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
246:Cracraft 1976 non (Owen 1856) Lydekker 1891
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416:in New Zealand, where there are no native
36:
20:
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620:
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384:, where it occupied the high altitude
806:"Crested Moa: Birds (of New Zealand)"
501:Ornithological Society of New Zealand
7:
1063:86e9f19b-bf73-431b-8a61-986ced6e2486
824:Rawlence, N. J.; Cooper, A. (2012).
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884:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
774:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
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1114:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
737:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
360:due to their similar structure.
80:
874:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.004
927:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422598
915:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
285:Moa are grouped together with
1:
586:Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006).
1109:Extinct birds of New Zealand
843:10.1080/03036758.2012.658817
757:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90005-a
589:Extinct birds of New Zealand
456:of crested moa remains from
720:. Craig Potton Publishing.
548:. Craig Potton Publishing.
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904:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.024
854:Quaternary Science Reviews
639:Rawlence & Cooper 2012
716:Berentson, Quinn (2012).
544:Berentson, Quinn (2012).
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77:Scientific classification
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1104:Extinct flightless birds
804:Olliver, Narena (2005).
793:Dominion Museum Bulletin
368:Distribution and habitat
896:2005E&PSL.230..301W
353:Pachyornis elephantopus
243:Pachyornis elephantopus
16:Extinct species of bird
1071:Paleobiology Database
27:Temporal range: Late
1099:Holocene extinctions
990:Pachyornis australis
960:Pachyornis australis
702:Williams et al. 2005
663:Rawlence et al. 2012
499:Checklist Committee
394:Honeycomb Hills Cave
372:The crested moa was
271:Pachyornis australis
209:Pachyornis australis
46:Pachyornis australis
866:2012QSRv...50..141R
749:1993TEcoE...8..433C
418:terrestrial mammals
58:Conservation status
691:Cooper et al. 1993
454:radiocarbon dating
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952:Taxon identifiers
810:New Zealand Birds
599:978-0-909010-21-8
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188:P. australis
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404:Ecology and diet
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408:As with all
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378:South Island
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336:, and other
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130:Infraclass:
50:Ngarua Caves
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18:
1053:crested-moa
1012:iNaturalist
984:Wikispecies
860:: 141–153.
677:Worthy 1990
569:Davies 2003
487:Oliver 1949
442:Pleistocene
420:(excluding
382:New Zealand
346:Description
299:cassowaries
278:species of
266:crested moa
254:Parker 1895
24:Crested moa
1093:Categories
710:References
467:introduced
436:Extinction
386:sub-alpine
339:Pachyornis
174:Pachyornis
514:4 January
475:Footnotes
342:species.
320:on their
291:ostriches
181:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
48:bones in
1030:10547590
975:Q5184577
969:Wikidata
765:21236223
608:80016906
503:(2010).
470:mammals.
446:Holocene
327:Dinornis
307:tinamous
274:) is an
226:Synonyms
153:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
29:Holocene
1119:Ratites
1004:4852025
892:Bibcode
862:Bibcode
815:Feb 15,
745:Bibcode
376:to the
374:endemic
322:sternum
309:in the
276:extinct
219:, 1949)
206:†
185:†
166:Genus:
160:Emeidae
140:Order:
120:Class:
67:Extinct
1076:401554
1060:NZOR:
1050:NZBO:
1043:239969
1017:410552
780:
763:
724:
606:
596:
552:
390:Nelson
305:, and
217:Oliver
1025:IRMNG
508:(PDF)
311:clade
303:rheas
1038:NCBI
999:GBIF
817:2011
778:ISBN
761:PMID
722:ISBN
604:OCLC
594:ISBN
550:ISBN
516:2016
422:bats
318:keel
295:kiwi
287:emus
264:The
236:List
124:Aves
923:doi
900:doi
888:230
870:doi
838:doi
753:doi
432:).
410:moa
380:of
280:moa
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683:^
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602:.
576:^
524:^
450:BP
330:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
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444:-
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268:(
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170:†
157:†
144:†
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
