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Splaying crevasses appear along the edges of a glacier and result from shear stress from the margin of the glacier and longitudinal compressing stress from lateral extension. They extend from the glacier's margin and are concave up with respect to glacier flow, making an angle less than 45° with the
185:
made of the previous years' accumulation and snow drifts. The result is that crevasses are rendered invisible, and thus potentially lethal to anyone attempting to navigate across a glacier. Occasionally a snow bridge over an old crevasse may begin to sag, providing some landscape relief, but this
136:
Transverse crevasses are the most common crevasse type. They form in a zone of longitudinal extension where the principal stresses are parallel to the direction of glacier flow, creating extensional tensile stress. These crevasses stretch across the glacier transverse to the flow direction, or
111:
and provide a direct hydrologic connection between the surface, where significant summer melting occurs, and the bed of the glacier, where additional water may moisten and lubricate the bed and accelerate ice flow. Direct drains of water from the top of a glacier, known as
2725:
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104:. Crevasse size often depends upon the amount of liquid water present in the glacier. A crevasse may be as deep as 45 metres (150 ft) and as wide as 20 metres (70 ft)
2772:
1739:
586:
Das SB, Joughin I, Behn MD, Howat IM, King MA, Lizarralde D, Bhatia MP (2008). "Fracture propagation to the base of the
Greenland Ice Sheet during supraglacial lake drainage".
68:
generated when two semi-rigid pieces above a plastic substrate have different rates of movement. The resulting intensity of the shear stress causes a breakage along the faces.
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in April 2005. There are some zones with large open crevasses, e.g., the spot-shaped area below the middle of the image and most right. The line marks the ascent track of
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Pasquier, M; Taffé, P; Kottmann, A; Mosimann, U; Reisten, O; Hugli, O (Nov 2014). "Epidemiology and mortality of glacier crevasse accidents".
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The presence of water in a crevasse can significantly increase its penetration. Water-filled crevasses may reach the bottom of glaciers or
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129:, such as where a valley widens or bends. They are typically concave down and form an angle greater than 45° with the margin.
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Falling into glacial crevasses can be dangerous and life-threatening. Some glacial crevasses (such as on the
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Longitudinal crevasses form parallel to flow where the glacier width is expanding. They develop in areas of
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van der Veen CJ (1998). "Fracture mechanics approach to penetration of surface crevasses on glaciers".
411:
Colgan, W.; Rajaram, H.; Abdalati, W.; McCutchan, C.; Mottram, R.; Moussavi, M.S.; Grigsby, S. (2016).
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The danger of falling into a crevasse can be minimized by roping together multiple climbers into a
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302:"The role of hydrologically-driven ice fracture in drainage system evolution on an Arctic glacier"
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or ice sheet. Crevasses form as a result of the movement and resulting stress associated with the
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525:"Mount Everest: 3 Sherpa climbers missing after falling into deep Khumbu Icefall crevasse"
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Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create
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174:) can be 50 metres (160 ft) deep, which can cause fatal injuries upon falling.
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Zwally, H.J.; Abdalati, W.; Herring, T.; Larson, K.; Saba, J.; Steffen, K. (2002).
101:
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209: – Crevasse between moving glacier ice and the stagnant ice or firn above
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570:"MOUNTAIN SAFETY: GLACIER TRAVEL AND CREVASSE RESCUE FOR TWO-PERSON TEAMS"
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413:"Glacier crevasses: Observations, models, and mass balance implications"
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2017:
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1995:
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116:, can also contribute the lubrication and acceleration of ice flow.
224: – Scientific study of ice and natural phenomena involving ice
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cross-glacier. They generally form where a valley becomes steeper.
100:. These walls sometimes expose layers that represent the glacier's
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351:"Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow"
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A crevasse may be covered, but not necessarily filled, by a
1349:
711:
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is often a cause of death when falling into a crevasse.
450:
448:
2721:
Federación Española de
Deportes de Montaña y Escalada
27:
A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier
2773:
International
Climbing and Mountaineering Federation
2726:
Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade
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217:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
162:which intentionally avoided these dangerous areas.
247:van der Veen, C (1990). "Crevasses on Glaciers".
536:
534:
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8:
2877:Geographical terminology in mountaineering
2767:International Federation of Sport Climbing
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37:Crevasse is also a traditional term for a
615:
541:Graydon, Don; Hanson, Kurt, eds. (1997).
472:
436:
376:
325:
544:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
406:
404:
274:
272:
239:
150:The glacier Taschachferner below the
7:
2827:
2839:
662:Cold Regions Science and Technology
230: – Technique in mountaineering
547:(6th ed.). The Mountaineers.
523:Gurubacharya, Binaj (2023-04-13).
25:
2736:South African Climbing Federation
2838:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2802:
1708:IFSC World Championships winners
1339:Template:Periglacial environment
695:
60:is a deep crack that forms in a
2706:British Mountaineering Council
457:"Primary Transverse Crevasses"
455:Holdsworth, G (October 1956).
154:(left, 3.768 m) in Tyrolia in
1:
2887:Hazards of outdoor recreation
682:10.1016/s0165-232x(97)00022-0
300:Boon, S.; M.J. Sharp (2003).
568:Latimer, Doug (2022-06-20).
502:10.1016/j.injury.2014.07.001
306:Geophysical Research Letters
2903:
36:
29:
2798:
2696:Appalachian Mountain Club
1319:
641:Paterson, W.S.B. (1994).
474:10.1017/S0022143000020797
263:10.1080/10889379909377677
2611:Mountain Safety Research
2606:Mountain Equipment Co-op
572:. Alpine Club of Canada.
30:Not to be confused with
2741:South Tyrol Alpine Club
2536:Eastern Mountain Sports
2402:Canadian Alpine Journal
2395:American Alpine Journal
1658:Roof and tunnel hacking
643:The Physics of Glaciers
608:10.1126/science.1153360
378:10.1126/science.1072708
186:cannot be relied upon.
2561:Holubar Mountaineering
2373:Magazines and journals
1703:IFSC World Cup winners
708:) at Wikimedia Commons
163:
85:
53:
48:Transverse crevasses,
2686:Alpine Club of Canada
2596:Marmot Mountain Works
2551:GERRY Mountain Sports
1277:Giant current ripples
461:Journal of Glaciology
282:. National Geographic
149:
79:
47:
2716:Club Alpino Italiano
2701:Austrian Alpine Club
2691:American Alpine Club
438:10.1002/2015RG000504
327:10.1029/2003gl018034
213:Bowie Crevasse Field
160:mountaineers on skis
2711:Club Alpin Français
2085:Mountaineering boot
1698:Piolet d'Or winners
1214:Moraine-dammed lake
1041:Subglacial eruption
674:1998CRST...27...31V
600:2008Sci...320..778D
527:. Associated Press.
429:2016RvGeo..54..119C
369:2002Sci...297..218Z
318:2003GeoRL..30.1916B
2731:German Alpine Club
1046:Subglacial volcano
1029:Volcanic relations
164:
86:
54:
50:Chugach State Park
2872:Glacial landforms
2854:
2853:
2794:
2793:
2746:Swiss Alpine Club
2499:
2498:
2454:Non-fiction films
2430:Planinski Vestnik
2423:Himalayan Journal
2361:
2360:
2123:
2122:
1752:Historical events
1723:Eight-thousanders
1676:
1675:
1530:
1529:
1347:
1346:
1315:
1314:
833:Accumulation zone
700:Media related to
594:(5877): 778–781.
363:(5579): 218–222.
193:, and the use of
16:(Redirected from
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2842:
2841:
2830:
2829:
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2806:
2664:
2616:Outdoor Research
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1757:Grade milestones
1566:Expedition style
1401:
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1234:Terminal moraine
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802:Piedmont glacier
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729:
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645:(3rd ed.).
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215: – Landform
82:Tangra Mountains
21:
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2882:Crevasse fields
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2790:
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2521:Cascade Designs
2495:
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2119:
2053:Abalakov thread
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1778:
1672:
1601:
1526:
1495:
1479:Deep-water solo
1383:
1378:
1348:
1343:
1311:
1248:
1229:Sevetti moraine
1187:
1141:Roche moutonnée
1086:Cirque stairway
1055:
1024:
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927:
888:Lateral moraine
816:
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467:(52): 107–129.
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250:Polar Geography
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228:Crevasse rescue
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2641:The North Face
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2571:Sierra Designs
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2546:Frostline Kits
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2381:Alpine Journal
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2216:Simul-climbing
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2157:Front pointing
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2093:Avalanche cord
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2058:Bottled oxygen
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1713:IFSC victories
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1536:Mountaineering
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1128:
1123:
1121:Hanging valley
1118:
1116:Glacial striae
1113:
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1009:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
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986:
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979:Periglaciation
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969:Outburst flood
966:
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941:
935:
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925:
920:
915:
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895:
893:Medial moraine
890:
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878:Glacier tongue
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
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2751:USA Climbing
2651:Wild Country
2646:Therm-a-Rest
2488:
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2462:The Alpinist
2460:
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2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2341:Campus board
2296:First ascent
2040:Ice and snow
1837:Belay device
1688:Alpine clubs
1648:Ropes course
1561:Alpine style
1192:Depositional
1182:Zungenbecken
1180:
1111:Glacial lake
1106:Glacial horn
1020:Mass balance
1008:Measurements
944:Accumulation
868:Glacier head
863:Glacier cave
847:
807:Rock glacier
668:(1): 31–47.
665:
661:
642:
591:
587:
580:Bibliography
563:
542:
518:
493:
489:
483:
464:
460:
420:
417:Rev. Geophys
416:
360:
354:
344:
312:(18): 1916.
309:
305:
295:
284:. Retrieved
254:
248:
242:
188:
180:
165:
106:
102:stratigraphy
96:, and other
87:
84:, Antarctica
66:shear stress
57:
55:
39:levee breach
2845:WikiProject
2681:Alpine Club
2676:Access Fund
2586:Lowe Alpine
2581:La Sportiva
2318:Fall factor
2211:Self-arrest
2187:Redpointing
2110:Snow anchor
1864:Boulder mat
1813:Daisy chain
1783:Terminology
1774:Terminology
1653:Rooftopping
1595:Hillwalking
1583:Dry-tooling
1549:Via ferrata
1462:Traditional
1440:Competition
1421:Multi-pitch
1404:Disciplines
1297:Outwash fan
1292:Kettle hole
1176:Valley step
1156:Trough lake
1136:Ribbon lake
1096:Finger lake
838:Bergschrund
207:Bergschrund
183:snow bridge
176:Hypothermia
72:Description
2867:Glaciology
2861:Categories
2469:El Capitan
2233:Traversing
2182:Onsighting
2162:Glissading
2145:DĂĽlfersitz
2140:Australian
2103:Transeiver
2048:Alpenstock
1981:Portaledge
1969:Copperhead
1908:Descenders
1842:Auto belay
1633:Commercial
1613:Buildering
1590:Scrambling
1500:Rock types
1491:Top roping
1428:Bouldering
1324:Glaciology
1307:Urstromtal
1287:Kame delta
1239:Till plain
1036:Jökulhlaup
994:Starvation
873:Ice divide
787:Ice stream
286:2023-06-22
280:"Crevasse"
235:References
222:Glaciology
152:Wildspitze
109:ice sheets
2621:Patagonia
2504:Companies
2490:Hard Grit
2483:Free Solo
2351:MoonBoard
2346:Hangboard
2332:Training
2281:Guidebook
2256:Ape index
2221:Rope team
2135:Abseiling
2080:Ice screw
1986:Quickdraw
1869:Carabiner
1791:Equipment
1769:Technique
1735:Equipment
1618:Canyoning
1556:Himalayan
1484:Rope solo
1474:Free solo
1069:Erosional
1061:Landforms
932:Processes
913:Randkluft
908:Penitente
853:Dirt cone
782:Ice shelf
777:Ice sheet
772:Ice field
617:1912/2506
336:133697259
191:rope team
2821:Category
2668:National
2566:JanSport
2541:Five Ten
2416:Desnivel
2409:Climbing
2388:Alpinist
2313:Exposure
2291:Chipping
2238:Tyrolean
2228:Spotting
2199:Crevasse
2177:Flashing
2167:Jumaring
2152:Belaying
2115:Snowshoe
2073:Ice tool
2063:Crampons
1913:Figure-8
1825:Ascender
1693:Climbers
1433:Highball
1416:Big wall
1381:Climbing
1329:Category
1267:Diluvium
1262:Alpentor
1171:U-valley
1015:Ice core
984:Plucking
939:Ablation
923:Terminus
848:Crevasse
843:Blue ice
743:Glaciers
706:category
702:Crevasse
634:41582882
626:18420900
510:25082349
395:37381126
387:12052902
201:See also
58:crevasse
52:, Alaska
2833:Commons
2787:(UIMLA)
2781:(UIAGM)
2172:Leading
2089:Rescue
2068:Ice axe
2018:Camalot
1952:Lanyard
1935:Skyhook
1920:Harness
1891:Dynamic
1874:Maillon
1847:Glasses
1728:Everest
1719:Deaths
1638:Parkour
1209:Moraine
1199:Drumlin
1126:Nunatak
989:Retreat
954:Calving
898:Moraine
883:Icefall
821:Anatomy
792:Ledoyom
767:Ice cap
670:Bibcode
596:Bibcode
588:Science
425:Bibcode
365:Bibcode
356:Science
314:Bibcode
156:Austria
142:Dangers
133:margin.
114:moulins
62:glacier
32:Crevice
18:Crevass
2809:Portal
2775:(UIAA)
2769:(IFSC)
2601:Millet
2591:Mammut
2556:Grivel
2526:Deuter
2444:Summit
2328:Guides
2323:Grades
2194:Rescue
2128:Action
2030:Tricam
1996:Grigri
1942:Hammer
1896:Static
1852:Gloves
1820:Anchor
1740:Brands
1544:Alpine
1302:Sandur
1146:Suncup
1131:P-form
1081:Cirque
964:Motion
903:Moulin
762:Cirque
757:Aufeis
649:
632:
624:
551:
508:
490:Injury
393:
385:
334:
94:arches
90:seracs
2626:Petzl
2576:Kelty
2366:Media
2301:Pitch
2266:Clean
2249:Other
2098:RECCO
2025:Shoes
2013:SLCDs
2008:Sling
1976:Piton
1925:Hooks
1903:Chalk
1830:Croll
1808:Aider
1745:Knots
1681:Lists
1663:Slide
1628:Grass
1623:Crane
1606:Other
1578:Mixed
1507:Crack
1457:Sport
1445:Speed
1388:Types
1272:Esker
1101:Fjord
1076:ArĂŞte
999:Surge
959:Creep
918:SĂ©rac
750:Types
630:S2CID
391:S2CID
332:S2CID
120:Types
2516:CAMP
2306:Topo
2276:Beta
2204:Self
2001:Revo
1991:SLDs
1930:Fifi
1886:Cord
1859:Bolt
1800:Rock
1668:Tree
1643:Pole
1522:Slab
1517:Roof
1512:Face
1469:Solo
1452:Free
1334:List
1282:Kame
1151:Tarn
1051:Tuya
858:Firn
647:ISBN
622:PMID
549:ISBN
506:PMID
383:PMID
2636:REI
2631:Rab
1964:Nut
1957:PAC
1947:Hex
1573:Ice
1411:Aid
678:doi
612:hdl
604:doi
592:320
498:doi
469:doi
433:doi
373:doi
361:297
322:doi
259:doi
170:at
2863::
676:.
666:27
664:.
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533:^
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447:^
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403:^
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320:.
310:30
308:.
304:.
271:^
255:23
253:.
197:.
92:,
56:A
1373:e
1366:t
1359:v
735:e
728:t
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704:(
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261::
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
