372:. Guatemalan society has come to see violence as normal and as inevitably linked with youth, which may prolong the passivity towards violence by leaving young people with an approach that embodies an acceptance of short-term lives. With youth largely correlated with public violence, trust and communication among community members and young people suffers. Therefore, communities leave youth socially excluded, and gangs may seemingly offer inclusion. Members of street gangs still do not constitute organized crime, but the mass incarcerations of youth gang members in Guatemala puts them in direct contact with leaders of organized crime networks who direct from prison, who assist street gangs organize and institutionalize themselves.
2225:
327:
state and society permitted legally and socially throughout the 20th century. Most femicides go unsolved, showing the continuation of civil war societal features like impunity and the normalization of violence against women. Common crime violence has exacerbated the situation for women, creating a dual upsurge in both of gender-based violence and femicide in
Guatemala. According to the UN, two women are murdered on average each day in Guatemala. As shown by high rates of
1594:
459:. In a UN study on the roots of children migration from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, forty-eight percent of children interviewed recounted personal experiences of increased organized violence. Violent actors included drug cartels, gangs, and State sponsored actors. Additionally, twenty-three percent of the Guatemalan children interviewed noted that they had survived domestic violence by their parents or guardians.
1600:
340:
are often difficult due to a lack of funding for public education, and in
Guatemala this problem was made worse because during its civil war not only were funds for public education reallocated to military expenditures, but military forces deliberately targeted schools and students. The two most prominent youth street gangs in Guatemala and other Central American countries are the
331:, females also face more vulnerabilities of private violence while young males are threatened more by public gang violence. In just the first month of 2005, Guatemala City alone received 13,700 reports of family violence. Furthermore, many women Guatemalan immigrants to the U.S. will still face threatening situations if they are deported to their home country.
498:
166:, Guatemala had been âa primary landing zone for narcotics-laden flightsâ until U.S.-supported interdiction efforts disrupted illegal flight shipments and forced traffickers to use land routes instead. From 2006, Mexico's crackdown on drug trafficking pushed cartel operations to import cocaine through
61:
began in 1960 between the government and leftist actors, and it resulted in over 200,000 deaths. Sources cite the history of conflict in
Guatemala as rendering communities accustomed to violence today, and the extension of incompetent or corrupt state institutions facilitates the impunity associated
454:
While youth in
Guatemala represent key actors of increasing violence in the country, they also remain among the most affected by the consequences of a violent society. Children commonly migrate to the United States, often to reunite with family, and to flee conditions related to crime like societal
339:
Young males ages 15 to 24 characterize the typical perpetrators of street crime, which is often committed against individuals of the same age group. Like most post-war societies, Guatemala has a very young population and a higher propensity for youth violence. Post-war transitions to peacetime jobs
326:
is quite common in
Guatemala. Women are killed at rates today in Guatemala comparable to that of the peak violent period of the civil war. From 2000 to 2010, the country saw over five thousand murders of women and girls. Femicide to an extent is a function of a historical gendered violence that the
301:
and forced labour in
Guatemala despite the laudable efforts carried out to prevent and combat the sale of children for illegal adoption." There are about 10,000 cases of reported rape per year, but the total number is likely much higher because of under-reporting due to social stigma. According to
109:
in 1996, a general amnesty was granted "for even the worst crimes, leaving no one accountable". The
Guatemalan "security apparatus â death squads, intelligence units, police officers, military counter-insurgency forces â did not disappear but, rather, mutated into criminal organizations," and now
44:
magazine, in 2009, "fewer civilians were reported killed in the war zone of Iraq than were shot, stabbed, or beaten to death in
Guatemala," and 97% of homicides "remain unsolved." Much of the violent nature of Guatemalan society stems back to a 36-year-long civil war However, not only has violence
173:
The lack of effective law enforcement following the 2009 coup also contributed to the growth of narcotics smuggling. The post-coup regime kept a majority of
Guatemalan security forces in the capital, leaving regional law enforcement under-supported. Wealthy traffickers often assume the role of de
158:
along common drug routes between
Central America and the United States. Its long, un-patrolled coastline and sparse jungles make it a popular landing point for boats and planes carrying drugs from South America, while its borders are understaffed and ill-equipped to fully exert customs controls.
362:
The economic struggles of the country fuel participation in street violence as well. UN studies have reported that in Guatemala and the other northern nations of Central America, "stark wealth disparities provide criminals with both a justification and an opportunity for their activities." In
78:
audiences via newspapers. Many of these deaths came in brutal fashions like rapes, forced abortions, and burnings. Sexual violence was strategically employed by state officials as a genocidal weapon against indigenous women. The distrust of indigenous still permeates Guatemalan culture today.
434:. The video shows a crowd of over a hundred peopleâincluding women and childrenâwatching as the girl is punched and kicked by vigilantes. A member of the crowd then douses the girl in gasoline and burns her alive. The girl had been accused of being part of a group that murdered a 68-year-old
367:
are compelled to join gangs by fierce peer pressure, by the desire for support of those with broken families, and by the allure of an outlaw lifestyle. The cultural difference between gangs and the rest of society and the overall intimidation of the gang image gives individual gang members
354:
reported that 53 gangs were known to be active in the capitol city, Guatemala City, alone. Such gangs began to proliferate in the mid-1990s after large numbers of undocumented Central American immigrants were deported from Los Angeles, particularly to El Salvador. In 2011,
268:-related violence; a heavily armed civilian population; and a weak and incompetent police/judicial system. In September 2019, the government announced a state of siege in five northeastern provinces after three police officers were killed by drug traffickers.
117:, beaten to death in 1998, two days after the conclusion of an inquiry he had led into the violence of the civil war. The inquiry had blamed the Guatemalan army for 90% of the war's 200,000 killings. Gerardi also found links between the military and the
294:
96:, a majority of the 8,000 San Carlos students possessed leftist views in line with the outgoing government. Therefore, throughout the subsequent civil war, the state placed an emphasis on repressing, often disappearing, students of San Carlos.
410:
activists, vigilante justice has become widespread due to the public's lack of confidence in police and the justice system. Although the exact motive behind each lynching is not always known, victims are often accused of committing
87:
The fear of students by government takes much history into account. It was students who led the revolution in 1944 that instituted the only ten years of democracy in the twentieth century that Guatemala experienced. One school, the
104:
The high rate of murder has been blamed on "a highly powerful criminal cartel", made up of politically connected retired military officers and linking with drug traffickers and other criminals. Following the end of
883:
455:
violence, abuse in the home, and social exclusion. The year of 2014 saw a surge in numbers of unaccompanied children migrants from Central America, predicted to reach 70,000 and resulting in the
1242:
20:
are very high. An average of 101 murders per week were reported in 2018. The countries with the highest crime and violence rates in Central America are El Salvador and Honduras. In the 1990s
92:, the state viewed with particular distrust during the civil war, because the revolutionary government during democratic period of 1944-1954 had reserved it complete autonomy. After the
1325:
387:
are widespread throughout Guatemala, particularly in rural regions. According to the Prosecutor's Office, there were an average of 30 attempted lynchings per month in 2014. The
204:
in the country. Frequently, human trafficking cases are linked to transnational criminal organizations, such as trafficked children used by gangs to commit illegal activities.
121:, providing an additional motivation. In 1997 a large group of active military figures, including the deputy Minister of Defense, were found to be involved with the Colombian
308:, "Survivors are stigmatized and they cannot easily find treatment in Guatemala yet. There are no resources and too little comprehension of patientsâ needs by the doctors."
256:
stated in 2007 that there is a "culture of impunity" with regard to homicide. In 2013, there were over 6,000 violent deaths; most of these are related to local criminal
863:
1416:
128:
Khalil Musa, a wealthy Lebanese immigrant businessman, and his daughter Marjorie Musa, were shot and killed in April 2009. Khalil Musa reportedly knew president
1356:
880:
1691:
1509:
283:
1250:
2034:
2019:
1886:
356:
110:
are engaged "in arms trafficking, money laundering, extortion, human smuggling, black-market adoptions, and kidnapping for ransom," and drug trade.
1686:
1752:
89:
1293:
170:
instead, and a majority of cocaine departing South America now travels through the northern regions of Central America to reach U.S. markets.
921:
552:
282:
Sexual crimes, including sex exploitation of minors, are common in Guatemala. Foreigners from the US, Canada and Europe also participate in
2346:
473:
1333:
939:
1965:
1666:
1553:
1522:
317:
62:
with such violence. During the civil war, the country witnessed a âgeneralized fear shaped by state terror and institutional violence.â
1548:
162:
Greater regional efforts to crack down on narcotics trade has merely diverted the transport routes and methods used. According to the
290:(Law against Sexual Violence, Exploitation and Trafficking in Persons). However, sexual crimes against children continue; the former
1671:
391:
reported that 84 people were killed by lynching between January 2012 and May 2015, with most deaths occurring in the departments of
388:
1568:
93:
1467:
1636:
456:
1390:
132:, an advisor of whom told an American journalist that, âif the Musas could be killed, there was a sense that anyone could be.â
2356:
2326:
2189:
2109:
1798:
1641:
1626:
1558:
1199:
1004:
468:
141:
118:
286:
in Guatemala. After having received criticism for lack of adequate legislation on sexual violence, Guatemala enacted in 2009
2179:
1788:
1737:
1681:
1543:
1502:
217:
183:
1451:"Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America and Mexico and the Need for International Protection".
1022:
431:
260:. According to the US Department of State, Guatemala's high murder rate is caused by four principal factors: an increase in
2351:
2426:
2281:
1822:
1538:
1271:
Kurtenbach, Sabine (2014). "Postwar Violence in Guatemala: A Mirror of the Relationship between Youth and Adult Society".
114:
2266:
1424:
419:â a crime which is rarely prosecuted successfully in the country. Other lynching victims have been accused of practicing
146:
Guatemala finds itself located in the middle of the drug supply from South America and drug demand in the United States.
2331:
2199:
2012:
1939:
1904:
1881:
1742:
1656:
515:
277:
197:
2416:
2271:
1676:
1651:
1646:
1631:
427:
1212:
188:
Like other Central American countries, the closeness of Guatemala to the United States provides a natural route for
2204:
1661:
957:
163:
2044:
2421:
1871:
1864:
1727:
1593:
1583:
1495:
1364:
1076:
2374:
2321:
1854:
1717:
492:
392:
350:
904:
2336:
216:, Guatemala has "weak and corrupt law enforcement institutions". Officials and police have been complicit in
113:
Some high-profile murders revealed or suspected to be the work of the cartel include that of Catholic Bishop
2379:
2369:
2316:
2286:
2005:
400:
304:
2341:
2394:
2386:
2054:
1849:
1839:
1808:
1757:
1732:
1621:
1609:
2306:
2301:
1181:
1097:
2159:
1919:
1876:
1747:
1722:
1705:
1563:
581:"Youth, gangs and violence: Analysing the social and spatial mobility of young people in Guatemala City"
253:
2246:
2104:
2059:
2276:
2261:
2256:
2209:
2124:
2311:
2184:
2119:
1958:
1896:
1803:
1771:
1578:
1530:
539:
396:
229:
106:
58:
46:
2251:
2296:
2233:
2094:
1934:
1844:
1573:
1224:
1157:
1129:
298:
2291:
2214:
2049:
1981:
1929:
1924:
1909:
1793:
1143:
1050:
786:
730:
690:
602:
364:
359:
reported that Guatemala had 32,000 gang membersâ-more than in any other Central America country.
213:
33:
2194:
2169:
2144:
2089:
1914:
1783:
1599:
978:
778:
416:
384:
189:
29:
2149:
2114:
2069:
1986:
836:
768:
722:
680:
672:
592:
542:, Unravelling the ultimate political conspiracy. by David Grann. newyorker.com 2011 April 04
345:
341:
261:
193:
2164:
2154:
2134:
2079:
2074:
2064:
1062:
887:
630:
167:
129:
1111:
827:
Vrana, Heather (2012). "Revolutionary Transubstantiation in 'The Republic of Students".
2139:
2084:
369:
328:
37:
2410:
2174:
2099:
734:
694:
606:
502:
435:
201:
75:
790:
295:
Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography
443:
423:
or committing robbery. Participants in acts of mob violence are seldom prosecuted.
407:
1040:
1213:
http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/GUATEMALA-SPANISH.pdf
1859:
249:
122:
71:
1468:"70,000 Kids Will Show Up Alone at Our Border This Year. What Happens to Them?"
922:"Sex trafficking in Guatemala involves primarily children, UNICEF report finds"
940:"Human trafficking of girls in particular "on the rise," United Nations warns"
773:
756:
726:
597:
580:
420:
297:, Najat Maalla Mâjid, stated in 2012 that "Many children are still victims of
840:
45:
maintained its presence in the post-war context of the country following the
2238:
1972:
1518:
412:
147:
25:
21:
782:
676:
553:"A Brief History of Guatemala's 36-Year-Long Civil War That Ended in 1996"
446:
networks, where it sparked outcry against such acts of vigilante justice.
24:
had four cities feature in Latin America's top ten cities by murder rate:
2224:
380:
323:
151:
1997:
1158:"Guatemala declares state of siege after suspected drug dealers kill..."
196:. Citizen and foreign women and children are particularly vulnerable to
49:, but it has extended to broader social and economic forms of violence.
685:
439:
248:
are a serious problem in Guatemala: the country has one of the highest
245:
1294:"Ola de linchamientos en Guatemala causa alarma entre las autoridades"
228:
There are reports that people, especially tourists, are victimized by
1487:
663:
Bruneau, Thomas (2014). "Pandillas and Security in Central America".
155:
905:"Guatemala 'closes its eyes' to rampant child sex trafficking: U.N."
757:"PRECURSORS TO FEMICIDE: Guatemalan Women in a Vortex of Violence"
257:
1243:"Guatemala: Treating Sexual Violence, Breaking the Cycle of Fear"
501:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
265:
2001:
1491:
1200:"GUATEMALA: Where Sexual Exploitation of Minors Is Not a Crime"
288:
Ley contra la violencia sexual, explotaciĂłn y trata de personas
1357:"84 linchamientos evidencian colapso del sistema de justicia"
891:
867:
252:
in the world, but less than 4% of murders end in conviction.
1326:"Beaten, Exiled, or Burned Alive: Mob Justice in Guatemala"
291:
1005:"Gang Involvement in Human Trafficking in Central America"
1144:"Working Together to Protect U.S. Organizations Overseas"
958:"Central America â Fertile Ground for Human Trafficking"
1417:"16-year-old girl beaten and burned alive by lynch mob"
1023:"Human Trafficking and the Children of Central America"
232:, and who commit theft, extortion or sexual assaults.
1112:"Amnesty says Guatemala must act on killing of women"
713:
Menjivar, Cecilia (2014). "Thinking about Violence".
2232:
2033:
1895:
1821:
1770:
1704:
1608:
1529:
864:
Corridor of Violence: The Guatemala-Honduras Border
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
628:Arana, Ana, "The New Battle for Central America",
516:Crime, democracy, and development in Latin America
200:, while all ages and sexes suffer from systems of
1319:
1317:
1315:
634:, Vol. 80, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2001), pp. 88-101
495:(November 23, 2009). Accessed January 18, 2009.
426:In May 2015, a video was released online of the
403:. The victims of lynchings are primarily males.
1391:"Girl, 16, burnt alive by Guatemalan lynch mob"
1077:"2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Guatemala"
1273:International Journal of Conflict and Violence
348:, but there are many other gangs: in 1997 the
2013:
1503:
1288:
1286:
1092:
1090:
973:
971:
809:Terrorizing women: feminicide in the Américas
8:
2347:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
983:U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action
230:criminals who are dressed in police uniforms
491:"Guatemala: Country-Specific Information".
2020:
2006:
1998:
1827:
1776:
1710:
1614:
1510:
1496:
1488:
894:. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
802:
800:
708:
706:
704:
284:commercial sexual exploitation of children
772:
684:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
596:
1446:
1444:
1442:
881:Guatemala: Drug Trafficking and Violence
822:
820:
818:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
750:
748:
746:
744:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
484:
438:driver. The video was widely shared on
1384:
1382:
1058:
1048:
870:. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
90:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
7:
979:"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014"
474:Northern Triangle of Central America
1554:Federal Republic of Central America
755:Carey, David; Torres, M.G. (2010).
428:lynching of a sixteen-year-old girl
318:Violence against women in Guatemala
66:Violence against indigenous peoples
53:Effects of the Guatemalan Civil War
389:National Civil Police of Guatemala
74:whose deaths were not reported to
14:
1355:Castañón, Mariela (1 June 2015).
368:considerable power and increased
174:facto authorities in such areas.
2223:
2190:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1598:
1592:
1130:"BBC News - Timeline: Guatemala"
811:. Durham: Duke University Press.
496:
457:2014 American immigration crisis
224:Impersonation of police officers
1564:Ten Years of Spring (1944â1954)
1389:Koziol, Michael (25 May 2015).
469:Illegal drug trade in Guatemala
142:Illegal drug trade in Guatemala
119:illegal drug trade in Guatemala
1324:BalcĂĄrcel, Pep (8 June 2015).
761:Latin American Research Review
665:Latin American Research Review
218:human trafficking in Guatemala
184:Human trafficking in Guatemala
1:
1300:(in Spanish). 9 December 2014
879:International Crisis Group. "
862:International Crisis Group. "
520:Policy Papers on the Americas
1559:1902 eruption of Santa MarĂa
1415:Bolton, Doug (24 May 2015).
1363:(in Spanish). Archived from
1225:"United Nations News Centre"
1042:World Report 2012: Guatemala
807:Fregoso, Rosa Linda (2010).
415:by demanding the payment of
278:Sex trafficking in Guatemala
198:sex trafficking in Guatemala
70:Most civil war victims were
1887:Water supply and sanitation
94:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
2443:
985:. U.S. Department of State
315:
275:
264:; a growing prevalence of
181:
164:International Crisis Group
139:
115:Juan José Gerardi Conedera
2365:
2332:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2221:
1952:
1830:
1779:
1713:
1617:
1590:
1395:The Sydney Morning Herald
774:10.1017/S0023879100011146
727:10.1007/s12115-014-9799-5
598:10.1080/14733280500161537
83:Violence against students
2352:Turks and Caicos Islands
1718:Administrative divisions
1186:U.S. Department of State
1081:U.S. Department of State
841:10.1215/01636545-1598015
493:U.S. Department of State
1229:UN News Service Section
305:Doctors without Borders
2267:British Virgin Islands
829:Radical History Review
585:Children's Geographies
514:WC Prillaman (2003), "
312:Violence against women
125:'s smuggling efforts.
2180:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2028:Crime in the Americas
1579:Civil War (1960â1996)
677:10.1353/lar.2014.0022
363:addition to poverty,
254:Amnesty International
2427:Society of Guatemala
1692:World Heritage Sites
1011:. September 6, 2019.
107:Guatemalan Civil War
59:Guatemalan Civil War
47:Guatemalan Civil War
40:(101). According to
2357:U.S. Virgin Islands
2200:Trinidad and Tobago
2045:Antigua and Barbuda
1574:Guatemalan genocide
964:. November 8, 2019.
946:. January 30, 2019.
299:sexual exploitation
28:(165 per 100,000),
2417:Crime in Guatemala
2110:Dominican Republic
1799:Telecommunications
1627:Biosphere reserves
1202:. 13 October 2006.
1045:. 22 January 2012.
1029:. August 21, 2019.
886:2014-07-29 at the
579:Winton, A (2005).
430:in the village of
383:and other acts of
365:youth in Guatemala
214:Human Rights Watch
34:Santa Rosa Cuilapa
18:crime in Guatemala
2404:
2403:
1995:
1994:
1948:
1947:
1817:
1816:
1766:
1765:
1753:Political parties
1738:Foreign relations
1700:
1699:
1544:Captaincy General
1231:. 30 August 2012.
540:A Murder Foretold
385:vigilante justice
190:human trafficking
178:Human trafficking
2434:
2422:Law of Guatemala
2322:Saint Barthélemy
2282:Falkland Islands
2227:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1828:
1777:
1711:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1569:1954 coup d'Ă©tat
1539:Spanish conquest
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:. Archived from
1421:Queensland Times
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1332:. Archived from
1321:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1249:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
966:
965:
954:
948:
947:
936:
930:
929:
928:. June 16, 2016.
918:
912:
911:
901:
895:
877:
871:
860:
845:
844:
824:
813:
812:
804:
795:
794:
776:
752:
739:
738:
710:
699:
698:
688:
660:
635:
626:
611:
610:
600:
576:
557:
556:
549:
543:
537:
522:
512:
506:
500:
499:
489:
417:protection money
346:18th Street gang
342:Mara Salvatrucha
262:drug trafficking
194:arms trafficking
136:Drug trafficking
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2375:Central America
2361:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2036:
2029:
2026:
1996:
1991:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1940:Public holidays
1935:National emblem
1891:
1882:Sex trafficking
1813:
1762:
1743:Law enforcement
1696:
1687:Water resources
1604:
1603:
1588:
1584:1976 earthquake
1525:
1516:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1427:on 6 March 2019
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1367:on 22 July 2015
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1336:on 5 March 2020
1323:
1322:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1197:
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1167:2019-09-05
480:References
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276:See also:
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463:See also
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236:Violence
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