Crime in Toronto - Knowledge (XXG)

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took advantage of the influx to move to Canada, which was popular for them as it offered easier opportunities to smuggle drugs and people into the United States. In addition, extortion of businesses is a major source of income for the Triads in Hong Kong, and so when many Hong Kong businessmen immigrated to Canada in the 1980s, the Triads followed them to continue the extortion of their old targets in the New World. In 1986, a Toronto Police report charged that a number of Triad leaders from Hong Kong were now living in Toronto and were "funneling millions of illegally earned dollars into Toronto real estate and businesses to form a power base from which to direct their worldwide operations". The Triads commonly used Vietnamese gangs as subcontractors to do their "dirty work" for them. Peter Yuen of the Toronto Police Service recalled about the violence between various Asian crime factions in 1990: "You had gun battles, 15 rounds at the corner of Dundas and Spadina on a Saturday afternoon...It was like watching a triad movie. And the cops were just like dogs, too. We wanted to tell them, ‘We own these streets.’".

873:. Since that time, large-scale organized crime in Toronto has mostly been the domain of international or foreign-based crime syndicates. From the late 18th century and continuing well into the 20th century, Toronto was a city mostly inhabited by Protestants of British extraction. In the Victorian age and for some time afterward, Toronto came to be known as "Toronto the Good". Toronto in the first half of the 20th century was a city whose population was of overwhelmingly Anglo-Irish descent as the 1941 census showed that people whose families originated from the British isles made up 86% of the population while people whose families originated elsewhere made up 13% of the population. Not until the 1950-1960s following changes in immigration law did a significant number of people of non-British origin began to settle in Toronto, gradually changing Toronto from a city whose people were mostly of British descent into a city that is one of the most multicultural in North America. 1029:

engaged in bootlegging (bars and liquor stores closed early in Ontario at the time. making bootlegging profitable). Starting in the late 1960s, many businesses in Toronto's Little Italy neighborhoods who refused to pay extortion money or alternatively were late in their payments were the victims of arson while their employees were assaulted. Three brothers, Cosimo, Ernest and Anthony Commisso who owned several bakeries in Toronto were targeted for refusing to pay "taxes". On 17 July 1968, the home of Cosimo Commisso was shot up; on 29 March 1969 the home of Ernest Commisso was broken into and vandalized; on 31 March 1969 a bakery owned by the brothers was blown up; and on 2 June 1969 Anthony Commisso was shot five times in his legs. Toronto police reports show that in 1970 alone 32 Little Italy businesses were burned down in cases of mob-related arson. In 1970, the Toronto Mafiosi,

1108:" nations of Burma, Laos and Thailand. Starting around about 1975, complaints about extortion by the Triads in Toronto's Chinatown became common. In 1976, the Kong Lok Triad (which is Cantonese for "House of Mutual Happiness") was in Toronto. The Kong Lok is the Canadian branch of the Leun Kung Lok triad of Hong Kong. In 1979, a report from the Immigration department complained that the Kong Lok triad was very active in trying to recruit Chinese-Canadian high school students in Toronto to work as drug dealers. In 1978-1979, hundreds of thousands of "boat people" fled Vietnam and sailed across the South China Sea to Hong Kong. As part of the Commonwealth, Canada took in a considerable number of the "boat people" who had gone to Hong Kong. A 1980 RCMP report stated that the Kong Lok was aggressive seeking to recruit those "boat people" who were 1249:, the Toronto agent of the Rizzuto family. On 31 May 1997, Papalia was killed, followed up by Barillaro on 23 July 1997. On 22–23 October 1997, Rizzuto had dinners with Panepinto and Musitano, where he appointed Panepinto his Ontario lieutenant and placed Musitano under his authority. Panepinto was the owner of Casket Royale coffin company located on St. Clair Avenue and was widely known in Toronto for his television ads where he proclaimed "do not make your emotional loss a financial loss" as he boasted that his coffins were the cheapest in Toronto. Other key allies of Rizzuto in Ontario were the Caruana and Cammalleri families. Panepinto's crew were noted for their steroid abuse and a fondness for gyms. Panepitno specialized in selling ecstasy, marihuana, and the so-called "date rape drug" GHB. Panepinto came into conflict with the 1396:. On 23 May 2016, Sukhvir Singh Deo, a member of the Independent Soldiers gang as well as the Wolfpack consortium, attracted international attention by loudly abusing the referees at Scotiabank Arena for supposed bias against the Toronto Raptors basketball team, whom Deo supported. The footage of Deo's behavior led to a number of YouTube videos being made about him as an example of a rude and obnoxious Raptors fan, and attracted the attention of Deo's enemies. On 7 June 2016, Deo was murdered in Toronto by two hitmen disguised as construction workers. Later in June 2016, another Wolfpack member, Tassos Leventis, threw a chair at the Commisso brothers in a Toronto restaurant. On 30 January 2017, Leventis was shot on George Street in Toronto and was able to make his way into his condo, where he bled to death. 1101:: "I quickly learned that their big thing for making money was the construction industry. They probably made more money from extortions in the construction industry than they did from trafficking in heroin – and it was a helluva lot safer". The Commisso 'ndrina clan was led by the three Commisso brothers, Rocco, Michele and Cosimo, whose principal interest in life besides making money was avenging the murder of their father, Girolomo Commisso, who had been killed in 1948 in Siderno by rival gangsters. The best known of Kirby's crimes in the employ of the Commisso brothers in Toronto occurred on the morning of 3 May 1977 when he blew up a Chinese restaurant, the Wah Kew Chop Suey House, and killed a cook, Chong Yin Quan. 881:, but rather due to an increase in laws regulating social behavior as the major concerns of the Toronto police went from being burglary, vagrancy and breaking up fistfights in 1872 to enforcing laws regarding censorship, Sabbath-breaking, dance halls, gambling, alcohol consumption, street traffic, and all forms of "immorality" by 1914. One journalist, Harry Wodson, wrote that "Toronto the Good" was a city of "shall nots" as the city council had passed 6,000 bylaws regulating all forms of social behavior. Such laws created opportunities for organized crime which moved in to fill the demand for what at least certain segments of the population wanted, but were not legally able to enjoy. 1025:. Satan's Choice quickly became the most dominant biker gang not only in the Toronto area, but in Ontario, pushing the Black Diamond Riders into irrelevance. Satan's Choice became the largest biker gang in all of Canada, and the second-largest in the world by 1970, being eclipsed only by the Hells Angels. For many young people in late 1960s Toronto, Guindon was a folk hero, who was greatly admired as a "rebel" against "Toronto the Good" values. Until the 1990s, biker gangs in Canada were very much subordinate to the Mafia, which used them as subcontractors to do "dirty work" that they did not wish to do themselves. 1271:

most of the Ontario outlaw biker gangs, such as Satan's Choice, the Vagabonds, the Lobos, the Last Chance, the Para-Dice Riders and some of the Loners, all joined the Hells Angels, making them at one stroke the dominant outlaw biker club in Ontario. As a result of the mass "patch-over" in Sorel, with 168 outlaw bikers becoming Hells Angels, the greater Toronto area went from having no Hells Angels chapters to having the highest concentration of Hells Angels' chapters in the world. Stadnick changed the relationship of the Hells Angels from being subcontractors of the Mafia to being equals. The journalist

852:, but still higher than the Canadian average of 1.8. 2020 saw another decrease in homicides with the city having a total of 71 murders for the year (a rate of around 2.6 per 100,000 people). However in 2021, the city saw an increase in homicides, with the city murders increasing to 85, giving Toronto a homicide rate of 3.04 per 100,000 people. A decrease in murders happened the following year with 71 being reported in 2022 (a murder rate of 2.5 per 100,000), which was then followed by a slight increase with 73 homicides being reported in 2023, giving the city a murder rate of 2.6 per 100,000 people. 1061:, paying off groups such as the Mafia and the 'Ndrangheta is seen as a normal business cost. Italian organized crime groups infiltrated and took over the Toronto construction industry in the 1960s. In 1974, a Royal Commission headed by Justice Harold Waisberg in its report examining the influence of organized crime in the Toronto construction industry stated that starting in 1968 "a sinister array of characters were introduced to this industry". A key moment occurred in May 1971 when Cesido Romanelli, one of Toronto's largest construction contractors, agreed to hire Natale Luppino of Hamilton's 1194:. On 18 July 1995, a Diablo incinerated a tow truck owned by a Loner with a homemade bomb; in retaliation two Diablos were shot and wounded by the Loners on the streets of Toronto. On 1 August 1995, the Satan's Choice clubhouse in Toronto was hit by a rocket fired from a rocket launcher, and two weeks later the Loners' clubhouse was likewise hit by a rocket launcher. On 25 August 1995, Lenti was badly wounded by a bomb planted in his car, which marked the end of the biker war as his club collapsed as he recovered from his injuries during a prolonged stay in a hospital. The mayor of Toronto, 1245:, made a $ 7.2 million loan to Mora who in turn gave the money to Papalia and Barillaro. Some of the money was used to open a restaurant in Toronto while the rest just vanished. Rizzuto decided to liquate the Papalia family, starting with Mora who was murdered on 11 September 1996. Rizzuto's instruments for killing Papalia and Barillaro were the Musitano brothers, who in exchange for accepting Rizzuto's "protection" from the vengeful Buffalo family had to accept being subordinate to the Rizzuto family. In April 1997, Pasquale Musitano met in Niagara Falls with 1311:, the sergeant-at-arms of the Angels downtown Toronto chapter, became an agent source informer for the Ontario Provincial Police. On the basis of the information gathered by Atwell, the police ordered a series of raids on Hell Angels clubhouses across Ontario on 4 April 2007. In 2010–2011, Atwell served as the main witness for the Crown during the trial of the downtown Toronto chapter members. The trial ended on 22 May 2011 with the chapter president John "Winner" Neal together with Mehrdad "Juicy" Bahman and Douglas Myles convicted of trafficking in GMB; 1128:: "The Toronto clubs were not producing much and had not for a while. The head of the Commisso family had been in prison since 1981, and no one was looking after things. Ontario was 15 years behind Quebec when it came to making money from the clubs". Simard founded the Prestige Entertainment Inc strippers' agency to bring Quebec strippers to Ontario, rented an apartment at the Sutton Palace Hotel, and travelled around in a Merendes-Benz automobile. Cotroni visited Toronto about once a month to see Simard, and during those visits, the gangster-boxer 856:

per 100,000 people, which was double the shooting rate of New York City in the same year (9.1 per 100,000 residents). After the peak in 2019, the city saw a consistent decline in shootings for next years dropping all the way to 343 shooting incidents in 2023. At the same time, gun deaths increased from a low of 22 in 2013 to a high of 51 in 2018 and dropped slightly to 44 in 2019, followed by another downtick gun deaths with 39 in 2020. 2021 saw an increase in gun murders with 46, followed by a decrease the next year with 44 in 2022.

942:, posing as a drug dealer from Montreal, was able to purchase in Toronto considerable sums of cocaine, heroin and morphine from Tony Roma, Antonio Brassi, and Tony Defalco, all of whom worked for Perri and Starkman. In one of Toronto's first large scale drug busts, Roma was arrested at an illegal Toronto gambling house where the police found money, guns, ammunition and drugs. On 27 September 1929, Defalco and Brassi were convicted of drug trafficking while Roma fled to the United States while on bail, where he was arrested in 1936. 1400:

organized crime figures. Most of what is described as being "Mafia" activity in Toronto is more properly the work of the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, whose operations in Toronto are headed by seven "families" that are reportedly organized into a board. By contrast, organized crime in Montreal is dominated by the Sicilian Mafia, especially the Rizzuto family. According to an Italian police report in July 2010, the "entire complex criminal organization" in Canada is all ultimately under the control of the Rizzuto family.

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youth in Toronto are more likely to report gang activity than youth of other ethnicities, 27% of criminal youth gang members self-identify as white (followed by 23% black, 3% Aboriginal, 18% South Asian, 17% East Asian, 5% Middle Eastern and 7% Hispanic). A correlation has not been found between youth gang membership and immigration status. Gang-involved youth commonly report a history of abuse and/or neglect, poverty, dysfunctional families, isolation, school failure, and other psychosocial issues.

1136:, the leader of the Siderno group. In November 1983, Simard learned that two drug dealers from Montreal, Mario Héroux and Robert Hétu, had arrived to compete with the Cotroni family. Simard stormed into their Toronto hotel room to shoot both men, killing Héroux and wounding Hétu. After being arrested, Simard turned Crown's evidence and testified against Cotroni. Melo replaced Simard as the Cotroni family's Toronto agent, serving in that position until his murder on 6 April 2001. On 9 December 1983, 1001:

and cheekbones. His scalp was split seven or eight times. Knuckledusters were smashed into his eyes and a broken bottle was ground into his mouth. When Bluestein dropped to the floor, he was kicked in the face. His overcoat, torn and slashed, was literally drenched in his own blood...When I saw Bluestein, some 10 days after the affair, he looked like a piece of meat". Berton's columns had their effect, causing massive public outrage and Papalia was ordered by his boss,

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cases of arson, 15 cases of mob-related assault, 5 explosions, and numerous cases of the theft of construction materials. Bruno Zanini, a journalist investigating Mafia influence in the construction industry was wounded in 1972 in an assassination attempt. In his report on 19 December 1974, Justice Waisberg concluded that the construction industry in Toronto had been taken over by the Mafia and a climate of fear reigned in the construction sites. Toronto has seven

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1896 stated: "Sunday is as melancholy and suicidal sort of day as Puritan principles can make it". As part of the effort to regulate social behavior, the Toronto police force went from 172 officers in 1872 to 600 officers by 1914. The majority of the Toronto policemen in this period were British immigrants with a disproportionate number of the police force being Ulster Protestants. The growth of the police force was due not to an increase in crime

4993: 6036: 1295:, one of the best known Hells Angels in the Toronto region, about plans to commit various crimes. One of the most notorious crimes in recent Toronto history was a joint operation of the Rizzuto family and the Hells Angels. On 21 April 2014, the Hells Angel Paris Christoforou and the Mafiosi Antonio Borrelli shot up the California Sandwiches restaurant in north Toronto in an unsuccessful attempt to kill 6061: 1287:, who was photographed shaking hands with an Angel, Tony Biancaflora, and the mayor told the media that the Angels were "fantastic" for bringing so much "business" to Toronto, saying: "You know, they're just a nice bunch of guys". Lastman's comments caused immense controversy in Toronto. The Rizzuto family is closely allied with the Hells Angels, and the same alliance continued in Ontario. 831:

the city's murder rate for the fourth consecutive year. The number of homicides stabilized to the mid-50s for the next 4 years. Overall, shooting incidents also declined, from 335 occurrences in 2010 to 255 reported in 2013, and reaching a decade-low 196 for 2014. Since 2014, gun violence has been steadily rising, with 395 shootings in 2017, 427 in 2018, and as well almost 500 in 2019.

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his "protection" of Panepinto, meaning that Panepinto could be killed without fear of Rizzuto family retaliation. On 3 October 2000, Panepinto was shot dead on Bloor Street in his automobile by gunmen in a mini-van that pulled up next to his vehicle while he was waiting for a red light and pumped six bullets into him. Panepinto was replaced as the Rizzuto family's Toronto agent by

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Toronto buy the clubhouse in order to close it. Satan's Choice set a preposterously high price for their clubhouse, which caused much controversy in Toronto when Hall stated her willingness to have the city pay it. The controversy is believed to have been a factor in Hall's defeat in her 1997 reelection bid as the media took to mockingly calling Hall "Biker Barb".

1161:, generally considered to be the most violent and vicious member of Satan's Choice, spent the night of 3 March 1991 in a Toronto rooming house devoted to hard drugs, alcohol, and watching pornographic films. Beaucage's night of bacchanalian excess was cut short when he was beheaded in his bed by Frank Passarelli, a member of the 1479:

Most of these gangs were simply loose-knit groups of juvenile delinquents involved mainly in low-level, petty crimes such as gambling, shop-lifting, and pick-pocketing (Rogers was actually robbed by members of the King Gang while attempting to interview them). The composition of the gangs were mainly

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made an offer to most Ontario outlaw biker clubs to join the Hells Angels on a "patch for patch" basis (i.e. with patches equivalent to their current patches) provided that they did so by the end of the year. On 29 December 2000, in a ceremony at the Hells Angels' "mother chapter" clubhouse in Sorel,

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men, dating back to the late 1970s. In 1991, Toronto experienced its most violent year with 89 murders (that murder tally was surpassed in 2018), 16 of which were linked to drug wars involving rival gangs. Much of the high murder toll of 1991 was due to a gang war in Chinatown between various Chinese

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While homicide rates in Toronto were relatively low for several years, they started to increase in 2016 until Toronto experienced the highest homicide rate among major Canadian cities in 2018; in that single year, the city surpassed the homicide rate of New York City. Homicide rates declined again in

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Although most youth gang members are male, mixed-gender and female youth gangs also exist. Youth from lower-income families are more likely to self-identify as gang members, but membership cuts across lower, middle and upper income categories. One study found that although black, Asian and Hispanic

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One study has reported that approximately 2,400 high school students in Toronto claim to have carried a gun at least once between 2004 and 2005. Research has found that most youth gang-related crime consists of property offenses, drugs sales, drug use, and physical conflicts with other gangs. Social

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Rates of youth gang activity in Toronto can be challenging to measure due to conflicting definitions of gangs, the smaller size of youth gangs, and their looser organization. Some research found 11% of Toronto high school students and 27% of Toronto homeless youth identified as being gang members at

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wrote the "frequently hysterical Toronto media" vastly exaggerated the amount of biker war violence, which in turn led to Hall's overreaction. Hall's attempt to close Satan's Choice Toronto clubhouse failed owing to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which led her to instead try to have the city of

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to raid the illegal gambling houses in Toronto's Greektown in the Pape-Danforth area that refused to pay him extortion money. The raids were noted for their brutality as Barillaro, Mora and the others beat up and robbed the patrons with much viciousness and in one case sliced up the ear of the owner

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Reflecting the influence of Victorian values, in Toronto as elsewhere in Canada laws were passed to regulate social behavior. Drugs such as cocaine and marijuana together with gambling were banned, prostitution was cracked down upon, and access to alcohol was limited. A British visitor to Toronto in

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In conjunction with that increase in murders, overall shooting incidents also increased from a low of 177 in 2014 to an all-time high of 495 in 2019, even outpacing gun incidents that occurred in 2018. The high number of shooting incidents in 2019, resulted in the city having a shooting rate of 18.1

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After a substantial decrease in homicides after the 2005 "year of the gun" and a stable period 2009–2015, the murder rate in Toronto started to increase again drastically in 2016. The homicide rate jumped to 75 homicides in 2016 and spiked in 2018 with 98 homicides in 2018, which is partially due to

819:. These events raised calls for a ban on handguns once again. Of the 86 murders in 2007, half were via firearm; thus, Toronto had a murder rate of about 3.43 per 100,000, slightly less than the peak rate of 3.9 in 1991. There was a drop in murders again in 2008 with 70 (a total of 105 murders in the 1253:

and had two of their members, Domenic Napoli and Antonio Oppedisano, murdered in March 2000. The Commisso brothers visited Montreal to meet Rizzuto, who disclaimed all knowledge of the murders. Rizzuto was furious that Panepinto had ordered murders without seeking his permission first, and withdrew

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as he used his column to demand that Papalia be brought to justice. Berton described the beating: "...as terrible a beating as it is possible to give a man without killing him... Iron bars with ropes attached to them for greater leverage rained down on Bluestein's head and across his forehead, eyes

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of Buffalo. In 1944–45, Magaddino consolidated his control by having Perri and a number of his associates murdered. The existence of the Mafia in Toronto was ignored in the post-war era until the 1960s by the media and the police. Much of the organized crime activities in Toronto area were the work

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that was bordered by College, Jarvis, University and Yonge streets. "The Ward" was mostly inhabited by Italian, Jewish, Finnish, Polish, West Indian and Chinese immigrants that was painted in lurid terms by the newspapers as a center of organized crime add depravity in general that was threatening

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The falling murder totals continued in 2009 with 65, followed by 63 in 2010, then the lowest total in recent times with only 51 (75 total in the GTA) in 2011, the lowest homicide total since 1986 at a rate of 2.0 per 100,000, close to the national average, representing a further dramatic decline in

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There has also been recent evidence of significant cooperation between major organized crime groups including in gambling. In 2013 the Platinum Sportsbook a sports betting ring, thought have brought in over $ 100 million in revenue, was a joint venture between Hells Angels, Italian Mafia and Asian

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noted in fact most of the prostitutes in Toronto were not forced into sexual slavery, but rather chose to engage in prostitution due to poverty as many occupations were closed to women and wages in those that were open to women were significantly lower than offered to men. The area of Toronto that

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gang, who used a kitchen knife to decapitate him. The gruesome nature of Beaucage's murder, made worse by the fact that his body was partially devoured by dogs after his death, led to it acquiring a legendary reputation in biker community, being known incorrectly as "the fifty whacks with an ax".

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In 1987, Donald "Snorkel" Melanson, the president of the Vagabonds biker gang fell into a drug debt were $ 80,000 to the Hells Angels Montreal chapter. Melanson was known as "Snorkel" due to his practice of using a snorkel to consume cocaine. On the night of 2 September 1987, Melson to a hotel on

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The 1984 Anglo-Chinese treaty to return Hong Kong to China by 1997 led to an exodus of Hong Kong residents, many of whom went to Canada as another part of the Commonwealth. Canada became the preferred place of refuge for Hong Kongers because of its liberal immigration policies. A number of Triads

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United States, ran a vast extortion network in Ontario, arranged insurance and land frauds in the Toronto area and engaged in contract killings and contract enforcement work across Canada and the United States– the whole gamut of violent criminal activities one usually associates with the Mafia".

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that left an innocent by-stander, Louise Russo, paralyzed from the neck down. A leading Hells Angel was David "White Dread" Buchanan, the sergeant-at-arms of the West Toronto chapter, who was also one of Toronto's principal gunrunners who sold guns that the Angels had smuggled in from the United

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clans, namely the Coluccio, DeMaria, Tavernese, Figliomeni, Ruso, Racco and Commisso clans. The Mafia and 'Ndrangheta engaged extensively in loan sharking and employed thugs to threaten and beat up people behind in their loans. The most known enforcers in the loan shark business were the team of

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was hired by A. Gus Simone of Local 562 of the International Lathers Union to help "persuade" other construction unions to join the Lathers union. Accordingly, to Toronto police reports, between 1968 and 1972 at construction sites in Toronto there occurred 234 cases of major "willful damage", 23

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The murders of two Toronto businessmen, namely Salvatore Trumbari on 6 January 1967 and his former employee Filippo Vendemini on 29 June 1969 brought greater public attention to the subject. Subsequently, it was established that both Trumbari and Vendemini were involved in organized crime, being

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as the 6th safest major city in the world, and the safest major city in North America. In the same year, CEOWORLD magazine, which includes some major medium-sized cities, ranked Toronto as the 160th safest city in the world, running behind several other major cities including Taipei, Munich, and

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of the Para-Dice Riders joined the Hells Angels to become their national secretary and principal spokesman. Petersen was a favorite of the Toronto media in the first decade of the 21st century as he always provided a good news story. On 12 January 2002, a Hells Angels convention in Toronto was

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area. Kane reported: "Their goal was to take a big part of the Toronto drug market". Kane reported that both Stockford and Carroll were selling massive quantities of drugs to various Toronto biker gangs. Reflecting the tendency of the outlaw biker subculture to become part of the mainstream of

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clan of the Siderno group were described by the end of the 1970s as running a crime empire that "imported and distributed heroin with the Vancouver mob and the Calabrian Mafia in Italy, fenced stolen goods across North America, printed and distributed counterfeit money throughout Canada and the

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stipulations that the judicial system utilizes to unburden the penal system. Today, Toronto has become a center for a wide array of organized and transnational criminal activities, including the counterfeiting of currency, bank cards, and digital entertainment products, together with

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The principal concern of the Toronto police in the early 20th century was a moral panic that prostitution was increasing as it was widely believed that organized crime was engaging in sexual slavery by kidnapping young women and forcing them into prostitution. The Canadian historian

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as his "escort" in exchange for which the Luppino family would intimidate Romanelli's workers and take over their unions. Luppino then took over the unions, who were demanding wage increases that Romanelli did not want to give them. At the same time, the Mafiosi

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some point in their lives. Other research found under 6% of high school students and 16% of street youth identify as current gang members — but that only 4% of students and 15% of street youth were involved in gangs of a criminal (rather than social) nature.

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Critics have argued that organized crime has been allowed to flourish in Canadian cities such as Toronto due to the difficulty and cost of prosecuting organized crime cases compared with individual cases, and the flexible minimum sentencing and the double

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States to various street gangs of Toronto. The white Jamaican immigrant Buchanan had once belonged to the Crips gang, and he served as their principal gunrunner and drug wholesaler after he joined the Hells Angels in 2000. Buchanan was shot and killed by

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of a gambling house. In December 1985, Barillaro, Mora and several other Mafiosi were all charged by the Ontario Provincial Police as part of Project Outhouse for their actions in the Greektown raids, but none of the accused were ever brought to trial.

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The Siderno Group had also moved into the Toronto construction industry and in particular specialized in taking over bids to build public buildings in order to inflate the costs with the additional costs being profit to them. The Toronto-based

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and rival AK Kannan gangs, which warred with each other in the city's streets during the 1990s and early 2000s over the brown heroin trade. In recent decades, Toronto has also seen an infiltration of major American street gangs such as the

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Starting in 1945, the prosperity of the "long summer" economic boom that ended with the Arab oil shock of 1973–74 led to an enormous construction boom in Toronto. Most of the construction contractors in Toronto were immigrants from the

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In the 1950s–60s, a number of outlaw biker gangs such as the Vagabonds, the Para-Dice Riders and the Golden Hawk Riders were founded in the Toronto area. The most aggressive and dominant biker gang in the early 1960s were the

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stated in 2008: "Stadnick is part of that key cocaine industry that turns the Hells Angels from basically gofer boys of the Mafia into powerbrokers who are sitting down with the Mafia and negotiating the price of cocaine".

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newspaper columnist wrote in his column that the Bluestein beating was a "semi-execution" committed in front of hundreds of people, which showed that Papalia did not fear the law. Berton made the Bluestein beating into a

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rate that has fluctuated over the 2010s decade between 2.1 and 3.8 per 100,000 people. This is worse than most of Europe, but comparable to modern day New York. This is also lower than other major cities such as

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of the Big Circle Boys, who negotiated with Rizzuto to arrange for the Rizzuto family to smuggle into the United States the heroin from the "Golden Triangle" that the Big Circle Boys had smuggled into Canada.

1084:. Staff Superintendent Frank Barbetta of the Toronto police said of the duo: "Best collection team I ever ran into: Elkind and Chard. One guy makes the threats and the other looks like he can carry them out". 1123:

to meet Papalia in order to inform him that the Cotroni family would now operating in Ontario and he expected the co-operation of the Papalia family, which Papalia gave. Simard wrote in his autobiography

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was active in Toronto. In the spring of 2012, the Wolfpack was going to bring to Toronto a shipment of 200 kilograms cocaine from Mexico worth $ 5 million with the profits to be split four ways between

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on 7 July 1972 linked most of the cases of bombings, arson and assaults in Little Italy to the Siderno Group, which was described as being the most aggressive of all the Mafia-type groups in Toronto.

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families. The most important and powerful of the three families of Hamilton were the Papalia family, who in turn were the Canadian branch of the Magaddino family of Buffalo. Though based in Hamilton,

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of a fatal shooting of a black man who was swinging a knife at a police officer. This was the eighth shooting of an assailant in four years, and fourth fatal one. Later that year, local activist

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The first organized crime case that attracted widespread public attention was the beating of the gambler Maxie Bluestein by the gangster Johnny Papalia at Toronto's Town Tavern on 21 March 1961.

844:, which resulted in the murder of 10 people on April 23. This increased Toronto's homicide rate to around 3.6 per 100,000 people in 2018, the highest among major Canadian cities and higher than 2848: 2649: 2591: 2500: 2159: 2008: 1017:, whose attacks forced a number of other biker clubs to disband. It was largely to end the attacks of the Black Diamond Riders that four other biker gangs came together in 1965 to found 3651: 1480:

poor Caucasian youth of British descent, although some were more ethnically diverse such as the George Gang (Jewish), the Mix Gang (black), and the Aggies (Polish & Ukrainian).

926:, Toronto became a major center for bootlegging operations into the United States, which also saw an increased presence of Italian-American organized crime — specifically the 792:

reached a record 52 out of 80 murders in total; almost double the 27 gun deaths recorded the previous year. On December 26, 2005, 15-year-old Jane Creba was shot and killed in the

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while shopping on Yonge Street in downtown Toronto. After this incident, many people called for the federal government to ban handguns in Canada; this also became an issue in the

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Toronto recorded 49 homicides in 1999, which, as of 2024, remains the city's lowest homicide total since 1986. That year, there were a total of 90 homicides across Toronto's

4722: 3489: 5009: 1112:(ethnic Chinese) to work for them. As a general rule, groups such as the Triads tended to co-operate with older established groups such as the Mafia and the 'Ndrangheta. 1315:

was convicted of cocaine trafficking; and Larry Pooler convicted of the possession of a banned weapon. All of the accused were acquitted on the charges of gangsterism.

807:. A couple of months later, on July 22, 2007, 11-year-old Ephraim Brown was killed after being shot in the neck by a stray bullet, during a gang shooting in the city's 5014: 1104:

In the 1970s, the Triads entered Toronto with the two most important being the Big Circle Boys and the 14k Triad, both of Hong Kong, who smuggled in heroin from the "

1498:

activities are more widely reported amongst self-identified youth gang members than criminal activities. Murder and other more grievous types of crime are uncommon.

5517: 4844: 2062: 938:, who were involved in smuggling alcohol into the United States and heroin into Canada. In May–June 1929, an undercover Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer, 1335:. The genesis of many foreign criminal organizations in Toronto has often been linked to the drug trade, as with the large influx of heroin and various Asian 5950: 4698: 4776: 5788: 40: 869:

Large criminal organizations have been operating in the Toronto region since at least the mid-19th century, beginning with the homegrown, yet short-lived

2566: 2306: 849: 6009: 5645: 1307:

The most significant blow the police have inflicted against the Hells Angels in Toronto to date was Project Develop in 2005–2007. In September 2005,

2917: 1515:

Efforts to reduce youth gang crime have included police raids, government and social programs, and camera surveillance of public housing projects.

5681: 1140:, the boss of the Siderno group, was murdered by the Musitano family associates. In the 1980s, Papalia sent out a crew of muscular Mafiosi led by 6004: 5574: 5279: 1948: 974:

was very extensively involved in Toronto, where he engaged in extortion, hijacking, loan-sharking, theft, book-making and the sale of heroin.

5869: 5587: 3099: 1752: 803:

However, 2007 saw another, smaller wave of gun violence starting in May with the shooting death of 15-year-old Jordan Manners at his school,

2894: 5544: 5396: 5284: 5129: 4472: 1230:, a prominent Toronto businessman and the vice-president of the Para-Dice Riders, became the first outlaw biker to address the prestigious 1010: 2972: 2199: 2178: 1157:

Yonge Street to pay back $ 50,000 of his drug debt; he was found dead the next day with a bullet in his head by the hotel cleaning staff.

1045:

of New York's Gambino family. Zito established a "pipeline" for smuggling heroin via Montreal and Toronto to New York. An article in the

1005:, to turn himself into the police in May 1961 as Magaddino complained that the police were making too raids in their search for Papalia. 5453: 4726: 3497: 3130: 2870: 804: 3030: 2293: 2282: 1781:

Melcher, Graeme (2018). "Rebellion on the Road and Outlaw Biker Clubs in Postwar Ontario". In Peter Gossage; Robert Rutherdale (eds.).

5522: 5198: 3148: 1790: 1733: 1676: 1562: 1097:, a Satan's Choice biker who worked as an enforcer and a hitman for the Commisso 'ndrina between 1976 and 1981 wrote in his 1986 book 2936: 2474: 2416: 2372: 2341: 1910: 5805: 5274: 5114: 4929: 4811: 4521: 4359: 2744: 1828: 1809: 1771: 1695: 1657: 1638: 1619: 1600: 1581: 1198:, who was not aware that the biker war was over, attempted to ban all outlaw bikers from the city limits of Toronto. The journalist 1187: 1018: 2012: 1209:, a police informer inside the Hells Angels' Montreal puppet club, the Rockers, reported to his handlers on 20 February 1996 that 5999: 5856: 5188: 5136: 5084: 1105: 6051: 3005: 6016: 5830: 5783: 5720: 5634: 5475: 5441: 4495: 3081: 1288: 1255: 848:(around 3.51 per 100,000) for the same year. The homicide total dropped again in 2019 to 80 (a rate of 2.9 per 100,000 people) 895:

society. Gray cautioned that such newspaper coverage of "the Ward" reflected more the prejudices of the era than its reality.

5798: 5742: 5534: 5031: 3062: 2833: 1714: 1323:

Today, the multicultural face of Toronto is well reflected in the city's underworld, which includes everything from Jamaican

797: 3301: 2540: 4066: 1967: 5766: 5569: 5406: 1930: 827:(with Mississauga having a record 18 homicides, but statistically this was an anomalous year for Peel Region as a whole). 824: 1475:

Aces Gang, Aggies, Bridge Gang, Cardinal Group, George Gang, Harris Gang, Mix Gang, Park Gang, Rustler Gang, Trapper Gang

5793: 5747: 5507: 5227: 5169: 5104: 5099: 5089: 5054: 4898: 2397: 4851: 1417:

to various U.S. cities, although this is lower than in some other Canadian cities. Much of this has been attributed to

5650: 5604: 5386: 5207: 5026: 4982: 3050: 1534: 1336: 2233: 2121: 1891:"Stats show sharp uptick in Toronto shootings, but murder rate still below a dozen other Canadian cities – CTV News" 5955: 5864: 5773: 5732: 5512: 5485: 5174: 4572: 2069: 1852: 4786: 3131:

CTV Toronto – Toronto sets a new record for gun-related carnage – CTV News, Shows and Sports – Canadian Television

2764: 6087: 5994: 5977: 5847: 5753: 5686: 5580: 5463: 5179: 3178: 1430: 1195: 2094: 1469:

Arnot Gang, Basket Gang, Black Gang, Green Gang, Grey Gang (Rogers refers to 2 other unnamed gangs in this area)

5874: 5820: 5715: 5333: 5141: 4977: 1234:

of Toronto, which Langton noted was "...an honor normally reserved for heads of state and titans of industry".

777: 3117: 1593:

Unrepentant The Strange and (Sometimes) Terrible Life of Lorne Campbell, Satan's Choice and Hells Angels Biker

4594: 5727: 5468: 5348: 5311: 5269: 5212: 5203: 5184: 5164: 5146: 4972: 4957: 2625: 1873: 886: 3221: 1444:, Kenneth H. Rogers identified the following gangs active at that time in the following areas of the city: 1258:, a Spanish man twice deported from Canada. A notable partner for the Rizzuto family was the Toronto-based 736:

In the late 1980s, gangs in Toronto were becoming increasingly violent. This coincided with the arrival of

36:

Jerusalem, as well as, in Canada, Quebec City and Ottawa, but safer than most cities in the United States.

5972: 5676: 5529: 5411: 5321: 5222: 5193: 5094: 2652: 2594: 2482: 2424: 2380: 2349: 2162: 1918: 1539: 1529: 1332: 1175: 1162: 899: 741: 2914: 2034: 5932: 5896: 5655: 5502: 5493: 5338: 5326: 5217: 4922: 4812:"Feature Focus 2006: Youth Gangs & Guns - Canada - Toronto, Ontario - Royal Canadian Mounted Police" 2324: 1231: 1218: 1214: 959: 812: 4992: 1343:

in the 1980s. These criminal groups, however, occasionally have a political bent as well, as with the

5693: 5614: 5609: 5554: 5436: 5254: 5246: 5119: 4544: 1393: 1312: 1242: 1067: 1062: 967: 963: 927: 820: 97: 69: 2690: 2294:

https://www.tps.ca/media/filer_public/01/43/01434eec-43ed-42b1-a01e-f7e24b13fda2/2004statsreport.pdf

2283:

https://www.tps.ca/media/filer_public/01/43/01434eec-43ed-42b1-a01e-f7e24b13fda2/2004statsreport.pdf

5920: 5430: 5421: 5316: 3160: 3149:

https://safecitymississauga.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Safest-City-Report-2018-FINAL.docx.pdf

2139: 1986: 1414: 1410: 1250: 1089: 793: 5965: 5960: 5925: 5837: 5825: 5737: 5707: 5640: 5401: 5373: 5358: 5353: 5306: 5232: 5109: 5074: 5001: 4952: 4781: 2265: 1953: 1457:

Beavers, Britch Gang, Graphic Gang (Rogers refers to at least 4 other unnamed gangs in this area)

1057:(the south of Italy) while most of the construction workers were also Italian immigrants. In the 841: 4573:"ICED: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada: Toronto A Major Player in Global Organized Crime" 3276: 3196: 2712: 2607: 1631:

The Wolfpack The Millennial Mobsters Who Brought Chaos and the Cartels to the Canadian Underworl

4877: 2979: 2206: 1304:

in a Toronto strip club on 2 December 2006 after he threatened and struck Lenti several times.

5815: 5498: 5448: 5391: 5264: 1824: 1805: 1786: 1767: 1748: 1729: 1710: 1691: 1672: 1653: 1634: 1615: 1596: 1577: 1558: 1368: 1246: 1014: 1002: 955: 950: 891: 6039: 5903: 5778: 5458: 5343: 5291: 5259: 5064: 4915: 3356: 3027: 1361: 1210: 1141: 761: 1413:

and the production of marijuana and synthetic drugs. Toronto also has a comparable rate of

788:

In 2005, Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun" because the number of gun-related

740:

in the city, which caused more gun violence to occur in low-income neighborhoods. In 1988,

25:

has been low in comparison to other major cities. In 2024, a ranking of 60 large cities by

5982: 5761: 5660: 5624: 5363: 5301: 5296: 5124: 4967: 4962: 4845:"Immigration, Social Disadvantage and Urban Youth Gangs: Results of a Toronto-Area Survey" 4753: 3137: 3034: 2921: 2486: 2428: 2384: 2353: 1935: 1914: 1907: 1524: 1418: 1267: 935: 816: 745: 5059: 4815: 1132:

served as his chauffeur-bodyguard. During his visits to Toronto, Cotroni always met with

984:("boss of bosses") in the 'Ndrangheta in Toronto from the 1950s until his death in 1980. 2522: 6065: 5879: 5629: 5619: 5079: 1389: 1385: 1372: 1324: 1296: 1292: 1279: 1227: 1191: 1158: 1120: 1072: 1022: 971: 919: 911: 76:

rate also ranked relatively high, with 407.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared to

6081: 5810: 5539: 2398:

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/hank-idsinga-toronto-homicide-record-1.4952952

1377: 1328: 1199: 1137: 1116: 1081: 1042: 988: 975: 946: 915: 845: 737: 65: 61: 27: 5987: 3327: 3051:

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/85-002-x/85-002-x2000009-eng.pdf?st=XenS3NQU

2814: 1745:

Cold War How Organized Crime Works in Canada and Why It's About to Get More Violent

1344: 1308: 1238: 1179: 1077: 939: 870: 757: 4548: 4330: 3250: 2781: 2665: 2449: 1726:

Showdown: How the Outlaws, Hells Angels and Cops Fought for Control of the Streets

768:

claimed that police bias against blacks was worse in Toronto than in Los Angeles.

2544: 2234:

http://guncontrol.ca/backups/old-site/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/gangsandguns.pdf

1971: 4878:"Youth Gangs: Findings of the Ministry of the Solicitor General Report (MR123e)" 1405: 1340: 1301: 1284: 1272: 1259: 1183: 1094: 1038: 1034: 980: 931: 923: 765: 81: 2765:

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/17/794510796/why-gun-violence-is-surging-in-toronto

5891: 5381: 2849:"Toronto gun violence dropped 30% in 5 years. Can the city keep up the trend?" 1555:

The Encyclopedia of Canadian Organized Crime: From Captain Kidd to Mom Boucher

1348: 1133: 1129: 1030: 808: 3082:"Toronto's murder rate dips to a 12-year low: By the numbers – National Post" 5886: 5069: 5049: 4699:"Another Leader of Alleged Mafia Betting Site Platinum Sportsbook Sentenced" 1381: 1291:, the Rizzuto family's agent for Ontario, was often talking in Toronto with 1206: 1145: 89: 4757: 890:

the newspapers were mostly concerned was an impoverished district known as

1650:

The Massey Murder: A Maid, Her Master and the Trial that Shocked a Country

2952: 789: 85: 44: 1783:

Making Men, Making History: Canadian Masculinities across Time and Place

4938: 1222: 77: 73: 53: 49: 32: 22: 4771: 4769: 4767: 2063:"The page you're looking for can't be found | City of Vancouver" 1785:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 364–382. 1353: 57: 5908: 4473:"How a nice, middle-class boy became a Hells Angel—then an informer" 3100:"Homicides plunge in Toronto to lowest level in 25 years – The Star" 2871:"Suspect arrested in fatal stabbing in Etobicoke; victim identified" 2626:"'It's terrifying': 1 dead, 2 injured in downtown Toronto shooting" 784:

2005–2014: "Year of the Gun", shootings and the falling murder rate

5915: 4907: 3652:"Meet the godfather of Canada's outlaw biker club, Satan's Choice" 1421:, with stolen vehicles ending up being shipped overseas for sale. 1357: 2915:"LAWS CHARGES METRO POLICE BIAS AGAINST BLACKS `WORSE THAN L.A.'" 2122:"Toronto Blows Past Winnipeg For Highest Homicide Rate In Canada" 1949:

Detroit police chief nixing 12-hour shifts as homicide rate soars

1186:

for the control of the drug trade. The Diablos were supported by

930:. The most important gangsters in Toronto area in the 1920s was 100:

ranked ninth in Canada with a homicide rate of 2.26 per 100,000.

4645: 4643: 4266: 4264: 1041:

of Montreal's Cotroni family, and Paulo Gambino, the brother of

753: 4911: 4618: 4616: 3571: 3569: 1688:

The Enforcer:Johnny Pops Papalia, A Life and Death in the Mafia

4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4181: 4179: 4177: 910:

Italian organized crime remains prevalent, with the Calabrian

4567: 4565: 3600: 3598: 3596: 2745:"Violent 2020 almost surpasses last year's gun crime figures" 823: – including a record high 27 occurring in neighbouring 4067:"This Man is the Jeff Bezos of the International Drug Trade" 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4000: 3998: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3902: 3900: 3875: 3873: 1574:

Mafia Inc.: The Long, Bloody Reign of Canada's Sicilian Clan

1221:

to discuss a plan to smuggle narcotics from Montreal to the

1119:

entered the Ontario market, sending out his favorite hitman

4723:"A New Mafia: Crime families ruling Toronto, Italy alleges" 3812: 3810: 3808: 3795: 3793: 3768: 3766: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3556: 3554: 3541: 3539: 3490:"A New Mafia: Crime families ruling Toronto, Italy alleges" 2325:"Shootings & Firearm Discharges in the City of Toronto" 2307:"Most of Toronto's gun deaths involve gangs, black victims" 2160:

Homicides 2004–2017 – Business & Intelligence Analytics

1371:, who were the distributors of high-grade cocaine from the 1266:

In the summer of 2000, the Hells Angels national president

4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4442: 4440: 4379: 4377: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3118:"CTV.ca – Despite rise, police say T.O. murder rate 'low'" 1821:

The Road To Hell How the Biker Gangs Are Conquering Canada

945:

In 1931, when "the Commission" was founded in New York by

3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 2834:"Man fatally stabbed at Toronto shelter; suspect charged" 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2009:"Vancouver's murder rate low by North American standards" 1174:

In the summer of 1995, a biker war broke out between the

744:

were under scrutiny for a series of shootings of unarmed

96:

2019; when compared across major metropolitan areas, the

3615: 3613: 3302:"Overall Crime in New York City Hits Record Low in 2019" 2179:"T.O.'S DEADLIEST YEAR: On track for most blood spilled" 1669:

Making the Scene: Yorkville and Hip Toronto in the 1960s

3179:"Toronto's homicide rate is now higher than New York's" 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4806: 4804: 1931:

New York City Murder Rate In 2013 Reaches Historic Low

3448: 3446: 3444: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3277:"Toronto 2019 Homicide Victim List - Homicide Canada" 2713:"Toronto 2019 Homicide Victim List - Homicide Canada" 2650:

Homicides YTD – Business & Intelligence Analytics

1442:

Street Gangs in Toronto: A Study of the Forgotten Boy

800:, but the number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006. 4899:

Gang leaders, Jordan Manners' sister netted in raids

3063:"Police mum about falling homicide rates – The Star" 2116: 2114: 1612:

Business Or Blood Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto's Last War

5941: 5855: 5846: 5706: 5669: 5597: 5562: 5553: 5484: 5420: 5372: 5245: 5155: 5040: 5000: 4945: 3350: 3348: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2567:"Barry and Honey Sherman were murdered, police say" 84:(348.5), Vancouver (366.2), New York City (265.9), 2937:James: Dudley Laws stung and inspired a generation 2194: 2192: 1764:Canada the Good A Short History of Vice Since 1500 1217:of the Angels' Montreal chapter had a meeting in 780:, with a murder rate of 1.68 per 100,000 people. 1339:during the 1970s, or cocaine and South American 3006:"Gang life allure: Drugs, fast money, easy sex" 2895:"Gang life allure: Drugs, fast money, easy sex" 1766:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 1367:In the early 2010s, a consortium known as the 4923: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4634: 4622: 4431: 4270: 2967: 2965: 8: 3989: 3977: 3840: 3604: 3587: 3306:The official website of the City of New York 2909: 2907: 1885: 1883: 4522:"Hells Angels beat organized crime charges" 4496:"Hells Angels smelled a rat in their midst" 4419: 4407: 4395: 4353: 4351: 4324: 4322: 4301: 4289: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4214: 4185: 2419:Year End Shootings & Year End Homicides 2375:Year End Shootings & Year End Homicides 2344:Year End Shootings & Year End Homicides 1802:Iced The Story of Organized Crime in Canada 5852: 5559: 5037: 4930: 4916: 4908: 4595:"Attack hits new low for gangs – The Star" 4515: 4513: 4060: 4058: 2889: 2887: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2336: 2334: 1170:The Rizzuto family-Hells Angels ascendency 4049: 4037: 4016: 4004: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3918: 3906: 3891: 3879: 3864: 3852: 3828: 3816: 3799: 3772: 3757: 3732: 3720: 3701: 3672: 3575: 3560: 3545: 3530: 3518: 3476: 749:gangs for the control of the drug trade. 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2229: 2227: 2095:"2007annrep_draft_daily_2008_03_26.xlsm" 1671:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1610:Edwards, Peter; Nicaso, Antonio (2016). 954:of three Mafia families based in nearby 114: 4721:Humphreys, Adrian (24 September 2010). 4458: 4446: 4383: 4313: 4197: 4168: 4156: 4135: 4116: 4099: 4087: 3784: 3684: 3638: 3619: 2173: 2171: 1844: 1819:Sher, Julian; Marsden, William (2003). 5575:Toronto Catholic District School Board 3392: 3380: 3222:"The Daily — Homicide in Canada, 2018" 2847:Balintec, Vanessa (24 December 2023). 2477:Year to Date Shootings & Homicides 1874:"Revealed: Safest Cities in the World" 1553:Auger, Michel; Edwards, Peter (2012). 1283:gate-clashed by the mayor of Toronto, 5588:Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir 4901:, www.cbc.ca, Published June 15, 2007 3355:Maurice, James; Careless, Stockford. 2953:Sherona Hall, 59: Fighter for justice 2869:Aguilar, Bryann (13 September 2024). 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 1629:Edwards, Peter; Nájera, Luis (2021). 1557:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 7: 4358:Livesey, Bruce (26 September 2008). 3464: 3452: 3435: 3423: 3404: 3080:Toronto, Posted (31 December 2011). 2832:Murphy, Aisling (30 December 2023). 1707:The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob 1572:Cédilot, André; Noël, André (2012). 41:fourth largest city in North America 6047: 5233:Ken Lee's stabbing of December 2022 4880:. Publications.gc.ca. 30 March 1994 4494:Edwards, Peter (15 November 2010). 4065:Marche, Stephen (1 November 2021). 2608:"TORONTO HOMICIDE VICTIM LIST 2017" 2523:"TORONTO HOMICIDE VICTIM LIST 2016" 2305:Fowlie, Jonathan (7 January 2004). 1804:. Toronto: John Wiley & Songs. 1690:. Toronto, Canada: Harper Collins. 1633:. Toronto: Random House of Canada. 1347:organized crime groups such as the 1226:Toronto life, in the fall of 1997, 949:, southern Ontario was assigned to 805:C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute 3004:Powell, Besty (5 September 2010). 2485:. 23 November 2015. Archived from 2450:"TPS Crime Statistics – Shootings" 2427:. 23 November 2015. Archived from 2266:"Metrocide: A History of Violence" 1987:"Metrocide: A History of Violence" 1728:. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. 1709:. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. 1542:(2012), a youth-gang mass shooting 1502:Demographics of youth gang members 1451:Brown Gang, Grey Gang, Porter Gang 898:By the early 1900s, the infamous " 14: 1853:"Safest Cities in the World 2024" 1667:Henderson, Stuart Robert (2011). 1484:Current prevalence of youth gangs 6059: 6046: 6035: 6034: 5646:Université de l'Ontario français 5518:Parks, Forestry & Recreation 4991: 4471:Latimer, Joanne (4 April 2017). 2597:. Accessed on December 31, 2018. 850:below the rate of most US cities 6017:Toronto Transportation Services 5635:Toronto Metropolitan University 4752:(1945 ed.). Open Library. 4725:. National Post. Archived from 1985:Topping, David (22 July 2008). 92:(158.8), and Portland (150.5). 5165:Second Amalgamation of Toronto 2655:. Accessed on August 22, 2018. 2383:. 11 June 2011. Archived from 2352:. 9 April 2009. Archived from 1463:Evans Gang, King Gang, Wunkies 1188:Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club 1019:Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club 725:1999: Lowest total since 1986. 1: 5570:Toronto District School Board 5407:Toronto Region Board of Trade 5147:First Amalgamation of Toronto 5085:Battle of Montgomery's Tavern 4850:. 29 May 2015. Archived from 4520:Powell, Betsy (23 May 2011). 1511:Community and police response 722:Inconsistency in source data. 5944:infrastructure, and services 5545:Works and Emergency Services 5170:2003 Etobicoke gas explosion 5055:Toronto Carrying-Place Trail 3161:"Number of Homicide victims" 2942:. Accessed on March 4, 2016. 2165:. Accessed on June 15, 2018. 728:2018: Highest total to date. 714: 711: 708: 705: 697: 694: 691: 688: 681: 678: 675: 672: 664: 661: 658: 655: 647: 644: 641: 638: 630: 627: 624: 621: 613: 610: 607: 596: 593: 590: 587: 579: 576: 573: 570: 562: 559: 556: 553: 543: 540: 537: 534: 526: 523: 520: 517: 509: 506: 503: 500: 492: 489: 484: 481: 473: 470: 467: 464: 456: 453: 450: 447: 439: 436: 433: 430: 422: 419: 416: 413: 405: 402: 399: 396: 388: 385: 382: 379: 372: 369: 366: 363: 356: 353: 350: 347: 340: 338: 335: 332: 325: 323: 320: 317: 310: 308: 305: 302: 295: 293: 290: 280: 278: 275: 272: 265: 263: 260: 257: 250: 248: 245: 242: 235: 233: 230: 227: 220: 218: 215: 212: 205: 203: 200: 197: 190: 188: 185: 182: 175: 173: 170: 167: 160: 158: 156: 153: 113: 16:Overview of crime in Toronto 5651:University of Guelph-Humber 4575:. Storyoforganizedcrime.com 4543:Hal Quinn (25 March 1991). 2691:"2019 Toronto homicide map" 2264:Torontoist (22 July 2008). 1800:Schneider, Stephen (2009). 1747:. Toronto: HarperColllins. 1595:. Toronto: Vintage Canada. 1576:. Toronto: Vintage Canada. 1535:2006 Toronto terrorism case 752:On May 4, 1992, there were 39:Even though Toronto is the 6104: 5865:Toronto Transit Commission 5175:Northeast blackout of 2003 3654:. CBC Radio. 28 April 2017 3136:December 27, 2009, at the 1913:November 26, 2015, at the 1705:Humphreys, Adrian (2011). 1686:Humphreys, Adrian (1999). 1652:. Toronto: HarperCollins. 1428: 104:Late 1980s and early 1990s 80:(675.1), Chicago (588.6), 72:(4.6). In 2007, Toronto's 43:, it has a relatively low 6029: 5687:Toronto Reference Library 5581:Conseil scolaire Viamonde 5228:2020–22 COVID-19 pandemic 4989: 4686:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4674:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4662:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4650:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4635:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4623:Edwards & Nájera 2021 4432:Edwards & Nicaso 2016 4271:Edwards & Nicaso 2016 3361:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3028:"Remembering Anti-Racism" 1823:. Toronto: Alfred Knopf. 1614:. Toronto: Random House. 1431:Category:Gangs in Toronto 1241:, the boss of Montreal's 134: 129: 124: 117: 4777:"Behind Toronto's gangs" 4524:. The Hamilton Spectator 3990:Auger & Edwards 2012 3978:Auger & Edwards 2012 3841:Auger & Edwards 2012 3605:Auger & Edwards 2012 3588:Auger & Edwards 2012 3332:data.torontopolice.on.ca 3275:admin (9 January 2019). 3255:data.torontopolice.on.ca 3201:data.torontopolice.on.ca 3197:"Major Crime Indicators" 2819:data.torontopolice.on.ca 2711:admin (9 January 2019). 2670:data.torontopolice.on.ca 2475:"TPS Crime Statistics – 2454:data.torontopolice.on.ca 2417:"TPS Crime Statistics – 2373:"TPS Crime Statistics – 2342:"TPS Crime Statistics – 1648:Gray, Charlotte (2013). 1386:Martino "Lil Guy" Caputo 1021:under the leadership of 934:and his common-law wife 906:The Magaddino ascendency 778:census metropolitan area 5721:Asian events in Toronto 5270:Great Lakes megalopolis 5204:2015 Pan American Games 5185:2010 G20 Toronto summit 5095:Orange Order ascendency 5022:National Historic Sites 4750:Street gangs in Toronto 4420:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4408:Sher & Marsden 2003 4396:Sher & Marsden 2003 4302:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4290:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4256:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4244:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4232:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4215:Cédilot & Noël 2012 4186:Sher & Marsden 2003 1762:Martel, Marcel (2014). 1743:Langton, Jerry (2015). 1724:Langton, Jerry (2010). 1591:Edwards, Peter (2013). 1247:Gaetano "Guy" Panepinto 1182:vs. the Diablos led by 865:Victorian-Edwardian era 5754:Let's All Hate Toronto 5743:Fiction set in Toronto 5677:Toronto Public Library 5535:Solid Waste Management 5412:Toronto Stock Exchange 5208:Parapan American Games 5199:Rob Ford video scandal 5194:Danzig Street shooting 5180:2008 propane explosion 5115:Centennial of the City 4545:"Empire of the Triads" 2653:Toronto Police Service 2595:Toronto Police Service 2483:Toronto Police Service 2425:Toronto Police Service 2381:Toronto Police Service 2350:Toronto Police Service 2163:Toronto Police Service 2140:"www150.statcan.gc.ca" 2035:"Bilan chiffres_A_new" 1919:Toronto Police Service 1540:Danzig Street shooting 1530:Gun politics in Canada 1449:Moss Park – Riverdale: 1293:Steven "Tiger" Lindsay 1176:Loners Motorcycle Club 5942:Other transportation, 5933:Durham Region Transit 5897:Union Pearson Express 5857:Public transportation 5767:Films shot in Toronto 5656:University of Toronto 5503:Toronto Public Health 5137:Cancelled expressways 5032:Former municipalities 4331:"Extended Chronology" 2592:Homicides 2004 – 2017 1968:"FBI statistics 2008" 1957:, September 17, 2013. 1473:Bathurst & Queen: 798:2006 federal election 5748:Films set in Toronto 5694:Toronto Tool Library 5615:George Brown College 5476:Municipal government 5255:Greater Toronto Area 5105:1918 anti-Greek riot 4983:Notable Torontonians 4729:on 27 September 2010 4362:. The Globe and Mail 4335:The Bandido Massacre 3500:on 27 September 2010 3494:www.nationalpost.com 2901:, September 5, 2010. 2501:"Microsoft Power BI" 2489:on 26 November 2015. 2431:on 26 November 2015. 1939:, December 20, 2013. 1908:TPS Crime Statistics 1394:Dean Michael Wiwchar 1327:to Eastern European 1289:Juan Ramon Fernandez 1256:Juan Ramon Fernandez 1243:Rizzuto crime family 1180:Gennaro "Jimmy" Raso 1063:Luppino crime family 1011:Black Diamond Riders 978:was regarded as the 928:Buffalo crime family 821:Greater Toronto Area 98:Greater Toronto Area 5921:York Region Transit 5431:City of Toronto Act 5223:2020 machete attack 5187:and the associated 4789:on 10 February 2016 4748:Rogers, Kenneth H. 4360:"Reorganized crime" 3120:. 26 December 2007. 2614:. 31 December 2018. 2529:. 14 December 2016. 2128:. 20 November 2018. 1897:. 21 December 2018. 1411:telemarketing fraud 1159:Brian "Bo" Beaucage 794:Boxing Day shooting 762:peaceful protesting 6066:Ontario portal 5826:Labour Day Classic 5641:Tyndale University 5637:(formerly Ryerson) 5605:Centennial College 5523:Recreation Centres 5513:Paramedic Services 5387:Financial District 5359:Scarborough Bluffs 5354:Leslie Street Spit 5218:2018 mass shooting 5110:Christie Pits riot 5100:Great Fire of 1904 5090:Great Fire of 1849 4782:The Globe and Mail 4676:, p. 205-206. 4498:. The Toronto Star 4422:, p. 295-296. 4398:, p. 271-272. 4019:, p. 210-211. 3956:, p. 529-530. 3831:, p. 327-328. 3735:, p. 313-314. 3675:, p. 190-191. 3578:, p. 291-292. 3521:, p. 172-173. 3281:homicidecanada.com 3224:. 27 November 2019 3033:2011-02-04 at the 2920:2011-02-03 at the 2717:homicidecanada.com 2547:on 10 January 2018 2311:The Globe and Mail 2185:. 30 October 2018. 1954:Detroit Free Press 1876:. 27 January 2024. 1547:Books and articles 842:Toronto van attack 6075: 6074: 6025: 6024: 5978:Parking Authority 5789:Places of worship 5702: 5701: 5563:Primary/secondary 5265:Ontario Peninsula 5241: 5240: 4705:. 5 October 2017. 3165:Statistics Canada 3069:. 24 August 2011. 2959:, January 9, 2007 2951:Philip Mascoll, " 2927:, October 1, 1992 2573:. 26 January 2018 2503:. App.powerbi.com 2356:on 30 April 2009. 1974:on 12 April 2010. 1754:978-1-4434-3255-9 1493:Criminal activity 1440:In his 1945 book 1369:Wolfpack Alliance 1015:Harry Paul Barnes 1003:Stefano Magaddino 951:Stefano Magaddino 918:, as well as the 760:, which followed 734: 733: 719: 718: 6095: 6088:Crime in Toronto 6064: 6063: 6062: 6050: 6049: 6038: 6037: 5904:Brampton Transit 5853: 5682:List of branches 5560: 5260:Golden Horseshoe 5142:Board of Control 5065:Toronto Purchase 5038: 5010:Oldest buildings 4995: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4874: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4814:. Archived from 4808: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4785:. Archived from 4773: 4762: 4761: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4718: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4638: 4637:, p. 42-43. 4632: 4626: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4517: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4329:Edwards, Peter. 4326: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4274: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4218: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4139: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4062: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3705: 3699: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3496:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3467:, p. 98-99. 3462: 3456: 3450: 3439: 3438:, p. 95-97. 3433: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3308:. 6 January 2020 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3247: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3026:Raghu Krishnan, 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2978:. Archived from 2977: 2969: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2911: 2902: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2811: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2543:. Archived from 2537: 2531: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2420: 2413: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2387:on 11 June 2011. 2376: 2369: 2358: 2357: 2345: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2327:. 24 March 2021. 2321: 2315: 2314: 2302: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2261: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2205:. Archived from 2204: 2200:"Gangs and guns" 2196: 2187: 2186: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2068:. Archived from 2067: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2015:on 18 April 2009 2011:. Archived from 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1989:. Torontoist.com 1982: 1976: 1975: 1970:. Archived from 1964: 1958: 1946: 1940: 1928: 1922: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1834: 1815: 1796: 1777: 1758: 1739: 1720: 1701: 1682: 1663: 1644: 1625: 1606: 1587: 1568: 1362:Mara Salvatrucha 1251:Commisso 'ndrina 1211:Donald Stockford 1142:Carmen Barillaro 1090:Commisso 'ndrina 729: 726: 723: 551: 487: 135:Total Shootings 115: 108: 107: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6060: 6058: 6021: 5943: 5937: 5842: 5762:Hollywood North 5698: 5665: 5661:York University 5625:OCAD University 5593: 5549: 5486:Public services 5480: 5416: 5368: 5364:Villiers Island 5302:Toronto Islands 5237: 5213:2018 van attack 5157: 5151: 5125:Hurricane Hazel 5042: 5036: 4996: 4987: 4953:General outline 4941: 4939:City of Toronto 4936: 4906: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4862: 4857:on 29 May 2015. 4854: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4601:. 27 April 2007 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4277: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4221: 4213: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4142: 4134: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3708: 3700: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3167:. 27 July 2021. 3159: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3138:Wayback Machine 3129: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3106:. January 2012. 3098: 3097: 3093: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3041:, January 2003. 3035:Wayback Machine 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973:"GunControl.ca" 2971: 2970: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2935: 2931: 2922:Wayback Machine 2913:K.K. Campbell, 2912: 2905: 2892: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2612:Homicide Canada 2606: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2541:"Homicide data" 2539: 2538: 2534: 2527:Homicide Canada 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2436: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2263: 2262: 2239: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2126:HuffPost Canada 2120: 2119: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1936:Huffington Post 1929: 1925: 1915:Wayback Machine 1906: 1902: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1831: 1818: 1812: 1799: 1793: 1780: 1774: 1761: 1755: 1742: 1736: 1723: 1717: 1704: 1698: 1685: 1679: 1666: 1660: 1647: 1641: 1628: 1622: 1609: 1603: 1590: 1584: 1571: 1565: 1552: 1549: 1525:Crime in Canada 1521: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1419:organized crime 1321: 1268:Walter Stadnick 1172: 1106:Golden Triangle 936:Bessie Starkman 908: 867: 862: 860:Organized crime 837: 817:Sheppard Avenue 786: 774: 727: 724: 721: 549: 485: 131: 126: 106: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6101: 6099: 6091: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6055: 6043: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5861: 5859: 5850: 5848:Transportation 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5821:Amateur sports 5813: 5808: 5806:Shopping malls 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630:Seneca College 5627: 5622: 5620:Humber College 5617: 5612: 5610:Collège Boréal 5607: 5601: 5599: 5598:Post-secondary 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5275:Neighbourhoods 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5080:Battle of York 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4891: 4860: 4829: 4818:on 29 May 2015 4800: 4763: 4740: 4708: 4703:yorkregion.com 4690: 4688:, p. 206. 4678: 4666: 4664:, p. 195. 4654: 4652:, p. 194. 4639: 4627: 4612: 4586: 4561: 4535: 4509: 4486: 4463: 4461:, p. 210. 4451: 4449:, p. 207. 4436: 4424: 4412: 4410:, p. 272. 4400: 4388: 4386:, p. 262. 4373: 4347: 4318: 4306: 4304:, p. 291. 4294: 4292:, p. 285. 4275: 4273:, p. 106. 4260: 4258:, p. 278. 4248: 4246:, p. 282. 4236: 4234:, p. 284. 4219: 4217:, p. 281. 4202: 4200:, p. 127. 4190: 4188:, p. 174. 4173: 4161: 4159:, p. 119. 4140: 4138:, p. 118. 4121: 4119:, p. 202. 4104: 4102:, p. 107. 4092: 4090:, p. 106. 4080: 4069:. Toronto Life 4054: 4052:, p. 469. 4050:Schneider 2009 4042: 4040:, p. 485. 4038:Schneider 2009 4021: 4017:Humphreys 1999 4009: 4007:, p. 538. 4005:Schneider 2009 3994: 3992:, p. 203. 3982: 3980:, p. 141. 3970: 3968:, p. 530. 3966:Schneider 2009 3958: 3954:Schneider 2009 3946: 3944:, p. 529. 3942:Schneider 2009 3923: 3921:, p. 344. 3919:Schneider 2009 3911: 3909:, p. 459. 3907:Schneider 2009 3896: 3894:, p. 448. 3892:Schneider 2009 3884: 3882:, p. 458. 3880:Schneider 2009 3869: 3867:, p. 443. 3865:Schneider 2009 3857: 3855:, p. 483. 3853:Schneider 2009 3845: 3843:, p. 122. 3833: 3829:Schneider 2009 3821: 3819:, p. 327. 3817:Schneider 2009 3804: 3802:, p. 125. 3800:Humphreys 2011 3789: 3787:, p. 132. 3777: 3775:, p. 331. 3773:Schneider 2009 3762: 3760:, p. 330. 3758:Schneider 2009 3737: 3733:Schneider 2009 3725: 3723:, p. 313. 3721:Schneider 2009 3706: 3704:, p. 312. 3702:Schneider 2009 3689: 3677: 3673:Henderson 2011 3665: 3643: 3641:, p. 370. 3624: 3609: 3592: 3590:, p. 204. 3580: 3576:Schneider 2009 3565: 3563:, p. 286. 3561:Schneider 2009 3550: 3548:, p. 173. 3546:Schneider 2009 3535: 3533:, p. 172. 3531:Schneider 2009 3523: 3519:Schneider 2009 3511: 3481: 3479:, p. 112. 3477:Schneider 2009 3469: 3457: 3440: 3428: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3383:, p. 6-7. 3373: 3344: 3319: 3293: 3267: 3235: 3213: 3188: 3183:www.blogto.com 3170: 3152: 3141: 3123: 3109: 3091: 3072: 3054: 3043: 3019: 3008:. Toronto Star 2996: 2985:on 6 July 2011 2961: 2944: 2929: 2903: 2893:Betsy Powell, 2883: 2861: 2839: 2824: 2787: 2768: 2757: 2729: 2703: 2682: 2657: 2642: 2617: 2599: 2584: 2558: 2532: 2514: 2492: 2466: 2434: 2401: 2390: 2359: 2330: 2316: 2297: 2286: 2275: 2237: 2223: 2212:on 6 July 2011 2188: 2167: 2152: 2131: 2110: 2086: 2075:on 1 July 2019 2054: 2026: 2000: 1977: 1959: 1941: 1923: 1900: 1895:www.ctvnews.ca 1879: 1865: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1816: 1810: 1797: 1792:978-0774835664 1791: 1778: 1772: 1759: 1753: 1740: 1735:978-0470678787 1734: 1721: 1715: 1702: 1696: 1683: 1678:978-1442610712 1677: 1664: 1658: 1645: 1639: 1626: 1620: 1607: 1601: 1588: 1582: 1569: 1564:978-0771030499 1563: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1461:North Toronto: 1458: 1452: 1437: 1434: 1426: 1423: 1390:Rabih Alkhalil 1373:Sinaloa Cartel 1320: 1317: 1313:Lorne Campbell 1297:Michele Modica 1280:Donny Petersen 1228:Donny Petersen 1192:Bernie Guindon 1171: 1168: 1115:In July 1983, 1099:Mafia Enforcer 1023:Bernie Guindon 972:Johnny Papalia 920:Sicilian Mafia 907: 904: 887:Charlotte Gray 866: 863: 861: 858: 836: 833: 785: 782: 773: 770: 742:Toronto Police 732: 731: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 700: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 683: 682: 680: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 633: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 616: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 582: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 565: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 512: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 495: 494: 491: 488: 483: 480: 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 459: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 442: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 374: 373: 371: 368: 365: 362: 358: 357: 355: 352: 349: 346: 342: 341: 339: 337: 334: 331: 327: 326: 324: 322: 319: 316: 312: 311: 309: 307: 304: 301: 297: 296: 294: 292: 289: 286: 282: 281: 279: 277: 274: 271: 267: 266: 264: 262: 259: 256: 252: 251: 249: 247: 244: 241: 237: 236: 234: 232: 229: 226: 222: 221: 219: 217: 214: 211: 207: 206: 204: 202: 199: 196: 192: 191: 189: 187: 184: 181: 177: 176: 174: 172: 169: 166: 162: 161: 159: 157: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 137: 136: 133: 128: 123: 120: 119: 112: 105: 102: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6100: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5716:Annual events 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 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4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4892: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4741: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4625:, p. 18. 4624: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4536: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4490: 4487: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4434:, p. 57. 4433: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316:, p. 22. 4315: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4171:, p. 11. 4170: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4068: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3687:, p. 34. 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3622:, p. 12. 3621: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3607:, p. 24. 3606: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3455:, p. 98. 3454: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3426:, p. 38. 3425: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3407:, p. 66. 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3086:National Post 3083: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3039:This Magazine 3036: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2930: 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1499: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455:Withrow Park: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1436:Early history 1435: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:Johnny Raposo 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1219:Saint-Sauveur 1216: 1215:David Carroll 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200:Jerry Langton 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:Domenic Racco 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117:Frank Cotroni 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1082:Marvin Elkind 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1043:Carlo Gambino 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 999: 998:cause célèbre 994: 990: 989:Pierre Berton 985: 983: 982: 977: 976:Michele Racco 973: 969: 965: 961: 958:, namely the 957: 952: 948: 947:Lucky Luciano 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:Siderno Group 913: 905: 903: 901: 896: 893: 888: 882: 880: 874: 872: 864: 859: 857: 853: 851: 847: 846:New York City 843: 834: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 783: 781: 779: 771: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 747: 743: 739: 738:crack cocaine 730: 702: 701: 685: 684: 669: 668: 652: 651: 635: 634: 618: 617: 604: 601: 600: 584: 583: 567: 566: 548: 547: 531: 530: 514: 513: 497: 496: 478: 477: 461: 460: 444: 443: 427: 426: 410: 409: 393: 392: 376: 375: 360: 359: 344: 343: 329: 328: 314: 313: 299: 298: 287: 284: 283: 269: 268: 254: 253: 239: 238: 224: 223: 209: 208: 194: 193: 179: 178: 164: 163: 150: 149: 145: 142: 139: 138: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 103: 101: 99: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:New York City 63: 62:San Francisco 59: 55: 51: 46: 42: 37: 34: 30: 29: 28:The Economist 24: 19: 6057: 6045: 6033: 5988:PortsToronto 5973:Island Ferry 5831:Sports teams 5784:Music venues 5752: 5728:Architecture 5586: 5579: 5437:City Council 5429: 5349:Native trees 5322:Humber River 5280:Demographics 5060:Fort Rouillé 4973:Coat of arms 4958:Demographics 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4852:the original 4820:. Retrieved 4816:the original 4791:. Retrieved 4787:the original 4780: 4749: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727:the original 4702: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4630: 4603:. Retrieved 4598: 4589: 4577:. Retrieved 4552:. Retrieved 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4500:. Retrieved 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4466: 4459:Langton 2010 4454: 4447:Langton 2010 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4384:Langton 2010 4364:. Retrieved 4338:. Retrieved 4334: 4314:Langton 2010 4309: 4297: 4251: 4239: 4198:Langton 2010 4193: 4169:Langton 2010 4164: 4157:Langton 2010 4136:Langton 2010 4117:Edwards 2013 4100:Langton 2010 4095: 4088:Langton 2010 4083: 4071:. Retrieved 4045: 4012: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3914: 3887: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3785:Langton 2015 3780: 3728: 3685:Langton 2010 3680: 3668: 3656:. Retrieved 3646: 3639:Melcher 2018 3620:Langton 2010 3583: 3526: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3498:the original 3493: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3431: 3400: 3395:, p. 7. 3388: 3376: 3364:. Retrieved 3360: 3335:. 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