284:, dated 1562 and first published in 1589. This lists about 80 words and the lyrics of a song. This gives about 101 words. The nature of Busbecq's letter means that the data is problematic: firstly, Busbecq received his information mostly from a native speaker of Greek, meaning that the informant's knowledge of the language and its phonology was likely imperfect; secondly, Busbecq recognized some words as related to Flemish and German and may have written them in ways that reflected that; thirdly, the typesetters appear to have made errors with the Crimean Gothic words when the letter was printed. The only other evidence for Crimean Gothic takes the form of a few personal and place names and a single proposed loanword into
388:, is that Crimean Gothic is a West Germanic language with a high proportion of East Germanic loanwords. Grønvik relied heavily on the distribution of short vowels in Crimean Gothic to make this conclusion; however, other scholars have argued that these features could have been influenced by Busbecq's own knowledge of his native Flemish and German. Additionally, the sheer number of East Germanic loanwords appears unlikely.
380:
Most scholars classify
Crimean Gothic as an East Germanic language. This is due to the presence of phonological features characteristic of or unique to East Germanic (such as PGmc /jj/â/ddj/), as well as the high proportion of words only attested in Biblical Gothic. However, the apparent lack of some
185:
in 1562 and later published in 1589. Various issues such as the fact that
Busbecq's source was not a native speaker of Crimean Gothic, that Busbecq recognized the language as Germanic and may have altered some words, and errors made by the printers mean that Busbecq's letter is a flawed source of
259:
language. However, in the 16th century, Crimean Gothic appears to have still been a vibrant language, with vocabulary in various different fields. Additionally, the primary source of information for
Crimean Gothic, the Flemish diplomat
215:
and all come from after the mid 9th century, showing that at that time the
Biblical Gothic language was still in use, alongside Greek, by the Goths in Crimea. The graffiti possibly show some phonetic developments of Gothic on Crimea
291:
Busbecq recognized the kinship of
Crimean Gothic to West Germanic languages, and several words are given in forms that could easily be Dutch or German. He did not recognize many words as Germanic even though they were, such as
186:
information. The letter shows various phonological features and words that are clearly of East
Germanic origin while also lacking some features typical of Biblical Gothic.
681:
the values of <oe> and < u > are disputed. They may have had the same values as in
Busbecq's Flemish, namely and respectively, or they may stand for and .
622:
The interference of
Busbecq's Greek informant and the orthography of Busbecq's letter makes precise statements about the consonant phonemes of Crimean Gothic difficult.
264:(1562), seems to have wanted to learn about the language because he thought it would be useful. However, two sixteenth-century sources mention the Crimean Goths using
1560:
Die
Faszination des Verborgenen und seine EntschlĂźsselung â RÄĂ°i sÄĘ kunni: Beiträge zur Runologie, skandinavistischen Mediävistik und germanischen Sprachwissenschaft
178:
is known to have been in written use there until at least the mid 9th century CE. However, the exact relation of
Crimean Gothic and "Biblical Gothic" is disputed.
3708:
1748:
306:('fiancee'). A number of words only correspond to forms found in Biblical Gothic, some of which were unknown at the time that Busbecq was writing, such as
272:
from 1794 states that he was unable to find any remnants of the language in Crimea, probably meaning that the language had become extinct by then.
203:
are attested living on Crimea beginning in the 3rd century CE. In 2015, five pieces of Gothic graffiti were identified from the basilica church at
1646:
1575:
1510:
1471:
1448:
268:
and Tatar when communicating with outsiders. This trilingualism may indicate that the language was in decline. A report by Prussian polymath
3703:
2285:
1531:
381:
characteristic phonetic mergers found in Biblical Gothic means that Crimean Gothic may not be a direct descendant of that language.
1741:
2670:
1558:
Nielsen, Hans Frede (2017). "The phonological systems of Biblical Gothic and Crimean Gothic compared". In KrĂźger, Jana (ed.).
288:. The nature of this evidence makes definitive statements about Crimean Gothic difficult, with some features simply unknown.
3564:
1711:
244:
also mention Goths living on Crimea who used their own language and alphabet in religious services and to read the Bible.
3594:
2764:
2726:
2711:
2038:
3574:
3434:
2784:
2743:
2733:
1734:
181:
Only about a hundred words of the Crimean Gothic language have been preserved in a letter written by Flemish diplomat
1586:
650:<sch> may indicate at the end of a word (as in Flemish at the time), but may indicate or in other locations.
609:
These features may be influenced by Busbecq's own Flemish dialect, as the examples are all similar to Flemish words.
1950:
1698:
3291:
281:
261:
182:
504:
The PGmc. cluster /*lĂž/ is maintained rather than becoming /ld/ (West Germanic) or /ll/ (North Germanic): CGoth
3693:
3569:
3523:
3518:
3442:
3052:
3036:
2915:
2774:
3350:
3508:
3452:
3447:
3367:
3040:
2990:
2748:
2290:
2108:
1792:
1780:
155:
81:
70:
280:
The sole longer attestation of Crimean Gothic is the "Fourth Turkish Letter" written by Flemish diplomatic
3698:
3513:
2995:
2961:
2579:
2395:
2255:
2095:
1990:
1459:
336:). However, there are differences between the Crimean Gothic and Biblical Gothic vocabulary, for instance
285:
256:
3671:
3635:
2903:
2896:
2848:
2618:
2589:
2558:
2521:
2446:
2295:
2203:
2116:
1977:
1939:
801:. Misspellings in Biblical Gothic give some evidence for this being a tendency in that language as well;
3136:
2011:
3640:
3620:
3589:
3462:
3322:
3296:
3197:
3068:
2886:
2478:
2305:
2267:
2262:
2136:
2083:
1841:
654:
547:
372:
influence. At least five other words are of non-Germanic origin, and some are of unclear etymology.
3579:
3126:
2971:
2815:
2769:
2703:
2456:
2218:
2103:
2016:
1814:
804:
Busbecq sometimes (but not usually) records words that begin with Germanic /d, b/ as /t, p/: CGoth
241:
3625:
3477:
3467:
3422:
3184:
3111:
3008:
2853:
2828:
2823:
2716:
2544:
2429:
2250:
2028:
2023:
2002:
1963:
1767:
1757:
269:
248:
151:
75:
3549:
2468:
3599:
3398:
3314:
3307:
3262:
3206:
2966:
2956:
2939:
2934:
2838:
2600:
2400:
2361:
2341:
2179:
2071:
2053:
1905:
1642:
1571:
1527:
1506:
1467:
1444:
728:
The etymologically inconsistent spelling of vowels in unaccented syllables probably indicates
357:
252:
134:
1657:
1610:
1599:
3554:
3345:
3279:
3235:
3230:
3179:
3171:
2976:
2944:
2891:
2880:
2793:
2665:
2660:
2502:
2441:
2231:
2213:
2048:
1809:
1801:
1680:
1634:
1563:
1546:
1498:
385:
369:
50:
1543:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook
1464:
The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
3584:
3377:
3284:
3267:
3252:
3247:
3240:
2949:
2858:
2843:
2798:
2650:
2613:
2605:
2584:
2571:
2551:
2537:
2300:
2277:
2208:
2198:
2190:
1970:
729:
212:
208:
175:
62:
3544:
3665:
3559:
3539:
3491:
3257:
2927:
2694:
2633:
2412:
2369:
2326:
2243:
2238:
2127:
2077:
1928:
1879:
1834:
1827:
265:
171:
126:
3687:
3630:
3615:
3457:
3213:
3164:
2981:
2920:
2833:
2779:
2738:
2676:
2623:
2507:
2434:
1864:
195:
159:
43:
3484:
2908:
2872:
2805:
2628:
2451:
2424:
2407:
2351:
2310:
1892:
1871:
691:
247:
The existence of a Germanic language spoken on Crimea is next mentioned by Fleming
3131:
1521:
569:
PGmc /*u/ may not have become /o/ before /r, h, hw/ as in Biblical Gothic: CGoth
3391:
3301:
3274:
3146:
3092:
3000:
2682:
2643:
2226:
1921:
1885:
1820:
1541:
Nedoma, Robert (2017). "The documentation of Germanic". In Klein, Jared (ed.).
3141:
3121:
2486:
2156:
1857:
1638:
1567:
1550:
824:). He also writes devoiced forms of /d/ before -s(ch) and word-finally: CGoth
1684:
3327:
3190:
3075:
2721:
2638:
2419:
2374:
2346:
2172:
1715:
445:"Sharpening" of PGmc /*jj/ and /*ww/ to /ddj/ and /ggw/ respectively: CGoth
398:
119:
107:
3151:
653:<tz> appears to represent , a form of writing the sound also used by
1502:
3116:
2464:
1483:
Die dialektgeographische Stellung des Krimgotischen und die krimgotische
356:. The numerals have been heavily influenced by other languages, with two
1703:
1629:
Stearns, MacDonald (1989). "Das Krimgotische". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.).
3157:
2753:
2655:
694:: long consonants appear to be simplified to a single consonant: CGoth
678:), but it is unclear if it is a diphthong inside a word or stands for .
2460:
1726:
1707:
524:
Lack of Biblical Gothic collapse of PGmc /*e/ and /*i/ to /i/: CGoth
204:
163:
33:
1720:
1668:
747:
647:. This may indicate that there was no phoneme /h/ in Crimean Gothic.
480:
457:
410:
255:, also 13th century, wrote that the Crimean Goths were adopting the
2378:
1706:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
733:
251:
when he visited the area in the 13th century. The Greek historian
200:
167:
600:
580:
561:
496:
3420:
3034:
1778:
1730:
670:<ie> probably stands for at the beginning of a word (
629:<h>: The words recorded by Busbecq only begin with an
1609:
Schwarcz, Andreas (2010) . "Krimgoten § 3. Historisches".
1460:"Linguistic Evidence for the Early Migration of the Goths"
566:. Biblical Gothic shows no trace of any umlaut whatsoever.
1311:
1309:
1221:
1219:
1206:
1204:
1191:
1189:
1081:
1079:
626:<g> and <gh> may have sounded as in Dutch ().
166:
until the late 18th century. Crimea was inhabited by the
1272:
1270:
1135:
1133:
991:
989:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1096:
1094:
859:
Busbecq writes PGmc /*k/ as /ch/ after a vowel: CGoth
1441:
A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages
1042:
1040:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
368:('thousand'), and the forms for 11â19 likely showing
1622:
Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus
1598:
Schmitt, Rßdiger (2010) . "Krimgoten § 2. Sprache".
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
3608:
3532:
3501:
3433:
3365:
3223:
3104:
3060:
3051:
2871:
2814:
2702:
2693:
2598:
2570:
2529:
2520:
2495:
2477:
2388:
2360:
2334:
2325:
2276:
2189:
2164:
2155:
2094:
1989:
1938:
1913:
1904:
1800:
1791:
1493:Jellinek, Max Hermann (1926). Paul, Hermann (ed.).
133:
117:
105:
100:
59:
49:
39:
28:
23:
16:East Germanic language extinct by the 18th century
1673:NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution
1633:. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. pp. 175â194.
980:
956:
845:) and records final /g/ in /ng/ as /k/: CGoth
741:
594:
424:
240:), but not necessarily. A 9th-century life of
1742:
1545:. Vol. 2. de Gruyter. pp. 875â888.
660:< u > or <uu> may represent or .
633:when he recognizes a word as Germanic: CGoth
8:
1667:Vinogradov, Andrey; Korobov, Maksim (2018).
874:
864:
850:
840:
829:
819:
809:
796:
786:
757:
720:
710:
699:
642:
574:
555:
539:
529:
509:
490:
474:
450:
437:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
297:
235:
229:
223:
217:
765:the PGmc (and Biblical Gothic) long vowels
3430:
3417:
3057:
3048:
3031:
2699:
2526:
2331:
2161:
1910:
1797:
1788:
1775:
1749:
1735:
1727:
1669:"Gothic graffiti from the Mangup basilica"
20:
1656:Tischler, Johann (2010) . "Ostgermanen".
1423:
1411:
1315:
1288:
1112:
944:
384:An alternative proposal, last argued by
1723:, bibliography by Christian T. Petersen
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1300:
1276:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1151:
1124:
1085:
1070:
1058:
1031:
1019:
995:
968:
888:
432:Retention of PGmc medial /*d/ in CGoth
1168:
1139:
1100:
932:
340:'mountain' instead of Biblical Gothic
3709:Languages extinct in the 18th century
1631:Germanische Rest- und TrĂźmmersprachen
1466:. The Boydell Press. pp. 11â32.
1007:
519:Features in common with West Germanic
469:PGmc /*Ä/ does not become /Ä/: CGoth
207:in Crimea; these were written in the
7:
1046:
2311:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
350:'bread' instead of Biblical Gothic
3670:Languages between parentheses are
14:
1659:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1612:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1601:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
392:Apparently East Germanic features
1562:. de Gruyter. pp. 277â290.
1495:Geschichte der gotischen Sprache
3674:of the language on their left.
1591:Historische Sprachwissenschaft
162:in some isolated locations in
1:
3565:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1721:Editions and Critical Studies
1712:University of Texas at Austin
1488:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
981:Vinogradov & Korobov 2018
957:Vinogradov & Korobov 2018
550:of PGmc /*u/ to /o/ in CGoth
3595:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2286:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
3704:Extinct languages of Europe
3575:High German consonant shift
1708:Linguistics Research Center
1699:Busbecq's account, in Latin
1620:Stearns, MacDonald (1978).
1526:. Oxford University Press.
1462:. In Heather, Peter (ed.).
3725:
2113:WestlauwersâTerschellings
1766:According to contemporary
193:
3657:
3429:
3416:
3338:
3292:Southern Schleswig Danish
3047:
3030:
1787:
1774:
1764:
1639:10.1515/9783110864717.175
1568:10.1515/9783110548136-020
1551:10.1515/9783110523874-008
1523:The Oxford Gothic Grammar
330:'sword' (Biblical Gothic
320:'stone' (Biblical Gothic
282:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
262:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
183:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
158:, language spoken by the
3570:West Germanic gemination
3524:Ancient Belgian language
3519:Germanic parent language
3463:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2585:Austrian Standard German
1716:lesson on Crimean Gothic
1685:10.1075/nowele.00013.vin
1585:Peters, Joachim (2020).
1520:Miller, D. Gary (2019).
310:'meat' (Biblical Gothic
209:Biblical Gothic language
1481:Grønvik, Ottar (1983).
875:
865:
852:
841:
831:
820:
810:
797:
787:
758:
748:
721:
711:
701:
643:
601:
595:
581:
575:
562:
556:
540:
530:
510:
497:
491:
481:
475:
458:
452:
438:
425:
411:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
298:
236:
230:
224:
218:
3631:Preterite-present verb
3514:Proto-Germanic grammar
3468:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2580:German Standard German
2256:East Frisian Low Saxon
742:
641:('living, healthy') =
456:, vs. Old High German
3636:Grammatischer Wechsel
2619:Namibian Black German
2590:Swiss Standard German
2559:Early New High German
2117:Mainland West Frisian
1978:Harlingerland Frisian
1503:10.1515/9783111446158
618:Consonant orthography
3641:Indo-European ablaut
3621:Germanic strong verb
3590:Germanic spirant law
2727:Southeast Limburgish
2223:Gelders-Overijssels
1852:Irish Middle English
1842:Early Modern English
1458:Green, D.H. (1999).
1439:Fulk, R. D. (2018).
873:('sword') vs. BGoth
781:respectively: CGoth
773:have been raised to
655:Erasmus of Rotterdam
436:'four', as in BGoth
401:of PGmc /*z/: CGoth
3609:Synchronic features
3580:Germanic a-mutation
3533:Diachronic features
2883:in the broad sense
2816:East Central German
2770:Lorraine Franconian
2744:Transylvanian Saxon
2704:West Central German
2479:East Low Franconian
2389:West Low Franconian
1366:, pp. 179â180.
1073:, pp. 187â176.
971:, pp. 277â278.
270:Peter Simon Pallas
3626:Germanic weak verb
3435:Language subgroups
2785:Pennsylvania Dutch
2734:Moselle Franconian
2712:Central Franconian
2545:Middle High German
2296:Central Pomeranian
2251:Northern Low Saxon
1964:Wangerooge Frisian
1758:Germanic languages
1443:. John Benjamins.
746:, Old High German
479:, Old High German
409:, Old High German
296:('health', BGoth.
249:William of Rubruck
3681:
3680:
3666:extinct languages
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3600:Great Vowel Shift
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3361:
3360:
3207:Greenlandic Norse
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
2957:Southern Bavarian
2940:Northern Bavarian
2916:Highest Alemannic
2867:
2866:
2601:standard variants
2516:
2515:
2362:Standard variants
2321:
2320:
2180:Middle Low German
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
1951:Saterland Frisian
1648:978-3-11-011948-0
1577:978-3-11-054813-6
1512:978-3-11-144615-8
1473:978-1-84383-033-7
1450:978-90-272-6312-4
1426:, pp. 82â83.
1414:, pp. 80â81.
1342:, pp. 17â18.
1303:, pp. 18â19.
1291:, pp. 81â82.
839:'vinyard' (BGoth
795:('chair'), BGoth
665:Vowel orthography
589:('grain'), BGoth
585:; but also CGoth
253:George Pachymeres
145:
144:
55:Late 18th century
3716:
3458:Elbe (Irminonic)
3431:
3418:
3346:Mainland Gutnish
3236:Swedish dialects
3198:Middle Icelandic
3172:Middle Norwegian
3061:Historical forms
3058:
3049:
3032:
2991:South Franconian
2977:Hutterite German
2945:Central Bavarian
2765:Rhine Franconian
2700:
2530:Historical forms
2527:
2442:Surinamese Dutch
2335:Historical forms
2332:
2165:Historical forms
2162:
1914:Historical forms
1911:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1688:
1663:
1652:
1625:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1581:
1554:
1537:
1516:
1489:
1477:
1454:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
878:
868:
863:('I') vs. BGoth
855:
844:
834:
823:
813:
800:
790:
785:('moon'), BGoth
761:
751:
745:
724:
715:; however CGoth
714:
704:
646:
604:
598:
584:
578:
573:('door'), BGoth
565:
559:
543:
533:
513:
508:('gold'), BGoth
500:
495:vs. Old English
494:
484:
478:
473:('moon'), BGoth
462:, all from PGmc
461:
455:
441:
428:
423:, vs. Old Norse
414:
364:('hundred') and
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
301:
239:
233:
227:
221:
141:
129:
110:
65:
21:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3694:Gothic language
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3645:
3604:
3585:Germanic umlaut
3550:Holtzmann's law
3528:
3497:
3425:
3404:
3357:
3334:
3268:South Jutlandic
3253:Danish dialects
3219:
3100:
3043:
3014:
2996:East Franconian
2950:Viennese German
2863:
2844:Silesian German
2810:
2799:Central Hessian
2689:
2614:Namibian German
2603:
2594:
2572:Standard German
2566:
2552:New High German
2538:Old High German
2512:
2491:
2473:
2384:
2356:
2317:
2301:East Pomeranian
2291:Brandenburgisch
2278:East Low German
2272:
2199:Dutch Low Saxon
2191:West Low German
2185:
2143:
2109:Schiermonnikoog
2090:
1985:
1971:Wursten Frisian
1934:
1900:
1783:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1695:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1584:
1578:
1557:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:, pp. 280.
1398:
1394:
1390:, pp. 282.
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
959:, pp. 233.
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
890:
886:
808:'blood' (BGoth
730:vowel reduction
688:
667:
620:
615:
554:('gold') BGoth
521:
449:('egg'), BGoth
394:
378:
278:
213:Gothic alphabet
198:
192:
176:Gothic language
139:
125:
106:
96:
66:
63:Language family
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Proto-Germanic
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3384:Crimean Gothic
3373:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3258:Insular Danish
3255:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:Rinkebysvenska
3238:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3087:Old East Norse
3084:
3082:Old West Norse
3072:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:South Tyrolean
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2904:High Alemannic
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2695:Central German
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2634:Barossa German
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:French Flemish
2405:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2327:Low Franconian
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:Westereendersk
2122:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1929:Middle Frisian
1925:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:Modern English
1831:
1828:Middle English
1824:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1701:
1694:
1693:External links
1691:
1690:
1689:
1679:(2): 223â235.
1664:
1653:
1647:
1626:
1617:
1606:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1555:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1497:. de Gruyter.
1490:
1478:
1472:
1455:
1449:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1378:, p. 284.
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 286.
1344:
1332:
1320:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1266:
1264:, p. 285.
1254:
1252:, p. 281.
1242:
1240:, p. 283.
1230:
1228:, p. 184.
1215:
1213:, p. 183.
1200:
1198:, p. 288.
1185:
1183:, p. 287.
1173:
1156:
1154:, p. 748.
1144:
1142:, p. 880.
1129:
1127:, p. 478.
1117:
1115:, p. 680.
1105:
1090:
1088:, p. 178.
1075:
1063:
1061:, p. 177.
1051:
1036:
1034:, p. 187.
1024:
1022:, p. 186.
1012:
1000:
998:, p. 185.
985:
983:, p. 232.
973:
961:
949:
947:, p. 749.
937:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
857:
849:'ring' (BGoth
802:
763:
726:
719:matches BGoth
687:
686:Other features
684:
683:
682:
679:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
651:
648:
627:
619:
616:
614:
611:
607:
606:
599:, Old English
579:, Old English
567:
560:, Old English
545:
520:
517:
516:
515:
502:
467:
443:
430:
405:('he'), BGoth
393:
390:
377:
376:Classification
374:
277:
274:
201:Gothic peoples
191:
188:
172:Late Antiquity
148:Crimean Gothic
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
123:
115:
114:
111:
103:
102:
101:Language codes
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
88:Crimean Gothic
69:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
24:Crimean Gothic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3721:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Crimean Goths
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Germanic verb
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Sievers's law
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:Reconstructed
3500:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3315:Middle Danish
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:Old Icelandic
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:Old Norwegian
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2982:Gottscheerish
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:Walser German
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:Low Alemannic
2885:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:High Prussian
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Erzgebirgisch
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Luxembourgish
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:Klezmer-loshn
2674:
2672:
2671:Scots Yiddish
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2508:Meuse-Rhenish
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:Kleverlandish
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:Central Dutch
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Stellingwarfs
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:Wood Frisian
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:North Frisian
1988:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Anglo-Frisian
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:, contains a
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Gothic Online
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:. de Gruyter.
1661:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:. Anma Libri.
1623:
1618:
1615:. de Gruyter.
1614:
1613:
1607:
1604:. de Gruyter.
1603:
1602:
1596:
1593:. de Gruyter.
1592:
1588:
1587:"Krimgotisch"
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1533:9780192543097
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1424:Jellinek 1926
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:Jellinek 1926
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:, p. 17.
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:, p. 81.
1317:
1316:Jellinek 1926
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:Jellinek 1926
1285:
1282:
1279:, p. 18.
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:Tischler 2010
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1049:, p. 20.
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 24.
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
945:Schwarcz 2010
941:
938:
934:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
883:
877:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
750:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
697:
693:
690:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:
664:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
640:
637:('hand') vs.
636:
632:
628:
625:
624:
623:
617:
612:
610:
603:
597:
592:
588:
583:
577:
572:
568:
564:
558:
553:
549:
546:
542:
537:
532:
527:
523:
522:
518:
512:
507:
503:
499:
493:
488:
483:
477:
472:
468:
465:
460:
454:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
422:
418:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
391:
389:
387:
386:Ottar Grønvik
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
305:
300:
295:
289:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
196:Crimean Goths
189:
187:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Crimean Goths
157:
156:East Germanic
153:
149:
140:gem-u-sd-ua43
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
104:
99:
89:
86:
85:
83:
82:East Germanic
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:Indo-European
68:
64:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
44:Crimean Goths
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3661:
3545:Verner's law
3490:
3485:Gotho-Nordic
3483:
3476:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3366:
3351:FĂĽrĂś Gutnish
3313:
3306:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3170:
3163:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3007:
2909:Swiss German
2873:Upper German
2806:Amana German
2780:Volga German
2749:HunsrĂźckisch
2675:
2629:Unserdeutsch
2624:Berlinerisch
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2496:Cover groups
2452:Mohawk Dutch
2447:Jersey Dutch
2425:East Flemish
2408:West Flemish
2352:Middle Dutch
2306:Low Prussian
2178:
2171:
2137:Terschelling
2121:Clay Frisian
2096:West Frisian
2084:Wiedingharde
2076:
2064:
2024:Heligolandic
2001:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1940:East Frisian
1927:
1920:
1893:Middle Scots
1891:
1884:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1630:
1621:
1611:
1600:
1590:
1559:
1542:
1522:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1463:
1440:
1419:
1407:
1400:Nielsen 2017
1395:
1388:Nielsen 2017
1383:
1376:Nielsen 2017
1371:
1364:Stearns 1989
1359:
1352:Nielsen 2017
1347:
1340:Grønvik 1983
1335:
1328:Grønvik 1983
1323:
1301:Grønvik 1983
1296:
1284:
1277:Grønvik 1983
1262:Nielsen 2017
1257:
1250:Nielsen 2017
1245:
1238:Nielsen 2017
1233:
1226:Stearns 1989
1211:Stearns 1989
1196:Nielsen 2017
1181:Nielsen 2017
1176:
1171:, p. 6.
1152:Schmitt 2010
1147:
1125:Schmitt 2010
1120:
1108:
1103:, p. 5.
1086:Stearns 1989
1071:Stearns 1989
1066:
1059:Stearns 1989
1054:
1032:Stearns 1989
1027:
1020:Stearns 1989
1015:
1003:
996:Stearns 1989
976:
969:Nielsen 2017
964:
952:
940:
870:
860:
846:
836:
825:
815:
805:
792:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
753:
740:, Old Norse
737:
732:, likely to
716:
706:
695:
692:Degemination
675:
671:
638:
634:
630:
621:
608:
593:, Old Norse
590:
586:
570:
551:
535:
525:
505:
486:
470:
463:
446:
439:fidwor/fidur
433:
420:
416:
406:
402:
383:
379:
365:
361:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
303:
293:
290:
279:
246:
199:
180:
147:
146:
118:
87:
18:
3560:Kluge's law
3540:Grimm's law
3323:Dalecarlian
3302:Perkerdansk
3275:East Danish
3093:Old Gutnish
3069:Proto-Norse
3009:Langobardic
3001:Vogtlandian
2829:Upper Saxon
2683:Lachoudisch
2644:Lotegorisch
2522:High German
2268:Westphalian
2263:Eastphalian
2227:Achterhooks
2104:Hindeloopen
2039:BĂśkingharde
2008:FĂśhrâAmrum
1922:Old Frisian
1886:Early Scots
1821:Old English
1433:Works cited
1169:Miller 2019
1140:Nedoma 2017
1101:Miller 2019
933:Peters 2020
360:loanwords,
242:Saint Cyril
154:, probably
3688:Categories
3392:Burgundian
3308:Old Danish
3297:Gøtudanskt
3280:Bornholmsk
3142:Vestlandsk
3122:Kebabnorsk
2859:Halcnovian
2824:Thuringian
2487:Limburgish
2457:Stadsfries
2430:Brabantian
2157:Low German
2003:Eiderstedt
1858:Fingallian
1008:Green 1999
884:References
709:vs. BGoth
698:vs. BGoth
526:Schuuester
194:See also:
3672:varieties
3664:indicate
3478:Northwest
3423:Philology
3328:Elfdalian
3263:Jutlandic
3185:Icelandic
3160:(written)
3154:(written)
3132:Trøndersk
3112:Norwegian
3076:Old Norse
2897:Coloniero
2881:Alemannic
2854:Wymysorys
2722:Colognian
2717:Ripuarian
2639:Rotwelsch
2469:Midslands
2420:Zeelandic
2401:Hollandic
2375:Afrikaans
2347:Old Dutch
2173:Old Saxon
2072:Karrharde
2054:Goesharde
2035:Mainland
1768:philology
1485:cantilena
1047:Fulk 2018
842:weinagard
835:), CGoth
814:), CGoth
613:Phonology
399:rhotacism
343:bairgahei
120:Glottolog
108:ISO 639-3
80:probably
40:Ethnicity
32:Formerly
3399:Vandalic
3342:Gutnish
3147:VikvĂŚrsk
3127:SognamĂĽl
3117:Bergensk
2967:Cimbrian
2935:Bavarian
2892:Alsatian
2839:Lusatian
2775:Palatine
2465:Amelands
2342:Frankish
2232:Sallaans
2214:Gronings
2065:Southern
2058:Northern
2049:Halligen
1998:Insular
1815:dialects
869:, CGoth
837:Vvingart
791:, CGoth
756:, BGoth
752:; CGoth
736:: CGoth
705:, CGoth
538:, BGoth
534:; CGoth
528:, BGoth
489:, BGoth
487:schlipen
485:; CGoth
419:, BGoth
415:; CGoth
397:Lack of
174:and the
152:Germanic
127:crim1255
76:Germanic
3662:Italics
3285:Scanian
3231:Swedish
3180:Faroese
3158:Nynorsk
3137:Valdris
2972:Mòcheno
2928:Swabian
2794:Hessian
2754:Hunsrik
2666:Western
2661:Eastern
2656:Yiddish
2606:creoles
2503:Bergish
2219:Drèents
2209:Tweants
2061:Central
2043:Mooring
1906:Frisian
1865:Kildare
1810:English
1710:at the
828:(BGoth
826:rintsch
818:(BGoth
639:Ieltsch
531:swistar
417:wintsch
338:rintsch
190:History
51:Extinct
3378:Gothic
3248:Danish
3152:BokmĂĽl
2651:Yenish
2461:Bildts
2244:Veluws
2239:Urkers
2078:Strand
1802:Anglic
1645:
1574:
1530:
1509:
1470:
1447:
876:mekeis
853:hriggs
722:brunna
717:Brunna
548:Umlaut
536:Reghen
498:slÄpan
492:slepan
464:*ajjaz
370:Turkic
358:Iranic
353:hlaifs
333:mekeis
326:) and
323:hallus
302:) and
276:Corpus
205:Mangup
164:Crimea
150:was a
34:Crimea
3492:South
3443:North
3053:North
3037:North
2379:Kaaps
2370:Dutch
2017:Amrum
1958:Weser
1880:Scots
871:Mycha
851:*
847:Rinck
832:rinds
830:*
798:stĹls
734:schwa
712:sunnĹ
700:*
644:hails
635:Handa
591:kaurn
571:Thurn
552:goltz
506:Goltz
451:*
434:fyder
426:vindr
421:winds
366:hazer
328:mycha
313:mimzu
308:menus
304:Schos
286:Tatar
266:Greek
257:Tatar
231:-rht-
168:Goths
3453:West
3448:East
3368:East
3224:East
3214:Norn
3105:West
3041:East
3039:and
2604:and
2599:Non-
2029:Sylt
2012:FĂśhr
1947:Ems
1872:Yola
1781:West
1643:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1445:ISBN
821:dags
811:blĹĂž
806:plut
793:Stul
788:mÄna
783:Mine
777:and
769:and
759:hana
749:bogo
743:bogi
738:Boga
707:Sune
702:adda
602:corn
596:korn
582:duru
576:daur
563:gold
557:gulĂž
541:rign
511:gulĂž
482:mÄne
476:mÄna
471:mÄŤne
453:addi
362:sada
348:broe
346:and
299:hail
237:-rt-
228:and
219:wei-
211:and
135:IETF
1681:doi
1635:doi
1564:doi
1547:doi
1499:doi
861:Ich
816:Tag
754:Ano
696:ada
676:Ies
672:Iel
587:kor
447:ada
403:ies
318:ael
316:),
294:iel
225:wi-
170:in
3690::
1677:71
1675:.
1671:.
1641:.
1589:.
1570:.
1505:.
1308:^
1269:^
1218:^
1203:^
1188:^
1159:^
1132:^
1093:^
1078:^
1039:^
988:^
891:^
866:ik
856:).
674:,
459:ei
412:er
407:is
234:â
222:â
3387:)
3381:(
2467:/
2463:/
2459:/
2381:)
2377:(
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
1687:.
1683::
1651:.
1637::
1580:.
1566::
1553:.
1549::
1536:.
1515:.
1501::
1476:.
1453:.
935:.
879:.
779:u
775:i
771:Ĺ
767:Ä
762:;
725:;
657:.
631:h
605:.
544:;
514:.
501:;
466:;
442:;
429:;
216:(
113:â
84:â
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