1300:
1280:
675:
1697:
1860:
1168:
111:
1469:. The criollos were aware of the bizarre nature of their situation, but, as happens in such cases, they were unable to transcend it — they were enmeshed in nets of their own weaving. Their situation was cause for pride and for scorn, for celebration and humiliation. The criollos adored and abhorred themselves. They saw themselves as extraordinary, unique beings and were unsure whether to rejoice or weep before that self-image. They were bewitched by their own uniqueness.
994:
526:
758:, 73% of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Ideological narratives have often portrayed criollos as a "pure Spanish" people, mostly men, who were all part of a small powerful elite. However, Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities, and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of Spanish origin throughout all of Latin America.
536:
6388:
804:, and a melodic and poetic repertoire, transmitted by writings such as songbooks, common of it is the sung voice, common in the European baroque music, the mixed aesthetics are the fruit of diverse contributions indigenous, African and especially, Spanish and European. Instruments introduced by the Spanish are the
930:
Also, Mexican historian
Federico Navarrete comments: that "if they received the surname of the white father and incorporated them into their family, those children counted as American whites having the same rights, regardless of the race". Also, a fact is in every marriage, including the most mixed,
857:
develop with great success a "pedagogy of theatricality", with this the
Society of Jesus attracts the natives and blacks to the church, where children learn to play European instruments. In Quito (1609): "there were many dances of tall and small Indigenous, and there was no lack of Moscas Indigenous
881:
or "slave law" was created since the 16th century, reaching its maximum peak in the 18th century, which made the black slaves to buy their freedom, through periodic payments to their owner, which eventually led to freedom. Others were freed and purchased by family members or allied whites. It was a
1452:
They felt the same ambiguity in regard to their native land. It was difficult to consider themselves compatriots of the
Indians and impossible to share their pre-Hispanic past. Even so, the best among them, if rather hazily, admired the past, even idealized it. It seemed to them that the ghost of
770:
allowed a syncretism in their culture and gastronomy, and they, in general, felt more identified with the territory where they were born than with the
Iberian peninsula. Evidence is their authorship of works demonstrating an attachment to and pride in the natives and their history. They sometimes
890:
children; his word was sufficient for the newborn child to be declared free. Legal freedom was more common in the cities and towns than in the countryside. Also, from the late 1600s to the 19th century, the
Spanish encouraged slaves from the British colonies and the United States to come to
858:
who danced in the manner of the New
Kingdom (...) and dances of Spaniards and blacks and other dances of the Indigenous must dance before the Blessed Sacrament and in front of the Virgin Mary and the saints at parties and Easter, if they don't do it then they are punished". The well-known
1675:
policies by the national government, which stressed a uniform homogenization of the
Mexican population under the Mestizo identity. As a result, "although some Mexicans are closer to the ethnicity of criollos than others" in contemporary Mexico, "the distinction is rarely made." During the
848:
in 1570 writes, "All the peoples have parties, and therefore it is unthinkable to remove them (because it is impossible and because it is not convenient either)", himself parade like the natives with a bouquet of flowers at a
Christian party that coincides with the celebration of
1541:, in 1810, Hidalgo's campaign gained support among many "Amerindians and Mestizos, but despite seizing a number of cities," his forces failed to capture Mexico City. In the summer of 1811, Hidalgo was captured by the Spanish and executed. Despite being led by a criollo, many
1379:
were involved in open demonstrations and riots in Mexico in defiance of their second-class status. In response, a visiting
Spaniard by the name of Martín Carrillo noted, "the hatred of the mother country's domination is deeply rooted, especially among the
1622:
rule in Mexico as they became "firmly in control of the newly independent state." Although direct
Spanish rule was now gone, "by and large, Mexicans of primarily European descent governed the nation." The period was also marked by the expulsion of the
1635:
rivalry between Mexicans and Spaniards during a period of severe economic decline," internal political turmoil, and substantial loss of territory. Leadership "changed hands 48 times between 1825 and 1855" alone, "and the period witnessed both the
741:
Europeans began arriving in Latin America during the Spanish conquest; and during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish. In the 19th and 20th centuries millions of European and European-derived populations from
665:
became the main supporters of independence from Spanish rule in their respective countries. The word is used today in some countries as an adjective defining something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country.
648:
political and economic strength in the separate colonies, coupled with their global geographic distribution, led them to each evolve separate (both from each other and Spain) organic national identities and viewpoints. During the
942:'; also, he says that Criollos are born in the middle of the Indigenous, are respected, and also loved by many, that they speak the language of the natives (in addition to Spanish) and used to Indigenous customs.
1299:
927:(Florida) became the first legally sanctioned free black town in the present-day United States. The popularity of the Law of coartación resulted in a large population of free black people in Spanish America.
1395:
in the period peculiarly "regarded the Aztecs as their ancestors and increasingly identified with the Indians out of a sense of shared suffering at the hands of the Spanish." Many felt that the story of the
2856:
Juicio imparcial sobre las principales causas de la revolución de la América Española y acerca de las poderosas razones que tiene la metrópoli para reconocer su absoluta independencia. (original document)
1571:" and therefore brought many of them into the Mexican independence movement. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 under the coalitionary leadership of conservatives, former royalists, and
1043:. With increasing support of the other castes, they engaged Spain in a fight for independence (1809–1826). The former Spanish Empire in the Americas separated into a number of independent republics.
2115:
1361:, their half-brother, in power. However, their plot failed. They, along with many others involved, were beheaded by the Spanish monarchy, which suppressed expressions of open resentment from the
1553:, they were "afraid that the overthrow of the Spanish might mean sharing power with Amerindians and Mestizos, whom they considered to be their inferiors." Additionally, due to their privileged
792:
The mixed religious or secular music appears since the 16th century in Spanish and indigenous languages. Baroque music is imported from Spain but with European and African instruments (such as
2889:
2012:
Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings (Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture)
1098:
is used for people whose ancestors were already present in the territory in the colonial period, regardless their race. The exception are dark-skinned blacks and current indigenous (while
1358:
1031:
reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos. By the 19th century, this discriminatory policy of the Spanish Crown and the examples of the
1567:
only undertook direct action in the Mexican independence movement when new Spanish colonial rulers threatened their property rights and church power, an act which was "deplored by most
1428:
notably formed the "wealthy and influential" class of major agriculturalists, "miners, businessmen, physicians, lawyers, university professors, clerics, and military officers." Because
4545:
1498:
proposals of governance, deposed the viceroy, and assumed power. However, even though Spaniards maintained power in Mexico City, revolts in the countryside were quickly spreading.
603:. In different Latin American countries, the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority. Historically, they have been misportrayed as a
5644:
2422:
Proctor, III, Frank "Trey" (2006). Palmer, Colin A. (ed.). "Coartacion". Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. 2: pp= 490–493
4565:
5483:
2861:
Fair judgment about the main causes of the revolution of Spanish America and about the powerful reasons that the metropolis has for recognizing its absolute independence
786:
706:, meaning "to breed" or "to raise"; however, no evidence supports this derivation in early Spanish literature discussing the origin of the word. In Spanish colonies, an
1478:
As early as 1799, open riots against Spanish colonial rule were unfolding in Mexico City, foreshadowing the emergence of a fully-fledged independence movement. At the
882:
consuetudinary act in Spanish America; it allowed the appearance of a large population of free blacks in all of the territory. Freedom could also be obtained through
870:
was danced by whites and blacks. Blacks also have their chiefs. In these local events, the brotherhoods of the Congos give rise to the Congadas (Brazil, Caribbean).
5030:
4525:
2882:
1610:," and according to some historians, his "reasons for supporting independence had more to do with personal ambition than radical notions of equality and freedom."
931:
they are characterized, portrayed and named the caste product that was according to their ancestry, and if this can not, according to their appearance and color.
6266:
5488:
4575:
4180:
1709:
2393:
3538:
6429:
5415:
2875:
2127:
1717:
5527:
5395:
4499:
3177:
2599:
2462:
565:
6439:
6424:
5862:
4479:
2256:
1205:
125:
5602:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
5579:
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4215:
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3711:
3707:
3364:
2833:
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2019:
1002:
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1549:
fought with Hidalgo," despite their shared caste status. While many criollos in the period resented their "second-class status" compared to
6434:
5348:
5343:
4117:
3760:
3213:
966:
608:
54:
6392:
6343:
6064:
5621:
5410:
4530:
1422:, as "God's new chosen people." By the eighteenth century, although restricted from holding elite posts in the colonial government, the
1279:
420:
4646:
3302:
903:
freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted Catholic conversion and baptism (since 1690), most went to the area around
789:
and art schools, and many natives and mestizos were actually notable painters and architects, mostly in the Andes, but also in Mexico.
5812:
5542:
5177:
4494:
4430:
4152:
4132:
3607:
3339:
2948:
1921:
3647:
3277:
873:
Actually, there were no relevant black artists during the colony; also, one must consider the fact that many of the pure blacks were
6444:
5152:
4550:
4094:
2789:
2749:
2724:
2691:
2653:
2628:
2494:
2377:
2318:
2270:
2182:
1994:
366:
5243:
4819:
3389:
6419:
6338:
5443:
4759:
4754:
4127:
3611:
1160:
1140:
397:
4959:
1019:. Spain needed to extract increasing wealth from its colonies to support the European and global wars it needed to maintain the
5952:
5380:
5172:
4308:
4258:
4243:
4142:
3829:
3731:
2481:
935:
382:
4814:
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2541:
6449:
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5137:
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4137:
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335:
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674:
350:
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2153:
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5353:
4884:
4706:
4185:
3565:
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2287:
1292:
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1696:
934:
Several documents mention that indigenous people called Criollos with the same name as one of their gods. For example,
6376:
5856:
5358:
5258:
4889:
4341:
4273:
3242:
1641:
377:
355:
320:
265:
4809:
4716:
4656:
2306:
1769:
1440:, "they felt they were unjustly treated and their relationship with their mother country was unstable and ambiguous:
2434:"Criollos, mestizos, mulatos o saltapatrás: cómo surgió la división de castas durante el dominio español en América"
2395:
Becoming Free, Becoming Black: Race, Freedom, and the Law in Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana; Studies in Legal History
2224:"Músicas mestizas, músicas populares, músicas latinas: gestación colonial, identidades republicanas y globalización"
5767:
5754:
5572:
5293:
4676:
4631:
4303:
4190:
4102:
4074:
3701:
3671:
3307:
2454:
2399:
2349:
1407:
697:
3292:
3262:
2828:. Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin: University of Texas.
2226:[Mestizo music, popular music, Latin music: colonial gestation, republican identities and globalization].
558:
6159:
6108:
6080:
5212:
5162:
5020:
4919:
4415:
4288:
4253:
4205:
4107:
3719:
3603:
3257:
1530:
997:
Guatemalan Criollos rejoice upon learning about the declaration of independence from Spain on September 15, 1821.
974:
654:
3384:
3369:
1637:
1602:. Iturbide reportedly fought against "all the major Mexican independence leaders since 1810, including Hidalgo,
1321:, or the "descendants of Spanish colonists," began to "distinguish themselves from the richer and more powerful
1283:
The Fagoaga Arozqueta family. A colonial Mexican criollo couple of Spanish ancestry with their ten children in
5792:
5639:
5157:
5040:
4939:
4934:
4874:
4293:
4283:
4069:
3772:
3683:
2854:
1937:
1900:
1720:, it annexed lands with a long-established population of Spanish-speaking settlers. This group became known as
1027:, who took over many administrative offices that had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the
978:
900:
755:
31:
5000:
4799:
4701:
4616:
2372:
1603:
1167:
662:
110:
6414:
6381:
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5207:
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4909:
4849:
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4298:
4263:
4210:
3715:
3679:
3409:
3282:
3267:
3163:
2850:
1800:
1652:' inexperience in government" and leadership as a cause for this turmoil. It was only "under the rule of non
1533:
to begin a campaign for Mexican independence from Spanish colonial rule. Launched in Hidalgo's home city of
1341:, initially as a term that was meant to insult. However, over time, "those insulted who were referred to as
1126:
887:
878:
620:
551:
529:
512:
300:
290:
1545:
did not initially join the Mexican independence movement, and it was reported that "fewer than one hundred
6074:
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5807:
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5684:
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4395:
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4238:
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3675:
3334:
3324:
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2208:
Household and Family in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1811 1842: The Process of Short Term Mobility and Persistence
1587:
1583:, which concentrated power in the hands of the criollo elite as well as the church under the authority of
1576:
1231:
904:
3841:
6298:
5893:
5649:
5565:
5298:
4944:
4354:
4175:
4064:
4003:
3931:
3542:
3222:
2825:
Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings
2593:
1397:
841:
781:
rebelled in response to the harsh suppression of Indigenous uprisings. They allowed the natives and the
507:
475:
465:
340:
235:
5478:
4879:
4789:
4666:
4626:
4585:
3554:
1874:
1227:
1200:
958:
6149:
5971:
5962:
5674:
5453:
5122:
5085:
5075:
5015:
4979:
4914:
4894:
4769:
4691:
4601:
4420:
3297:
3287:
2904:
1942:
1865:
1591:
1486:
traders attacked colonial properties "in the name of Mexico and the Virgen de Guadalupe." As news of
1016:
954:
679:
1303:
A scene depicting a soiree in the garden of Chapultepec, ca. 1780-1790, Museo Nacional de Historia,
844:(that can be indigenous or African), everything converges on music heard by everyone. The Dominican
6316:
6311:
6303:
6144:
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5876:
5705:
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5522:
5278:
5268:
5263:
5147:
5127:
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4122:
4079:
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3748:
3727:
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3500:
3344:
3317:
3217:
2353:
1879:
1736:
1514:
1491:
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1148:
1032:
950:
896:
720:
502:
372:
345:
150:
4734:
1416:(Appearance of the Virgin Mary) in 1648, "meant that God had blessed both Mexico and particularly
1354:
658:
6288:
6283:
6059:
5737:
5679:
5659:
5283:
5273:
5248:
5202:
5167:
5025:
4611:
4484:
3982:
3962:
3622:
3510:
3399:
3237:
2036:
1688:, leaders of the 1960s Chicano movement argued that virtually all modern Mexicans are Mestizos."
1304:
727:. Whites born in colonial Brazil, with both parents born in the Iberian Peninsula, were known as
450:
408:
392:
305:
295:
4606:
4535:
1821:
1222:
1217:
2542:"Portugal: Autarca proíbe funcionária de falar crioulo – Primeiro diário caboverdiano em linha"
1067:
has over time come to have additional meanings, such as "local" or "home-grown". For instance,
6353:
6293:
6258:
6139:
6049:
5930:
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3394:
3349:
3208:
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2785:
2745:
2720:
2687:
2649:
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2403:
2266:
2178:
2172:
2085:
2015:
1990:
1911:
1805:
1725:
1705:
1685:
1579:'s adoption of a liberal constitution that threatened their power. This coalition created the
1172:
1036:
993:
920:
439:
387:
315:
182:
2433:
1986:
6232:
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5925:
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139:
67:
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3329:
3135:
2908:
2644:
Lasso de la Vega, Luis (1998). Sousa, Lisa; Poole C.M., Stafford; Lockhart, James (eds.).
2158:
Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy
1845:
1756:
1750:
1534:
1028:
1012:
953:, evidence began against the criollos ill will from the Spanish Crown, especially for the
892:
627:
495:
429:
209:
158:
5197:
2252:
2156:[Being a mestizo in New Spain at the end of the 18th century: Acatzingo, 1792].
777:, often denouncing and defending natives from abuse. In the colony's last two centuries
6348:
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6164:
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2355:
Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida
2345:
1979:
1789:
1785:
1137:
1122:
1011:, which granted the American provinces broad autonomy. That situation changed by the
837:
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204:
116:
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3227:
2956:
2924:
2549:
2526:
2509:
2455:"Sangre y Temperamento. Pureza y mestizajes en las sociedades de castas americanas"
1554:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1074:
850:
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640:
604:
540:
470:
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1598:) mother" who ascended through the ranks of the Spanish colonial army to become a
1561:
had prospered under Spanish rule and did not want to threaten their livelihoods."
1461:. The criollo dream was the creation of a Mexican empire, and its archetypes were
5538:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
6358:
6220:
6129:
5782:
5777:
5629:
4369:
4359:
4195:
3764:
3074:
2940:
2932:
2206:
1701:
1672:
1522:
1445:
1284:
1258:
1247:
1144:
859:
800:) appears. The Spanish also introduce a wider musical scale than the indigenous
728:
600:
134:
1735:
Regional subgroups of Hispanos were named for their geographic location in the
1007:
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish
17:
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6205:
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6014:
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5233:
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3247:
3088:
1905:
1895:
1855:
1840:
1817:
1744:
1538:
1330:
1239:
2510:"La rebelión criolla de la Villa de Oruro. Principales causas y perspectivas"
1335:, as an insult. At the same time, Mexican-born Spaniards were referred to as
1121:
culture of the Pacific Coast, a mixture of Spanish, African, Indigenous, and
6278:
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1916:
1833:
1825:
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and arrest several officials, including criollos." This, in turn, motivated
1490:'s armies occupying Spain reached Mexico, Spanish-born peninsulares such as
1312:
1288:
1185:
1118:
1091:
939:
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863:
751:
696:
are believed by some scholars, including the eminent Mexican anthropologist
616:
596:
250:
245:
144:
101:
2646:
The Story of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649
2598:
electronic magazine Imágenes of the Institute of Aesthetic Research of the
1681:
710:
was an ethnic Spaniard who had been born in the colonies, as opposed to an
174:
1640:
and the loss of Mexico's northern territories to the United States in the
750:
did immigrate to the region. According to church and censal registers for
5977:
5919:
4374:
3484:
3252:
3053:
2485:
2154:"Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792"
1510:
1487:
1262:
1077:
refers to "local cuisine", not "cuisine of the criollos". In Portuguese,
1008:
809:
805:
782:
255:
80:
3142:
1832:. In the US today, this group is primarily associated with the state of
6215:
5532:
5503:
4056:
4013:
3998:
3642:
3095:
3067:
3008:
2994:
1813:
1780:
1599:
957:
prosecuted in Buenos Aires, and also for the lawsuit filed against Dr.
883:
854:
813:
240:
230:
163:
1594:. Iturbide was the son of a "wealthy Spanish landowner and a Mexican (
1347:
began to reclaim the term as an identity for themselves. In 1563, the
1155:; professional sports teams from that town are also usually nicknamed
6210:
5761:
4469:
4023:
4018:
3795:
3128:
2262:
1931:
1671:
identity "began to disappear," with the institution of mestizaje and
1618:
Mexican independence from Spain in 1821 resulted in the beginning of
1213:
938:
relates (1797) that the Indigenous (from Peru) call to the Criollos '
829:
825:
1086:
In some countries, the term was extended or changed over the years:
2082:
Studies in Contact Linguistics: Essays in Honor of Glenn G. Gilbert
1724:. Prior to incorporation into the United States (and briefly, into
6027:
5510:
3837:
3784:
3632:
3448:
3102:
3015:
2899:
1695:
1632:
1298:
1278:
1166:
992:
982:
970:
962:
916:
874:
821:
817:
797:
269:
3155:
1680:, when leaders promoted the ideology of the "ancient homeland of
3853:
3845:
3768:
2123:
1462:
1254:
1110:
912:
833:
793:
5561:
5557:
5432:
5327:
4451:
4329:
4044:
3903:
3871:
3808:
3745:
3660:
3583:
3523:
3437:
3426:
3197:
3159:
2871:
2438:
1824:("Islanders"), are named after their geographic origin in the
1728:), Hispanos had enjoyed a privileged status in the society of
1444:
was, and was not, their homeland," as noted by Mexican writer
1357:, attempted to remove Mexico from Spanish-born rule and place
1265:, the word Criollo has similar meanings to those of Venezuela.
1125:
elements. Its meaning is, therefore, more similar to that of "
2809:
Latin America, 1800–2000: Modern History for Modern Languages
2307:"El derecho de coartación del esclavo en la América española"
2058:
2174:
Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2
1311:
As early as the sixteenth century in the colonial period in
634:'s policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between
2059:"Criollo, criolla | Diccionario de la lengua española"
2742:
The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas: 1821–1859
2392:
Alejandro de la Fuente; Ariela J Gross (16 January 2020).
1667:
By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the
1250:, or something traditional to the country or its citizens.
2373:"Fort Mose. America's Black Colonial Fortress of Freedom"
1159:("Caguas Creoles"). Caguas is located near Puerto Rico's
2104:
Genealogical historical guide to Latin America – Page 52
1820:
in Los Adaes, Louisiana. Another group of Hispanos, the
1212:
is a way to refer to Venezuelan traditional music i.e.,
1039:
revolutions, led Criollo factions to rebel against the
595:) is a term used originally to describe people of full
2767:
Armed Diplomacy: Two Centuries of American Campaigning
1389:
Despite being descendants of Spanish colonizers, many
1192:
is associated with the national culture of Venezuela.
3501:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
6256:
6178:
6095:
6002:
5961:
5892:
5714:
5698:
5620:
5609:
5221:
5115:
5108:
4993:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4725:
4594:
4518:
4462:
4383:
4340:
4229:
4151:
4093:
4055:
3991:
3950:
3914:
626:Their identity was strengthened as a result of the
73:
61:
47:
5515:
2708:
1978:
785:(indigenous/European mixed) to be schooled in the
2288:"La "coartación" de esclavos en la Cuba colonial"
2080:. In Linda A. Thornburg; Janet M. Miller (eds.).
1083:is also a racist slang term referring to blacks.
682:, an example of a criollo of full-Spanish descent
615:. They were locally-born people–almost always of
2572:"Racismo na controversa UnB – Opinião e Notícia"
1770:Spanish New Mexico, and later Mexican New Mexico
1078:
691:
2258:From Chains to Bonds: The Slave Trade Revisited
2147:
2145:
1627:from Mexico, of which a substantial source of "
1198:is Venezuela's national dish, and the baseball
923:because of these greater freedoms. The Spanish
862:was commonly danced by blacks, to the sound of
2784:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 18.
2782:The Expulsion of Mexico's Spaniards, 1821–1836
2711:Mexico City: A Cultural and Literary Companion
5573:
3690:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3171:
2883:
2863:]. Burdeaux: Imprenta de D. Pedro Beaume.
2744:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 6.
2686:. Marshall Cavendish Corp. pp. 245–246.
2171:Sherburne Friend Cook; Woodrow Borah (1998).
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1068:
1062:
1052:
701:
700:, to derive from the Spanish/Portuguese verb
611:beginning in the 16th century, especially in
559:
8:
3365:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2475:
2473:
2367:
2365:
1664:" that Mexico "experienced relative calm."
1434:were not perceived as equals by the Spanish
1171:Image shows Venezuelan musicians performing
915:. Also, a substantial number of blacks from
42:
3082:2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent)
2682:Campbell, Andrew (2002). Stacy, Lee (ed.).
1023:. The Crown expanded the privileges of the
5617:
5580:
5566:
5558:
5429:
5324:
5112:
4839:
4832:
4459:
4448:
4337:
4326:
4052:
4041:
3911:
3900:
3868:
3805:
3742:
3657:
3580:
3520:
3434:
3423:
3194:
3178:
3164:
3156:
2890:
2876:
2868:
1059:Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas
566:
552:
87:
41:
5484:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2594:"Retrato de la familia Fagoaga-Arozqueta"
2525:
2326:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2014:. University of Texas Press. p. 12.
1981:The Contemporary History of Latin America
1102:amerindians usually also are referred as
919:(a French colony) arrived as refugees to
5489:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3047:2nd generation (with one Spanish parent)
2648:. Stanford University Press. p. 2.
2600:National Autonomous University of Mexico
2463:National Autonomous University of Mexico
2286:Miguel Vega Carrasco (3 February 2015).
673:
4480:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2340:
2338:
1969:
1206:Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
1061:. In some countries, however, the word
279:
124:
99:
55:Spanish colonial empire in the Americas
3117:2nd generation (with one black parent)
2432:Federico Navarrete (12 October 2017).
619:ancestry, but also sometimes of other
609:overseas colonies established by Spain
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2621:Mexico: Splendors of Thirty Centuries
2614:
2612:
2610:
2508:Frigerio, José Óscar (30 June 1995).
1732:, and later in post-colonial Mexico.
1057:retains its original meaning in most
1003:Spanish American wars of independence
989:Criollos and the wars of independence
973:, who had served as President of the
651:Spanish American Wars of Independence
590:
7:
6387:
3761:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3253:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2715:. Interlink Pub Group Inc. pp.
2487:Ideólogos de la Emancipación peruana
1700:A Spanish Creole family portrait in
1590:who became Emperor Agustín I of the
1015:of 18th century during the reign of
48:Regions with significant populations
6065:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
5464:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2118:[Mixed race and cultures].
1201:Corporación Criollitos de Venezuela
6430:European diaspora in South America
4431:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
1922:Latin Americans of Spanish descent
1457:had at times been embodied in the
907:, but escaped slaves also reached
27:Latin Americans of Spanish descent
25:
3405:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
2811:. Oxford University Press, 2000.
2495:National University of San Marcos
2378:Florida Museum of Natural History
2319:Spanish National Research Council
2222:Bernand, Carmen (December 2009).
1985:. Duke University Press. p.
1517:of power, which, "led a group of
1204:is a seeder to the well-renowned
886:, with the white recognizing his
6386:
6339:White genocide conspiracy theory
5645:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5516:Criollos in the colonial society
5444:Spanish missions in the Americas
4566:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2152:San Miguel, G. (November 2000).
1858:
981:(Chuquisaca or Charcas, current
534:
525:
524:
109:
5543:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2328:10.3989/revindias.1999.i216.726
2305:Manuel Lucena Salmoral (1999).
2205:Hardin, Monica Leagans (2006).
1977:Donghi, Tulio Halperín (1993).
1754:("The Californias"), and later
1631:pro-expulsionist sentiment was
1291:, anonymous painter, ca. 1735.
1216:. In Venezuela, novelists like
6440:Ethnic groups in Latin America
6425:Ethnic groups in South America
6179:Negative stereotypes of Whites
3595:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3303:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2822:Carrera, Magali Marie (2003).
2623:. Bulfinch Press. p. 26.
2527:10.3989/aeamer.1995.v52.i1.465
2514:Anuario de Estudios Americanos
2480:María Luisa Rivara de Tuesta (
1737:so-called "internal provinces"
1232:Luis Manuel Urbaneja Achelpohl
1:
6329:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
5494:General Archive of the Indies
4755:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4426:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4411:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3360:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3313:War of the Spanish Succession
3278:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2116:"El mestizaje y las culturas"
1373:for a short period. By 1623,
1353:sons of Spanish conquistador
771:criticized the crimes of the
6115:Missing white woman syndrome
3566:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3496:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3475:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3390:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2684:Mexico and the United States
2482:Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán
2035:Mike Duncan (12 June 2016).
1480:conspiración de los machetes
1327:," whom they referred to as
1293:Museo Nacional de San Carlos
1238:were major exponents of the
6435:Latin American caste system
6267:US definitions of whiteness
4046:Administrative subdivisions
3243:War of the League of Cognac
2160:(in Spanish) (13): 325–342.
2010:Carrera, Magali M. (2003).
1642:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1501:Ongoing resentment between
1151:are usually referred to as
690:and its Portuguese cognate
630:of 1700, which changed the
6466:
6382:European native population
4760:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4745:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4647:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3545:), Western United States (
3308:Portuguese Restoration War
2400:Cambridge University Press
2350:Texas Christian University
2317:(216). Revista de Indias,
2177:. Siglo XXI. p. 223.
1818:Tlaxcalan Nahuatl settlers
1604:José María Morelos y Pavón
1075:Spanish-speaking countries
1000:
29:
6372:
6160:White demographic decline
5595:
5528:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5439:
5428:
5334:
5323:
4815:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4556:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4458:
4447:
4416:Barcelona Trading Company
4336:
4325:
4181:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4051:
4040:
3910:
3899:
3878:
3815:
3756:
3688:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3667:
3590:
3541:, Central United States (
3530:
3444:
3433:
3422:
3273:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3258:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3204:
3193:
2915:
2740:Himmel, Kelly F. (1999).
2084:. Peter Lang. p. 5.
2072:Peter A. Roberts (2006).
1710:José Francisco de Salazar
1684:as a symbol of unity for
1531:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1413:Imagen de la Virgen María
1412:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1147:, natives of the town of
975:Real Audiencia of Charcas
655:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
120:(historical Spanish flag)
78:
66:
52:
6445:History of South America
5469:Quito painting tradition
5459:Cusco painting tradition
4820:García López de Cárdenas
4810:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4717:Felipe González de Ahedo
4637:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3214:Conquest of the Americas
2574:. Opiniaoenoticia.com.br
1938:White Hispanic Americans
1901:Currency lads and lasses
1208:, among other examples.
607:in the hierarchy of the
6420:Ethnic groups in Mexico
6191:Appalachian stereotypes
5254:Comuneros (New Granada)
5031:Balearic Islands (1558)
4750:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4677:Ruy López de Villalobos
4632:Miguel López de Legazpi
4546:García de Toledo Osorio
3410:Western Sahara conflict
3400:Independence of Morocco
3340:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3283:Piracy in the Caribbean
3268:French Wars of Religion
2358:, National Park Service
1246:also often refers to a
1127:Louisiana Creole people
1117:is associated with the
947:Túpac Amaru II Uprising
899:and his court issued a
866:and drums. The Spanish
698:Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán
6098:phenomena and theories
6081:The White Man's Burden
6075:White Australia policy
5871:Southern United States
5499:Colonial Spanish Horse
5173:Colonia del Sacramento
4396:Spanish treasure fleet
3973:Royal Decree of Graces
2769:. DIANE. pp. 1–2.
2707:Caistor, Nick (2000).
2453:Carlos López Beltrán.
2292:descubrirlahistoria.es
2122:(in Spanish). Mexico:
2039:(Podcast). Mike Duncan
1713:
1471:
1391:
1308:
1296:
1180:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1047:Modern colloquial uses
998:
977:and had been Governor
945:After suppressing the
719:Spaniards born in the
702:
692:
683:
644:. The growth of local
588:Spanish pronunciation:
6450:White Latin Americans
6299:Identitarian movement
5884:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4657:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4617:Juan Sebastián Elcano
3932:Council of the Indies
3293:Spanish–Moro conflict
3263:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3223:Treaty of Tordesillas
2780:Sims, Harold (1990).
2619:Paz, Octavio (1990).
2211:(Thesis). p. 62.
2114:Navarrete, Federico.
2037:"Revolutions Podcast"
1716:As the United States
1699:
1577:Emperor Ferdinand VII
1474:Independence movement
1450:
1302:
1282:
1170:
996:
677:
623:ethnic backgrounds.
6186:In the United States
6150:Whitewashing in film
5454:Mesoamerican Codices
5178:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5016:Siege of Castelnuovo
4602:Christopher Columbus
4421:Consulate of the Sea
4401:Casa de Contratación
3992:Titles and positions
3385:Spanish–American War
3375:Liberal constitution
3218:Asia and the Pacific
2905:interracial marriage
2851:José Presas y Marull
2765:Levinson, I (2002).
2120:México Multicultural
1882:- the "Criollo City"
1866:Latin America portal
1760:("Upper California")
1692:In the United States
1648:." Some credit the "
1638:Mexican-American War
925:Santa Teresa de Mose
680:Juan Manuel de Rosas
599:descent born in the
30:For other uses, see
6304:Non-Hispanic whites
6145:Whitewashing in art
6070:Settler colonialism
6003:Historical concepts
5813:Trinidad and Tobago
5611:European emigration
5183:Cartagena de Indias
4805:Diego de Mazariegos
4775:Pere Fages i Beleta
4642:Sebastián de Ocampo
4123:Provincias Internas
4095:Captaincies General
4009:Municipal president
3978:School of Salamanca
3749:Spanish East Indies
3728:Misiones Orientales
3600:Spanish West Indies
3564:, Central America (
3511:Pyrénées-Orientales
3464:Union with Portugal
3355:Napoleonic invasion
3335:War of Jenkins' Ear
2552:on 25 November 2015
1880:Caguas, Puerto Rico
1708:, 1790, painted by
1656:such as the Indian
1588:Agustín de Iturbide
1515:Charles IV of Spain
1398:Virgin of Guadalupe
951:viceroyalty of Peru
936:Juan Pablo Viscardo
897:Charles II of Spain
840:, etc., along with
721:Spanish East Indies
678:Argentine caudillo
151:Vaqueiros de Alzada
44:
6289:European New Right
6284:Christian Identity
6060:Play the white man
5773:Dominican Republic
5479:Academia Antártica
5434:Other civil topics
4800:Pánfilo de Narváez
4702:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4667:Andrés de Urdaneta
4627:Juan Ponce de León
4612:Ferdinand Magellan
4586:Bernardo de Gálvez
4485:Indian auxiliaries
3983:Trial of residence
3963:Laws of the Indies
3747:Asia and Oceania (
3608:Dominican Republic
3054:Cuarterón de negro
1875:Academia Antártica
1714:
1521:to take charge in
1309:
1305:Chapultepec Castle
1297:
1181:
1161:Cordillera Central
1157:Criollos de Caguas
1133:of colonial times.
999:
713:español peninsular
684:
663:José de San Martín
532: •
326:Dominican Republic
6402:
6401:
6354:White nationalism
6294:Great Replacement
6259:identity politics
6140:Whiteness studies
6050:First white child
5998:
5997:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5424:
5423:
5329:Spanish conquests
5319:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5104:
5103:
4785:Pedro de Alvarado
4770:Gaspar de Portolà
4765:Pedro de Valdivia
4740:Francisco Pizarro
4692:Nicolás de Ovando
4687:Alonso de Ercilla
4662:Alonso de Salazar
4495:Ships of the line
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3867:
3866:
3824:Northern Africa (
3820:Equatorial Guinea
3804:
3803:
3741:
3740:
3656:
3655:
3579:
3578:
3570:Spanish Caribbean
3543:Spanish Louisiana
3519:
3518:
3454:Crown of Castille
3418:
3417:
3395:Spanish Civil War
3370:Adams–Onís Treaty
3350:Nootka Convention
3298:Thirty Years' War
3288:Eighty Years' War
3209:Catholic Monarchs
3199:Timeline–immersed
3153:
3152:
3148:
3147:
2835:978-0-292-71245-4
2817:978-0-340-76351-3
2409:978-1-108-48064-2
2311:Revista de Indias
2130:on 23 August 2013
2091:978-0-8204-7934-7
2021:978-0-292-71245-4
1912:European diaspora
1812:, descendants of
1806:Spanish Louisiana
1726:Independent Texas
1718:expanded westward
1706:Spanish Louisiana
1686:Mexican Americans
1614:Post-independence
1494:strongly opposed
1228:Pedro Emilio Coll
979:Mayor of La Plata
959:Juan José Segovia
921:Spanish Louisiana
879:Law of Coartación
592:[ˈkɾjoʝo]
576:
575:
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
6457:
6390:
6389:
6233:Angry white male
6109:Passing as white
5618:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5430:
5396:Chibchan Nations
5325:
5294:Santiago de Cuba
5153:Guadalupe Island
5113:
4840:
4833:
4795:Diego de Almagro
4672:Antonio de Ulloa
4576:Ambrosio Spinola
4571:Pedro de Zubiaur
4541:Alfonso d'Avalos
4531:Antonio de Leyva
4475:Army of Flanders
4460:
4449:
4338:
4327:
4053:
4042:
3912:
3901:
3869:
3842:Peñón of Algiers
3806:
3743:
3658:
3581:
3563:
3521:
3435:
3424:
3345:Seven Years' War
3318:Queen Anne's War
3195:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
2918:
2917:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2839:
2796:
2795:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2714:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2660:
2659:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2548:. Archived from
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2381:. 9 August 2017.
2369:
2360:
2359:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2126:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2074:"The odyssey of
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1984:
1974:
1953:White Brazilians
1934:(historical use)
1927:List of Criollos
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1808:, including the
1678:Chicano movement
1660:and the Mestizo
1646:Gadsden Purchase
1608:Vicente Guerrero
1557:position, "many
1492:Gabriel de Yermo
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1195:Pabellón criollo
1082:
1072:
1066:
1056:
895:as refuge; King
754:in 1792, during
737:Colonial society
705:
695:
653:, criollos like
613:Hispanic America
594:
589:
580:Hispanic America
568:
561:
554:
541:Spain portal
539:
538:
537:
528:
527:
499:
424:
369:
282:Spanish diaspora
273:
179:
169:Canary Islanders
155:
113:
104:
88:
57:
45:
21:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6368:
6364:White supremacy
6252:
6201:Mountain whites
6174:
6170:White supremacy
6135:White privilege
6097:
6091:
6055:Honorary whites
5994:
5957:
5888:
5710:
5694:
5613:
5605:
5591:
5586:
5556:
5547:
5523:Old inquisition
5435:
5420:
5330:
5303:
5259:Trinidad (1797)
5229:La Noche Triste
5217:
5213:San Juan (1797)
5163:San Juan (1595)
5100:
4989:
4829:Notable battles
4824:
4790:Martín de Ursúa
4721:
4652:Alonso de Ojeda
4622:Juan de la Cosa
4607:Pinzón brothers
4590:
4561:John of Austria
4536:Martín de Goiti
4514:
4454:
4435:
4379:
4332:
4313:
4225:
4221:Terra Australis
4216:Río de la Plata
4161:Castilla de Oro
4147:
4089:
4085:Río de la Plata
4047:
4028:
3987:
3946:
3942:Santa Hermandad
3906:
3887:
3883:Terra Australis
3874:
3863:
3830:Spanish Morocco
3811:
3800:
3791:Northern Taiwan
3752:
3737:
3708:Río de la Plata
3663:
3652:
3586:
3585:Central America
3575:
3557:
3526:
3515:
3459:Crown of Aragon
3440:
3429:
3414:
3330:Bourbon Reforms
3200:
3189:
3184:
3154:
3149:
2911:
2909:Spanish America
2896:
2849:
2846:
2844:Further reading
2836:
2821:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2663:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:. p. 115.
2391:
2390:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:. p. 387.
2251:
2250:
2239:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1943:White Hispanics
1864:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1846:Spanish Florida
1757:Alta California
1751:Las Californias
1694:
1616:
1575:, who detested
1482:, soldiers and
1476:
1400:, published by
1295:of Mexico City.
1277:
1275:Colonial period
1272:
1234:with the novel
1220:with his novel
1218:Rómulo Gallegos
1049:
1029:Catholic Church
1013:Bourbon Reforms
1005:
991:
955:Oruro Rebellion
949:of 1780 in the
893:Spanish Florida
853:in Mexico. The
764:
762:Criollo culture
739:
716:born in Spain.
708:español criollo
672:
628:Bourbon reforms
587:
572:
535:
533:
518:
517:
493:
446:Other languages
444:
418:
411:
365:
263:
224:
171:
147:
126:Regional groups
114:
100:
53:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Criollo peoples
15:
12:
11:
5:
6463:
6461:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:Creole peoples
6407:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:White identity
6346:
6344:White Hispanic
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6263:
6261:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6165:Reverse racism
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6120:Skin whitening
6117:
6112:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6038:
6024:
6021:Blanqueamiento
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5898:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5749:Cayman Islands
5746:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Canary Islands
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:Túpac Amaru II
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Bogotá savanna
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Spanish Armada
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4940:White Mountain
4937:
4935:Cape Celidonia
4932:
4930:English Armada
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Juan Fernández
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Diego Columbus
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4510:Army of Africa
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Spanish Armada
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Manila galleon
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3905:Administration
3904:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3826:Western Sahara
3822:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3724:Banda Oriental
3705:
3691:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3539:Coastal Alaska
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3187:Spanish Empire
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:1st generation
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2819:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2772:
2757:
2750:
2732:
2725:
2699:
2692:
2661:
2654:
2636:
2629:
2606:
2585:
2563:
2533:
2500:
2469:
2445:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2384:
2361:
2334:
2297:
2278:
2271:
2237:
2230:(in Spanish).
2214:
2197:
2183:
2163:
2141:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2064:
2050:
2027:
2020:
2002:
1995:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:White Angolans
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:Creole peoples
1888:
1886:Conquistadores
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1830:Canary Islands
1797:
1777:
1765:Nuevomexicanos
1761:
1739:of New Spain:
1693:
1690:
1615:
1612:
1592:Mexican Empire
1581:Plan de Iguala
1509:erupted after
1475:
1472:
1408:Miguel Sánchez
1307:, Mexico City.
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1251:
1210:Música Criolla
1177:música criolla
1173:Música llanera
1165:
1164:
1163:mountain area.
1134:
1129:" than to the
1107:
1100:non-indigenous
1070:comida criolla
1048:
1045:
1021:Spanish Empire
1001:Main article:
990:
987:
967:Ignacio Flores
965:, and Colonel
774:conquistadores
763:
760:
756:colonial times
738:
735:
671:
668:
632:Spanish Empire
574:
573:
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
545:
544:
520:
519:
516:
515:
513:Valencian Sign
510:
505:
500:
488:
486:Judaeo-Spanish
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
443:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
412:
407:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
383:United Kingdom
380:
375:
370:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
285:
284:
277:
276:
275:
274:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
223:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
195:
190:
185:
180:
166:
161:
156:
142:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
106:
105:
102:Spanish people
97:
96:
84:
83:
79:Predominantly
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6462:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6395:
6394:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6272:One-drop rule
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:New Caledonia
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:South America
5891:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5837:San Francisco
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:United States
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:North America
5713:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Tapada limeña
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5326:
5322:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Montes Claros
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Vienna (1529)
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Hernán Cortés
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4727:Conquistadors
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Juan de Ayala
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Duke of Savoy
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4446:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Dollar (Peso)
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4310:
4309:Santo Domingo
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:New Andalusia
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Santo Domingo
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Viceroyalties
4054:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3870:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3662:South America
3659:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:Spanish Texas
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:North America
3522:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Franche-Comté
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:Will Fowler.
2806:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2791:9780822985242
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2751:9780890968673
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2726:9781566563499
2722:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2693:9780761474036
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:9780804734837
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2630:9780821217979
2626:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2497:. p. 39.
2496:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2346:Gene A. Smith
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2272:92-3-103439-1
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:(11): 87–106.
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2184:9789682301063
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1996:0-8223-1374-X
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:, namely the
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:Texas Creoles
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:Mexican Texas
1787:
1786:Spanish Texas
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:Benito Juárez
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:Hernán Cortés
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
995:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:St. Augustine
902:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:South America
745:
736:
734:
732:
731:
726:
722:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
681:
676:
669:
667:
664:
660:
659:Simón Bolívar
656:
652:
647:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:viceroyalties
598:
593:
585:
581:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
549:
547:
546:
543:
542:
531:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
497:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
456:Astur-Leonese
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
414:
413:
410:
405:
404:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:United States
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
368:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
283:
278:
271:
267:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Extremadurans
203:
201:
200:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
153:
152:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
123:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
89:
82:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
6391:
6334:White ethnic
6248:White monkey
6155:White savior
6125:White flight
6105:Acting white
6096:Sociological
6079:
6041:
6040:
6035:Peninsulares
6033:
6026:
6019:
5987:
5970:
5945:
5918:
5901:
5869:
5855:
5848:
5824:
5817:
5760:
5753:
5736:
5675:South Africa
5599:
5589:White people
5449:Architecture
5344:The Americas
5208:Newfoundland
5198:Túpac Katari
5188:Cuerno Verde
5123:Tenochtitlan
4955:Valenciennes
4712:Luis Fajardo
4581:Blas de Lezo
4526:Duke of Alba
4406:Spanish Road
4244:Buenos Aires
4153:Governorates
3922:Ayuntamiento
3915:Organization
3380:Carlist Wars
3228:Italian Wars
3116:
3081:
3060:
3046:
3001:
2987:
2898:
2860:
2855:
2824:
2808:
2802:Bibliography
2781:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2710:
2702:
2683:
2645:
2639:
2620:
2597:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2545:
2536:
2520:(1): 57–90.
2517:
2513:
2503:
2486:
2461:
2448:
2437:
2427:
2418:
2394:
2387:
2376:
2354:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2253:Doudou Diène
2231:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2200:
2190:12 September
2188:. Retrieved
2173:
2166:
2157:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2119:
2109:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2030:
2011:
2005:
1980:
1972:
1839:
1799:
1793:
1788:, and later
1779:
1774:Nuevo México
1773:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1721:
1715:
1668:
1666:
1662:Porfiro Díaz
1653:
1649:
1628:
1625:peninsulares
1624:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:social class
1551:peninsulares
1550:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1519:peninsulares
1518:
1507:peninsulares
1506:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1467:Tenochtitlán
1459:Aztec empire
1455:Roman empire
1451:
1437:peninsulares
1388:
1370:peninsulares
1324:peninsulares
1310:
1243:
1235:
1223:Doña Bárbara
1221:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1176:
1156:
1152:
1130:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1050:
1041:Peninsulares
1040:
1025:Peninsulares
1024:
1006:
944:
933:
929:
901:royal decree
888:illegitimate
872:
851:Tezcatlipoca
791:
787:universities
778:
772:
767:
765:
740:
729:
724:
723:were called
718:
711:
707:
687:
685:
645:
641:peninsulares
639:
635:
625:
605:social class
583:
577:
523:
508:Spanish Sign
476:Extremaduran
471:Erromintxela
466:Catalan Sign
445:
280:Significant
266:Iberian Jews
236:Erromintxela
226:Other groups
225:
198:
197:
173:
149:
115:
39:Ethnic group
36:
6359:White pride
6221:White trash
6206:Poor Whites
6130:White guilt
5989:New Zealand
5877:Puerto Rico
5832:Los Angeles
5778:El Salvador
5614:by location
5416:Philippines
5381:El Salvador
5001:Capo d'Orso
4885:St. Quentin
4860:Rome (1527)
4519:Strategists
4269:Guadalajara
4196:New Navarre
4191:New Castile
4176:La Luisiana
4128:Puerto Rico
4118:Philippines
4075:New Granada
3765:Philippines
3726:(Uruguay),
3722:(Bolivia),
3672:New Granada
3612:Puerto Rico
3558: [
3428:Territories
3248:Encomiendas
3123:Negro fino
2578:24 November
2556:24 November
2321:: 357–374.
2228:Co-herencia
1908:(1492–1542)
1745:Californios
1702:New Orleans
1673:Indigenismo
1523:Mexico City
1446:Octavio Paz
1285:Mexico City
1259:Puerto Rico
1248:mongrel dog
1145:Puerto Rico
1017:Charles III
860:Zambra mora
846:Diego Durán
842:percussions
378:Switzerland
367:Puerto Rico
361:Philippines
351:Netherlands
264:(including
183:Cantabrians
148:(including
135:Andalusians
6409:Categories
6322:Quebeckers
6308:Old Stock
6087:White gods
5826:California
5755:Costa Rica
5086:Somosierra
5076:Manila Bay
4950:Nördlingen
4890:Gravelines
4370:Columnario
4342:Currencies
4259:Concepción
4231:Audiencias
4206:New Toledo
4171:La Florida
4004:Corregidor
3968:Papal bull
3873:Antarctica
3781:Micronesia
3238:Golden Age
2949:Amerindian
2941:Peninsular
2933:Peninsular
2903:terms for
1965:References
1906:Encomienda
1896:Criollismo
1841:Floridanos
1633:mercantile
1539:Guanajuato
1511:Napoleon I
1488:Napoleon I
1331:gachupines
1242:movement.
1240:Criollismo
969:, born in
961:, born in
877:, but the
802:pentatonic
503:Portuguese
220:Valencians
188:Castilians
117:Rojigualda
6317:Canadians
6312:Americans
6279:Alt-right
6196:Hillbilly
6010:Apartheid
5972:Australia
5953:Venezuela
5903:Argentina
5863:Baltimore
5850:Louisiana
5783:Guatemala
5744:Caribbean
5391:Nicaragua
5369:Guatemala
5279:Pichincha
5264:Chacabuco
5203:Pensacola
5148:Mataquito
5128:Cajamarca
5109:New World
5081:Trafalgar
4985:Alhucemas
4865:Landriano
4850:Comuneros
4836:Old World
4780:Joan Orpí
4500:Royalists
4274:Guatemala
4201:New Spain
4138:Venezuela
4113:Guatemala
4070:New Spain
4065:Columbian
3958:Exequatur
3858:Cape Juby
3712:Argentina
3535:New Spain
3469:Gibraltar
3233:Habsburgs
2261:. Paris:
2043:28 August
1917:Hispanics
1834:Louisiana
1826:Old World
1810:Adaeseños
1801:Luisianos
1730:New Spain
1313:New Spain
1289:New Spain
1270:In Mexico
1186:Venezuela
1141:territory
1119:syncretic
1092:Argentina
1051:The word
1009:Habsburgs
940:Viracocha
909:Pensacola
868:Sarabande
864:castanets
816:, orlos,
806:chirimías
752:Acatzingo
725:insulares
686:The word
451:Aragonese
421:Castilian
409:Languages
398:Venezuela
296:Argentina
261:Sephardim
251:Maghrebis
246:Mercheros
210:Galicians
159:Balearics
145:Asturians
140:Aragonese
62:Languages
6216:Rednecks
6042:Criollos
5941:Suriname
5931:Paraguay
5926:Colombia
5857:Maryland
5793:Honduras
5768:Dominica
5727:Barbados
5706:Pakistan
5690:Zimbabwe
5640:Botswana
5401:Colombia
5386:Honduras
5299:Asomante
5284:Ayacucho
5274:Carabobo
5249:Curalaba
5026:Ceresole
4920:Gembloux
4880:Mühlberg
4595:Mariners
4453:Military
4375:Doubloon
4360:Maravedí
4304:Santiago
4211:Paraguay
3937:Germania
3777:Caroline
3732:Malvinas
3716:Paraguay
3676:Colombia
3618:Trinidad
3485:Sardinia
3325:Bourbons
3136:Cimarrón
2853:(1828).
2546:A Semana
2255:(2001).
1852:See also
1722:Hispanos
1654:criollos
1650:criollos
1644:and the
1573:criollos
1569:criollos
1565:Criollos
1559:criollos
1547:criollos
1543:criollos
1513:deposed
1503:criollos
1431:criollos
1425:criollos
1419:criollos
1392:criollos
1383:criollos
1376:criollos
1367:towards
1364:criollos
1344:criollos
1338:criollos
1318:criollos
1263:Colombia
1153:criollos
1104:criollos
1033:American
814:dulcians
810:sackbuts
783:mestizos
779:criollos
768:criollos
730:mazombos
636:criollos
621:European
530:Category
440:Galician
316:Colombia
256:Occitans
199:Criollos
193:Catalans
93:a series
91:Part of
81:Catholic
74:Religion
6393:Commons
6211:Redlegs
5963:Oceania
5947:Uruguay
5909:Bolivia
5798:Jamaica
5732:Bermuda
5722:Bahamas
5680:Tunisia
5670:Reunion
5665:Namibia
5660:Morocco
5630:Algeria
5533:Asiento
5504:Mustang
5364:Yucatán
5359:Chiapas
5239:Tucapel
5071:Passaro
5021:Algiers
5011:Preveza
4980:Tetouan
4975:Vitoria
4965:Bitonto
4905:Antwerp
4900:Lepanto
4855:Bicocca
4331:Economy
4254:Charcas
4249:Caracas
4143:Yucatán
4014:Regidor
3999:Alcalde
3927:Cabildo
3834:Tripoli
3773:Mariana
3720:Charcas
3696:(Peru,
3680:Ecuador
3643:Bonaire
3638:Curazao
3623:Jamaica
3551:Florida
3110:Cambujo
3096:Mestizo
3068:Castizo
3061:Criollo
3009:Mestizo
3002:Criollo
2995:Mulatto
2921:Parent
2134:19 July
2076:criollo
1822:Isleños
1781:Tejanos
1669:criollo
1629:criollo
1620:criollo
1600:colonel
1596:criolla
1585:criollo
1535:Dolores
1529:priest
1527:criollo
1496:criollo
1484:criollo
1406:priest
1403:criollo
1350:criollo
1244:Criollo
1190:criollo
1136:In the
1131:criollo
1115:criollo
1096:criollo
1080:crioulo
1064:criollo
1054:criollo
884:baptism
855:Jesuits
830:violins
826:guitars
693:crioulo
688:criollo
646:criollo
617:Spanish
597:Spanish
584:criollo
496:Aranese
491:Occitan
435:Catalan
416:Spanish
393:Uruguay
336:Germany
301:Belgium
291:Andorra
241:Gitanos
231:Berbers
215:Leonese
175:Isleños
172:(incl.
164:Basques
68:Spanish
43:Criollo
32:Criollo
6257:White
6028:Castas
5983:Hawaii
5914:Brazil
5844:Hawaii
5808:Panama
5803:Mexico
5738:Canada
5685:Zambia
5655:Malawi
5635:Angola
5622:Africa
5511:Castas
5269:Boyacá
5244:Guiana
5234:Iguape
5158:Recife
5096:Mactan
5091:Annual
5056:Rocroi
5051:Leiden
5036:Djerba
4970:Bailén
4925:Ostend
4910:Azores
4505:Legión
4470:Tercio
4463:Armies
4365:Escudo
4294:Panamá
4289:Mexico
4284:Manila
4239:Bogotá
4024:Vecino
4019:Syndic
3850:Béjaïa
3810:Africa
3796:Tidore
3684:Panama
3648:Belize
3555:Mexico
3481:Sicily
3477:Naples
3439:Europe
3143:Prieto
3129:Mulato
3075:Moreno
2832:
2815:
2788:
2748:
2723:
2690:
2652:
2627:
2406:
2269:
2263:UNESCO
2181:
2088:
2018:
1993:
1932:Vecino
1682:Aztlán
1606:, and
1359:Martín
1236:Peonía
1230:, and
1214:joropo
1149:Caguas
1123:Gitano
1037:French
875:slaves
838:organs
822:violas
818:bugles
798:congas
670:Origin
430:Basque
373:Sweden
346:Mexico
331:France
306:Brazil
270:Xuetes
95:on the
6243:Basic
6238:Becky
6228:Karen
6015:Aryan
5920:Chile
5788:Haiti
5650:Kenya
5406:Chile
5374:Petén
5349:Aztec
5168:Bahia
5143:Penco
5133:Cusco
5061:Downs
5041:Tunis
4960:Ceuta
4945:Breda
4895:Malta
4875:Tunis
4870:Pavia
4384:Trade
4299:Quito
4264:Cusco
4103:Chile
3838:Tunis
3785:Palau
3702:Chile
3633:Aruba
3628:Haiti
3562:]
3491:Milan
3449:Spain
3103:Cholo
3089:Chino
3016:Zambo
2957:Black
2925:Black
2900:Casta
2859:[
2491:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
1960:Notes
1794:Tejas
1442:Spain
983:Sucre
971:Quito
963:Tacna
917:Haiti
834:harps
794:drums
744:North
703:criar
494:(AKA
419:(AKA
341:Italy
311:Chile
6377:Race
5936:Peru
5762:Cuba
5699:Asia
5600:Bold
5411:Inca
5354:Maya
5289:Guam
5222:Lost
4994:Lost
4915:Mons
4355:Real
4279:Lima
4166:Cuba
4108:Cuba
4080:Perú
3856:and
3854:Ifni
3846:Oran
3769:Guam
3698:Acre
3694:Peru
3604:Cuba
3483:and
2953:———
2945:———
2937:———
2929:———
2830:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2580:2015
2558:2015
2404:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2192:2017
2179:ISBN
2136:2011
2124:UNAM
2086:ISBN
2045:2016
2016:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1816:and
1505:and
1465:and
1463:Rome
1453:the
1261:and
1255:Cuba
1138:U.S.
1111:Peru
1035:and
913:Cuba
911:and
796:and
766:The
746:and
661:and
638:and
481:Fala
461:Caló
356:Peru
321:Cuba
268:and
5116:Won
4843:Won
3951:Law
3848:,
3568:),
3549:),
2907:in
2522:doi
2484:).
2439:BBC
2323:doi
1844:in
1804:in
1784:in
1768:in
1748:in
1410:in
1386:."
1253:In
1184:In
1143:of
1109:In
1090:In
1073:in
985:).
578:In
6411::
3852:,
3844:,
3840:,
3836:,
3832:,
3828:,
3783:,
3779:,
3775:,
3771:,
3767:,
3730:,
3718:,
3714:,
3700:,
3686:,
3682:,
3678:,
3610:,
3606:,
3560:es
3553:,
3479:,
3216:,
3041:↓
3036:↓
3031:↓
3026:↓
2982:↓
2977:↓
2972:↓
2967:↓
2719:.
2717:20
2664:^
2609:^
2596:.
2544:.
2518:52
2516:.
2512:.
2493:.
2472:^
2460:.
2436:.
2398:.
2375:.
2364:^
2352:,
2348:,
2337:^
2315:59
2313:.
2309:.
2290:.
2240:^
2144:^
1989:.
1987:49
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1537:,
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1179:).
1113:,
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836:,
832:,
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824:,
820:,
812:,
808:,
733:.
657:,
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6111:)
6107:(
5581:e
5574:t
5567:v
3860:)
3787:)
3763:(
3751:)
3734:)
3710:(
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3674:(
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3602:(
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3537:(
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3179:e
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2560:.
2530:.
2524::
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2442:.
2412:.
2331:.
2325::
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2275:.
2232:6
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2094:.
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2061:.
2047:.
2024:.
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1776:)
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20:)
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