2669:
756:
preference for a new Indian Union which was the main objective and suggestion and the draft declaration interviews and explanations of Sir
Stafford were going against Muslim interests and the League was called upon to play the game with a loaded dice. He asked Cripps to make adjustments in order to give real effect to the Pakistan demand. On 13 April 1942, at a press conference, he pointed out that Pakistan demand was not conceded clearly and the right of Muslims to self determination was also denied. These proposals were therefore rejected by the Muslim League. Jinnah criticized the British Government and Congress party for another round of negotiations, ignoring the Muslim League at a later stage.
733:
no clear-cut acceptance of
Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam expressed his dismay at the refusal to recognise the right of Muslim self determination while addressing the annual session of the All India Muslim League at Allahabad: '...the Musalmans feel deeply disappointed that the entity ad integrity of the Muslim nation has not been expressly recognised...Muslim India will not be satisfied unless the right of national self determination is unequivocally recognised. It must be realised that India was never a country or a nation....It has roused our deepest anxieties and grave apprehensions, especially with reference to the Pakistan scheme, which is a matter of life and death for Muslim India...'
209:'s pressure had to at least appear to be taken seriously, especially in light of the military disasters in South East Asia. As a result, the British cabinet by 9 March 1942 had agreed to despatch a mission to India to discuss its offer, and Cripps' plane landed in Delhi on 22 March. By then, the British were willing to grant Indian independence at the conclusion of the war. Incidentally, the next day was the second anniversary of the Lahore Resolution of 1940 and so Cripps saw Muslims marching in the streets with green flags.
2687:
2678:
329:
111:, required the establishment of an All-India Federation, which would allow Indians to take a larger share of governance at the highest level. However, deep differences between the princely states and the Congress, as well as between the Muslim League and Congress, had delayed progress. Instead, only the provincial portion of the Act was carried out.
627:
Jinnah in his speech, referred to the Cripps mission advising
Muslims to be patient until his proposals were put forward officially. He indicated that the League will not accept his proposals if it were detrimental to Muslim interest; he also mentioned that he will resist and if needed, the Muslims would die fighting for the creation of Pakistan.
81:
practically the entire
Congress leadership for the duration of the war. Jinnah, to whom Cripps had offered the right to opt out of a future union with India, supported the war effort with his fellow Muslims and gained in status in British eyes. Jinnah was “surprised” to see that the right to opt out of a future union was undertaken.
432:
Gupta concludes that documents released in 1970 support the second interpretation. Messages between
Linlithgow and Amery reveal that both of them opposed the Cripps Mission and deliberately undercut Cripps. The British government used the Cripps Mission as evidence of its liberal colonial policy, but
412:
Jinnah's Muslim League condemned the Quit India movement and participated in provincial governments and the legislative councils of the Raj. He encouraged
Muslims to participate in the war. With that cooperation, the British continued to administer India for the duration of the war by using officials
301:
There was little trust between the
British and Congress by that stage, and both sides felt that the other was concealing its true plans. The Congress stopped talks with Cripps, and guided by Gandhi, its national leadership demanded immediate self-government in return for war support. Gandhi said that
578:
By the time of the flying visit of Sir
Stafford Cripps to Delhi in April 1942, the British were willing to offer India independence, by the convening of a constituent assembly, at the end of the war, but with the important proviso that no unwilling portion of the country should be forced to join the
441:
The long-term significance of the Cripps
Mission really became apparent only in the aftermath of the war, as troops were demobilised and sent back home. Even Churchill recognised that there could be no retraction of the offer of independence that Cripps had made, but by the end of the war, Churchill
150:
The
British War Cabinet, a coalition government of national unity, was divided on the question of compromise with the Congress. The Labour Party ministers and moderate Conservatives were keen to advance Indian progress to self-government in a way that would not endanger the war effort. Churchill was
786:
Provincial option, he argued, was clearly an insufficient security. An explicit acceptance of the principle of Pakistan offered the only safeguard for Muslim interests throughout India and had to be the precondition for any advance at the centre. So he exhorted all Indian Muslims to unite under his
732:
The Congress on 2 April 1942 signalled its opposition to the Cripps Proposals. The Congress and Sikhs rejected these proposals due to the possibility of the India's partition with the provision that provinces could opt out of a future Indian Constituent Assembly while the League rejected it finding
520:
Cripps' proposals also included a proviso that no part of India would be forced to join the postwar arrangements; though the mission ended in failure, the Muslim League emerged with its prestige and standing further enhanced. Indeed, Jinnah at the time of his interview with Cripps had been 'rather
80:
In August 1942, the Congress working committee, taking advantage of the government's weakness, made a call that unless the 'Quit India' call was conceded, the Congress would resort to civil disobedience and call the people to resist and violate government authority. In reaction, British imprisoned
626:
Sir Stafford arrived in India on 23 March 1942 and gave a statement saying that he had been more associated with his friends in the Congress party but also indicating that he was opened to all other points of view. In the meantime, the Muslim League was celebrating its Pakistan day celebrations.
310:
Jinnah argued that the proposals were merely a draft declaration, did not meet his demands and preferred a scheme of united India. At a press conference on April, he argued that there was no clear concession for Pakistan in the proposals, and he further expressed concern that the Muslim right to
755:
On 29 March, Cripps released his documents and held a press conference. On 4 April, in his presidential address to the Muslim League, Jinnah pointed out that Cripps proposals were only a draft declaration. He also said that creation of Pakistan was a remote possibility and there was a definite
273:
Upon his arrival in India, Cripps held talks with Indian leaders and attempted to satisfy all communities through his proposals. He was a friend of Nehru and did his utmost to arrange an agreement. However, the distrust was too high and many people of influence did not want a settlement to be
221:
The Congress was divided upon its response to India's entry into World War II. Angry over the decision made by the Viceroy, some Congress leaders favoured launching a revolt against the British despite the gravity of the war in Europe, which threatened Britain's own freedom. Others, such as
118:
responded by declaring India a belligerent state on the side of Britain without consulting Indian political leaders or the elected provincial representatives, sharply underlining the failure of progress to self-rule. That caused considerable resentment in the
230:, was opposed to Indian involvement in the war, as he would not morally endorse a war, suspected British intentions and believed that the British were not sincere about Indian aspirations for independence. However, Rajagopalachari, backed by
212:
Cripps stated that while he had been closer to the Congress, he was open to other perspectives. Jinnah waited to find out what the proposals were and stated that the League would reject them if they were not in the interests of Muslims.
77:) once the war was over. Cripps discussed the proposals, which he had drafted himself with the Indian leaders, and published them. The Congress rejected his proposals and knew that the British were negotiating from a weaker position.
123:, producing demands for an immediate transfer of power. The resulting standoff led to the en masse resignation of Congress Provincial Governments, giving rise to the prospect of public revolt and political disorder in India. The
290:
and to go for total independence. Privately, Cripps also promised to get rid of Linlithgow and grant India dominion status with immediate effect and insisted only for the Indian Defence Ministry to be reserved for the British.
131:
and regional parties gave their support to Britain and the war effort in exchange for various concessions. Negotiations continued between the Viceroy, Congress and Muslim League, but their failure led to a political stalemate.
787:
leadership to force the British and the Congress to concede 'Pakistan'. If the real reasons for Jinnah's rejection of the offer were rather different, it was not Jinnah but his rivals who had failed to make the point publicly.
709:
A leftist member of the Labour Party and a friend of Nehru, Cripps did his best to contrive an agreement. But the level of suspicion was simply too high, and too many influential figures did not want the negotiations to
2668:
190:. American and Chinese leadership was convinced that would not be possible without the full support of a mobilised Indian population, which required a breakthrough with the Indian National Congress. In addition, the
446:, gave India independence. That confidence that the British would soon leave was reflected in the readiness with which Congress politicians stood in the elections of 1945–1946 and formed provincial governments.
657:
The British, in their anxiety to secure Muslim support during the war, helped it along by such acts as the provision in the Cripps proposals that allowed provinces to 'opt out' of any independent India.
226:, advocated offering an olive branch to the British and supporting them in that crucial time in the hope that the gesture would be reciprocated with independence after the war. Congress' major leader,
151:
deeply opposed to any dismantling of the British Empire and regarded its non-white subjects as incapable of self-rule. In fact, the stridency of his views and his opposition to the Conservative leader
135:
The Japanese declaration of war on the Dutch and the British Empires as well as the United States in December 1941 altered the political situation. Confidence in Britain was particularly low after the
73:, who was the representative of the Muslim population of the subcontinent. Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of elections and full self-government (
294:
However, in public, Cripps failed to present any concrete proposals for greater self-government in the short term other than a vague commitment to increase the number of Indian members of the
1012:
245:
The British anxiously tried to gain Muslim support during the war and so included a clause that no province would be compelled to join the post war India. Jinnah, the leader of the
2321:
186:
meant that the Americans needed India to serve as a major logistical hub to funnel aid to China and needed Indian military manpower to secure routes for supplies through
2477:
3375:
2311:
1262:
147:
troops captured. The threat of an invasion of India was real, and there was anxiety about 'fifth columnists', particularly Congress radicals working with Japan.
2326:
298:. Cripps spent much of his time in encouraging Congress leaders and Jinnah to come to a common, public arrangement in support of the war and the government.
2455:
2296:
2306:
1520:
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3006:
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2341:
1324:
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2366:
1525:
144:
115:
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3340:
2316:
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50:, which was traditionally sympathetic to Indian self-rule, but he was also a member of the coalition War Cabinet led by British Prime Minister
170:
However, the United States, Britain's principal ally, saw things in even more urgent terms. The chief American strategic objective was aiding
3618:
1571:
998:
779:
702:
650:
600:
571:
513:
409:
to end British control of India. It was composed of Indians, most of whom were prisoners captured with the fall of Singapore in early 1942.
3347:
3314:
3017:
2726:
2397:
1042:
155:'s agreement to work with parties such as the Indian National Congress towards self-rule had contributed to his isolation within the
2736:
2291:
2286:
544:
486:
376:
191:
262:
971:
401:, Indians perceived an inability upon the part of the British to defend Indian soil. The invasion force contained elements of the
2588:
2301:
1214:
920:
413:
and military personnel if Indian politicians could not be found. That would not prove to be feasible in the long term, however.
274:
reached. There is some confusion over what Cripps had been authorized to offer India's nationalist politicians by Churchill and
2714:
2573:
2448:
1454:
1444:
1409:
350:
108:
3628:
3603:
3197:
2746:
2417:
963:
354:
295:
2686:
315:
had been ignored. He also expressed criticism for the exclusion of the Muslim League from the later stage of negotiations.
3325:
3308:
3202:
2820:
2593:
2387:
2356:
939:
Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power.' Vol. 1: 'The Cripps Mission January–April 1942
389:
When the British remained unresponsive, Gandhi and the Indian National Congress began planning a major public revolt, the
3437:
3394:
3354:
3095:
2653:
2643:
2598:
2407:
2063:
1414:
1021:
279:
160:
96:
1289:
3512:
3484:
3462:
3156:
2623:
2253:
1640:
242:, held talks with Cripps and offered full support in return for immediate self-government, and eventual independence.
223:
1449:
985:
980:
339:
3623:
3613:
3293:
3258:
3253:
3141:
2985:
2940:
2523:
2441:
1988:
1540:
1257:
1252:
140:
358:
343:
3608:
3288:
3238:
2945:
2548:
1963:
1660:
1535:
1374:
1314:
421:
There are two main reasons behind the causes of the failure of the Cripps' mission. They are listed as follows:
2975:
2970:
2880:
2648:
2498:
2248:
2223:
1760:
1459:
1439:
1299:
1159:
1117:
840:
231:
183:
120:
58:
253:, a separate Muslim state, he resisted Congress' calls for pan-Indian cooperation and immediate independence.
3278:
3186:
3055:
2704:
2633:
1968:
1938:
1675:
1655:
1490:
1399:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
287:
246:
156:
124:
100:
70:
3598:
3427:
3298:
3233:
3166:
2895:
2721:
2193:
2103:
2098:
1339:
1278:
1170:
1097:
1087:
394:
195:
1404:
3171:
3136:
3120:
3090:
2850:
2677:
2618:
2392:
2331:
2158:
1943:
1888:
1720:
1680:
1485:
1349:
1334:
1284:
1272:
1149:
90:
3228:
2995:
2950:
2900:
2773:
2741:
2709:
2558:
2243:
2198:
2133:
2078:
2023:
1908:
1813:
1770:
1725:
1645:
1545:
1389:
1294:
1144:
402:
47:
850:
Clymer, Kenton J. "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Louis Johnson, India, and Anticolonialism: Another Look,"
745:
Abid, Massarrat (31 December 2010). "Partition Demand: From Cripps Mission to Gandhi-Jinnah Talks".
722:
Sandhu, Akhtar Hussain. "Cripps Mission Proposals And Muslim-Sikh Relations on the British Punjab".
669:
Sandhu, Akhtar Hussain. "Cripps Mission Proposals And Muslim-Sikh Relations on the British Punjab".
616:
Sandhu, Akhtar Hussain. "Cripps Mission Proposals And Muslim-Sikh Relations on the British Punjab".
3361:
3273:
3146:
3100:
3050:
2930:
2855:
2835:
2815:
2485:
2473:
2228:
2173:
2058:
2053:
1948:
1928:
1853:
1650:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1595:
1434:
433:
personal and private correspondence reveals contempt for the mission and elation over its failure.
406:
390:
66:
302:
Cripps' offer of Dominion Status after the war was a "post-dated cheque drawn on a failing bank".
3283:
3243:
3223:
3151:
3126:
3105:
3085:
3060:
2960:
2920:
2628:
2603:
2493:
2412:
2258:
2178:
2108:
2093:
2003:
1993:
1903:
1893:
1878:
1863:
1843:
1818:
1690:
1635:
1359:
1329:
1224:
1204:
1154:
1052:
934:
312:
206:
35:
882:
282:, and Cripps faced hostility also from Viceroy Linlithgow. Cripps began by offering India full
3442:
3412:
3268:
3218:
2990:
2980:
2925:
2890:
2885:
2860:
2804:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2553:
2533:
2464:
2402:
2233:
2218:
2118:
2013:
1973:
1898:
1803:
1775:
1735:
1560:
1344:
1304:
1267:
1229:
1209:
1199:
1082:
1072:
915:
775:
698:
692:
646:
640:
596:
567:
561:
540:
509:
482:
476:
175:
136:
51:
769:
534:
3540:
3422:
3402:
3333:
3263:
3248:
3070:
3065:
2905:
2875:
2845:
2825:
2751:
2638:
2538:
2513:
2422:
2336:
2213:
2183:
2163:
2138:
2128:
2068:
1978:
1923:
1918:
1808:
1730:
1555:
1510:
1495:
1419:
1394:
1364:
1127:
1067:
1029:
968:
899:
885:
239:
104:
3452:
3382:
3303:
3207:
3030:
2910:
2794:
2371:
2361:
2263:
2168:
2113:
2028:
2008:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1750:
1740:
1705:
1700:
1665:
1590:
1515:
1354:
1077:
975:
860:
179:
171:
152:
128:
74:
43:
981:
October Offer regarding India’s constitution, of His Majesty's Government 18 October 1939
3407:
3213:
3115:
3040:
3000:
2955:
2870:
2830:
2810:
2608:
2203:
2153:
2143:
2123:
2088:
2048:
2033:
1755:
1685:
1670:
1610:
1600:
1319:
1189:
1164:
1139:
1037:
443:
986:
August Offer regarding India’s constitution, of His Majesty's Government 8 August 1940
958:
3592:
3498:
3432:
3417:
3368:
3110:
3080:
3075:
2965:
2935:
2865:
2840:
2518:
2148:
2073:
2038:
1998:
1913:
1883:
1873:
1858:
1745:
1715:
1695:
1424:
442:
was out of power and could do nothing but watch as the new Labour government, led by
3470:
3447:
3176:
3161:
3045:
3035:
3025:
2799:
2563:
2543:
2528:
2351:
2238:
1868:
1833:
1823:
1765:
1565:
1469:
1379:
1369:
1134:
1062:
1047:
235:
39:
929:
503:
198:
as a matter of US national interest for both ideological and commercial reasons.
139:
on 15 February 1942, Britain's greatest single defeat in the war, as well as the
3526:
2613:
1958:
1838:
1530:
1309:
1057:
328:
201:
Despite the conflicts of interests, Britain's reliance on the United States for
990:
3191:
3131:
2915:
2758:
2208:
1983:
1933:
1848:
1500:
1384:
1219:
903:
889:
521:
surprised' to see how far his declaration went 'to meeting the Pakistan case'.
478:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization
428:
The behind-the-scenes efforts of Linlithgow and Amery to sabotage the mission
261:
202:
17:
54:, who had long been the leader of the movement to block Indian independence.
3554:
3181:
2766:
2188:
2083:
2043:
2018:
1953:
1615:
1605:
1505:
275:
164:
249:, supported the war effort and condemned the Congress policy. Insisting on
3568:
2731:
2503:
1550:
1194:
771:
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
536:
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
283:
250:
194:
was busy formulating its vision for the post-war world order and saw the
114:
After Britain's declaration of war on Germany in September 1939, Viceroy
2508:
1710:
1234:
266:
227:
62:
27:
Attempt by the British government to secure Indian assistance in WWII
2433:
944:
855:
2672:
The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.
38:
to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in
894:
Owen, Nicholas. "The Cripps mission of 1942: A reinterpretation."
398:
260:
187:
679:
Cripps tried to accommodate all the communities in his proposals.
393:, which demanded immediate British withdrawal from India. As the
286:
status at the end of the war, with the chance to secede from the
159:
for a decade. He was supported in his views by the Conservative
2437:
994:
425:
All of the promises offered were to be fulfilled after the war.
57:
Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist
595:. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18.
322:
845:
The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps 1889-1952
2685:
2676:
2667:
928:, (1950) Book One, Chapter 12, "India—The Cripps Mission";
639:
Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (24 September 2012).
593:
Shameful Flight (The last years of British Empire in India)
811:
Shyam Ratna Gupta, "New Light on the Cripps Mission,"
798:
Shyam Ratna Gupta, "New Light on the Cripps Mission,"
930:
limited preview of the whole chapter at Google Books
205:
supplies for the war effort meant that US President
3461:
3393:
3324:
3016:
2784:
2697:
2484:
2380:
2279:
1784:
1581:
1478:
1243:
1180:
1028:
877:Moore, R. J. "The mystery of the Cripps mission,"
3377:Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
34:was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the
826:Modern India. The making of an Asian Democracy
691:Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002).
560:Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002).
397:advanced closer to India with the conquest of
42:. The mission was headed by a senior minister
2449:
1006:
697:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–.
645:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–.
566:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–.
8:
896:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
774:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–.
502:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
724:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
671:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
618:Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan
357:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2456:
2442:
2434:
1521:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
1013:
999:
991:
508:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
879:Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
881:Volume 11, Issue 3, 1973, pages 195-213
454:
3342:Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
7:
3349:Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
405:, which had been founded and led by
355:adding citations to reliable sources
217:Debate over co-operation or protest
46:. Cripps belonged to the left-wing
25:
642:A Concise History of Modern India
192:Franklin Roosevelt administration
184:conquest of China's coastal areas
2589:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
1215:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
481:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 387–400.
327:
3384:Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
1455:Provisional Government of India
109:Government of India Act of 1919
3198:Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
768:Ayesha Jalal (28 April 1994).
1:
3309:Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti
3203:Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari
539:. Cambridge U.P. p. 47.
3619:Indian independence movement
3356:Pakistan: A Personal History
3096:Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
2881:Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
2064:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
1340:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
1022:Indian independence movement
854:(Aug 1988), 57#3 pp 261–284
475:William Roger Louis (2006).
280:Secretary of State for India
269:during the Second World War.
161:Secretary of State for India
97:Government of India Act 1935
2254:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
1641:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
872:Churchill, Cripps and India
296:Viceroy's Executive Council
224:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
3645:
3294:Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
3259:Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi
3142:Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
2941:Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
2866:Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
1989:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
1541:Indian Independence League
1258:Partition of Bengal (1947)
1253:Partition of Bengal (1905)
874:(Oxford) 1979 chapters 3-5
852:Pacific Historical Review,
828:(2nd ed. 1999) pp. 328–30.
815:(Jan 1972), 28#1 pp 69-74.
747:Journal of Pakistan Vision
694:A Concise History of India
563:A Concise History of India
88:
3289:Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
2946:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
2665:
2549:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
2471:
2164:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
1964:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
1661:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
1536:Indian Home Rule movement
1375:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
1315:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
904:10.1080/03086530208583134
890:10.1080/14662047308447190
802:(Jan 1972), 28#1 pp 69-74
591:Wolpert, Stanley (2006).
3370:Pakistan: A Hard Country
3363:The Myth of Independence
2976:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
2971:Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan
2690:State emblem of Pakistan
2649:Constitution of Pakistan
2499:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2403:Indian annexation of Goa
2249:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
1761:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
1526:Indian National Congress
1325:Non-cooperation movement
232:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
143:, with large numbers of
3279:Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
3187:Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
3056:Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
2986:Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
2921:Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
2599:Indian Independence Act
2574:Round Table Conferences
2478:timeline: 1947–present)
2408:Indian Independence Act
1994:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1969:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
1939:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
1676:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
1656:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
1491:All-India Muslim League
1445:Royal Air Force strikes
1410:Round table conferences
1400:Chittagong armoury raid
1290:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1273:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
1043:Porto Grande de Bengala
306:Muslim League reception
174:'s physically isolated
125:All India Muslim League
101:Round Table Conferences
3299:Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
3234:Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh
3167:Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
3157:Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
2896:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
2742:Philosophical Congress
2691:
2682:
2673:
2194:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
2099:Purushottam Das Tandon
1465:Praja Mandala movement
1279:The Indian Sociologist
505:The Partition of India
395:Imperial Japanese Army
270:
196:decolonisation of Asia
178:against the expanding
3629:India in World War II
3604:1942 in British India
3210:(Pir of Manki Sharif)
3172:Jalaludin Abdur Rahim
3137:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
3132:Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
3121:Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
3091:Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
2851:Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
2689:
2680:
2671:
2619:Objectives Resolution
2559:Now or Never pamphlet
2418:Political integration
2159:Shyamji Krishna Varma
1944:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1889:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
1721:Rettamalai Srinivasan
1681:Mahadev Govind Ranade
1486:All India Kisan Sabha
1450:Coup d'Ă©tat of Yanaon
1350:Qissa Khwani massacre
1335:Coolie-Begar movement
1150:Second Anglo-Sikh War
969:Cripp's India Mission
533:Ayesha Jalal (1994).
264:
91:India in World War II
3229:Lady Abdullah Haroon
2996:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
2951:Jogendra Nath Mandal
2901:Choudhary Rahmat Ali
2244:Veeran Sundaralingam
2199:Tara Rani Srivastava
2134:Sahajanand Saraswati
2024:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
1909:Chandra Shekhar Azad
1814:Alluri Sitarama Raju
1771:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
1726:Sahajanand Saraswati
1646:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
1546:Indian National Army
1390:Dharasana Satyagraha
1295:Champaran Satyagraha
1145:First Anglo-Sikh War
921:The Second World War
916:Winston S. Churchill
898:30.1 (2002): 61–98.
403:Indian National Army
351:improve this section
141:retreat from Rangoon
3274:Fatima Sughra Begum
3147:Sardar Ibrahim Khan
3101:Sikandar Hayat Khan
3051:Adamjee Haji Dawood
2931:Ghulam Bhik Nairang
2856:Mian Muhammad Shafi
2836:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2821:Maulana Shaukat Ali
2816:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
2737:Renaissance Society
2727:Student Federations
2524:Partition of Bengal
2474:History of Pakistan
2229:V. K. Krishna Menon
2174:Subhas Chandra Bose
2059:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2054:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
1949:Govind Ballabh Pant
1929:Dayananda Saraswati
1854:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1651:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
1631:Dhondo Keshav Karve
1626:Dayananda Saraswati
1621:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1596:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
1109:Anglo-Maratha Wars
407:Subhas Chandra Bose
391:Quit India movement
319:Quit India Movement
67:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
61:leaders (including
3284:Viqar-un-Nisa Noon
3244:Naseer Ahmad Malhi
3224:Jahanara Shahnawaz
3152:Fida Mohammad Khan
3127:Ghulam Rasool Mehr
3106:Shaukat Hayat Khan
3086:Mian Iftikharuddin
3061:Zafar Ahmad Usmani
2961:Khawaja Nazimuddin
2807:(Nawab Salimullah)
2692:
2683:
2674:
2629:Pakistani monarchy
2604:Partition of India
2494:East India Company
2413:Partition of India
2259:Yashwantrao Holkar
2224:V. O. Chidamabaram
2179:Subramania Bharati
2109:Rahul Sankrityayan
2094:Pritilata Waddedar
2004:Shri Krishna Singh
1904:C. Rajagopalachari
1894:Bidhan Chandra Roy
1879:Bhavabhushan Mitra
1864:Begum Hazrat Mahal
1819:Annapurna Maharana
1691:Muthulakshmi Reddy
1636:G. Subramania Iyer
1330:Christmas Day Plot
1205:Indian nationalism
1155:Sannyasi rebellion
1053:East India Company
974:2021-05-11 at the
935:Mansergh, Nicholas
847:(2003) pp 276–370.
313:self-determination
271:
207:Franklin Roosevelt
157:Conservative Party
99:, building on the
36:British government
3624:Pakistan Movement
3614:March 1942 events
3586:
3585:
3578:
3564:
3550:
3536:
3522:
3508:
3494:
3480:
3443:Deena Public Hall
3413:Pakistan Monument
3269:Sharif al Mujahid
3219:Hafeez Jalandhari
2991:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
2981:Qazi Mohammad Isa
2926:Jafar Khan Jamali
2891:Abdur Rab Nishtar
2886:Abdul Qayyum Khan
2861:Mian Abdul Rashid
2805:Khwaja Salimullah
2584:Direct Action Day
2579:Lahore Resolution
2569:Two nation theory
2554:Allahabad Address
2534:Khilafat Movement
2504:Deobandi Movement
2465:Pakistan Movement
2431:
2430:
2398:Republic of India
2234:Vallabhbhai Patel
2219:Ubaidullah Sindhi
2119:Ram Prasad Bismil
2014:M. Bhaktavatsalam
1974:Jatindra Nath Das
1899:Bipin Chandra Pal
1834:Babu Kunwar Singh
1804:Achyut Patwardhan
1561:Khudai Khidmatgar
1405:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
1345:Kakori conspiracy
1305:Rowlatt Committee
1268:Direct Action Day
1230:Swadeshi movement
1210:Khilafat Movement
1200:Hindu nationalism
1160:Rebellion of 1857
1083:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1073:Battle of Plassey
926:The Hinge of Fate
781:978-1-139-93570-8
704:978-0-521-63974-3
652:978-1-139-53705-6
602:978-0-19-906606-3
573:978-0-521-63974-3
515:978-0-521-85661-4
417:Causes of failure
387:
386:
379:
176:Nationalist China
137:fall of Singapore
107:and the previous
52:Winston Churchill
16:(Redirected from
3636:
3609:1942 in politics
3572:
3558:
3544:
3530:
3516:
3502:
3488:
3474:
3438:National Library
3423:Ziarat Residency
3403:Minar-e-Pakistan
3335:Idea of Pakistan
3264:Habib Rahimtoola
3249:Ahmed Saeed Nagi
3071:Malik Barkat Ali
3066:Ahmed Ali Lahori
2906:A. K. Fazlul Huq
2876:Bahadur Yar Jung
2846:Liaquat Ali Khan
2826:Hakim Ajmal Khan
2681:Flag of Pakistan
2659:Protestant Islam
2654:British heritage
2644:National symbols
2639:Kashmir conflict
2539:Shuddhi movement
2514:Aligarh Movement
2509:Barelvi Movement
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2423:Simla Conference
2214:Tiruppur Kumaran
2184:Subramaniya Siva
2139:Sangolli Rayanna
2129:Rash Behari Bose
2069:Nagnath Naikwadi
1979:Jawaharlal Nehru
1924:Dadabhai Naoroji
1919:Chittaranjan Das
1809:A. K. Fazlul Huq
1731:Savitribai Phule
1556:Khaksar movement
1511:Berlin Committee
1496:Anushilan Samiti
1460:Independence Day
1420:Aundh Experiment
1395:Vedaranyam March
1300:Kheda Satyagraha
1285:Singapore Mutiny
1068:Portuguese India
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
959:Draft resolution
861:Gandhi, Rajmohan
829:
822:
816:
813:India Quarterly,
809:
803:
800:India Quarterly,
796:
790:
789:
765:
759:
758:
742:
736:
735:
719:
713:
712:
688:
682:
681:
666:
660:
659:
636:
630:
629:
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607:
606:
588:
582:
581:
557:
551:
550:
530:
524:
523:
499:
493:
492:
472:
466:
463:The Road to 1945
459:
437:Long-term impact
382:
375:
371:
368:
362:
331:
323:
240:Jawaharlal Nehru
105:Simon Commission
21:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3472:Youm-e-Pakistan
3457:
3453:Jinnah Terminal
3389:
3320:
3304:Abdullah Ropari
3208:Amin ul-Hasanat
3031:Abdullah Haroon
3012:
2911:Jamaat Ali Shah
2795:Syed Ahmad Khan
2780:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2663:
2594:Cabinet Mission
2480:
2467:
2462:
2432:
2427:
2388:Cabinet Mission
2376:
2280:British leaders
2275:
2264:Yogendra Shukla
2169:Siraj ud-Daulah
2124:Rani Lakshmibai
2114:Rajendra Prasad
2104:R. Venkataraman
2049:Mithuben Petit‎
2029:Mahadaji Shinde
2009:Lala Lajpat Rai
1844:Bahadur Shah II
1829:Ashfaqulla Khan
1799:Accamma Cherian
1794:Abul Kalam Azad
1786:
1780:
1751:Syed Ahmad Khan
1741:Sister Nivedita
1706:Pandita Ramabai
1701:Niralamba Swami
1666:J. B. Kripalani
1591:Ashfaqulla Khan
1583:
1577:
1516:Ghadar Movement
1474:
1355:Flag Satyagraha
1263:Revolutionaries
1245:
1239:
1182:
1176:
1078:Battle of Buxar
1024:
1019:
976:Wayback Machine
955:
945:review in JSTOR
912:
910:Primary sources
837:
832:
823:
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439:
419:
383:
372:
366:
363:
348:
332:
321:
308:
259:
257:Cripps in India
219:
182:. The Japanese
180:Japanese Empire
172:Chiang Kai Shek
153:Stanley Baldwin
129:Hindu Mahasabha
93:
87:
75:Dominion status
44:Stafford Cripps
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3570:Youm-e-Viladat
3566:
3552:
3538:
3524:
3510:
3496:
3482:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Bab-e-Pakistan
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
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3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Syed Wajid Ali
3211:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3118:
3116:Ziauddin Ahmad
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Mahmoud Haroon
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3001:Zafar Ali Khan
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:K. H. Khurshid
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Mohsin-ul-Mulk
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Muhammad Iqbal
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Syed Ameer Ali
2808:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2739:
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2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Radcliffe Line
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
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2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
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2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
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2384:
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2378:
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2375:
2374:
2369:
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2344:
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2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Tarak Nath Das
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:Shuja-ud-Daula
2151:
2146:
2144:Sarojini Naidu
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Prafulla Chaki
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Mahatma Gandhi
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
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1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
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1821:
1816:
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1806:
1801:
1796:
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1782:
1781:
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1768:
1763:
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1756:Vakkom Moulavi
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Mahatma Gandhi
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Jyotirao Phule
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:B. R. Ambedkar
1608:
1603:
1601:Ayya Vaikundar
1598:
1593:
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1430:Cripps Mission
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
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1392:
1387:
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1377:
1372:
1367:
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1320:Noakhali riots
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
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1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1183:and ideologies
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:Radcliffe Line
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Vellore Mutiny
1137:
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964:Indian History
961:
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953:External links
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32:Cripps Mission
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18:Cripps mission
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3599:1942 in India
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3433:Wazir Mansion
3431:
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3418:Mazar-e-Quaid
3416:
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3254:Niaz Ali Khan
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3111:Muhammad Asad
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3081:Yusuf Khattak
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3076:Aslam Khattak
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2966:Mahmud Husain
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2841:Fatima Jinnah
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2715:Bengal Branch
2713:
2711:
2710:Punjab Branch
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:Muslim League
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:Organisations
2696:
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2679:
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2657:
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2519:Urdu movement
2517:
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2500:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Satyapal Dang
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
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2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Nana Fadnavis
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Mangal Pandey
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Khudiram Bose
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Chetram Jatav
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Bhikaiji Cama
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Bharathidasan
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Basawon Singh
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
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1749:
1747:
1746:Sri Aurobindo
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Ram Mohan Roy
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Narayana Guru
1694:
1692:
1689:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
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1519:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:Organisations
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Bombay Mutiny
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Indian Legion
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:1928 Protests
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Rowlatt Bills
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:
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1191:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
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1089:
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1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
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1059:
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1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
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1033:
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1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
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993:
987:
984:
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979:
977:
973:
970:
967:
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962:
960:
957:
956:
952:
946:
943:
942:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
924:: Volume IV,
923:
922:
917:
914:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:Moore, R. J.
869:
866:
865:Patel: A Life
862:
859:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
841:Clarke, Peter
839:
838:
834:
827:
824:Judith Brown
821:
818:
814:
808:
805:
801:
795:
792:
788:
783:
777:
773:
772:
764:
761:
757:
752:
748:
741:
738:
734:
729:
725:
718:
715:
711:
706:
700:
696:
695:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
658:
654:
648:
644:
643:
635:
632:
628:
623:
619:
612:
609:
604:
598:
594:
587:
584:
580:
575:
569:
565:
564:
556:
553:
548:
546:9780521458504
542:
538:
537:
529:
526:
522:
517:
511:
507:
506:
498:
495:
490:
488:9781845113476
484:
480:
479:
471:
468:
464:
458:
455:
449:
447:
445:
436:
434:
427:
424:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
381:
378:
370:
360:
356:
352:
346:
345:
341:
336:This section
334:
330:
325:
324:
318:
316:
314:
305:
303:
299:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
268:
265:Cripps meets
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
247:Muslim League
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
216:
214:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
84:
82:
78:
76:
72:
71:Muslim League
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3574:
3569:
3560:
3556:Youm-e-Iqbal
3555:
3546:
3541:
3532:
3528:Youm-e-Difah
3527:
3518:
3514:Youm-e-Azadi
3513:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3448:Bab-e-Khyber
3428:Iqbal's Tom'
3395:Architecture
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3313:
3239:Fatima Begum
3177:Z. A. Suleri
3162:M. M. Sharif
3046:Altaf Husain
3036:Yusuf Haroon
3026:Hamid Nizami
3005:
2800:Aga Khan III
2774:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2634:Republic Day
2624:Independence
2564:World War II
2544:Nehru Report
2529:Lucknow Pact
2393:Constitution
2381:Independence
2268:
2239:Vanchinathan
1869:Bhagat Singh
1824:Annie Besant
1785:Independence
1766:Vinoba Bhave
1570:
1566:Swaraj Party
1470:Lucknow Pact
1429:
1380:Purna Swaraj
1370:Nehru Report
1277:
1181:Philosophies
1169:
1135:Polygar Wars
1063:French India
1048:Dutch Bengal
1038:Colonisation
938:
925:
919:
895:
878:
871:
864:
851:
844:
825:
820:
812:
807:
799:
794:
785:
770:
763:
754:
750:
746:
740:
731:
727:
723:
717:
708:
693:
686:
678:
674:
670:
664:
656:
641:
634:
625:
621:
617:
611:
592:
586:
577:
562:
555:
535:
528:
519:
504:
497:
477:
470:
465:(1975) p 201
462:
457:
440:
431:
420:
411:
388:
373:
364:
349:Please help
337:
309:
300:
293:
288:Commonwealth
272:
244:
236:Maulana Azad
220:
211:
200:
169:
149:
134:
113:
94:
79:
56:
48:Labour Party
40:World War II
31:
29:
3575:25 December
3533:6 September
2768:Nawa-i-Waqt
2747:Print media
2614:Durand Line
2337:Mountbatten
1959:Hemu Kalani
1839:Bagha Jatin
1776:Vivekananda
1531:India House
1415:Act of 1935
1190:Ambedkarism
1058:British Raj
145:Indian Army
3593:Categories
3561:9 November
3547:24 October
3326:Literature
3192:Jalal Baba
2916:G. M. Syed
2775:Contractor
2367:Linlithgow
2307:Chelmsford
2297:Cornwallis
2209:Tatya Tope
2079:Nana Saheb
1984:K. Kamaraj
1934:Dhan Singh
1849:Bakht Khan
1501:Arya Samaj
1435:Quit India
1385:Salt March
1244:Events and
1220:Satyagraha
579:new state.
450:References
203:Lend-Lease
116:Linlithgow
85:Background
3519:14 August
3463:In Memory
3182:G. Allana
3018:Activists
2342:Wellesley
2327:Dalhousie
2189:Surya Sen
2084:P. Kakkan
2044:Mir Qasim
2019:M. N. Roy
1954:Har Dayal
1787:activists
1616:Baba Amte
1606:Ayyankali
1584:reformers
1506:Azad Hind
1246:movements
1225:Socialism
730:(1): 12.
677:(1): 12.
624:(1): 12.
367:June 2024
338:does not
276:Leo Amery
165:Leo Amery
3491:10 April
3477:23 March
3125:Maulana
2732:Khaksars
2722:Unionist
2372:Hastings
2332:Bentinck
1551:Jugantar
1195:Gandhism
972:Archived
941:(1970).
856:in JSTOR
710:succeed.
284:dominion
251:Pakistan
69:and the
59:Congress
3194:of NWFP
2786:Leaders
2486:History
2292:Canning
1711:Periyar
1360:Bardoli
1128:Gwalior
1030:History
937:, ed.,
835:Sources
359:removed
344:sources
65:), and
3505:28 May
2759:Daily
2362:Cripps
2357:Outram
2347:Lytton
2312:Curzon
2287:Wavell
1582:Social
1235:Swaraj
1118:Second
1103:Fourth
1093:Second
883:online
867:(2008)
778:
701:
649:
599:
570:
543:
512:
485:
278:, the
267:Gandhi
228:Gandhi
127:, the
63:Gandhi
2352:Clive
2322:Minto
2317:Ripon
2302:Irwin
1736:Shahu
1123:Third
1113:First
1098:Third
1088:First
753:(2).
399:Burma
188:Burma
3315:more
3007:more
2793:Sir
2761:Jang
2753:Dawn
2270:more
1572:more
1171:more
776:ISBN
699:ISBN
647:ISBN
597:ISBN
568:ISBN
541:ISBN
510:ISBN
483:ISBN
342:any
340:cite
238:and
95:The
30:The
900:doi
886:doi
353:by
3595::
918:,
863:,
843:.
784:.
751:11
749:.
728:48
726:.
707:.
675:48
673:.
655:.
622:48
620:.
576:.
518:.
234:,
167:.
163:,
103:,
3577:)
3573:(
3563:)
3559:(
3549:)
3545:(
3535:)
3531:(
3521:)
3517:(
3507:)
3503:(
3493:)
3489:(
3479:)
3475:(
2476:(
2457:e
2450:t
2443:v
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
902::
888::
605:.
549:.
491:.
380:)
374:(
369:)
365:(
361:.
347:.
20:)
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