702:
478:
635:
177:
57:
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33:
364:) host. Although effective in theory, removal of currants is rarely successful in practice, as they readily re-grow from small pieces of root left in the soil, and the seeds are very widely spread in birds' droppings. According to the Southwest Oregon Forest Insect and Disease Service Center, white pine blister rust attacks all
673:
infestation in stands of sugar pines, eastern white pines, and western white pines resulted in the observation of apparently resistant trees, asymptomatic in heavily infected areas. By 1950, breeding programs were in place to use these remaining trees as parents to cross and backcross with progeny to
604:
For example, careful topological selection of plot sites for the white pine would greatly reduce the germination of spores. These plots would include land with characteristics such as well-drained soil such as that on a high-sloped area, spots that are well aerated, and face the south for dryness and
399:
spp.), and germinated on needles to enter with germ tubes through open stomata. Young pines are most susceptible and will die at faster rates following infection. A mycelial network then spreads through the needle and into intercellular space in the inner bark, resulting in the formation of a blister
720:
spp. Because young pines are smaller and less developed than mature trees, they are most susceptible to the pathogen. In addition, young trees will often die at faster rates following infection because more needles are likely to be located closer to the main stem (trunk) of the tree, where infection
732:
The means of resistance in rust-resistant five-needle pine varieties involve various mechanisms, such as abortion of infected leaves and slow development of canker symptoms. It is likely that varieties exhibiting the latter mechanism act against the pathogen's ability to modify cell walls and avoid
549:
prefers cooler temperatures coupled with moist conditions in low-lying areas, especially during the late summer and early fall. The low temperatures and humidity are an essential part of the pathogen's spore germination and dispersal requirements. The combination of cooler temperatures and a high
341:
Infected trees are often identified by "flagging", when all the needles on a branch turn brown and die. Infections often occur on low branches close to the ground on young trees, so pruning of white pine can also be effective in multiple ways, as it improves the quality of timber by creating more
332:
If bark blisters are found on branches over 10–15 cm from the trunk, those branches may be pruned off, which will stop the spread of the disease to the rest of that tree. If the main trunk is affected then no control is possible, and the tree will die once the infection encircles the tree.
561:
than the older, taller trees that create the canopy, which consequently have more access to the warm, dry sun. This collection of environmental characteristics are common in the
Northern Hemisphere, causing many areas in the United States to be labeled at hazard zones for the genus
657:) are the most economically important for timber harvest and nursery stock. In fact, forests of these species represent some of the most valuable land for timber harvest in the US, as they fetch a premium price over related species. While species such as whitebark pine (
255:
is native to China, and was introduced to North
America. The rust was first discovered on currants in Geneva, New York in 1906. It was first seen on White pine specifically on imported seedlings from European nurseries in 1909. Some European and Asian white pines (e.g.
612:
Once plantation spots have been chosen, pruning and inspection practices have been adapted as a monitored cultural practice. Inspections for blister rusts begin in May about six years after the trees are planted. This time period is when obvious symptoms of
499:
needles, but these are small and can be difficult to see; more visible symptoms on the aecial host includes perennial cankers which appear on the branches within two years of infection. Looking at the infected plant as a whole, the
625:
Furthermore, genetic hybridization testing has been conducted for more than half a century in order to find resistance among strains of the species, and have since successfully introduced resistance into the eastern white pine
1055:
821:
621:
trees up to anywhere between nine and eighteen feet. Pathological pruning, in which all lower branches are pruned regardless of signs or symptoms of infection, may reduce disease instance in white pine tree stands.
412:
spp. hosts in the area. Next, telia are developed on the abaxial (lower) surface of leaves, where teliospores germinate to give rise to basidiospores that will complete the disease cycle by infecting
617:
begin to appear, such as red needles. Infected branches will be pruned to a certain height that is dependent on a rate of infection determined by researchers; generally pruning is required for
597:(In some European countries and Canada, the fruits from currants and gooseberry were more valuable than White pine trees, which did not allow them to do the eradication programs of
400:
rust canker. Spermagonia are produced at the margins on the canker and give rise to spermatia in the following spring. Once spermatia have fertilized receptive hyphae in the
404:
spp. host, aecia are formed within a year, appearing as white blisters before rupture reveals the orange or yellow aeciospores within. The wind-blown aeciospores infect
789:
701:
1536:
1574:
1485:
408:
spp. and the fungus quickly develops uredia in less than a few weeks. Uredospores produced in this stage spread to infect other parts of the same host or other
583:
590:
ability to regrow from an extremely small root portion, researchers have focused their efforts on creating new cultural practices to lower the abundance of
557:
scale, lower trees hidden below the canopy exist in a lower temperature and moister environment, and as a result, these young trees are more susceptible to
550:
humidity create an environment at which dew can easily form. The free water helps loosen spores adhered to a leaf's surface and promotes spore germination.
1298:
1381:
1433:
395:
spp.) are infected in the fall by basidiospores that have spread under cool, moist conditions from the alternate host, currants and gooseberries (
851:
1109:
574:
Historically, tactics such as alternate host removal and planting restrictions in hazard zones, as well as quarantines made legal by the 1912
681:
spp. would be an effective means of controlling the causal agent was largely responsible for the federal ban restricting cultivation of
304:. Efforts are under way to select and breed the rare resistant individuals of these species; resistance breeding is concentrated at the
721:
results in canker formation that kills vital cambial tissue responsible for water and nutrient transport for large parts of the tree.
1579:
1394:
586:, however through a combination of the pathogen's hardiness and ability to travel airborne for nine hundred feet, as well as the
360:. Because the infection moves from currant plants, to pines, and back again, it cannot continue to exist without its secondary (
288:
causing serious damage to the
American white pines, which have little genetic resistance. Mortality is particularly heavy in
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797:
477:
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1269:
979:
955:
305:
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56:
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368:. "Damage includes mortality, top kill, branch dieback, and predisposition to attack by other agents, including
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605:
warmth. This would remove the wet, damp environment that is crucial for the germination of the spores on the
1584:
1310:
167:
1110:"HOW to Manage Eastern White Pine to Minimize Damage from White Pine Blister Rust and White Pine Weevil"
724:
Most of the breeding efforts for five-needle pine resistance are currently focused in North
America, on
365:
151:
529:
can contract yellowish chlorotic leaf spots, but is otherwise not significantly impacted. The signs of
1290:
843:
594:. Since then researchers have come up with multiple new methods to curb the spread of the infection.
474:. Species of both telial and aecial hosts have varying levels of resistance or immunity to infection.
1569:
1500:
1373:
575:
1117:
1464:
1241:
1214:
342:
knot-free timber, and reduces the likelihood of infection from the blister rust to a small extent.
1034:
634:
902:
693:
cultivars are slowly gaining popularity and many resistant varieties are commercially available.
289:
281:
192:
51:
44:
669:
as well as other five-needle pine species across the US. In the early 1900s, large outbreaks of
176:
1521:
1342:
924:
674:
develop rust-resistant varieties. There are now resistant western white pine trees available.
645:
White pine blister rust is the only rust of white pine. Of the five needle pines, sugar pine (
1546:
1526:
1151:
1015:
914:
285:
1139:
537:, come in the form of the pathogen itself as orange pustules on the underside of the leaf.
1508:
257:
98:
1368:
733:
plant recognition. In some species of North
American pine, hypersensitive responses to
429:
301:
737:
have been observed, which suggests a gene-for-gene interaction that may indicate that
1563:
1169:
1080:
483:
446:
219:
215:
118:
108:
88:
705:
Pine seedlings being bred to resist white pine blister rust by the US Forest
Service
689:
were essentially halted. Today, although some state and local bans remain in place,
511:
32:
554:
433:
357:
321:
1399:
1347:
1477:
1459:
1407:
919:
369:
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269:
1333:
987:
471:
293:
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128:
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is not so ecologically foreign to North
American pines as previously assumed
505:
265:
68:
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761:
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in the 1920s. Until 1966, when the ban was lifted, US breeding efforts in
1513:
1446:
1327:
1274:
457:
1140:"Pathological pruning: a useful tool in white pine blister rust control"
350:
Another form of control practiced in some areas is to diligently remove
1386:
1155:
1019:
508:, and stunted with dead branches or tops that turn a bright red color.
452:
432:
species and goes through five spore stages. This life cycle is termed
1412:
1301:. Lists general information and resources for White Pine Blister Rust.
875:"White Pine Blister Rust and its threat to High Elevation White Pines"
1451:
1280:
461:
441:
361:
309:
78:
1304:
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700:
633:
517:
510:
476:
466:
352:
1285:
1308:
1265:
Don't Move
Firewood - Gallery of Pests: White Pine Blister Rust
1081:"White Pine Blister Rust: Knowledge, Control, and Innovation"
665:) are of less economic importance, they too are affected by
1035:"Epidemiology for Hazard Rating of White Pine Blister Rust"
582:
used to be practiced in full force, which heavily affected
816:
814:
284:
into North
America in approximately 1900, where it is an
312:
and the Moscow
Forestry Services Laboratory in Idaho.
356:
plants from any area near white pines, including the
1090:. Canadian forest Service-Laurentian Forestry Centre
1317:
677:The notion that eradication of the alternate host
1297:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1191:"Ribes: Reintroducing a once common fruit genus"
1242:"Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust)"
762:"Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust)"
268:) are mostly resistant to the disease, having
239:
8:
980:"Forest Pathology - White Pine Blister Rust"
584:blackcurrant production in the United States
424:As is common among rusts, the life cycle of
233:
227:
1299:United States National Agricultural Library
1291:Species Profile - White Pine Blister Rust (
712:is a heteroecious, macrocyclic pathogen on
515:Leaf spots on the underside of a leaf on a
1305:
1014:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
175:
31:
20:
1011:Landscape genetics of Cronartium ribicola
918:
444:host of this pathogen is the white pine (
848:Department of Agriculture Forest Service
1286:The Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation
753:
491:On the aecial host, the first signs of
1575:Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases
1236:
1234:
1185:
1183:
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1072:
7:
1501:1ecd7a47-f51f-4c0f-8500-5329324a51f0
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896:
894:
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525:On the other hand, the telial host,
324:control of the disease is possible.
308:Dorena Genetic Resource Center in
14:
854:from the original on 27 May 2009.
229:Rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc
55:
495:are yellow or red spots on the
1277:, United States Forest Service
1275:Dorena Genetic Resource Center
1:
901:Maloy, Otis C. (2001-01-01).
464:hosts are those of the genus
470:, specifically currants and
306:United States Forest Service
241:moho ampolla del pino blanco
1195:uncommonfruit.cias.wisc.edu
1033:Van Arsdel, Eugene (2006).
1008:Simren, Brar (2012-08-31).
920:10.1094/PHP-2001-0924-01-HM
653:), and western white pine (
1601:
436:. In the specific case of
1281:The Sugar Pine Foundation
1215:"White pine blister rust"
1170:"White pine blister rust"
1079:Laflamme, Gaston (2012).
1056:"White pine blister rust"
956:"White pine blister rust"
903:"White Pine Blister Rust"
844:"White pine blister rust"
822:"White pine blister rust"
790:"White pine blister rust"
346:Banning of black currants
198:
191:
183:
174:
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
39:
30:
23:
1174:Natural Resources Canada
726:P. strobus, P. monticola
391:spp. Five-needle pines (
383:has two obligate hosts:
222:that causes the disease
1580:Fungi described in 1872
984:www.forestpathology.org
960:White pine blister rust
649:), eastern white pine (
226:. Other names include:
224:white pine blister rust
200:White pine blister rust
706:
642:
522:
488:
240:
234:
228:
16:Species of rust fungus
1138:Lehrer, G.F. (1982).
907:Plant Health Progress
704:
637:
521:species (telial host)
514:
480:
235:white pine Blasenrost
667:Cronartium ribicola,
638:Forest decimated by
576:Plant Quarantine Act
280:It was accidentally
1537:cronartium-ribicola
1319:Cronartium ribicola
1293:Cronartium ribicola
1270:forestpathology.org
1176:. 31 December 2013.
710:Cronartium ribicola
661:) and limber pine (
640:Cronartium ribicola
547:Cronartium ribicola
438:Cronartium ribicola
426:Cronartium ribicola
381:Cronartium ribicola
272:with the pathogen.
253:Cronartium ribicola
211:Cronartium ribicola
186:Cronartium ribicola
161:Cronartium ribicola
41:Cronartium ribicola
25:Cronartium ribicola
1156:10.1094/PD-66-1138
1042:US Forest Services
1020:10.14288/1.0073107
707:
643:
570:Disease management
523:
489:
420:Hosts and symptoms
290:western white pine
45:western white pine
1557:
1556:
1522:Open Tree of Life
1311:Taxon identifiers
1219:extension.umn.edu
647:Pinus lambertiana
545:Environmentally,
366:five-needle pines
207:
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1478:NBNSYS0000021760
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1116:. Archived from
1114:www.na.fs.fed.us
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1100:
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1097:
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1088:cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/
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986:. Archived from
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885:
871:
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796:. Archived from
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773:
758:
659:Pinus albicaulis
286:invasive species
276:Invasive species
243:
237:
231:
214:is a species of
184:Distribution of
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143:C. ribicola
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21:
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730:P. lambertiana.
699:
655:Pinus monticola
632:
572:
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422:
378:
348:
339:
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318:
278:
258:Macedonian pine
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99:Pucciniomycetes
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17:
12:
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794:www.apsnet.org
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663:Pinus flexilis
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1150:: 1138–1139.
1149:
1145:
1144:Plant Disease
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1120:on 2016-10-31
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651:Pinus strobus
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578:. Removal of
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487:(aecial host)
486:
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484:Pinus strobus
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428:includes two
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376:Disease cycle
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768:. 2019-11-19
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1570:Pucciniales
1460:NatureServe
1408:iNaturalist
1094:December 6,
739:C. ribicola
735:C. ribicola
671:C. ribicola
615:C. ribicola
592:C. ribicola
559:C. ribicola
541:Environment
531:C. ribicola
493:C. ribicola
298:limber pine
244:(Spanish).
216:rust fungus
109:Pucciniales
1564:Categories
1247:2020-12-06
1224:2020-12-06
1200:2020-12-06
1124:2016-12-06
994:2016-12-06
965:2020-12-06
884:2020-12-06
804:2016-12-07
772:2020-06-16
748:References
630:Importance
460:) and the
294:sugar pine
282:introduced
270:co-evolved
262:Swiss pine
238:(German),
232:(French),
168:J.C.Fisch.
130:Cronartium
85:Division:
1465:2.1035433
929:1535-1025
913:(1): 10.
506:chlorotic
456:, family
450:subgenus
266:blue pine
137:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1447:MycoBank
1369:Fungorum
1334:Q2301438
1328:Wikidata
852:Archived
766:CABI.org
716:spp and
458:Pinaceae
387:spp and
337:Flagging
193:Synonyms
115:Family:
65:Domain:
1547:1616596
1387:2517512
453:Strobus
328:Pruning
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
1544:uBio:
1527:563451
1498:NZOR:
1452:452103
1439:192053
1413:199391
1374:241110
1361:CRONRI
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527:Ribes,
462:telial
442:aecial
440:, the
362:telial
310:Oregon
248:Origin
1534:PPE:
1514:29022
1491:27354
1426:16154
1084:(PDF)
1061:5 May
1038:(PDF)
828:5 May
824:. APS
718:Ribes
714:Pinus
691:Ribes
687:Ribes
683:Ribes
679:Ribes
619:Pinus
607:Pinus
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588:Ribes
580:Ribes
564:Pinus
553:At a
535:Ribes
518:Ribes
502:Pinus
497:Pinus
467:Ribes
447:Pinus
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406:Ribes
402:Pinus
397:Ribes
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389:Ribes
385:Pinus
353:Ribes
79:Fungi
1486:NCBI
1434:ITIS
1395:GISD
1382:GBIF
1356:EPPO
1348:ZLC4
1096:2016
1063:2023
925:ISSN
830:2023
728:and
430:host
300:and
264:and
1473:NBN
1421:ISC
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