Crossbow - Knowledge (XXG)

625: 975: 144:- drawn - into its ready-to-shoot position, allowing these weapons to be carried cocked and ready and affording their users time to aim them. This also allows them to be readied by someone assisting their users, so multiple crossbows can be used one after the other while others reload and ready them. Crossbows are spanned into their cocked positions using a number of techniques and devices, some of which are mechanical and employ gear and pulley arrangements - levers, belt hooks, pulleys, windlasses and cranequins - to overcome very high draw weight. These potentially achieve better precision and enable their effective use by less-familiarised and trained personnel, whereas the simple and composite warbows of, for example, the English and the steppe nomads require years of training, practice and familiarisation. 583: 709: 1102: 828: 613: 2018: 991: 697: 939: 959: 1645: 637: 1860:). According to Japanese records, the Oyumi was different from the handheld crossbow also in use during the same time period. A quote from a seventh-century source seems to suggest that the Oyumi may have able to fire multiple arrows at once: "the Oyumi were lined up and fired at random, the arrows fell like rain". A ninth-century Japanese artisan named Shimaki no Fubito claimed to have improved on a version of the weapon used by the Chinese; his version could rotate and fire projectiles in multiple directions. The last recorded use of the Oyumi was in 1189. 877: 681: 649: 1962: 1458: 772: 741: 911: 2034: 923: 857: 1027: 598: 290: 305: 1090: 38: 892: 733: 725: 845: 792: 669: 1005:. These are usually much shorter than arrows but can be several times heavier. There is an optimum weight for bolts to achieve maximum kinetic energy, which varies depending on the strength and characteristics of the crossbow, but most could pass through common mail. Crossbow bolts can be fitted with a variety of heads, some with sickle-shaped heads to cut rope or rigging; but the most common today is a four-sided point called a 4918: 2006: 2079:. It is used to probe for and detonate tripwire-initiated mines and booby traps at up to 50 m (55 yd). The concept is similar to the LGH device originally fired from a rifle, as a plastic retrieval line is attached. Reusable up to 20 times, the line can be reeled back in without exposing the user. The device is of particular use in tactical situations where noise discipline is important. 1341:, no crossbows were mentioned to have been produced in the three-year period from 1619 to 1622. With 21,188,366 taels, the Ming manufactured 25,134 cannons, 8,252 small guns, 6,425 muskets, 4,090 culverins, 98,547 polearms and swords, 26,214 great "horse decapitator" swords, 42,800 bows, 1,000 great axes, 2,284,000 arrows, 180,000 fire arrows, 64,000 bow strings, and hundreds of transport carts. 804: 2209: 4928: 816: 1750: 1367: 1580: 332: 1703: 382:. The string catch (nut) is shaped like a "J" because it usually has a tall erect rear spine that protrudes above the housing, which serves the function of both a cocking lever (by pushing the drawn string onto it) and a primitive rear sight. It is held stationary against tension by the second piece, which is shaped like a flattened "C" and acts as the 148:

the battlefield. Medieval crossbows were also very inefficient, with short shot stroke lengths from the string lock to the release point of their bolts, along with the slower speeds of their steel prods and heavy strings, despite their massive draw weights compared to bows, though modern materials and crossbow designs overcome these shortcomings.

1303:

second century BC. Han soldiers were required to arm a crossbow with a draw weight equivalent of 76 kg (168 lb) to qualify as an entry-level crossbowman, while it was claimed that a few elite troops were capable of arming crossbows with a draw-weight in excess of 340 kg (750 lb) by the hands-and-feet method.

624: 2184:

be used effectively with little training, while other types of bows take far more skill to shoot accurately. The disadvantage is the greater weight and clumsiness to reload compared to a bow, as well as the slower rate of shooting and the lower efficiency of the acceleration system, but there would be reduced

1476:, an ancient Greek crossbow, appeared. The name means "belly-bow"; the concave withdrawal rest at one end of the stock was placed against the belly of the operator, and he could press it to withdraw the slider before attaching a string to the trigger and loading the bolt; this could store more energy than 2216:

Today, the crossbow often has a complicated legal status due to the possibility of lethal use and its similarities to both firearms and bows. While some jurisdictions treat crossbows in the same way as firearms, many others do not require any sort of license to own a crossbow. The legality of using a

1609:

On the textual side, there is almost nothing but passing references in the military historian Vegetius (fl. + 386) to 'manuballistae' and 'arcuballistae' which he said he must decline to describe as they were so well known. His decision was highly regrettable, as no other author of the time makes any

151:

When trying to compare these weapons in their historic contexts, a rough idea of which weapon system was most effective can be found with a quick glimpse the successes of their historical use. This shows that the composite bow systems of the various steppe nomads and their imitators were successfully

147:

These advantages for the crossbow are somewhat offset by the longer time needed to reload a crossbow for further shots, with the crossbows with high draw weights requiring sophisticated systems of gears and pulleys to overcome their huge draw weights that are very slow and rather awkward to employ on

1333:

and crossbows out of civilian ownership. Despite the ban on certain types of crossbows, the weapon experienced an upsurge in civilian usage as both a hunting weapon and pastime. The "romantic young people from rich families, and others who had nothing particular to do" formed crossbow-shooting clubs

2183:

With a crossbow, archers could release a draw force far in excess of what they could have handled with a bow. Furthermore, the crossbow could hold the tension indefinitely, whereas even the strongest longbowman could only hold a drawn bow for a short time. The ease of use of a crossbow allows it to

1432:

in 1177. When the Chams sacked Angkor they used the Chinese siege crossbow. The Chinese taught the Chams how to use crossbows and mounted archery Crossbows and archery in 1171. The Khmer also had double-bow crossbows mounted on elephants, which Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h suggests were elements of Cham

1260:

to massed crossbow volleys. The bronze triggers were designed in such a way that they were able to store a large amount of energy within the bow when drawn but was easily shot with little resistance and recoil when the trigger was pulled. The trigger nut also had a long vertical spine that could be

1302:

in 1068 AD could pierce a tree at 140 paces. Crossbows were used in numbers as large as 50,000 starting from the Qin dynasty and upwards of several hundred thousand during the Han. According to one authority, the crossbow had become "nothing less than the standard weapon of the Han armies", by the

514:

Composite bows started appearing in Europe during the 13th century and could be made from layers of different material, often wood, horn, and sinew glued together and bound with animal tendon. These composite bows made of several layers are much stronger and more efficient in releasing energy than

1344:

Military crossbows were armed by treading, or basically placing the feet on the bow stave and drawing it using one's arms and back muscles. During the Song dynasty, stirrups were added for ease of drawing and to mitigate damage to the bow. Alternatively, the bow could also be drawn by a belt claw

560:

mentions types of crossbows using winch mechanisms, but it is not known if these were actually handheld crossbows or mounted crossbows. Another drawing method involved the shooters sitting on the ground, and using the combined strength of leg, waist, back and arm muscles to help span much heavier

1297:

that the crossbow was greatly favored by the Han dynasty. For example, in one batch of slips there are only two mentions of bows, but thirty mentions of crossbows. Crossbows were mass-produced in state armories with designs improving as time went on, such as the use of a mulberry wood stock and

483:

were either free-floating in their close-fitting hole across the stock, tied in with a binding of sinew or other strong cording; or mounted on a metal axle or pins. Removable or integral plates of wood, ivory, or metal on the sides of the stock kept the nut in place laterally. Nuts were made of

465:

The earliest European designs featured a transverse slot in the top surface of the frame, down into which the string was placed. To shoot this design, a vertical rod is thrust up through a hole in the bottom of the notch, forcing the string out. This rod is usually attached perpendicular to a

1794:. While the military crossbow had largely been supplanted by firearms on the battlefield by 1525, the sporting crossbow in various forms remained a popular hunting weapon in Europe until the eighteenth century. Crossbows saw irregular use throughout the rest of the 16th century; for example, 576:. In the 13th century, European crossbows started using winches, and from the 14th century an assortment of spanning mechanisms such as winch pulleys, cord pulleys, gaffles (such as gaffe levers, goat's foot levers, and rarer internal lever-action mechanisms), cranequins, and even screws. 2120:

established that not being "on the military list", crossbows were not covered by export restrictions. Paul Beaver of Jane's Defence Publications commented that, "They are not only a silent killer, they also have a psychological effect". On 15 February 2008, Serbian Minister of Defence

1605:, which was torsion powered. Therefore, if the arcuballista was not like the manuballista, it may have been a crossbow. According to Vegetius these were well-known devices and hence he did not describe them in depth. Joseph Needham argues against the existence of Roman crossbowmen: 120:

must draw-and-shoot in a quick and smooth motion with limited or no time for aiming, while a crossbow's design allows it to be spanned and cocked ready for use at a later time and thus affording them unlimited time to aim. When shooting bows, the archer must fully perform the

1635:

depicting them in hunting scenes. These are aesthetically similar to both the Greek and Chinese crossbow but it is not clear what kind of release mechanism they used. Archaeological evidence suggests they were similar to the rolling nut mechanism of medieval Europe.

1610:

mention of them at all. Perhaps the best supposition is that the crossbow was primarily known in late European antiquity as a hunting weapon, and received only local use in certain units of the armies of Theodosius I, with which Vegetius happened to be acquainted.

974: 1069:

A major cause of the sound of shooting a crossbow is vibration of various components. Crossbow silencers are multiple components placed on high vibration parts, such as the string and limbs, to dampen vibration and suppress the sound of loosing the bolt.

648: 474:

to retain the string. This nut has a perpendicular centre slot for the bolt, and an intersecting axial slot for the string, along with a lower face or slot against which the internal trigger sits. They often also have some form of strengthening internal

5166: 4964: 1599:(crossbowmen) working together with archers and artillerymen. However it is disputed whether arcuballistas were crossbows or torsion-powered weapons. The idea that the arcuballista was a crossbow is due to Vegetius referring separately to it and the 1448:

during the Vietnam War. Montagnard fighters armed with crossbows proved a highly valuable asset to the US Special Forces operating in Vietnam, and it was not uncommon for the Green Berets to integrate Montagnard crossbowmen into their strike teams.

938: 582: 958: 1726:), utilizing all-steel prods, were able to achieve power close (and sometime superior) to longbows but were more expensive to produce and slower to reload because they required the aid of mechanical devices such as the cranequin or 752:

The smallest crossbows are pistol crossbows. Others are simple long stocks with the crossbow mounted on them. These could be shot from under the arm. The next step in development was stocks of the shape that would later be used

5159: 1875:, the crossbow was used for hunting and warfare when firearms or gunpowder were unavailable because of economic hardships or isolation. In the north of Northern America, light hunting crossbows were traditionally used by the 1345:

attached to the waist, but this was done lying down, as was the case for all large crossbows. Winch-drawing was used for the large mounted crossbows as seen below, but evidence for its use in Chinese hand-crossbows is scant.

4957: 4290:

The Crossbow: Mediaeval and Modern, Military and Sporting; its Construction, History & Management with a Treatise on the Balista and Catapult of the Ancients and An Appendix on the Catapult, Balista & the Turkish

1277:

so that the parts were interchangeable between different crossbows. The trigger mechanism from one crossbow can be installed into another simply by dropping into a tiller slot of the same specifications and secured with

2017: 5152: 4950: 1777:

in 1503 was won by Spain largely through the use of matchlock arquebuses, marking the first time a major battle had been won through the use of hand-held firearms. Later, similar competing tactics would feature

152:

employed as primary weapons systems to conquer far more territory over a much longer period of time than both the simple bow system of the English longbow and any sort of crossbow system at any time, anywhere.

1886:

continued to use crossbows in the Americas long after they were replaced in European battlefields by firearms. Only in the 1570s, did firearms become completely dominant among the Spanish in the Americas.

910: 1834:

did have crossbows, there seems to be a split between eastern and western types. Muslims in Spain used the typical European trigger, while eastern Muslim crossbows had a more complex trigger mechanism.

1508:

was a crossbow mounted on a stock divided into a lower and upper section. The lower was a case fixed to the bow, and the upper was a slider which had the same dimensions as the case. It was used in the

856: 125:, holding the string and arrow using various techniques while pulling it back with arm and back muscles, and then either immediately shooting instinctively without a period of aiming, or holding that 612: 1555:

in his treatise on siegecraft written around 350 BC. An Athenian inventory from 330 to 329 BC includes catapults bolts with heads and flights. Arrow-shooting machines in action are reported from

1628:, from about 136 AD, also mentions 'missiles shot not from a bow but from a machine' and that this machine was used on horseback while in full gallop. It is presumed that this was a crossbow. 765:, the size of crossbows was further increased to hurl large projectiles, such as rocks, at fortifications. The required crossbows needed a massive base frame and powerful windlass devices. 410:. When the trigger blade is pulled, its notch disengages from the sear and allows the latter to drop downwards, which in turn frees up the nuts to pivot forward and release the bowstring. 636: 2383: 2191:

Medieval European crossbows had a much smaller draw length than bows, so that for the same energy to be imparted to the projectile the crossbow had to have a much higher draw weight.

771: 1196:(first appearance dated between 500 BC to 300 BC) refers to the characteristics and use of crossbows in chapters 5 and 12 respectively, and compares a drawn crossbow to "might". The 708: 696: 3966: 386:. The sear cannot move as it is trapped by the third piece, i.e. the actual trigger blade, which hangs vertically below the enclosure and catches the sear via a notch. The two 1714:. A hook on the end of a strap on his belt engages the bowstring. Holding the crossbow down by putting his foot through the stirrup, he draws the bow by straightening his legs 668: 4213:

Kelley, Liam C. (2014). "Constructing Local Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta". In Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.).

3545: 1730:

to draw back their extremely heavy bows. Usually these could shoot only two bolts per minute versus twelve or more with a skilled archer, often necessitating the use of a

1567:

in 340 BC. At the same time, Greek fortifications began to feature high towers with shuttered windows in the top, presumably to house anti-personnel arrow shooters, as in

1656:

There are essentially no references to the crossbow in Europe from the 5th until the 10th century. There is however a depiction of a crossbow as a hunting weapon on four

2117: 484:

antler, bone, or metal. Bows could be kept taut and ready to shoot for some time with little physical straining, allowing crossbowmen to aim better without fatiguing.

3730: 827: 1402:, which could kill 300 men in one shot. According to historian Keith Taylor, the crossbow, along with the word for it, seems to have been introduced into China from 2024: 2194:

A direct comparison between a fast hand-drawn replica crossbow and a longbow shows a 6:10 rate of shooting or a 4:9 rate within 30 seconds and comparable weapons.

2033: 3946: 3755: 922: 1999:

such as Canada, they may be less heavily regulated than firearms, and thus more popular for hunting; some jurisdictions have bow and/or crossbow only seasons.

2067:

In the United States, SAA International Ltd manufacture a 200 J (150 ft⋅lbf) crossbow-launched version of the U.S. Army type classified Launched

680: 876: 1043: 156: 394:, which allow for handling significant draw weights with a much smaller pull weight. During shooting, the user will hold the crossbow at eye level by a 891: 3505: 597: 1746:

were famous mercenaries hired throughout medieval Europe, whilst the crossbow also played an important role in anti-personnel defense of ships.

4868: 3527: 3368: 2056:

Crossbows are no longer used in battles, but they are still used in some military applications. For example, there is an undated photograph of

140:

Crossbows avoid these potential problems by having trigger-released cocking mechanisms to maintain the tension on the string once it has been

4403: 4364: 1444:

of Vietnam's Central Highlands were also known to have used crossbows, as both a tool for hunting, and later an effective weapon against the

3795: 3929: 3910: 1695:

in 1066, and by the 12th century they had become common battlefield weapons. The earliest extant European crossbow remains were found at

4873: 1922:

110–140 m (120–150 yd). The Sauterelle replaced the Leach Catapult in British service and was in turn replaced in 1916 by the

1269:

adjustment, which allowed precision shooting over longer distances. The Qin and Han dynasty-era crossbow was also an early example of a

1325:, the crossbow received a huge upsurge in military usage, and often overshadowed the bow 2 to 1 in numbers. During this time period, a 4886: 4834: 3891: 3469: 3445: 3256: 3235: 3117: 3003: 2417: 2377: 2137:. Special forces in both Greece and Turkey also continue to employ the crossbow. Spain's Green Berets still use the crossbow as well. 1649: 1417:

how to build fortifications and use crossbows. The Chams would later give the Chinese crossbows as presents on at least one occasion.

1202:

advises its readers not to use crossbows in marshland where the surface is soft and it is hard to arm the crossbow with the foot. The

4863: 4858: 4846: 4482: 4231: 4177: 4159: 4141: 4123: 4104: 4086: 2155:. One reason for this is the crossbow's ability to stop persons carrying explosives without risk of causing detonation. During the 1871:, crossbows served as a scouting weapon and for hunting, with African slaves bringing this technology to natives in America. In the 1661: 3847: 3810: 1949:, but none appear to have ever been used in the field. A small number of crossbows were built and used by Australian forces in the 1930:.Early in the war actual crossbows were pressed into service in small numbers by both French and German troops to launch grenades. 1101: 815: 2628: 1329:

was added for ease of loading. The Song government attempted to restrict the public use of crossbows and sought ways to keep both

179:. The medieval European crossbow was called by many names, including "crossbow" itself; most of these names derived from the word 5313: 1105:

A miniature guard wielding a handheld crossbow from the top balcony of a model watchtower, made of glazed earthenware during the

3549: 418:(弩) is so called because it spreads abroad an aura of rage (怒) . Its stock is like the arm of a man, therefore it is called 4896: 4829: 4421: 4335: 4195: 3985: 3406: 3355: 3334: 3184: 2663: 2526: 1204: 3829: 2071:(LGH), among other mine countermeasure solutions designed for the Middle Eastern theatre. It was evaluated as successful in 1406:

peoples in the south around the fourth century BC. However, this is contradicted by crossbow locks found in ancient Chinese

1241:(202 BC–220 AD), while crossbowmen described in the Qin and Han dynasty learned drill formations, some were even mounted as 3719: 2432: 4881: 791: 2064:

in difficult terrain. In Brazil, the CIGS (Jungle Warfare Training Center) also trains soldiers in the use of crossbows.

3872: 2741: 1773:(which proliferated in the mid to late 15th century) matched crossbows' rate of fire while being far more powerful. The 990: 168: 3779: 2156: 1398:(or Cao Thông) to construct a crossbow and christened it "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw" 5288: 4891: 4841: 3952: 3763: 3459: 2592: 2152: 1644: 1182:. This source refers to the use of a giant crossbow between the 6th and 5th centuries BC, corresponding to the late 1012:

Even relatively small differences in arrow weight can have a considerable impact on its flight trajectory and drop.

844: 4529: 2236: 2144: 1174:

The earliest Chinese documents mentioning a crossbow were texts from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC attributed to the

1110: 176: 1379: 916:

A reconstruction of Leonardo da Vinci's rapid fire crossbow as shown at the World of Leonardo Exhibition in Milan.

5318: 5303: 5293: 5283: 4985: 4931: 2602: 1738:

weapons made from farming equipment, the crossbow was also a weapon of choice for insurgent peasants such as the

1242: 134: 31: 1718:

The crossbow superseded hand bows in many European armies during the 12th century, except in England, where the

1133:, and date to the 6th century BC. Bronze crossbow bolts dating from the mid-5th century BC have been found at a 5278: 5240: 4534: 2005: 1879:. These are technologically similar to the African-derived crossbows, but have a different route of influence. 1183: 1162: 1150: 1015: 378:. The entire mechanism is then dropped into a carved slot within the tiller and secured together by two bronze 200:

have largely supplanted bows and crossbows as weapons of war, but crossbows remain widely used for competitive

5144: 2542: 2148: 1961: 803: 554:(202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD), but there is only one known depiction of it. The 11th century Chinese military text 4942: 1066:

over different ranges. In most cases, a newly bought crossbow will need to be sighted for accurate shooting.

5308: 3087: 2514: 1089: 1009:. A highly specialized type of bolt is employed to collect blubber biopsy samples used in biology research. 336: 4441: 3435: 4609: 4539: 3502: 3484: 2097: 1934: 1872: 1707: 1457: 1361: 1315: 1266: 740: 565: 399: 368: 214: 105: 5197: 4475: 2226: 2164: 1911: 1274: 1094: 375: 351:

mounted on an elongated frame (called a tiller or stock) with a built-in mechanism that holds the drawn

588:

Battle scene depicting a man spanning a crossbow using a winch mechanism, possibly mounted on a frame,

2704:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

1470:

The earliest crossbow-like weapons in Europe probably emerged around the late 5th century BC when the

1026: 4990: 4524: 4036: 1923: 1556: 1441: 1079: 1006: 391: 155:

The earliest known crossbows were made in the first millennium BC, as early as the 7th century BC in

54: 1250: 518:

As steel became more widely available in Europe around the 14th century, steel prods came into use.

4555: 3971: 2405: 1950: 1915: 1774: 1743: 1560: 1541: 1522: 1314:, under which the ideal expeditionary army of 20,000 included 2,200 archers and 2,000 crossbowmen. 655: 297: 289: 5298: 5123: 4502: 3594: 2341: 2322: 1692: 1481: 1349: 1121:

have been found in China dating to around 650 BC. They have also been found in Tombs 3 and 12 at

778: 550:, known as "bedded crossbows" (床弩). Winches may have been used for handheld crossbows during the 356: 3926: 3524: 3376: 116:

Crossbows and bows use the same elastic launch principles, but differ in that an archer using a

732: 304: 37: 4853: 4565: 4417: 4399: 4360: 4331: 4227: 4215:

China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

4191: 4173: 4155: 4137: 4119: 4100: 4082: 3907: 3701: 3663: 3465: 3441: 3402: 3351: 3330: 3252: 3231: 3180: 3113: 2999: 2993: 2659: 2522: 2413: 2373: 2203: 1996: 1754: 1420:

Crossbow technology for crossbows with more than one prod was transferred from the Chinese to

724: 130: 4307: 3054: 3038: 3022: 1149:

Province, and date to the mid-4th century BC. It is possible that these early crossbows used

761:

was a heavy crossbow that required special systems for pulling the sinew via windlasses. For

5250: 5113: 5036: 4921: 4808: 4614: 4468: 4011: 3693: 3655: 3584: 3172: 2567: 2122: 1946: 1938: 1853: 1514: 1387: 1217: 1138: 1055: 1035: 882: 754: 659: 137:

hunting bows. As such, their accurate and sustained use in warfare takes a lot of practice.

70: 2518: 5093: 5067: 4762: 4634: 4560: 4517: 4507: 4445: 3933: 3914: 3895: 3888: 3876: 3833: 3814: 3783: 3531: 3509: 1818:

in general were averse to the crossbow and considered it a foreign weapon. They called it

1552: 1254: 1230: 1167: 495:

European crossbows from the 10th to 12th centuries used wood for the bow, also called the

387: 340: 308: 281:

refers to the release mechanism, including the string, sears, trigger lever, and housing.

172: 164: 126: 2023:

Fisheries scientist obtaining tissue samples from dolphins swimming in the bow wave of a

4079:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

3855: 3807: 1229:

Handheld crossbows with complex bronze trigger mechanisms have also been found with the

1050:. Modern crossbow sights often use similar technology to modern firearm sights, such as 674:

Internal mechanics illustration of a Balester hunting crossbow's self-spanning mechanism

5255: 5128: 4813: 4727: 4649: 3440:, Stephen Turnbull, Peter Dennis, Illustrated by Peter Dennis, Osprey Publishing, 2008 2632: 2241: 2231: 2141: 2068: 1981: 1868: 1799: 1657: 1434: 1391: 1270: 1192: 630:

Detailed illustration of a goat's foot lever mounted on a crossbow that is half-spanned

556: 383: 201: 1769:

had slower rates of fire and much worse accuracy than contemporary crossbows, but the

1383: 1370:

Wheelmounted and elephantmounted double-bow-arcuballistae in the Khmer army, possibly

5272: 5235: 5133: 5088: 5011: 4803: 4798: 4752: 4742: 4654: 4619: 4587: 4074: 3697: 3659: 3598: 2597: 2246: 2057: 1942: 1927: 1510: 1488:("On Catapult-making"), which draws on an earlier account of his compatriot engineer 1403: 1307: 1283: 1246: 1234: 1051: 1002: 762: 543: 219: 186: 117: 87: 58: 50: 1631:

The only pictorial evidence of Roman arcuballistas comes from sculptural reliefs in

5103: 4679: 4624: 2507: 2126: 2088: 2083: 1895: 1883: 1857: 1766: 1696: 1601: 1477: 1472: 1463: 1425: 1407: 1338: 1322: 1311: 1299: 1145:

Province. Other early finds of crossbows were discovered in Tomb 138 at Saobatang,

835: 603: 348: 240: 190: 160: 3989: 3589: 3573:"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)" 3572: 1093:

A bronze crossbow trigger mechanism and butt plate that were mass-produced in the

4455: 4393: 4354: 4206:

The Eurasian Way of War: Military practice in seventh-century China and Byzantium

3826: 2367: 1273:, as the bronze trigger components were also mass-produced with relative precise 4747: 4669: 4577: 4512: 4308:"Diodor von Sizilien 14,42,1 und die Erfindung der Artillerie im Mittelmeerraum" 4282:

Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World & India AD 476–1526

3490: 2208: 2160: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1864: 1669: 1282:. Some crossbow designs were also found to be fitted with bronze buttplates and 1238: 1222: 1154: 1134: 1118: 1106: 1047: 995: 642:

Illustration of a gaffe lever mounted on a crossbow that is nearly at full-span.

589: 551: 426:(牙), for indeed it is like teeth. The part round about the teeth is called the 407: 395: 293: 1749: 1395: 1366: 980:

French cross-bow grenade thrower Arbalète sauterelle type A d'Imphy, circa 1915

662:. Note the internal lever mechanism is fully extended to catch the draw string. 618:

Fifteenth century crossbowman using a stirrup along with a belt hook and pulley

5118: 5057: 4788: 4783: 4767: 4732: 4705: 4664: 4052: 3967:"Xinjiang riots: Modern Chinese army displays ancient preference for crossbow" 2745: 2480: 2185: 2172: 2101: 1975: 1919: 1899: 1795: 1665: 1632: 1568: 1330: 1318:

and Li Quan prescribed 20 percent of the infantry to be armed with crossbows.

1262: 1257: 1130: 1059: 352: 133:

to do so using bows suitable for warfare, though this is easier using lighter

82: 3869: 3705: 3667: 5214: 5209: 5072: 5031: 5016: 4737: 4717: 4712: 4684: 4596: 4224:

Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity

3776: 3079: 2113: 2109: 1762: 1683:

The crossbow reappeared again in 947 as a French weapon during the siege of

1673: 1579: 1489: 1445: 1279: 1213: 1198: 1158: 863: 573: 2606: 1914:, but less powerful. It weighed 24 kg (53 lb) and could throw an 331: 1702: 964:

Pistol crossbow for home recreational shooting. Made by Frédéric Siber in

5230: 5192: 5187: 5062: 5052: 5021: 5006: 4674: 4604: 4570: 3684:

Credland, Arthur G (2010). "The Crossbow and the Bow in Modern Warfare".

3646:

Credland, Arthur G (2010). "The Crossbow and the Bow in Modern Warfare".

2631:. Asian Traditional Archery Research Network. 18 May 2008. Archived from 2134: 2072: 2061: 1779: 1770: 1739: 1727: 1723: 1588: 1544: 1533: 1501: 1294: 1126: 929: 898: 758: 687: 522: 504: 403: 181: 122: 110: 74: 17: 2125:

was pictured testing a Barnett crossbow during a public exercise of the

438:(懸刀) so called because it looks like one. The whole assembly is called 5108: 4659: 4644: 4639: 4491: 4056: 4040: 2168: 2040: 1989: 1985: 1831: 1811: 1791: 1735: 1719: 1493: 1326: 1209: 1187: 1063: 1046:

crossbow often included a metal (i.e. bronze or steel) grid serving as

1031: 569: 452: 197: 1652:

depicting two primitive crossbows without stirrups, early 12th century

492:

Chinese crossbow bows were made of composite material from the start.

270:

is the wooden body on which the bow is mounted, although the medieval

4903: 4793: 4757: 4722: 2629:"A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China" 2093: 2076: 2043: 1992: 1838: 1787: 1783: 1731: 1711: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1621: 1564: 1518: 1429: 1421: 1371: 1175: 965: 902: 527: 371: 2656:

Iron and Steel in Ancient China: Second Impression, With Corrections

2130: 2105: 1504:, which places its invention some unknown time prior to 399 BC. The 702:

Fifteenth century crossbowman using a cranequin (rack & pinion)

5204: 5026: 4700: 2207: 2159:, Crossbows were used by security forces to suppress rioters. The 1960: 1876: 1849: 1815: 1748: 1701: 1643: 1578: 1456: 1414: 1365: 1290: 1237:(r. 221–210 BC) that are similar to specimens from the subsequent 1146: 1142: 1100: 1088: 1025: 1018:

are modified crossbows that use bullets or stones as projectiles.

989: 739: 731: 723: 547: 539: 508: 379: 330: 303: 288: 259:

came into usage in the 19th century as a result of mistranslating

78: 36: 1532:

There were also other arrow-shooting machines such as the larger

862:

Earliest European depiction of cavalry using crossbows, from the

561:

crossbows, which were aptly called "waist-spun crossbows" (腰張弩).

521:

Traditionally, the prod was often lashed to the stock with rope,

470:. A later design implemented a rolling cylindrical pawl called a 4591: 4450: 2140:

In Asia, some Chinese armed forces use crossbows, including the

1179: 1122: 443: 367:

The Chinese trigger was a mechanism typically composed of three

5148: 4946: 4464: 4438: 3431: 3429: 3427: 2217:

crossbow for hunting varies widely in different jurisdictions.

3486:

Hired Swords: The Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan

1226:, finished 111 AD, lists two military treatises on crossbows. 255:, is the bow of the crossbow. According to W.F. Peterson, the 3222: 3220: 1734:(shield) to protect the operator from enemy fire. Along with 1352:, multi-shot crossbow, and larger field artillery crossbows. 1249:, and Han dynasty writers attributed the success of numerous 113:, a European crossbow variant used during the 12th century). 3879:. Daylife.com (15 February 2008). Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 1722:

was more popular. Later crossbows (sometimes referred to as

1117:

In terms of archaeological evidence, crossbow locks made of

777:

Double shot repeating crossbow, also known as the Chu state

5175:

Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons

3195: 3193: 1547:

and are not considered crossbows. Arrow-shooting machines (

968:, early 19th century, on display at Morges military museum. 4973:

Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons

4460: 3546:"The Crossbow: Four thousand years of traditional archery" 3270:

Early Artillery Towers: Messenia, Boiotia, Attica, Megarid

2509:

Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression

1583:

A crossbow based on depictions from a Roman grave in Gaul.

1306:

After the Han dynasty, the crossbow lost favor during the

3284: 3282: 3177:

Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

3131: 3129: 2924: 2922: 2777: 2775: 1786:

in formation with pikemen, pitted against cavalry firing

193:

similar in appearance but different in design principle.

4258:

Mao, Ying (1998). "Introduction of Crossbow Mechanism".

3633:

The Encyclopædia Britannica: 12th Edition 1922, Volume 1

2462: 2460: 2458: 1216:

by ambushing him with a battalion of crossbowmen at the

821:

Multi-bolt crossbow without a visible nut or cocking aid

238:

are all suitable terms for crossbow projectiles, as was

163:). Crossbows brought about a major shift in the role of 3635:. Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited. p. 470. 2975: 2973: 2167:

were equipped until the late 1980s with crossbows with

1856:

that first appeared in the seventh century (during the

4315:

Frankfurter Elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde

2995:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

1348:

There were also other sorts of crossbows, such as the

1161:(78–37 BC), compared the moon to the shape of a round 4099:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 284–293. 4095:

Baatz, Dietwulf (1994). "Die römische Jagdarmbrust".

3798:. Janes.com (9 June 2011). Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 3512:. Photographersdirect.com. Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 398:

and aim along the arrow using the sighting spine for

159:

and as early as the 1st century AD in Greece (as the

4251:

A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 3

4226:, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 1310:, until it experienced a mild resurgence during the 1001:

The arrow-like projectiles of a crossbow are called

5223: 5180: 5081: 5045: 4999: 4978: 4822: 4776: 4693: 4586: 4548: 3110:

The Vietnam War: The Definitive Illustrated History

2082:In Europe, Barnett International sold crossbows to 2506: 1965:Modern recreation of a mounted triple bow crossbow 4273:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6 4012:"These Are The Pros and Cons of Crossbow Hunting" 3493:, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992 p. 42 3302:Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland 3249:Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development 3228:Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development 1761:Crossbows were eventually replaced in warfare by 1038:allows the shooter to adjust for different ranges 204:and hunting, and for relatively silent shooting. 69:, which is hand-held in a similar fashion to the 4152:Archery and Crossbow Guilds in Medieval Flanders 3848:"British-made crossbows 'used by Serb soldiers'" 2372:. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 47. 2060:equipped with crossbows and rope to establish a 948:). His crossbow is drawn with a rack-and-pinion 359:mechanism, which is used to release the string. 65:, mounted horizontally on a main frame called a 3796:Jane's LGH Mine Clearance by US forces Jul 2009 3620:. The Institution of Royal Engineers: 79. 1925. 3534:. Diaspora.uiuc.edu. Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 2039:A whale shot by a modified crossbow bolt for a 1607: 1480:. The device was described by the Greek author 714:Iron cranequin, South German, late 15th century 412: 390:between the three trigger pieces each offers a 4395:Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612–1300 2188:, making the crossbow a more accurate weapon. 1798:'s husband was killed by a crossbowman of the 1289:It is clear from surviving inventory lists in 525:, or other strong cording. This is called the 422:(臂). That which hooks the bowstring is called 5160: 4958: 4476: 4385:Siege Weapons of the Far East (2) AD 960–1644 4376:Siege Weapons of the Far East (1) AD 612–1300 4346:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty 3679: 3677: 2658:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 153, 157–158. 1062:to compensate for the significant effects of 8: 2543:"Crossbow Arrow Drop – Charted Test Results" 2096:and as a counter-sniper weapon" against the 1910:. It was lighter and more portable than the 263:in a 16th-century list of crossbow effects. 4456:The Crossbow by Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, BT 4439:International Crossbow Shooting Union (IAU) 3369:"Notes On West African Crossbow Technology" 1933:A range of crossbows were developed by the 1424:, which Champa used in its invasion of the 568:, both Chinese and European crossbows used 95:. A person who shoots crossbow is called a 5167: 5153: 5145: 4965: 4951: 4943: 4927: 4483: 4469: 4461: 4451:World Crossbow Shooting Association (WCSA) 4190:, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, 3836:. Saa-intl.com. Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 3276:, Vol. 91, No. 4. (1987), S. 569–604 (569) 748:, a heavy crossbow used for siege defense. 4217:. United States: Brills. pp. 78–106. 4097:Bauten und Katapulte des römischen Heeres 3588: 3525:Notes On West African Crossbow Technology 3520: 3518: 944:16th-century French mounted crossbowman ( 479:or trigger face, usually of metal. These 434:(規) of the teeth . Within there is the 4299:Imperial Chinese Armies (2): 590–1260 AD 4116:Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BCE–CE 363 3211: 3199: 3159: 3050: 3034: 3018: 1810:There are no references to crossbows in 1521:, as described in the 1st century AD by 1058:. Many crossbow scopes feature multiple 897:15th-century French soldier carrying an 606:cavalry wielding crossbows with stirrups 442:(機), for it is just as ingenious as the 4293:, New York : Bramhall House, 1958. 3948:New crossbow shoots with great accuracy 3846:Richard Norton-Taylor (8 August 1999). 3418: 3313: 3288: 3175:, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts (1999). 3147: 3135: 2940: 2928: 2853: 2829: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2766: 2715: 2466: 2449: 2412:, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., p. 2, 2263: 2001: 767: 578: 335:16th century crossbow nut excavated at 4869:World University Archery Championships 3348:Longbow: A Social and Military History 3304:(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1979), p. 62. 2979: 2964: 2877: 2817: 2690: 2309: 2116:launched an investigation, though the 41:21st-century hunting compound crossbow 3986:"Marine Commandos[dead link]" 3066: 2952: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2865: 2841: 2386:from the original on 26 November 2022 2133:, 200 km (120 mi) south of 1814:texts earlier than the 14th century. 1496:285–222 BC). According to Heron, the 654:Illustrations of Leonardo da Vinci's 374:pieces housed inside a hollow bronze 212:A crossbowman is sometimes called an 173:Han campaigns against northern nomads 7: 4037:Video comparing longbow and crossbow 3544:Hunting Network (10 February 2009). 3251:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1969, 3230:, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1969, 3171:Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, 2171:-tipped bolts, as an alternative to 1208:, completed in 94 BC, mentions that 4306:Schellenberg, Hans Michael (2006), 4053:longbow vs crossbow behind a pavese 3736:from the original on 26 August 2014 2678: 2342:"Drones: Mankind's Always Had Them" 1995:samples in scientific research. In 757:, which allowed better aiming. The 4359:. University of California Press. 4172:, Petersborough: Broadview Press, 4154:, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 3827:SAA Crossbow Launched Grapnel Hook 3817:. None. Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 3720:"2014 Hunting Regulations Summary" 3458:Louis, Thomas; Ito, Tommy (2008). 2706:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd, p. 227. 1540:from around 338 BC, but these are 1157:mathematician and music theorist, 25: 4188:Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900 3112:. DK Publishing. pp. 64–69. 2433:"The Rise of the Modern Crossbow" 1687:and again in 984 at the siege of 1298:brass. Such crossbows during the 952:, so it can be used while riding. 686:Twentieth century depiction of a 57:launching device consisting of a 4926: 4917: 4916: 3698:10.1179/174161210X12652009773492 3660:10.1179/174161210X12652009773492 3548:. bowhunting.com. Archived from 3461:Samurai: The Code of the Warrior 3397:Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey (1995). 3325:Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey (1995). 2369:The Technology of Ancient Greece 2118:Department of Trade and Industry 2032: 2016: 2004: 1500:was the forerunner of the later 1171:also mentions crossbow bullets. 973: 957: 937: 921: 909: 890: 875: 855: 843: 826: 814: 802: 790: 770: 707: 695: 679: 667: 647: 635: 623: 611: 596: 581: 3464:. Sterling Publishing Company. 3274:American Journal of Archaeology 2179:Comparison to conventional bows 1109:(25–220 AD) of China, from the 868:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 542:for large crossbows mounted on 129:while aiming. Both demand some 4330:, Hong Kong University Press, 4168:DeVries, Kelly Robert (2003), 4081:, Princeton University Press, 3927:Spanish Green Beret 2005 photo 3571:Espino López, Antonio (2012). 3080:"Montagnard Crossbow, Vietnam" 2323:"Crossbows - Spanning Methods" 1205:Records of the Grand Historian 932:drawn by armored horses (1552) 1: 4416:. Westport: Greenwood Press. 4412:Wright, David Curtis (2001). 4353:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). 4118:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 4059:. Retrieved 16 September 2010 4043:. Retrieved 16 September 2010 3965:Bingham, John. (9 July 2009) 3590:10.18800/historica.201202.001 1970:Hunting, leisure, and science 1699:, dated to the 11th century. 1691:. Crossbows were used at the 1413:In 315 AD, Nu Wen taught the 1410:tombs dating to the 600s BC. 1378:Around the third century BC, 430:(郭) , since it surrounds the 363:Chinese vertical trigger lock 4275:, Cambridge University Press 4170:Medieval Military Technology 3975:. Retrieved on 24 June 2011. 3889:Greek soldiers uses crossbow 3727:Dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net 3437:Japanese Castles AD 250–1540 2742:"The Art of War, by Sun Tzu" 2505:O'Connell, Robert L (1989). 1587:The late 4th century author 1129:, previously the capital of 347:A crossbow is essentially a 4288:Payne-Gallwey, Ralph, Sir, 3614:The Royal Engineers Journal 3179:. Oxford University Press. 2437:Digital.outdooenebraska.gov 2340:Tom Ukinski (23 May 2013). 2212:Modern competition crossbow 2157:Xinjiang riots of July 2009 1924:2-inch Medium Trench Mortar 1710:drawing his bow behind his 1551:) are briefly mentioned by 1394:) commissioned a man named 1251:battles against the Xiongnu 994:Arrowheads and lead balls, 809:Mounted triple bow crossbow 797:Mounted double bow crossbow 466:rear-facing lever called a 5335: 5046:Crew-served stone-throwers 5000:Crew-served arrow-throwers 4530:Modern competitive archery 4392:Turnbull, Stephen (2012), 4383:Turnbull, Stephen (2002), 4374:Turnbull, Stephen (2001), 3808:LGH Plastic Retrieval Line 2654:Wagner, Donald B. (1993). 2237:Modern competitive archery 2201: 2145:Snow Leopard Commando Unit 1973: 1513:in 397 BC. This was a key 1359: 1137:burial site in Yutaishan, 1111:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1077: 928:Early modern four-wheeled 402:, similar to how a modern 29: 4986:Greek and Roman artillery 4912: 4498: 4398:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 4132:Campbell, Duncan (2005), 4114:Campbell, Duncan (2003), 3503:Baaka pygmy with crossbow 2603:Columbia University Press 2052:Military and paramilitary 1984:and bowhunting in modern 1830:(Frankish bow). Although 1648:Capital scultpure in the 1016:Bullet-shooting crossbows 885:crossbowman from ca. 1480 461:European rolling nut lock 32:Crossbow (disambiguation) 5241:Bullet-shooting crossbow 4535:World Archery Federation 4271:Needham, Joseph (1994), 4204:Graff, David A. (2016), 4186:Graff, David A. (2002), 3932:12 February 2010 at the 3894:26 November 2022 at the 3813:12 February 2010 at the 3530:26 November 2022 at the 3399:The Book of the Crossbow 3327:The Book of the Crossbow 2702:Needham, Joseph (1986). 2153:People's Liberation Army 2112:, south west of Kosovo. 1841:cavalry used crossbows. 1664:(6th to 9th centuries): 1650:Basilica of Saint-Sernin 1184:Spring and Autumn period 736:Modern compound crossbow 311:crossbow nut mechanism: 300:crossbow trigger pieces. 167:in wars, such as during 61:-like assembly called a 5314:Renaissance-era weapons 4344:Swope, Kenneth (2014), 4326:Selby, Stephen (2000), 4280:Nicolle, David (2003), 4222:Liang, Jieming (2006), 4150:Crombie, Laura (2016), 3875:12 January 2009 at the 3612:"The Royal Engineers". 3350:. Lyons & Burford. 3088:Australian War Memorial 2998:. DK Pub. p. 100. 2515:Oxford University Press 2481:"Crossbow Reviews 2017" 2011:Modern hunting crossbow 1980:Crossbows are used for 1662:early medieval Scotland 1334:as a way to pass time. 728:Modern recurve crossbow 4610:Austroasiatic crossbow 4540:World Archery Rankings 4249:Lu, Yongxiang (2015), 3870:Day Life Serbia report 3631:Hugh Chisholm (1922). 3247:Eric William Marsden: 3226:Eric William Marsden: 2547:BestCrossbowSource.com 2346:Guardian Liberty Voice 2213: 2098:Kosovo Liberation Army 2092:, were later used "in 1966: 1873:Southern United States 1852:were ancient Japanese 1758: 1715: 1706:A model of a medieval 1653: 1618: 1584: 1467: 1375: 1362:Austroasiatic crossbow 1261:used like a primitive 1114: 1098: 1039: 998: 749: 737: 729: 458: 344: 337:Harburger Schloßstraße 328: 301: 169:Qin's unification wars 42: 27:Bow-like ranged weapon 5181:Crew-served artillery 4297:Peers, C. J. (1996), 4240:Loades, Mike (2018), 4136:, Osprey Publishing, 4134:Ancient Siege Warfare 3917:. I96.photobucket.com 3898:. I96.photobucket.com 3508:18 March 2009 at the 3346:Robert Hardy (1992). 2568:"Sighting a Crossbow" 2227:Master of Crossbowmen 2211: 2165:Marine Commando Force 2149:People's Armed Police 2129:'s Special Forces in 1964: 1912:Leach Trench Catapult 1898:used a crossbow-like 1752: 1705: 1647: 1582: 1460: 1369: 1104: 1095:Warring States period 1092: 1034:of a modern crossbow 1029: 993: 743: 735: 727: 503:, which tended to be 334: 307: 292: 218:, or historically an 40: 4991:Torsion siege engine 4874:Military World Games 4525:History of crossbows 4444:16 July 2020 at the 4414:The History of China 4356:The Birth of Vietnam 3913:3 March 2016 at the 3832:15 July 2011 at the 3782:5 March 2009 at the 3108:Smithsonian (2017). 2992:R. G. Grant (2005). 2572:Best Crossbow Source 2406:Payne-Gallwey, Ralph 2366:Shoup, Kate (2016). 2086:which, according to 1080:History of crossbows 850:Gallo-Roman crossbow 658:in the 15th-century 515:simple wooden bows. 392:mechanical advantage 30:For other uses, see 4842:World Championships 4387:, Osprey Publishing 4378:, Osprey Publishing 4284:, Osprey Publishing 3972:The Daily Telegraph 3908:Turkish special ops 3379:on 26 November 2022 2844:, pp. 130–131. 2832:, pp. 124–128. 2681:, pp. 109–110. 2173:suppressed handguns 1951:New Guinea campaign 1845:Elsewhere and later 1775:Battle of Cerignola 1744:Genoese crossbowmen 1523:Heron of Alexandria 1482:Heron of Alexandria 833:Cocking of a Greek 656:rapid fire crossbow 298:Western Han dynasty 165:projectile weaponry 5289:Chinese inventions 5124:Repeating crossbow 4018:. 1 September 2016 3992:on 25 October 2007 3955:on 2 February 2014 2214: 2186:elastic hysteresis 1967: 1828:qaus al-faranjīyah 1822:(foot-drawn bow), 1759: 1716: 1693:battle of Hastings 1654: 1620:On the other hand 1585: 1468: 1390:) and (modern-day 1376: 1350:repeating crossbow 1153:for ammunition. A 1115: 1099: 1040: 999: 779:repeating crossbow 750: 738: 730: 534:Spanning mechanism 345: 329: 302: 251:, also called the 77:. Crossbows shoot 43: 5264: 5263: 5224:Hand-held weapons 5142: 5141: 5082:Hand-held weapons 4940: 4939: 4566:Ballista elephant 4405:978-1-78200-225-3 4366:978-0-520-04428-9 4260:Southeast Culture 3858:on 21 April 2023. 3756:"saorbats.com.ar" 3686:Arms & Armour 3648:Arms & Armour 3373:Diaspora.uiuc.edu 3300:John M. Gilbert, 3214:, pp. 26–56. 2204:Laws on crossbows 2058:Peruvian soldiers 1947:covert operations 1755:Leonardo da Vinci 1666:St. Vigeans no. 1 1151:spherical pellets 1056:telescopic sights 1003:bolts or quarrels 538:The Chinese used 309:Medieval European 196:In modern times, 131:physical strength 16:(Redirected from 5326: 5319:Weapons of China 5304:Heraldic charges 5294:Greek inventions 5284:Medieval weapons 5169: 5162: 5155: 5146: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4944: 4930: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4728:Cresting machine 4615:Cable-backed bow 4556:Archer's paradox 4485: 4478: 4471: 4462: 4427: 4408: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4349: 4340: 4322: 4312: 4302: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4182: 4164: 4146: 4128: 4110: 4091: 4060: 4050: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4016:Wide Open Spaces 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3951:, archived from 3943: 3937: 3924: 3918: 3905: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3854:. Archived from 3843: 3837: 3824: 3818: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3766:on 5 March 2009. 3762:. Archived from 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3513: 3500: 3494: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3455: 3449: 3433: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3375:. Archived from 3365: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3202:, pp. 8ff.. 3197: 3188: 3173:Sarah B. Pomeroy 3169: 3163: 3162:, pp. 3ff.. 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3026: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2744:. Archived from 2738: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2605:. Archived from 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2327:todsworkshop.com 2319: 2313: 2307: 2123:Dragan Sutanovac 2104:in the areas of 2036: 2020: 2008: 1939:Second World War 1854:artillery pieces 1824:qaus al-zanbūrak 1616: 1388:northern Vietnam 1337:During the late 1218:Battle of Maling 1139:Jiangling County 1036:telescopic sight 977: 961: 941: 925: 913: 894: 879: 859: 847: 830: 818: 806: 794: 774: 711: 699: 683: 671: 660:Codex Atlanticus 651: 639: 627: 615: 600: 585: 456: 388:bearing surfaces 21: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5279:Ancient weapons 5269: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5219: 5176: 5173: 5143: 5138: 5094:Cheiroballistra 5077: 5041: 4995: 4974: 4971: 4941: 4936: 4908: 4818: 4772: 4689: 4635:English longbow 4595: 4582: 4561:Mounted archery 4544: 4494: 4489: 4446:Wayback Machine 4435: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4406: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4352: 4343: 4338: 4328:Chinese Archery 4325: 4310: 4305: 4296: 4279: 4270: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4234: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4198: 4185: 4180: 4167: 4162: 4149: 4144: 4131: 4126: 4113: 4107: 4094: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4051: 4047: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3934:Wayback Machine 3925: 3921: 3915:Wayback Machine 3906: 3902: 3896:Wayback Machine 3887: 3883: 3877:Wayback Machine 3868: 3864: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3834:Wayback Machine 3825: 3821: 3815:Wayback Machine 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3784:Wayback Machine 3777:CIGS photograph 3775: 3771: 3760:Saorbats.com.ar 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3552:on 2 April 2015 3543: 3542: 3538: 3532:Wayback Machine 3523: 3516: 3510:Wayback Machine 3501: 3497: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3434: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3345: 3341: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3246: 3242: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3045: 3033: 3029: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2727:James Clavell, 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2609:on 2 April 2015 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2380: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2223: 2206: 2200: 2181: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2009: 1982:shooting sports 1978: 1972: 1959: 1847: 1826:(bolt bow) and 1808: 1765:weapons. Early 1642: 1640:Medieval Europe 1617: 1614: 1577: 1553:Aeneas Tacticus 1455: 1433:mercenaries in 1364: 1358: 1255:Western Regions 1233:in the tomb of 1231:Terracotta Army 1220:in 342 BC. The 1163:crossbow bullet 1107:Eastern Han era 1087: 1082: 1076: 1044:ancient Chinese 1024: 988: 981: 978: 969: 962: 953: 942: 933: 926: 917: 914: 905: 895: 886: 880: 871: 860: 851: 848: 839: 831: 822: 819: 810: 807: 798: 795: 786: 775: 722: 715: 712: 703: 700: 691: 684: 675: 672: 663: 652: 643: 640: 631: 628: 619: 616: 607: 601: 592: 586: 536: 490: 463: 457: 450: 396:vertical handle 365: 355:, as well as a 341:Hamburg-Harburg 327: 287: 210: 202:shooting sports 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5332: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5309:Bows (archery) 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5271: 5270: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4814:Target archery 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4650:Holmegaard bow 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4434: 4433:External links 4431: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4404: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4350: 4341: 4336: 4323: 4303: 4294: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4232: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4196: 4183: 4178: 4165: 4160: 4147: 4142: 4129: 4124: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4087: 4075:Andrade, Tonio 4070: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4045: 4029: 4003: 3977: 3958: 3938: 3919: 3900: 3881: 3862: 3838: 3819: 3800: 3788: 3769: 3747: 3711: 3673: 3638: 3623: 3604: 3579:(in Spanish). 3563: 3536: 3514: 3495: 3477: 3471:978-1402763120 3470: 3450: 3446:978-1846032530 3423: 3421:, p. 175. 3411: 3390: 3360: 3339: 3318: 3316:, p. 170. 3306: 3293: 3291:, p. 172. 3278: 3261: 3257:978-0198142683 3240: 3236:978-0198142683 3216: 3204: 3189: 3164: 3152: 3150:, p. 128. 3140: 3138:, p. 127. 3125: 3119:978-1465466013 3118: 3100: 3071: 3059: 3043: 3027: 3011: 3005:978-0756613600 3004: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2943:, p. 146. 2933: 2931:, p. 145. 2918: 2906: 2904:, p. 193. 2894: 2892:, p. 172. 2882: 2870: 2858: 2856:, p. 143. 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2796:, p. 139. 2786: 2784:, p. 141. 2771: 2759: 2733: 2729:The Art of War 2720: 2708: 2695: 2693:, p. 159. 2683: 2671: 2664: 2646: 2635:on 18 May 2008 2620: 2584: 2559: 2534: 2527: 2497: 2471: 2469:, p. 150. 2454: 2452:, p. 133. 2442: 2424: 2419:978-1602390102 2418: 2397: 2379:978-1502622310 2378: 2358: 2332: 2314: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2242:Target archery 2239: 2234: 2232:Match crossbow 2229: 2222: 2219: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2180: 2177: 2084:Serbian forces 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1997:some countries 1974:Main article: 1971: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1943:assassinations 1869:Central Africa 1846: 1843: 1807: 1804: 1800:English Armada 1658:Pictish stones 1641: 1638: 1615:Joseph Needham 1612: 1597:arcubalistarii 1593:De Re Militari 1576: 1573: 1517:stronghold in 1511:Siege of Motya 1454: 1453:Ancient Greece 1451: 1435:Jayavarman VII 1392:southern China 1360:Main article: 1357: 1356:Southeast Asia 1354: 1271:modular design 1193:The Art of War 1086: 1083: 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1052:red dot sights 1023: 1020: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 972: 970: 963: 956: 954: 943: 936: 934: 927: 920: 918: 915: 908: 906: 896: 889: 887: 881: 874: 872: 861: 854: 852: 849: 842: 840: 832: 825: 823: 820: 813: 811: 808: 801: 799: 796: 789: 787: 776: 769: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 706: 704: 701: 694: 692: 685: 678: 676: 673: 666: 664: 653: 646: 644: 641: 634: 632: 629: 622: 620: 617: 610: 608: 602: 595: 593: 587: 580: 557:Wujing Zongyao 544:fortifications 535: 532: 489: 486: 462: 459: 448: 364: 361: 326: 325: 322: 319: 316: 312: 286: 283: 274:is also used. 244:historically. 209: 206: 177:western states 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5331: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Skåne lockbow 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5135: 5134:Spear-thrower 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Carroballista 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979:Generic terms 4977: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4933: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Field archery 4802: 4800: 4799:Clout archery 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743:Flu-flu arrow 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Laminated bow 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4620:Composite bow 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4233:981-05-5380-3 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4179:0-921149-74-3 4175: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4161:9781783271047 4157: 4153: 4148: 4145: 4143:1-84176-770-0 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4125:1-84176-634-8 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4106:3-515-06566-0 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4088:9781400874446 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3268:Josiah Ober: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212:Campbell 2005 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200:Campbell 2003 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160:Campbell 2003 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:Turnbull 2012 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:Turnbull 2012 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019:Turnbull 2012 3015: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2985: 2982:, p. 21. 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2967:, p. 88. 2966: 2961: 2958: 2955:, p. 49. 2954: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2916:, p. 52. 2915: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2868:, p. 22. 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2820:, p. 42. 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808:, p. 22. 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2769:, p. 34. 2768: 2763: 2760: 2748:on 4 May 2018 2747: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 89. 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2598:reference.com 2594: 2588: 2585: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2498: 2486: 2485:Archer's Café 2482: 2479:Ixax, belle. 2475: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2247:Bow and arrow 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142:special force 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Allied powers 1931: 1929: 1928:Stokes mortar 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1885: 1884:conquistadors 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806:Islamic world 1805: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:harquebusiers 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404:Austroasiatic 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:King An Dương 1373: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:Six Dynasties 1304: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1284:trigger guard 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:cavalry units 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:Qin Shi Huang 1232: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1004: 997: 992: 985: 976: 971: 967: 960: 955: 951: 947: 940: 935: 931: 924: 919: 912: 907: 904: 900: 893: 888: 884: 883:Late medieval 878: 873: 869: 865: 858: 853: 846: 841: 838: 837: 829: 824: 817: 812: 805: 800: 793: 788: 784: 780: 773: 768: 766: 764: 763:siege warfare 760: 756: 747: 744:15th-century 742: 734: 726: 719: 710: 705: 698: 693: 689: 682: 677: 670: 665: 661: 657: 650: 645: 638: 633: 626: 621: 614: 609: 605: 599: 594: 591: 584: 579: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 559: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 533: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 487: 485: 482: 478: 473: 469: 460: 455: 454: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 370: 362: 360: 358: 354: 350: 342: 338: 333: 323: 320: 317: 314: 313: 310: 306: 299: 295: 291: 284: 282: 280: 275: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 207: 205: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 187:ancient Greek 184: 183: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:ancient China 153: 149: 145: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51:ranged weapon 48: 39: 33: 19: 5266: 5245: 5198:Torsion myth 5104:Gastraphetes 5098: 4878:Continental 4823:Competitions 4680:Takedown bow 4629: 4625:Compound bow 4413: 4394: 4384: 4375: 4355: 4345: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4298: 4289: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4250: 4242:The Crossbow 4241: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4187: 4169: 4151: 4133: 4115: 4096: 4078: 4048: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4015: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3980: 3970: 3961: 3953:the original 3947: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3856:the original 3852:The Guardian 3851: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3791: 3772: 3764:the original 3759: 3750: 3738:. Retrieved 3726: 3714: 3692:(1): 58–76. 3689: 3685: 3654:(1): 55–58. 3651: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3550:the original 3539: 3498: 3485: 3480: 3460: 3453: 3436: 3419:Needham 1994 3414: 3398: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3377:the original 3372: 3363: 3347: 3342: 3326: 3321: 3314:Needham 1994 3309: 3301: 3296: 3289:Needham 1994 3273: 3269: 3264: 3248: 3243: 3227: 3207: 3176: 3167: 3155: 3148:DeVries 2003 3143: 3136:DeVries 2003 3109: 3103: 3091:. Retrieved 3083: 3074: 3062: 3046: 3030: 3014: 2994: 2987: 2960: 2948: 2941:Needham 1994 2936: 2929:Needham 1994 2909: 2897: 2885: 2880:, p. 9. 2873: 2861: 2854:Needham 1994 2849: 2837: 2830:Needham 1994 2825: 2813: 2806:Needham 1994 2801: 2794:Needham 1994 2789: 2782:Needham 1994 2767:Needham 1994 2762: 2750:. Retrieved 2746:the original 2736: 2728: 2723: 2716:Needham 1994 2711: 2703: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2633:the original 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2607:the original 2596: 2587: 2575:. Retrieved 2571: 2562: 2550:. Retrieved 2546: 2537: 2508: 2500: 2488:. Retrieved 2484: 2474: 2467:Needham 1994 2450:Needham 1994 2445: 2436: 2427: 2410:The Crossbow 2409: 2400: 2388:. Retrieved 2368: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2345: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2215: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2139: 2127:Serbian Army 2089:The Guardian 2087: 2081: 2069:Grapnel Hook 2066: 2055: 1979: 1932: 1902:(French for 1889: 1881: 1862: 1858:Asuka period 1848: 1837: 1827: 1823: 1820:qaus al-rijl 1819: 1809: 1767:hand cannons 1760: 1717: 1697:Lake Paladru 1682: 1655: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1608: 1602:manuballista 1600: 1596: 1595:, describes 1592: 1586: 1575:Ancient Rome 1548: 1537: 1536:and smaller 1531: 1526: 1525:in his book 1515:Carthaginian 1506:gastraphetes 1505: 1498:gastraphetes 1497: 1485: 1473:gastraphetes 1471: 1469: 1464:gastraphetes 1462: 1439: 1426:Khmer Empire 1419: 1412: 1408:Zhou dynasty 1399: 1386:(modern-day 1377: 1347: 1343: 1339:Ming dynasty 1336: 1323:Song dynasty 1320: 1312:Tang dynasty 1305: 1300:Song Dynasty 1288: 1228: 1221: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1173: 1166: 1116: 1097:(475–221 BC) 1068: 1041: 1014: 1011: 1000: 949: 946:cranequinier 945: 867: 836:gastraphetes 834: 782: 755:for firearms 751: 746:Wallarmbrust 745: 604:Song dynasty 566:medieval era 563: 555: 537: 526: 520: 517: 513: 500: 496: 494: 491: 480: 476: 471: 467: 464: 451: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 413: 406:shoots with 366: 346: 285:Construction 278: 276: 271: 267: 265: 260: 256: 252: 248: 246: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226: 222: 213: 211: 195: 191:siege engine 180: 161:gastraphetes 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 115: 104: 100: 96: 92: 86: 66: 62: 46: 44: 4864:Universiade 4859:Paralympics 4748:Release aid 4670:Recurve bow 4578:Run archery 4348:, Routledge 4208:, Routledge 3583:(2): 7–48. 3491:Karl Friday 3409:, pp. 48–53 3069:, p. . 2980:Taylor 1983 2965:Kelley 2014 2878:Loades 2018 2818:Wright 2001 2691:Wright 2001 2310:Loades 2018 2198:Legislation 2161:Indian Navy 2100:during the 1937:during the 1908:World War I 1904:grasshopper 1708:crossbowman 1670:Glenferness 1626:Ars Tactica 1624:'s earlier 1557:Philip II's 1442:Montagnards 1440:The native 1374:mercenaries 1321:During the 1258:city-states 1243:charioteers 1239:Han dynasty 1223:Book of Han 1155:Western Han 1119:cast bronze 1048:iron sights 1022:Accessories 996:Han dynasty 986:Projectiles 866:manuscript 590:Han dynasty 572:as well as 564:During the 552:Han dynasty 481:roller nuts 408:iron sights 208:Terminology 135:draw-weight 109:(after the 97:crossbowman 83:projectiles 5273:Categories 5119:Mesangylon 5058:Lithobolos 4789:Bowhunting 4784:Bowfishing 4777:Activities 4768:Thumb ring 4733:Finger tab 4665:Mongol bow 4423:031330940X 4337:9622095011 4253:, Springer 4197:0415239559 4022:11 January 3996:27 January 3740:27 January 3407:0486287203 3356:1852604123 3335:0486287203 3185:0195097424 3093:4 February 3084:awm.gov.au 3067:Liang 2006 3053:, p. 3037:, p. 3021:, p. 2953:Swope 2014 2914:Graff 2016 2902:Graff 2002 2890:Selby 2000 2866:Graff 2002 2842:Peers 1996 2665:9004096329 2593:"Crossbow" 2577:28 October 2528:0195053591 2517:. p. 2253:References 2102:Kosovo War 1976:Bowhunting 1957:Modern use 1920:Mills bomb 1916:F1 grenade 1900:Sauterelle 1796:Maria Pita 1784:musketeers 1753:Sketch by 1633:Roman Gaul 1569:Aigosthena 1549:katapeltai 1527:Belopoeica 1486:Belopoeica 1478:Greek bows 1331:body armor 1280:dowel pins 1275:tolerances 1263:rear sight 1060:crosshairs 574:belt hooks 353:bow string 220:arbalister 171:and later 101:arbalister 5299:Crossbows 5215:Trebuchet 5210:Springald 5073:Trebuchet 5032:Polybolos 5017:Catapulta 4854:World Cup 4738:Fletching 4718:Bowstring 4713:Arrowhead 4694:Equipment 4685:Welsh bow 4597:Bow shape 3706:1741-6124 3668:1741-6124 3599:258861207 3577:Historica 3401:. Dover. 3329:. Dover. 2731:, prelude 2639:20 August 2408:(2007) , 2390:3 October 2258:Citations 2114:Whitehall 2110:Djakovica 1802:in 1589. 1763:gunpowder 1757:, c. 1500 1740:Taborites 1724:arbalests 1674:Shandwick 1591:, in his 1561:Perinthos 1559:siege of 1545:catapults 1490:Ctesibius 1446:Viet Cong 1437:'s army. 1400:(nỏ thần) 1267:elevation 1214:Pang Juan 1212:defeated 1199:Huainanzi 1176:followers 1159:Jing Fang 950:cranequin 783:chuguo nu 400:elevation 376:enclosure 343:, Germany 53:using an 18:Cross-bow 5246:Crossbow 5231:Arbalest 5193:Mangonel 5188:Catapult 5099:Crossbow 5063:Mangonel 5053:Catapult 5022:Oxybeles 5007:Ballista 4932:Glossary 4922:Category 4887:Americas 4830:Olympics 4809:Popinjay 4675:Self bow 4630:Crossbow 4605:Arbalest 4571:Yabusame 4513:Japanese 4442:Archived 4301:, Osprey 4244:, Osprey 4077:(2016), 3930:Archived 3911:Archived 3892:Archived 3873:Archived 3830:Archived 3811:Archived 3780:Archived 3731:Archived 3528:Archived 3506:Archived 3383:14 April 3187:, p. 366 2679:Mao 1998 2384:Archived 2221:See also 2151:and the 2135:Belgrade 2094:ambushes 2073:Cambodia 2062:zip-line 1988:and for 1894:and the 1882:Spanish 1792:carbines 1771:arquebus 1728:windlass 1613:— 1589:Vegetius 1534:ballista 1502:catapult 1295:Xinjiang 1168:Zhuangzi 1127:Shandong 930:ballista 899:arbalest 759:arbalest 720:Variants 688:windlass 570:stirrups 523:whipcord 449:— 436:xuan dao 404:rifleman 324:Trigger. 321:Quarrel. 215:arbalist 198:firearms 189:torsion 182:ballista 111:arbalest 106:arbalist 93:quarrels 75:long gun 47:crossbow 5114:Kestros 5109:Javelin 5037:Scorpio 4753:Quarrel 4660:Longbow 4645:Gakgung 4640:Flatbow 4518:Turkish 4508:Chinese 4503:History 4492:Archery 4321:: 14–23 4067:Sources 4057:YouTube 4041:YouTube 3556:1 March 3358:, p. 75 3337:, p. 48 3259:, p. 60 3238:, p. 57 2613:1 March 2552:12 July 2490:9 March 2351:1 March 2169:cyanide 2147:of the 2041:blubber 1990:blubber 1986:archery 1896:British 1832:Muslims 1812:Islamic 1788:pistols 1736:polearm 1720:longbow 1542:torsion 1538:Scorpio 1484:in his 1327:stirrup 1316:Li Jing 1210:Sun Bin 1188:Sun Tzu 1074:History 1064:gravity 1032:reticle 1007:quarrel 870:, 1086. 864:Catalan 540:winches 468:tickler 453:Shiming 357:trigger 318:String. 236:quarrel 142:spanned 85:called 55:elastic 5068:Onager 4904:Naadam 4897:Europe 4882:Africa 4794:Bowyer 4763:Target 4758:Quiver 4723:Bracer 4549:Topics 4420: 4402: 4363: 4334: 4230: 4194: 4176: 4158: 4140: 4122: 4103: 4085: 3704: 3666: 3597: 3468: 3444: 3405: 3354: 3333: 3255: 3234: 3183: 3116: 3002: 2662: 2525: 2416: 2376: 2077:Bosnia 2046:sample 2044:biopsy 1993:biopsy 1892:French 1839:Mamluk 1732:pavise 1712:pavise 1689:Verdun 1685:Senlis 1678:Meigle 1676:, and 1622:Arrian 1565:Thrace 1519:Sicily 1461:Greek 1430:Angkor 1422:Champa 1396:Cao Lỗ 1384:Âu Lạc 1165:. The 966:Morges 903:pavise 901:and a 690:pulley 548:wagons 528:bridle 372:bronze 272:tiller 103:or an 81:-like 67:tiller 5256:Sling 5205:Oyumi 5129:Sling 5027:Oyumi 4847:Youth 4835:Youth 4701:Arrow 4311:(PDF) 3734:(PDF) 3723:(PDF) 3595:S2CID 3581:XXXVI 3489:, By 3448:p. 49 2752:3 May 2027:ship 1906:) in 1877:Inuit 1850:Oyumi 1816:Arabs 1660:from 1415:Chams 1291:Gansu 1147:Hunan 1143:Hubei 1085:China 268:stock 228:Arrow 185:, an 99:, an 88:bolts 79:arrow 73:of a 71:stock 49:is a 4892:Asia 4592:yumi 4588:Bows 4418:ISBN 4400:ISBN 4361:ISBN 4332:ISBN 4228:ISBN 4192:ISBN 4174:ISBN 4156:ISBN 4138:ISBN 4120:ISBN 4101:ISBN 4083:ISBN 4024:2018 3998:2022 3742:2022 3702:ISSN 3664:ISSN 3558:2015 3466:ISBN 3442:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3385:2006 3352:ISBN 3331:ISBN 3253:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3181:ISBN 3114:ISBN 3095:2019 3000:ISBN 2754:2018 2660:ISBN 2641:2008 2615:2015 2579:2014 2554:2019 2523:ISBN 2492:2017 2414:ISBN 2392:2022 2374:ISBN 2353:2015 2108:and 2075:and 2025:NOAA 1945:and 1941:for 1926:and 1890:The 1867:and 1865:West 1372:Cham 1293:and 1265:for 1253:and 1245:and 1180:Mozi 1123:Qufu 1054:and 1042:The 1030:The 501:lath 497:prod 477:sear 444:loom 414:The 384:sear 380:rods 369:cast 315:Nut. 296:and 279:lock 277:The 266:The 261:rodd 257:prod 253:prod 249:lath 247:The 241:vire 234:and 232:bolt 175:and 127:form 123:draw 63:prod 5236:Bow 5089:Bow 4291:Bow 3694:doi 3656:doi 3585:doi 2163:'s 2131:Nis 2106:Pec 1918:or 1863:In 1790:or 1782:or 1563:in 1494:fl. 1428:'s 1382:of 1190:'s 1178:of 1135:Chu 546:or 509:yew 507:or 505:ash 499:or 488:Bow 472:nut 432:gui 428:guo 349:bow 294:Qin 118:bow 91:or 59:bow 5275:: 4706:Ya 4317:, 4313:, 4262:. 4055:, 4039:, 4014:. 3969:. 3850:. 3758:. 3729:. 3725:. 3700:. 3688:. 3676:^ 3662:. 3650:. 3618:39 3616:. 3593:. 3575:. 3517:^ 3426:^ 3371:. 3281:^ 3272:, 3219:^ 3192:^ 3128:^ 3086:. 3082:. 3055:25 3039:80 3023:42 2972:^ 2921:^ 2774:^ 2601:. 2595:. 2570:. 2545:. 2521:. 2519:65 2513:. 2483:. 2457:^ 2435:. 2382:. 2344:. 2325:. 2266:^ 2175:. 1953:. 1742:. 1680:. 1672:, 1668:, 1571:. 1529:. 1286:. 1186:. 1141:, 1131:Lu 1125:, 511:. 440:ji 424:ya 420:bi 416:nu 339:, 230:, 223:. 45:A 5168:e 5161:t 5154:v 4966:e 4959:t 4952:v 4594:) 4590:( 4484:e 4477:t 4470:v 4426:. 4369:. 4319:3 4266:. 4264:3 4109:. 4026:. 4000:. 3936:. 3860:. 3786:. 3744:. 3708:. 3696:: 3690:7 3670:. 3658:: 3652:7 3601:. 3587:: 3560:. 3474:. 3387:. 3122:. 3097:. 3057:. 3041:. 3025:. 3008:. 2756:. 2668:. 2643:. 2617:. 2581:. 2556:. 2531:. 2494:. 2439:. 2394:. 2355:. 2329:. 2312:. 1492:( 1113:. 785:) 781:( 446:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index