36:
1790:. Classic events occur on courses with tracks set by a grooming machine at precise intervals and with carefully planned curvature. Both poles may be used simultaneously ("double-poling") or with alternating foot and arm extended (as with running or walking) with the pole pushing on the side opposite of the extended, sliding ski. In classic skiing the alternating technique is used for the "diagonal stride"âthe predominant classic sub-technique. In diagonal-stride legs move like in ordinary walking, but with longer and more powerful steps. Diagonal is useful on level ground and on gentle uphill slopes. Uphill steps are shorter and more frequent. With double-poling both poles are used simultaneously for thrust, which may be augmented with striding. Double-poling is useful on level ground and on gentle downhill slopes. On steep uphills fishbone technique can be used.
1823:. Skis are waxed with a glide wax over their entire length, making them faster than classic skis. Freestyle events take place on smooth, wide, specially groomed courses. With the skating technique double-poling is usually employed with alternating skating strides or with every skate stride. The following table puts these poling sequences into order according to the speed achieved as a progression of "gears". In the lowest gear (rarely used in racing), one is poling on the side of the sliding ski, similar to diagonal stride. In the highest gear, the athlete skates without poles. There are equivalent terms in other languages; for example in Norwegian, skating is likened to paddling or dancing, depending on the tempo.
1467:
2006:
808:("ski touring race"). Major events have more than 10,000 participants where mass starts often have a modified starting order by groupings of participantsâwho have been judged to be of similar ability, beginning with the elite skiers group and ending with a group of the least experienced skiers. Skiers can use either classic or skate-skiing techniques, depending on the rules of the race. Awards are usually based on overall placement, placement by sex of athlete, and by age category. There are two major series in this category, the
1011:
979:
1805:
1135:
397:, started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style. Skating is most effective on wide, smooth, groomed trails, using fiberglass skis that glide well; it also benefits a stronger athleteâwhich, according to Olav BĂž, are the reasons that the technique made a breakthrough in the early 1980s. Athletes widely adopted skating to both sides by the time of the 1985 world championship and it was formally adopted by the FIS in 1986âdespite initial opposition from
1924:
training, introduction to competition and improvement of promising athletes with an emphasis on "stamina (endurance), strength, speed, skill and suppleness (flexibility)". It covers age groups from toddlers to mature adults, who are able to enjoy and participate in the sport. Similarly, the USSA has an outline of "Cross
Country Athlete Competencies" that has four phases beginning at 12 years old and under and addressing the 21 and older phase at the top. The program encompasses six "domains:"
423:
2070:
that courses present a variety of uphills, varying in lengths and gradients between 6% and 12%, which are arrayed efficiently within the venue. It cites two types of stadium, the horseshoe (preferred for television) and the "ski in, ski out" layout. It emphasizes the importance of accommodating television coverage at the start, finish, and exchange zones for equipment or relays. In addition, television coverage requires a variety of facilities to support the activities of the press.
1290:
857:
4911:
4683:
1319:
5795:
5291:
2031:
1658:
1561:
1495:
1916:
4636:
4626:
1523:
792:
1699:(IPC). Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. The classifications are for:
1439:
1352:
1257:
1159:
525:
516:, cross-country skiing will feature events in both classic cross-country and skate skiing (also called free technique). The two styles alternate at the major events (Olympic Games, World Championships). For example, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, the 15 km men's individual race was a skate skiing event. Therefore, at the 2022 Olympics, this event will be skied in classic style.
1039:
918:
1410:
1381:
1192:
1071:
947:
251:
1229:
886:
1719:
1632:. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total running distance/time. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules; in any given competition one of the following penalties would apply:
263:
2069:
A course is expected to test the skier's technical and physical abilities, to be laid out in a manner that takes advantage of the natural terrain, and to provide smooth transitions among uphills, downhills and "undulating" terrainâdistributed approximately evenly among the three. The manual advocates
1992:
Athletes train for each level on a seasonal schedule designed for the targeted events: marathon or mid-distance. Additional aspects of training address aerobic (low-intensity) exerciseâespecially for enduranceâand strength to improve joint flexibility and to minimize the risk of injury. Cross-country
1923:
Countries with cross-country ski teams usually have a strategy for developing promising athletes and programs to encourage participation in the sport, starting at a young age. One example is Cross-Country Ski Canada's "Long-Term
Athlete Development" program. The program encompasses youth development,
2080:
to provide the grooming surface on the race course. Such snow tends to be denser and icier than natural snow, which increases the speed of skiers, especially on downhills. With the increase of speed and a harder surface, comes the increased risk of injuries from falls. The FIS claims to be compiling
1947:
Ski training for the athlete depends on whether the desired specialty emphasizes endurance (marathon) or intensity (mid-distance events). The "intensity" theory of ski training uses stress to break down muscles and recovery to build them up stronger than before. In this theory, there are five levels
830:
Ski
Classics is a commercially sponsored international long-distance cross-country skiing cup competition, held in Europe. It originated in January 2011. As of the winter of 2015â6, the tour consisted of eight long-distance events, preceded by a prologue of 15 km and La Sgambeda of 24 km:
214:
units were skiing for sport (and prizes) in the 18th century. Starting in the latter part of the 20th century, technique evolved from the striding in-track classic technique to include skate-skiing, which occurs on courses that have been groomed with wide lanes for those using the technique. At the
2013:
In its "Organizing committee handbook", the FIS covers aspects of race management, including the layout of the competition venue, organization of the events (including scheduling, officiating, and awards), and addressing ancillary factors, such as the role of the media. National handbooks, such as
2021:
the course to provide a surface for skate-skiing and setting tracks for classic events. This takes into account snow physics, methods for packing snow and surface shaping, and the equipment used for these functions. Also key is the layout of grooming and track setting in the stadium with various
1108:
The
Worldloppet Ski Federation recognizes twenty ski marathons including those in the Ski Classics series (except La Diagonala and Ă
refjÀllslopet). They recognize those athletes who complete Worldloppet races in 10 countries, at least one of which has to be on another continent, to qualify as a
332:
In the 1800s racers used a single, wooden pole, which was longer and stronger than modern poles, and could be used for braking downhill, as well. In Norway, racing with two poles ("Finland style") met with resistance, starting in the 1880s, when some race rules forbade them; objections included
317:) existed in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries, but were discontinued when the main ski festival in Oslo focused on long races (competitive cross-country skiing) and ski jumping (now known as the Nordic disciplines). The alpine disciplines reemerged in Central Europe around 1920.
1109:"Worldloppet Master". The organization, sanctioned by FIS, seeks to attract elite racers to its events with the FIS Worldloppet Cup and aims thereby to "increase media and spectator interest in long distance racing". Notable races, other than the Ski Classics series include:
5814:
622:
5809:
617:
384:
developed a variant of the style for marathon or other endurance events in the 1970s by leaving one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski (one-sided skating); this became known as the "marathon skate". American skier
35:
238:. The organization of cross-country ski competitions aims to make those events accessible both to spectators and television audiences. As with other sports that require endurance, strength and speed, some athletes have chosen to use banned
2042:
and the stadium in a manner that not only enhances the experience of spectators, but of viewers, as wellânot just to show the athletes in action, but to show the ways in which fans enjoy the action. The manual includes considerations of:
3769:
803:
A ski marathon is a long-distance, usually point-to-point race, of more than 40 kilometers; some are held concurrent with shorter races and participation is usually open to the public. In
Norwegian, such a race is called
5819:
5824:
3728:
1751:. For classic events, typical ski lengths are between 195 and 210 centimetres, while ski lengths for skating are 170 to 200 cm. Skis for skating are also more rigid than skis for classical. Skis are
3057:
3430:
5546:
380:, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing. This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. Finnish skier
1642:
Use of an extra cartridge (placed at the shooting range) to hit the target; only three such extras are available for each round, and a penalty loop must be made for each target left standing.
548:
have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World
Championships were held annually, including years with
3761:
3625:
1782:
In classic cross-country skiing the skis remain parallel, as the skier strides straight ahead. The undersides of the skis have a grip section in the middle treated with a special
2038:
In its "Cross-country homologation manual", the FIS recognizes that fans of the sport wish to follow it on television. With this in mind, the manual addresses how to design the
3969:
234:
Athletes train to achieve endurance, strength, speed, skill and flexibility at different levels of intensity. Off-season training often occurs on dry land, sometimes on
3498:
368:
in 1900, the
Norwegian Bjarne Nilssen won the 23 km cross-country race and was observed using a skating motion while skiingâa technique unknown to the spectators.
5539:
458:
313:
refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in pre-set tracks in the shortest possible time". Alpine skiing competitions (known as
129:
125:
552:. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.
3147:
4672:
3735:
297:"Long racing" with full military kit and a gun on the shoulder over ca. 2.5 km of "flat ground" within 15 minutes (precursor to modern cross-country skiing).
3061:
1733:
Cross-country ski competitors employ one of two techniques, according to the event: classic and skating (in freestyle races, where all techniques are allowed).
574:
305:. The announcement called the event a "wagering race on skis". A distinct alpine technique emerged around 1900 from how skiing was practiced up until then when
3441:
1959:
Strength: Strength training improves flexibility and joint motion to minimize injury and to improve overall strength, not addressed by sport-specific training.
1903:, which is used while descending and can provide braking, and the step turn, which is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats. The
1819:
While skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to
333:
issues of aestheticsâhow they made skiers " like geese". As the use of pairs of pole became the norm, materials favored lightness and strength, starting with
5532:
2160:, Johannes Eder, Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann, from all future Olympic competition. An Italian court found Tauber and Pinter not guilty in 2012.
2014:
the "USSA Cross-Country
Technical Handbook" and the "Cross Country Canada officials manual", provide further guidance, sometimes specific to their venues.
1604:
169:
3792:
1956:
Aerobic: Low-intensity, aerobic training (at 60â70% of an athlete's maximum intensity) should consume most of the training hours for endurance athletes.
872:
3998:
454:
389:
further developed the marathon skate technique in the late 1970s. Skate skiing became widespread during the 1980s after Koch's success with it in the
3662:
2914:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
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5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
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5659:
5654:
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529:
390:
373:
461:) among the five principal disciplines. Cross-country events have evolved in the Winter Olympics since 1924, as seen in the following timeline:
3698:
2144:
was ejected from competition after testing positive for the blood booster EPO. In 2007, The
International Olympic Committee banned biathletes,
1988:
Speed: This level of training addresses the athlete's ability to sprint and is neuromuscular, essentially training the muscles to move quickly.
3962:
3608:
3402:
3374:
3088:
2778:
2659:
1588:
197:
1592:
3636:
1636:
Skiing around a 150-metre (490 ft) penalty loop, which, depending on conditions, takes 20â30 seconds for elite athletes to complete.
4665:
3841:
2729:
5555:
1696:
1233:
545:
161:
2869:
2852:
3894:
3121:
1608:
4841:
3955:
3329:
1940:
Equipment selection, use, and maintenance of the athlete's skis, boots, bindings, wax, clothing, and poles necessary to success.
5056:
4028:
1676:
1652:
493:
205:
3472:
5855:
4658:
3505:
3272:
1786:
that provides friction when the foot is still, yet glides when the foot is in motion, while the rest of the ski bottom has a
5845:
3151:
1600:
219:
evolved from skis and poles that were made of wood and other natural materials to comprising such man-made materials as
157:
55:
1934:
Psychological and sociological skills, emphasizing sound relationships and the mental skills required for competition.
570:
239:
165:
3195:
294:
Downhill racing on large slopes without "riding or resting on their stick" or falling (precursor to downhill racing).
5041:
4535:
4224:
4148:
2542:
2137:
2039:
2018:
2005:
1103:
813:
369:
189:
5365:
5317:
4739:
4325:
4262:
2081:
data on the comparative frequency and severity of falls, but wasn't sharing the information, as of
January 2022.
1937:
Training and competition performance, addressing goal-directed training to achieve favorable competition results.
329:) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age categories.
291:"Hurling" themselves while racing downhill among trees "without falling or breaking skis" (precursor to slalom).
3035:
2089:
As with other sports, some competitors in cross-country skiing have chosen to enhance their performance through
5360:
4900:
4744:
4315:
3303:
1760:
1684:
861:
19:
This article is about the sport of competitive cross-country skiing. For cross-country skiing in general, see
5513:
4880:
2464:
1669:
489:
361:
141:
2163:
Skiers, who have tested positive for EPO or other performance-enhancing drugs, include (date of sanction):
1804:
445:
are a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. The first Winter Olympics, the
288:
Shooting at prescribed targets at 40â50 paces while skiing downhill at "top speed" (precursor to biathlon).
5850:
4330:
4153:
3669:
2516:
1443:
255:
3006:
4958:
4885:
4808:
4686:
4639:
4595:
3566:
2925:
1149:
50:
1075:
5426:
5386:
5109:
4834:
4590:
4563:
4089:
2529:
2438:
1771:
1744:
1680:
1323:
922:
549:
513:
505:
499:
483:
477:
471:
465:
446:
442:
434:
360:
was introduced to competition in the 20th Century. At the first German ski championship, held at the
346:
338:
216:
181:
177:
153:
20:
309:
advocated the "Lilienfelder Ski Method" as an alternative to the Norwegian technique. In Norwegian,
5260:
5195:
5185:
5094:
4381:
4310:
2110:
1962:
Lactate Threshold: This level builds an efficient base speed by training the body to convert blood
1425:
1385:
983:
281:
208:
that allows athletes with disabilities to compete at cross-country skiing with adaptive equipment.
40:
3096:
2093:. Anti-doping tests at the 2001 World Nordic skiing championships in Lahti, Finland revealed that
1709:
Skiers with visual impairment including blindness, low visual acuity, and limited field of vision.
1453:
5275:
5061:
5051:
4788:
4457:
4229:
4184:
4094:
2243:
1949:
1799:
1748:
1338:
322:
3600:
3594:
3366:
3360:
2373:
4910:
1085:
5350:
5299:
5290:
5265:
5190:
5071:
5036:
4804:
3993:
3604:
3408:
3398:
3370:
2915:"Wordloppet Anniversary Bookâ30 years of skiing around the world (Skating, Siitonen and Koch)"
2848:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2685:
2620:
2581:
2490:
2477:
2334:
2269:
2149:
2106:
1974:
1595:
is organized every odd year and includes sprint, middle and long distance competitions, and a
1043:
386:
275:
204:, where competitors race on cross-country skis and stop to shoot at targets with rifles, and
5483:
5345:
5270:
5177:
5152:
5139:
5076:
5046:
5009:
5004:
4963:
4875:
4766:
4707:
4682:
4350:
4272:
4244:
4068:
3868:
2738:
2633:
2555:
2308:
2282:
2204:
2157:
2141:
2130:
2129:. In addition, the team head coach left needles and drip bags at a public location near the
2094:
1688:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1471:
1356:
1334:
1196:
426:
377:
193:
136:
75:
5794:
2030:
1931:
Physiological and motor skills addressing physical fitness, strength, power, and endurance.
1703:
Standing skiers with arm impairments, leg impairments or with both arm and leg impairments.
1657:
1560:
5457:
5391:
5255:
5167:
4867:
4827:
4771:
4629:
4386:
4345:
4234:
4047:
3579:
2672:
2607:
2180:
2145:
2090:
1904:
1661:
1294:
1139:
965:
564:
430:
306:
2386:
2102:
1985:âvolume of oxygen that the lungs pass into the musculature via the cardiovascular system.
1808:
1722:
1414:
2034:
A cross-country skiing stadium was part of the racing venue at the Lahti Ski Games 2010.
1993:
ski training occurs throughout the year, including on dry land where athletes engage in
5245:
5213:
5129:
4734:
4553:
4169:
3125:
2698:
2503:
2425:
2412:
2122:
2073:
1629:
1527:
1089:
876:
856:
589:
585:
537:
381:
211:
1915:
284:, codified four classes of military skiing contests and established prizes for each:
5839:
5524:
5462:
5447:
5396:
5205:
5162:
5114:
5104:
4994:
4973:
4937:
4927:
4756:
4525:
4493:
4401:
4391:
4376:
4252:
4214:
4133:
4118:
4099:
4008:
3337:
3221:
2594:
2568:
2360:
2347:
2295:
2217:
2153:
2118:
2098:
1994:
1900:
1569:
1565:
1499:
1342:
1318:
1276:
1261:
1163:
796:
267:
235:
120:
791:
5421:
5416:
5327:
5307:
5280:
5157:
5147:
5028:
4968:
4919:
4781:
4607:
4585:
4406:
4302:
4277:
4219:
4189:
4174:
4138:
4063:
3982:
2646:
2321:
2114:
1767:
1755:
for speed and, in the case of classic skis, traction when striding forward. Racing
1726:
1584:
1174:
1053:
933:
825:
809:
402:
365:
357:
228:
224:
185:
108:
3280:
1272:
577:
are announced who have the highest total scores at the end of the World Cup season
524:
2976:
2022:
formats for starts, finishes and intermediate functions for relays and pursuits.
5431:
5337:
5250:
5240:
5232:
5099:
5086:
4999:
4776:
4729:
4602:
4422:
4366:
4073:
4035:
2874:
2451:
2399:
2256:
1963:
1820:
1812:
1774:. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing.
1706:
Sit-Skiers, all with leg impairments, but with varying degrees of torso control.
1513:
1494:
1207:
1057:
1010:
1001:
993:
978:
890:
601:
581:
560:
173:
2913:
Field, Patrick; Corradini, Angelo (2007), Paal, Epp; Corradini, Angelo (eds.),
2843:
Rolf Bryhn; Knut Are Tvedt, eds. (1990). "Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon".
422:
5381:
5322:
5223:
5124:
4978:
4890:
4719:
4530:
4520:
4484:
4432:
4396:
4340:
4292:
4282:
4267:
4179:
4040:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
2126:
2077:
1683:
for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two
1028:
951:
588:
of cycling, it is held annually during late December and early January in the
220:
160:
and by various national organizations. International competitions include the
4650:
3412:
5498:
5488:
5355:
5312:
5066:
4702:
4570:
4558:
4503:
4498:
4464:
4447:
4371:
4335:
4287:
4104:
3249:
2230:
1943:
Education that eventually allows the athlete to become his or her own coach.
1759:
are also lighter than recreational ones and are attached at the toe only to
1756:
1541:
1522:
1481:
1134:
394:
250:
104:
100:
3815:
2949:
1718:
1509:
302:
262:
3947:
3561:
Kuzzy, Garrott (December 2008). "Intensity training". Cross Country Skier.
3199:
5493:
5467:
4932:
4895:
4697:
4545:
4515:
4469:
4442:
4427:
4209:
3816:"Doping Disaster for Finnish Ski Team: a Turning Point for Drug Testing?"
1692:
1625:
1620:
1305:
961:
904:
450:
342:
201:
5014:
4858:
4714:
4580:
4575:
4474:
4437:
4320:
4257:
4143:
2076:
is causing venues, accustomed to natural snow, to rely increasingly on
1978:
1787:
1783:
1752:
1665:
1537:
1457:
1438:
1396:
1371:
1351:
1280:
1256:
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1024:
997:
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917:
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533:
406:
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1429:
1409:
1400:
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1309:
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1215:
1191:
1070:
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1038:
969:
946:
398:
334:
301:
An early record of a public ski competition was for an 1843 event in
3869:"Six Austrian Nordic skiers banned for life by IOC for blood-doping"
2009:
Event celebration with a podium ceremony is part of race management.
2737:(Licentiate thesis). LuleÄ University of Technology. Archived from
1743:
are lighter, narrower and designed to be faster than those used in
152:
encompasses a variety of race formats and course lengths. Rules of
4510:
3174:
2029:
2004:
1914:
1803:
1717:
1656:
1596:
1559:
1485:
1466:
1367:
1247:
1228:
1178:
908:
900:
885:
790:
597:
523:
421:
261:
249:
2977:"Skier Bill Koch the winter after his cross-country championship"
2731:
Investigation of the most essential factors influencing ski glide
1907:(or "snowplow turn"), is sometimes used for braking and turning.
4724:
3842:"Austrian cross-country skier kicked out of Olympics for doping"
1725:
skis with classic, diagonal-stride technique uphill in track at
96:
5528:
4823:
4654:
3951:
1966:
into energy, rather than creating a sensation of tired muscles.
508:: Appearance of sprint and mass start events in Salt Lake City.
4452:
1740:
3440:. United States Ski and Snowboard Association. Archived from
480:: men's 30 km and the women's 3 Ă 5 km relay added.
3762:"Climate change: Athletes flag the dangers of manmade snow"
2845:
Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon (Encyclopedia of Sports)
2101:
and two other skiers from Finland's gold-medal relay team,
3734:(6 ed.). International Ski Federation. Archived from
3058:"Which cross-country ski disciplines are in the Olympics?"
1997:
and ski striding to maintain ski-specific muscle fitness.
4819:
3504:. Professional Ski Instructors of America. Archived from
604:, as part of the FIS Cross-Country World Cup (since 2006)
2818:, translated by W. Edson Richmond. Oslo: Samlaget, 1993.
2766:
Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing
559:
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (also including
409:âwhile preserving events using only classic technique.
393:
drew more attention to the technique. Norwegian skier,
3122:"WL Rules and RegulationsâEverything you need to know"
1928:
Technical skills specific to cross-country ski racing.
3895:"Seks Ăžsterrikere frikjent, tre dĂžmt etter OL-doping"
3692:
3690:
3668:. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association. Archived from
3196:"FIS Worldloppet Cup presented by WorldloppetâRules"
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2125:(EPO). EPO boosts the oxygen-carrying capability of
5802:
5562:
5476:
5440:
5409:
5374:
5336:
5298:
5231:
5222:
5204:
5176:
5138:
5085:
5027:
4987:
4951:
4918:
4866:
4857:
4544:
4483:
4415:
4359:
4301:
4243:
4202:
4162:
4126:
4117:
4082:
4056:
4016:
4007:
3535:Fish, Bryan (December 2008). "Plan your training".
3424:
3422:
3277:
Rules adopted by the 2012 10th Regular IBU Congress
3148:"Ski Classics â vill göra lĂ„ngloppen mera populĂ€ra"
349:, and ultimately carbon fiber, introduced in 1975.
135:
119:
114:
92:
84:
74:
69:
61:
48:
3722:
3720:
3198:. Worldloppet Ski Federation. 2015. Archived from
1763:that are specialized for classic or skate skiing.
180:and freestyle events, where the skiers may employ
3365:. Consolidated Amethyst Communications. p.
2870:"Skistavens historie: Hjelpemiddel og brÄkmaker"
609:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medal events
2908:
2906:
3635:. International Ski Federation. Archived from
3429:Cross Country Competencies Task Force (2002).
3279:. International Biathlon Union. Archived from
3095:, International Ski Federation, archived from
5540:
4835:
4666:
3963:
3395:Cross-country skiing: touring and competition
2924:, World Loppet Ski Foundation, archived from
1919:Dry-land training and racing with roller skis
8:
3499:"Cross Country Certification Standards 2014"
3243:
3241:
3239:
3124:. Worldloppet Ski Federation. Archived from
3036:"Cross Country Skiing Equipment and History"
3000:
2998:
2109:, and two female skiers tested positive for
1639:Adding one minute to the skier's total time.
1609:World Masters Ski Orienteering Championships
337:, which gave way to fiberglass, used at the
28:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2790:
2017:An important aspect of race preparation is
1899:The primary turns used for racing, are the
1846:Diagonal V: single pole on stationary side
1668:competing on cross-country sit-skis at the
1605:Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships
5547:
5533:
5525:
5228:
4863:
4842:
4828:
4820:
4673:
4659:
4651:
4541:
4123:
4013:
3970:
3956:
3948:
3943:Video depicting V2 alternate skate-skiing.
3466:
3464:
3462:
3362:The Better Way to Go: Cross Country Skiing
3115:
3113:
3013:. International Skiing History Association
2165:
1770:and feature smaller, lighter baskets than
530:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships of 2009
27:
3999:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
3150:. LĂ€ngd. 30 November 2010. Archived from
1737:combines the two techniques in one race.
3599:(5 ed.). Winchester Press. p.
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3397:(3d ed.). Toronto: Copp C. Pitman.
2847:. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 455.
1825:
1564:Olympic women's biathlon gold medalists
1111:
833:
607:
3928:Video depicting skate-skiing technique.
3699:"Cross Country Canada officials manual"
3663:"USSA Cross-Country Technical Handbook"
3530:
3528:
3526:
3492:
3490:
3473:"Cross-Country SkiingâA Sport For Life"
3388:
3386:
3252:. International Orienteering Federation
3007:"Cross-country skating: How it started"
2723:
2721:
2717:
2050:Requirements for different race formats
1766:Racing ski poles are usually made from
391:1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships
3575:
3564:
3497:PSIA Standards Committee (June 2014).
3083:
3081:
3079:
3030:
3028:
2954:Cross Country Ski Tips and Information
176:, groomed courses designed to support
3791:Culpepper, Chuck (12 February 2014).
3308:IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon
1589:International Orienteering Federation
198:International Orienteering Federation
7:
3820:News & Comment / Sports Medicine
3772:from the original on 11 January 2022
3760:Bellisle, Martha (11 January 2022).
3727:FIS Cross-Country Committee (2012).
3624:FIS Cross-Country Committee (2011).
3431:"Cross Country Athlete Competencies"
3310:. International Paralympic Committee
2056:Courses for skiers with disabilities
1593:World Ski Orienteering Championships
433:at the 1956 Winter Olympic Games in
184:. It also encompasses cross-country
3729:"Cross-country homologation manual"
3697:Thomson, Jim, ed. (November 2009).
1868:V2: Double pole on alternate sides
200:. Related forms of competition are
5556:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
3923:Video depicting classic technique.
3224:. Worldloppet Ski Federation. 2012
2868:Brugge, Mette (20 December 2015).
2763:Huntford, Roland (November 2008).
1811:skate skis at a qualifier for the
1697:International Paralympic Committee
1628:combines cross-country skiing and
1234:Sapporo International Ski Marathon
772:Combined/double pursuit/Skiathlon
546:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
372:used the skating technique at the
280:In 1767 Danish-Norwegian general,
162:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
14:
3273:"IBU Event and Competition Rules"
3038:. International Olympic Committee
2975:Robbins, Paul (11 January 1983).
1745:recreational cross-country skiing
1695:. Competition is governed by the
1572:at the World Cup pursuit race in
80:Separate events for men and women
5793:
5289:
4909:
4681:
4635:
4634:
4625:
4624:
3938:Video depicting V2 skate-skiing.
3933:Video depicting V1 skate-skiing.
2878:(in Norwegian). Oslo. p. 14
2152:, and the cross-country skiers,
2062:Waxing rooms with ski test areas
1879:V2 alternate (open field skate)
1521:
1493:
1465:
1437:
1408:
1379:
1350:
1317:
1288:
1255:
1227:
1190:
1157:
1150:Falls Creek, Victoria, Australia
1133:
1069:
1037:
1009:
977:
945:
916:
884:
855:
795:Marathon mass start at the 2006
150:Competitive cross-country skiing
34:
2769:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
2140:, Austrian cross-country skier
1677:Paralympic cross-country skiing
1653:Paralympic cross-country skiing
1116:
838:
494:Paralympic cross-country skiing
474:.: Women's Nordic skiing debuts
206:paralympic cross-country skiing
3359:Talesnick, Stan (March 1983).
3304:"Nordic Skiing Classification"
1911:Skier development and training
1603:is organized every even year.
468:: Cross-country skiing debuts.
1:
3867:Kelso, Paul (25 April 2007).
3626:"Organizing committee manual"
2981:The Christian Science Monitor
1857:V1: Double pole on same side
1587:discipline recognized by the
29:Cross-country ski competition
3901:(in Norwegian). langrenn.com
1599:for both men and women. The
158:International Ski Federation
5387:Radio-controlled car racing
571:FIS Cross-Country World Cup
528:Classical event during the
502:: Women's 20 km added.
240:performance-enhancing drugs
166:FIS Cross-Country World Cup
5872:
5042:Mountain bike orienteering
3848:. Sports. 23 February 2014
3593:Hall, Marty (March 1982).
3475:. Cross Ski Country Canada
2898:Norske ski erobrer verden.
2543:Natalya Baranova-Masalkina
2138:Sochi Winter Olympic Games
1797:
1650:
1618:
1553:
1113:Worldloppet Series events
1104:Worldloppet Ski Federation
1101:
823:
486:: Women's 5 km added.
273:
196:events, sanctioned by the
190:Worldloppet Ski Federation
188:events, sanctioned by the
18:
5791:
5509:
5366:Offshore powerboat racing
5318:Motorcycle chariot racing
5287:
4907:
4797:
4693:
4620:
3989:
2816:Skiing throughout history
2796:Bergsland, Einar (1946):
2117:expander usually used to
1827:Skate-skiing terminology
33:
5685:1984 Rovaniemi/Engelberg
5635:1950 Lake Placid/Rumford
5630:(1941 Cortina d'Ampezzo)
5361:Inshore powerboat racing
3814:Seiler, Stephen (2001).
1611:are organized annually.
665:1991â1999, 2025âPresent
514:2022 Olympics in Beijing
319:Ski touring competitions
172:. Such races occur over
65:Cross-country, XC skiing
16:Competitive winter sport
5514:List of forms of racing
4881:Middle-distance running
3633:Cross-Country World Cup
3173:Nilsson, David (2015).
3011:Skiing History Magazine
3005:Bengtsson, Bengt Erik.
2728:Kuzmin, Leonid (2006).
2465:Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle
2026:Design of racing venues
1977:to build the athlete's
1714:Technique and equipment
1689:Winter Paralympic Games
1670:2010 Winter Paralympics
490:1976 Winter Paralympics
374:1931 World Championship
5580:1927 Cortina d'Ampezzo
5356:Jet sprint boat racing
3705:. Cross Country Canada
3574:Cite journal requires
3539:. Cross Country Skier.
3537:Training Tips from CXC
3222:"What is Worldloppet?"
2900:Oslo: Gyldendal, 1952.
2517:Martin Johnsrud Sundby
2047:Course design criteria
2035:
2010:
1920:
1816:
1730:
1673:
1577:
1444:Fossavatn Ski Marathon
835:Classic Series events
800:
761:4 Ă 7.5 km relay
541:
453:, France and included
438:
429:headed for victory in
326:
271:
259:
256:Ballangen Municipality
156:are sanctioned by the
5856:Winter Olympic sports
5815:Cross-country (women)
4959:Cross country running
4886:Long-distance running
4809:Summer Olympic sports
4687:Winter Olympic sports
4640:Category:Snowboarding
3893:Staff (6 July 2012).
3438:Development resources
3330:"About Cross Country"
3271:IBU Congress (2012).
2033:
2008:
1973:max: This level uses
1918:
1807:
1721:
1660:
1563:
990:42 / 21 / 17 km
956:90 / 45 / 30 km
794:
739:3 Ă 5 km relay
728:4 Ă 10 km relay
527:
425:
265:
253:
229:polyethylene plastics
5846:Cross-country skiing
5453:Cross-country skiing
5427:Slalom skateboarding
5110:Mountain bike racing
4360:Technique / learning
4090:Cross-country skiing
4024:Cross-country skiing
3393:Rees, David (1981).
3175:"Visma Ski Classics"
2931:on 27 September 2015
1890:Skate without poles
1838:Term used in Canada
1835:Term used in the US
1681:cross-country skiing
1679:is an adaptation of
1324:American Birkebeiner
750:4 Ă 5 km relay
555:FIS events include:
550:Winter Olympic Games
506:2002 Winter Olympics
500:1980 Winter Olympics
484:1964 Winter Olympics
478:1956 Winter Olympics
472:1952 Winter Olympics
466:1924 Winter Olympics
459:cross-country skiing
447:1924 Winter Olympics
443:Winter Olympic Games
418:Winter Olympic Games
370:Johan GrÞttumsbrÄten
347:1972 Winter Olympics
339:1968 Winter Olympics
266:Swedish competitor,
254:Local championship,
192:, and cross-country
170:Winter Olympic Games
154:cross-country skiing
88:Outdoor winter sport
21:Cross-country skiing
5810:Cross-country (men)
5261:Pickup truck racing
5196:Paralympic swimming
5186:Open water swimming
5095:Road bicycle racing
4127:Olympic disciplines
3741:on 20 February 2014
3642:on 25 November 2014
3471:Rees, Dave (2007).
3154:on 22 December 2015
3064:on 19 February 2022
2111:hydroxyethyl starch
1828:
1749:composite materials
1687:disciplines in the
1386:Demino Ski Marathon
1114:
984:Engadin Skimarathon
836:
820:Ski Classics series
610:
282:Schack Carl Rantzau
51:governing body
41:Demino Ski Marathon
30:
5760:2013 Val di Fiemme
5735:2003 Val di Fiemme
5705:1991 Val di Fiemme
5477:Multi-sport racing
5276:Touring car racing
5062:Canoe orienteering
5057:Radio orienteering
5052:Trail orienteering
4789:Ski mountaineering
4458:List of ski brands
4230:Ski mountaineering
4185:Para-alpine skiing
4095:Backcountry skiing
3675:on 9 November 2014
3447:on 6 February 2014
3340:on 5 November 2014
3283:on 17 October 2014
3250:"Ski Orienteering"
3248:Webmaster (2011).
3128:on 6 November 2015
3120:Directors (2015).
2744:on 8 February 2006
2244:Christian Hoffmann
2036:
2011:
1921:
1826:
1817:
1800:Skating techniques
1772:recreational poles
1731:
1674:
1578:
1339:Hayward, Wisconsin
1112:
1098:Worldloppet series
862:JizerskĂĄ PadesĂĄtka
834:
801:
629:Individual sprint
608:
542:
439:
272:
260:
178:classic (in-track)
5833:
5832:
5660:1970 Vysoké Tatry
5610:1935 Vysoké Tatry
5570:1925 JanskĂ© LĂĄznÄ
5522:
5521:
5405:
5404:
5351:Hydroplane racing
5300:Motorcycle racing
5266:Sports car racing
5191:Marathon swimming
5072:Mountain marathon
5037:Foot orienteering
5023:
5022:
4817:
4816:
4805:Paralympic sports
4648:
4647:
4616:
4615:
4198:
4197:
4163:Other disciplines
4113:
4112:
3994:History of skiing
3795:. Sports on Earth
3793:"Denial coaching"
3610:978-0-87691-331-4
3404:978-0-7730-4045-8
3376:978-0-920474-17-4
2956:. XCSki.com. 2010
2780:978-1-84725-236-4
2710:
2709:
2621:Natalya Matveyeva
2582:Yevgeny Dementyev
2530:Kornelia KubiĆska
2491:Alexey Poltoranin
2478:Yevgeniy Koshevoy
2439:Pertti TeurajÀrvi
2335:Harri Kirvesniemi
2150:Wolfgang Rottmann
2107:Harri Kirvesniemi
1975:interval training
1897:
1896:
1547:
1546:
1095:
1094:
1044:Birkebeinerrennet
923:König Ludwig Lauf
782:
781:
584:: modeled on the
435:Cortina d'Ampezzo
276:History of skiing
147:
146:
5863:
5797:
5715:1995 Thunder Bay
5549:
5542:
5535:
5526:
5484:Adventure racing
5346:Drag boat racing
5338:Motorboat racing
5293:
5271:Stock car racing
5229:
5153:Greyhound racing
5077:Car orienteering
5047:Ski orienteering
5010:Snowshoe running
5005:Backward running
4964:Mountain running
4952:Off-road running
4913:
4864:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4685:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4652:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4542:
4351:Snowboard racing
4273:Half-pipe skiing
4245:Freestyle skiing
4124:
4069:Ski orienteering
4014:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3899:www.langrenn.com
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:One Stride Ahead
3590:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3511:on 21 April 2015
3510:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3336:. Archived from
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3245:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:on 16 April 2015
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3099:on 7 August 2014
3085:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:. Archived from
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2950:"Marathon Skate"
2946:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2922:Anniversary Book
2919:
2910:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2840:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2800:Oslo: Aschehoug.
2794:
2785:
2784:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2725:
2634:Sergey Shiryayev
2556:Yuliya Chepalova
2283:Andreas Veerpalu
2166:
2131:Helsinki airport
1829:
1581:Ski orienteering
1556:Ski orienteering
1550:Ski orienteering
1526:
1525:
1506:42 / 21 km
1498:
1497:
1472:Vasaloppet China
1470:
1469:
1442:
1441:
1426:Szklarska PorÄba
1413:
1412:
1384:
1383:
1361:62 / 32 km
1357:Finlandia Hiihto
1355:
1354:
1331:50 / 23 km
1328:54 / 23 km
1322:
1321:
1306:Gatineau, Quebec
1302:53 / 29 km
1299:53 / 29 km
1293:
1292:
1269:63 / 31 km
1266:63 / 31 km
1260:
1259:
1240:50 / 25 km
1232:
1231:
1204:76 / 54 km
1201:50 / 25 km
1197:Transjurassienne
1195:
1194:
1168:42 / 21 km
1162:
1161:
1146:42 / 21 km
1138:
1137:
1115:
1074:
1073:
1042:
1041:
1014:
1013:
982:
981:
950:
949:
930:50 / 23 km
927:50 / 23 km
921:
920:
895:70 / 45 km
889:
888:
866:50 / 25 km
860:
859:
837:
611:
457:(which includes
427:Sverre Stenersen
194:ski orienteering
38:
31:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5820:Nordic combined
5798:
5789:
5780:2021 Oberstdorf
5740:2005 Oberstdorf
5695:1987 Oberstdorf
5558:
5553:
5523:
5518:
5505:
5472:
5458:Snowboard cross
5436:
5401:
5392:Slot car racing
5370:
5332:
5294:
5285:
5256:Off-road racing
5218:
5200:
5172:
5168:Sled dog racing
5134:
5081:
5019:
4983:
4947:
4914:
4905:
4853:
4848:
4818:
4813:
4793:
4772:Nordic combined
4689:
4679:
4649:
4644:
4630:Category:Skiing
4612:
4540:
4479:
4411:
4355:
4346:Snowboard cross
4297:
4239:
4235:Telemark skiing
4194:
4158:
4109:
4078:
4052:
4048:Nordic combined
4003:
3985:
3976:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3573:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3544:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2673:Galina Kulakova
2660:Lyubov Yegorova
2608:Larisa Lazutina
2374:Eero MĂ€ntyranta
2193:Roland Diethart
2181:Dominik Baldauf
2146:Wolfgang Perner
2087:
2028:
2003:
2001:Race management
1982:
1972:
1913:
1849:Diagonal skate
1802:
1796:
1780:
1716:
1691:; the other is
1662:Olena Iurkovska
1655:
1649:
1623:
1617:
1558:
1552:
1520:
1492:
1464:
1436:
1419:50 /26 km
1407:
1378:
1349:
1316:
1295:Gatineau Loppet
1287:
1254:
1226:
1189:
1156:
1140:Kangaroo Hoppet
1132:
1106:
1100:
1076:Ă
refjÀllsloppet
1068:
1036:
1008:
976:
944:
915:
883:
854:
828:
822:
787:
623:Dates for Women
565:nordic combined
522:
431:Nordic combined
420:
415:
355:
307:Mathias Zdarsky
278:
270:, in April 1935
248:
70:Characteristics
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5869:
5867:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5838:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:1997 Trondheim
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5605:1934 SollefteÄ
5602:
5600:1933 Innsbruck
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Formula racing
5243:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5214:Speed climbing
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5130:Cycle speedway
5127:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5087:Bicycle racing
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:figure skating
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4554:Aerial tramway
4550:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Extreme skiing
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3917:External links
3915:
3913:
3912:
3885:
3859:
3833:
3822:. SportScience
3806:
3783:
3752:
3716:
3686:
3653:
3616:
3609:
3585:
3576:|journal=
3542:
3522:
3486:
3458:
3418:
3403:
3382:
3375:
3351:
3321:
3294:
3263:
3235:
3213:
3187:
3165:
3139:
3109:
3075:
3049:
3024:
2994:
2967:
2941:
2902:
2896:Vaage, Jacob:
2889:
2860:
2853:
2820:
2802:
2786:
2779:
2755:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:Marina Lisogor
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:Johann MĂŒhlegg
2682:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2630:
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2626:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
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2584:
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2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:Therese Johaug
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:Virpi Sarasvuo
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
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2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2344:
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2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:Karel TammjÀrv
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2123:erythropoietin
2086:
2083:
2074:Climate change
2067:
2066:
2065:Warm up course
2063:
2060:
2059:Stadium layout
2057:
2054:
2053:Course layouts
2051:
2048:
2027:
2024:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:for training:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1912:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1776:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1630:rifle shooting
1619:Main article:
1616:
1613:
1554:Main article:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1528:Ushuaia Loppet
1517:
1516:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1031:, Switzerland
1022:
1019:
1016:
1005:
1004:
991:
988:
986:
973:
972:
959:
957:
954:
941:
940:
931:
928:
925:
912:
911:
898:
896:
893:
880:
879:
877:Czech Republic
870:
867:
864:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
824:Main article:
821:
818:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
688:
685:
684:17â18 km
681:
680:
677:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
606:
605:
590:Czech Republic
586:Tour de France
578:
568:
538:Czech Republic
521:
518:
510:
509:
503:
497:
487:
481:
475:
469:
449:, was held in
419:
416:
414:
411:
382:Pauli Siitonen
354:
351:
345:, used at the
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
274:Main article:
258:, Norway, 1925
247:
244:
212:Norwegian army
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
112:
111:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
46:
45:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5868:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Ski marathons
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:1962 Zakopane
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:1939 Zakopane
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:1937 Chamonix
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:1929 Zakopane
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:Championships
5561:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Speed skating
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Alpine skiing
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:Winter racing
5439:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5397:Street racing
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:Pigeon racing
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5140:Animal racing
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5115:Track cycling
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Gravel racing
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Tower running
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Trail running
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Ultramarathon
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Half marathon
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4868:Track running
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:cross-country
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Snow grooming
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Dry ski slope
4492:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Ski simulator
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Stem christie
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Parallel turn
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Aerial skiing
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Indoor skiing
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Alpine skiing
4116:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:Roller skiing
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Nordic skiing
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3671:
3664:
3661:USSA (2004).
3657:
3654:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:"FIS History"
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2854:82-573-0408-5
2850:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2756:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Irina Khazova
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Olga Danilova
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Juha Lallukka
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Arto Koivisto
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Jari IsometsÀ
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Janne Immonen
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Johannes Eder
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Johannes DĂŒrr
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:JĂŒrgen Pinter
2155:
2154:Martin Tauber
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:Johannes DĂŒrr
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:Janne Immonen
2096:
2095:Jari IsometsÀ
2092:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:man-made snow
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:roller skiing
1987:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:parallel turn
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:Offset skate
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:Nordic skiing
1682:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1570:Andrea Henkel
1567:
1566:Olga Zaitseva
1562:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1500:Merino Muster
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:United States
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Tartu Maraton
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Dolomitenlauf
1160:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:La Diagonala
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
987:
985:
980:
975:
974:
971:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
948:
943:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
924:
919:
914:
913:
910:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
887:
882:
881:
878:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
858:
853:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
832:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
798:
797:Tartu Maraton
793:
789:
784:
778:1993âPresent
777:
775:1993âPresent
774:
771:
770:
767:2025âPresent
766:
764:2025âPresent
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
726:
723:2025âPresent
722:
720:1925âPresent
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
671:
668:1954âPresent
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
649:
646:2005âPresent
645:
643:2005âPresent
642:
639:
638:
635:2001âPresent
634:
632:2001âPresent
631:
628:
627:
624:
621:
619:
618:Dates for Men
616:
613:
612:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
558:
557:
556:
553:
551:
547:
539:
535:
531:
526:
519:
517:
515:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
460:
456:
455:Nordic skiing
452:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
283:
277:
269:
268:Martin Matsbo
264:
257:
252:
245:
243:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:, and at the
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
47:
42:
37:
32:
26:
22:
5785:2023 Planica
5775:2019 Seefeld
5750:2009 Liberec
5745:2007 Sapporo
5690:1985 Seefeld
5595:1931 Oberhof
5452:
5422:Sandboarding
5417:Longboarding
5410:Board racing
5328:Track racing
5308:Beach racing
5281:Truck racing
5224:Motor racing
5158:Horse racing
5148:Camel racing
5029:Orienteering
4969:Fell running
4920:Road running
4901:Steeplechase
4801:
4782:snowboarding
4761:
4608:Surface lift
4586:Gondola lift
4407:Skate skiing
4303:Snowboarding
4220:Night skiing
4203:Other skiing
4190:Speed skiing
4175:Glade skiing
4139:Giant slalom
4083:Recreational
4064:Ski marathon
4023:
3983:snowboarding
3903:. Retrieved
3898:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3873:The Guardian
3872:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3819:
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3765:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3707:. Retrieved
3702:
3677:. Retrieved
3670:the original
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3637:the original
3632:
3619:
3595:
3588:
3567:cite journal
3536:
3513:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3477:. Retrieved
3449:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3437:
3394:
3361:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3333:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3307:
3302:IPC (2013).
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3226:. Retrieved
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3168:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:the original
3101:, retrieved
3097:the original
3092:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3015:. Retrieved
3010:
2985:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2933:, retrieved
2926:the original
2921:
2897:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2844:
2815:
2797:
2765:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2730:
2677:Soviet Union
2647:Alyona Sidko
2387:Mika MyllylÀ
2322:Aki Karvonen
2162:
2135:
2115:blood plasma
2103:Mika MyllylÀ
2088:
2072:
2068:
2037:
2016:
2012:
1991:
1946:
1922:
1898:
1818:
1809:Michal MalĂĄk
1781:
1768:carbon fiber
1765:
1747:and made of
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:Holmenkollen
1723:Jörgen Brink
1675:
1624:
1585:orienteering
1579:
1415:Bieg PiastĂłw
1175:Obertilliach
1107:
934:Oberammergau
829:
826:Ski Classics
810:Ski Classics
805:
802:
788:
785:Ski marathon
640:Team sprint
573:: each year
554:
543:
511:
440:
403:Soviet Union
366:Black Forest
358:Skate skiing
356:
353:Skate skiing
331:
318:
314:
310:
300:
279:
233:
225:carbon fiber
210:
186:ski marathon
182:skate skiing
149:
148:
130:1952 (women)
25:
5825:Ski jumping
5725:1999 Ramsau
5432:Street luge
5251:Kart racing
5241:Drag racing
5233:Auto racing
5100:Cyclo-cross
5000:Racewalking
4777:ski jumping
4740:short-track
4603:Hybrid lift
4367:Carved turn
4316:Backcountry
4225:Ski archery
4074:Ski touring
4036:Ski jumping
4017:Competitive
3905:20 February
3703:Version 3.4
3334:US Ski Team
3206:15 December
3180:15 December
3132:13 December
3068:19 February
2987:13 December
2882:22 December
2875:Aftenposten
2452:Kaisa Varis
2426:Tero SimilÀ
2400:Milla Saari
2257:Harald Wurm
2212:2009, 2014
2121:the use of
2040:race course
1893:Free-skate
1821:ice skating
1813:Tour de Ski
1534:42 km
1514:New Zealand
1476:50 km
1448:50 km
1422:30 km
1393:50 km
1390:25 km
1364:50 km
1208:Les Rousses
1171:60 km
1090:Ă
re, Sweden
1080:65 km
1058:Lillehammer
1048:54 km
1021:65 km
1018:65 km
1002:Switzerland
891:Marcialonga
869:30 km
814:Worldloppet
717:50 km
706:30 km
695:20 km
673:15 km
662:10 km
602:Switzerland
582:Tour de Ski
561:ski jumping
236:roller skis
215:same time,
174:homologated
5840:Categories
5770:2017 Lahti
5765:2015 Falun
5730:2001 Lahti
5710:1993 Falun
5700:1989 Lahti
5675:1980 Falun
5670:1978 Lahti
5665:1974 Falun
5645:1958 Lahti
5640:1954 Falun
5620:1938 Lahti
5575:1926 Lahti
5382:Air racing
5323:Rally raid
5125:BMX racing
4979:Skyrunning
4891:Relay race
4745:long-track
4720:Ice hockey
4564:detachable
4531:Snowmaking
4521:Ski tunnel
4397:Ski school
4387:Snowplough
4382:Pivot turn
4341:Slopestyle
4326:Freeriding
4293:Slopestyle
4283:Ski ballet
4268:Freeskiing
4263:Freeriding
4180:Heliskiing
4041:Ski flying
4029:Paralympic
3878:9 November
3852:9 November
3826:9 November
3799:9 November
3776:12 January
3745:8 November
3709:9 November
3679:9 November
3646:9 November
3515:22 October
3479:9 November
3451:5 November
3344:5 November
3287:5 November
3256:5 November
3228:23 October
3103:23 October
3042:11 October
3017:20 October
2814:BĂž, Olav:
2748:20 October
2713:References
2495:Kazakhstan
2482:Kazakhstan
2127:hemoglobin
1905:wedge turn
1647:Paralympic
1454:ĂsafjörĂ°ur
1124:Freestyle
1029:St. Moritz
952:Vasaloppet
846:Freestyle
756:1974â2023
745:1954â1970
731:1933â2023
712:1989â2023
709:1926â2003
701:1978â1987
687:1925â1950
679:1989â2003
676:1954â2023
657:1962â1999
651:5 km
520:FIS events
315:hill races
221:fiberglass
137:Paralympic
126:1924 (men)
5803:Medalists
5755:2011 Oslo
5680:1982 Oslo
5655:1966 Oslo
5590:1930 Oslo
5499:Aquathlon
5489:Triathlon
5313:Motocross
5067:Rogaining
4876:Sprinting
4802:See also:
4767:freestyle
4703:Bobsleigh
4571:Funicular
4559:Chairlift
4546:Ski lifts
4504:Superpipe
4499:Half-pipe
4487:amenities
4465:Snowboard
4416:Equipment
4372:Jump turn
4336:Half-pipe
4331:Freestyle
4288:Ski cross
4105:Skijoring
4057:Endurance
3413:300405310
3314:4 October
3093:About FIS
2960:4 January
2231:Max Hauke
2113:(HES), a
1950:intensity
1788:glide wax
1757:ski boots
1735:Skiathlon
1601:World Cup
1542:Argentina
1482:Changchun
1127:Location
1086:VÄlÄdalen
873:BedĆichov
849:Location
575:medalists
395:Ove Aunli
387:Bill Koch
323:Norwegian
217:equipment
93:Equipment
76:Mixed-sex
62:Nicknames
5494:Duathlon
5468:Sledding
5206:Climbing
5178:Swimming
4933:Marathon
4896:Hurdling
4708:skeleton
4698:Biathlon
4596:tricable
4516:Ski area
4423:Bindings
4210:Biathlon
4154:Combined
4149:Downhill
3846:Fox News
3770:Archived
2983:. Boston
2119:cover up
2019:grooming
1882:2-skate
1871:1-skate
1761:bindings
1729:in 2007.
1693:biathlon
1626:Biathlon
1621:Biathlon
1615:Biathlon
1121:Classic
905:Cavalese
843:Classic
812:and the
451:Chamonix
437:, Italy.
362:Feldberg
343:aluminum
311:langrenn
202:biathlon
115:Presence
109:bindings
49:Highest
5015:Parkour
4859:Running
4730:Skating
4715:Curling
4591:bicable
4581:Funitel
4576:Funifor
4438:Monoski
4321:Big air
4258:Big air
4144:Super-G
3766:AP NEWS
3158:5 March
2935:1 April
2798:PĂ„ ski.
2703:Ukraine
2469:Germany
2456:Finland
2443:Finland
2430:Finland
2417:Finland
2404:Finland
2391:Finland
2378:Finland
2365:Finland
2352:Finland
2339:Finland
2326:Finland
2313:Finland
2300:Finland
2287:Estonia
2274:Estonia
2261:Austria
2248:Austria
2235:Austria
2222:Austria
2209:Austria
2196:Austria
2185:Austria
2172:Country
2136:At the
1964:lactate
1832:"Gear"
1815:, 2007.
1794:Skating
1784:ski wax
1778:Classic
1666:Ukraine
1576:, 2013.
1574:Oberhof
1538:Ushuaia
1458:Iceland
1397:Rybinsk
1372:Finland
1281:Estonia
1244:Sapporo
1212:Lamoura
1183:Austria
1025:Engadin
998:S-chanf
938:Germany
806:turrenn
594:Germany
567:events)
534:Liberec
512:At the
407:Finland
378:Oberhof
364:in the
327:turrenn
246:History
121:Olympic
5119:Keirin
4943:Ekiden
4851:Racing
4757:alpine
4752:Skiing
4485:Resort
4433:Helmet
4311:Alpine
4134:Slalom
3979:Skiing
3607:
3411:
3401:
3373:
2851:
2777:
2664:Russia
2651:Russia
2638:Russia
2625:Russia
2612:Russia
2599:Russia
2586:Russia
2573:Russia
2560:Russia
2547:Russia
2534:Poland
2521:Norway
2508:Norway
2091:doping
2085:Doping
1591:. The
1583:is an
1510:WÄnaka
1430:Poland
1401:Russia
1310:Canada
1273:OtepÀÀ
1220:France
1216:Mouthe
1118:Event
1062:Norway
994:Maloja
970:Sweden
840:Event
614:Event
600:, and
496:added.
413:Events
401:, the
399:Norway
335:bamboo
303:TromsĂž
227:, and
164:, the
43:, 2015
5375:Other
4988:Other
4536:Trail
4511:Piste
4448:Skins
4443:Poles
4428:Boots
4278:Mogul
3739:(PDF)
3732:(PDF)
3673:(PDF)
3666:(PDF)
3640:(PDF)
3629:(PDF)
3509:(PDF)
3502:(PDF)
3445:(PDF)
3434:(PDF)
2929:(PDF)
2918:(PDF)
2742:(PDF)
2735:(PDF)
2706:2014
2693:2002
2690:Spain
2680:1976
2667:1997
2654:2009
2641:2007
2628:2009
2615:2002
2602:2007
2589:2009
2576:2002
2563:2009
2550:2002
2537:2010
2524:2016
2511:2016
2498:2020
2485:2011
2472:2014
2459:2003
2446:1982
2433:2014
2420:2001
2407:2001
2394:2001
2381:1972
2368:2011
2355:1981
2342:2001
2329:1985
2316:2001
2303:2001
2290:2020
2277:2020
2264:2015
2251:2011
2238:2019
2225:2007
2199:2007
2188:2019
2175:Year
1753:waxed
1597:Relay
1486:China
1368:Lahti
1335:Cable
1248:Japan
1179:Lienz
962:SĂ€len
909:Italy
901:Moena
598:Italy
105:boots
101:poles
4807:and
4725:Luge
4470:Suit
4453:Skis
3981:and
3907:2019
3880:2014
3854:2014
3828:2014
3801:2014
3778:2022
3747:2014
3711:2014
3681:2014
3648:2014
3605:ISBN
3580:help
3517:2014
3481:2014
3453:2014
3409:OCLC
3399:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3346:2014
3316:2014
3289:2014
3258:2014
3230:2014
3208:2015
3182:2015
3160:2015
3134:2015
3105:2014
3070:2022
3044:2014
3019:2014
2989:2015
2962:2015
2937:2016
2884:2015
2849:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2750:2012
2169:Name
2148:and
2105:and
1887:5th
1876:4th
1865:3rd
1854:2nd
1843:1st
1741:Skis
1607:and
1568:and
1277:Elva
1054:Rena
966:Mora
753:N/A
742:N/A
734:N/A
698:N/A
690:N/A
654:N/A
580:The
563:and
544:The
441:The
405:and
142:1976
97:Skis
85:Type
4475:Wax
3601:237
3367:111
2771:436
1983:max
1948:of
1664:of
532:in
376:in
56:FIS
5842::
3897:.
3871:.
3844:.
3818:.
3768:.
3764:.
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3701:.
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3631:.
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3571::
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2097:,
1979:VO
1969:VO
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