60:. The outcrossing breeder intends to remove the traits by using "new blood." With dominant traits, one can still see the expression of the traits and can remove those traits, whether one outcrosses, line breeds or inbreeds. With recessive traits, outcrossing allows for the recessive traits to migrate across a population. Many traits are Mendelian and therefore exhibit a more complicated intermediate phenotype. The outcrossing breeder then may have individuals that have many
168:. stated regarding outcrossing that "the offspring from the union of two distinct individuals, especially if their progenitors have been subjected to very different conditions, have an immense advantage in height, weight, constitutional vigor and fertility over the self-fertilizing offspring from either one of the same parents". He thought that this observation was amply sufficient to account for outcrossing
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Life-history traits are said to increase the probability of outcrossing in fungi, such as long-distance dispersal and persistence of the haploid stage. Some studies even show that fungi favor outcrossing in comparison to other mating types. In a study performed with the commercial button mushroom,
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Increasing the variation of genes or alleles within the gene pool may protect against extinction by stressors from the environment among inbred animal populations. For example, in this context, a recent veterinary medicine study tried to determine the genetic diversity within cat breeds.
176:) are now thought to be largely due to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive mutations; and the fitness advantages of some outcrossed offspring are thought to be largely due to the heterozygous masking of such deleterious mutations except when such mutations lead to
107:. Once outcrossing is established in a lineage of flowering plants due to the benefit of genetic complementation, subsequent switching to inbreeding becomes disadvantageous because it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, i.e.
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those traits that are undesirable. When undesirable traits begin to appear, mates are selected to determine if a trait is recessive or dominant. Removal of the trait is accomplished by breeding two individuals known not to carry it.
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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1277-81. doi: 10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363
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is the technique of crossing between different breeds. This is the practice of introducing distantly related genetic material into a breeding line, thereby increasing
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used outcrossing in his experiments with flowers. He then used the resulting offspring to chart inheritance patterns, using the crossing of siblings, and
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genes that may be expressed by subsequent inbreeding. There is now a gamut of deleterious genes within each individual in many dog breeds.
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This article is about the technique used in animal and plant breeding. For naturally occurring outcrossing, see
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404:"Darwin, C. R. 1876. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray"
126:, outcrossed populations of the fungi showed higher fitness than inbred ones in several fitness components.
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A degree of outcrossing to avoid mating between very close relatives is believed to happen in the wild.
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Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE (1987). "The
Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex".
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is the facilitation of outcrossing, a process that allows the masking of deleterious
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274:"Sex, outcrossing and mating types: unsolved questions in fungi and beyond"
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within their genetic pool, attempting to maintain desirable traits and to
230:. Double Helix Network News Vol. VII, No. 1 (Winter 1999). Archived from
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Billiard, S.; López-Villavicencio, M.; Hood, M. E.; Giraud, T. (2012).
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The
Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom,
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between haploid cells produced by separate diploid individuals.
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372:"Inbreeding, Linebreeding, and Outcrossing in Texas Longhorns"
224:"The Downside of Inbreeding: It's Time For a New Approach"
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of progeny. The masking effect of outcrossing is known as
248:. UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. Archived from
323:"Analysis of inbreeding depression in Agaricus bisporus"
425:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. pp. 323–70.
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to parents to determine how inheritance functioned.
172:. The disadvantages of self-fertilized offspring (
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79:Outcrossing in plants is usually enforced by
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386:"Mendel's Paper (English - Annotated)"
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423:Molecular Genetics of Development
374:. University of Texas at Austin.
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222:Sharp, C.A. (26 February 1999).
278:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
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97:genetic complementation
200:Outbreeding depression
178:outbreeding depression
52:Outcrossing in animals
174:inbreeding depression
109:inbreeding depression
408:darwin-online.org.uk
157:Darwin's perspective
81:self-incompatibility
234:on 26 January 2012.
228:Canine-Genetics.com
170:sexual reproduction
18:Cross-fertilization
390:www.mendelweb.org
370:David M. Hillis.
246:"Feline Genetics"
124:Agaricus bisporus
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463:Categories
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195:Heterosis
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89:mutations
469:Breeding
327:Genetics
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184:See also
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