1073:. Skate-skiing usually involves a coordinated use of poles and the upper body to add impetus. Three common techniques are "V1", "V2" and "V2 alternate". In "V1" the skier pushes with a double pole plant each time the ski is extended on a temporarily "dominant" side, this technique is optimal for climbing. In "V2 alternate" the skier performs the double pole plant before the "dominant" ski is extended, this technique allows for maintaining a higher speed and is often used on slightly downhill terrsin. In "V2" the skier performs the double pole plant each time the ski is extended on either side, on flat ground and in slight inclines this technique is often the fastest and most efficient of the 3. Skiers climb hills with these techniques by widening the angle of the "V" and by making more frequent, shorter strides and more forceful use of poles. A variant of the technique is the "marathon skate" or "Siitonen step", where the skier leaves one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski.
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751:, where trails are laid out and groomed for both classic and skate-skiing. Such grooming and track setting (for classic technique) requires specialized equipment and techniques that adapt to the condition of the snow. Trail preparation employs snow machines which tow snow-compaction, texturing and track-setting devices. Groomers must adapt such equipment to the condition of the snow—crystal structure, temperature, degree of compaction, moisture content, etc. Depending on the initial condition of the snow, grooming may achieve an increase in density for new-fallen snow or a decrease in density for icy or compacted snow. Cross-country ski facilities may incorporate a course design that meets
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motion, alternating foot to foot. With the "diagonal stride" variant the poles are planted alternately on the opposite side of the forward-striding foot; with the "kick-double-pole" variant the poles are planted simultaneously with every other stride. At times, especially with gentle descents, double poling is the sole means of propulsion. On uphill terrain, techniques include the "side step" for steep slopes, moving the skis perpendicular to the fall line, the "herringbone" for moderate slopes, where the skier takes alternating steps with the skis splayed outwards, and, for gentle slopes, the skier uses the diagonal technique with shorter strides and greater arm force on the poles.
1372:. They feature a foot (called a basket) near the end of the shaft that provides a pushing platform, as it makes contact with the snow. Baskets vary in size, according to the expected softness/firmness of the snow. Racing poles feature smaller, lighter baskets than recreational poles. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing. Traditional skiing in the 1800s used a single pole for both cross-country and downhill. The single pole was longer and stronger than the poles that are used in pairs. In competitive cross-country poles in pairs were introduced around 1900.
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1173:: Designed for skiing in tracks. For adult skiers (between 155 cm/50 kg and 185 cm/75 kg), recommended lengths are between 180 and 210 centimetres (approximately 115% of the skier's height). Traction comes from a "grip zone" underfoot that when bearing the skier's weight engages either a textured gripping surface or a grip wax. Accordingly, these skis are classified as "waxable" or "waxless". Recreational waxless skis generally require little attention and are adapted for casual use. Waxable skis, if prepared correctly, provide better grip and glide.
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580:, regarding all forms of skiing, but noted that ski jumping is purely a competitive sport and not for amateurs. He further noted that in some competitions the skier "is also required to show his skill in turning his ski to one side or the other within given marks" at full speed on a steep hill. Nansen regarded these forms (i.e., jumping and slalom) as "special arts", and believed that the most important branch of skiing was travel "in an ordinary way across the country". In Germany, Nansen's Greenland report was published as
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Width and short length aid turning in loose and deep snow. Longer, narrower and more rigid skis with sharp edges are suited for snow that has been compacted by wind or freeze-thaw. Touring ski design may represent a general-purpose compromise among these different ski conditions, plus being acceptable for use in groomed tracks. Traction may come from a textured or waxed grip zone, as with classic skis, or from
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1325:: Boots and bindings have an integrated connection, typically a bar across the front end of the sole of the boot, and platform on which the boot rests. Two families of standards prevail: NNN (New Nordic Norm) and SNS (Salomon Nordic System) Profil. Both systems have variants for skiing on groomed surfaces and in back country. These systems are the most common type of binding.
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1157:. Ski bottoms are designed to provide a gliding surface and, for classic skis, a traction zone under foot. The base of the gliding surface is a plastic material that is designed both to minimize friction and, in many cases, to accept waxes. Glide wax may be used on the tails and tips of classic skis and across the length of skate skis.
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are classified according to their hardness: harder waxes are for colder and newer snow. An incorrect choice of grip wax for the snow conditions encountered may cause ski slippage (wax too hard for the conditions) or snow sticking to the grip zone (wax too soft for the conditions). Grip waxes generate
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overlays. Fluorocarbons decrease surface tension and surface area of the water between the ski and the snow, increasing speed and glide of the ski under specific conditions. Either combined with the wax or applied after in a spray, powder, or block form, fluorocarbons significantly improve the glide
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on natural snow conditions. Recommended lengths are between 150 and 195 centimeters for adult skiers, depending on height and weight of the user. Back country skis are typically heavier and wider than classic and skate skis; they often have metal edges for better grip on hard snow; and their greater
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Each type of ski is sized and designed differently. Length affects maneuverability; camber affects pressure on the snow beneath the feet of the skier; side-cut affects the ease of turning; width affects forward friction; overall area on the snow affects bearing capacity; and tip geometry affects the
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The classic style is often used on prepared trails (pistes) that have pairs of parallel grooves (tracks) cut into the snow. It is also the most usual technique where no tracks have been prepared. With this technique, each ski is pushed forward from the other stationary ski in a striding and gliding
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on the snow to allow the skier to slide the other ski forward in virgin or tracked snow. With the skate skiing technique a skier slides on alternating skis on a firm snow surface at an angle from each other in a manner similar to ice skating. Both techniques employ poles with baskets that allow the
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Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at a target while skiing at "top speed", downhill racing among trees, downhill racing on large slopes without falling, and "long racing" on "flat ground". An early record of a public
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The geometry of a back country ski depends on its purpose—skis suited for forested areas where loose powder can predominate may be shorter and wider than those selected for open, exposed areas where compacted snow may prevail. Sidecut on
Telemark skis promotes turning in forest and rugged terrain.
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in some terrain, allowing for traverses and ascents that would be harder in the summer. Skis can also be used to access backcountry alpine climbing routes when snow is off the technical route, but still covers the hiking trail. In some countries, organizations maintain a network of huts for use by
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diminishes the pressure of the grip zone on the snow and promotes bearing on the remaining area of the ski—the "glide zone". A test for stiffness of camber is made with a piece of paper under the skier's foot, standing on skis on a flat, hard surface—the paper should be pinned throughout the grip
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or other assistance. Cross-country skiing is widely practiced as a sport and recreational activity; however, some still use it as a means of travel. Variants of cross-country skiing are adapted to a range of terrain which spans unimproved, sometimes mountainous terrain to groomed courses that are
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that is combined with additive materials. The paraffin hardness and additives are varied based on snow type, humidity and temperature. Since the 2021-2022 race season, fluorinated products are banned in FIS sanctioned competitions. Before the ban, most race waxes combined fluorinated hydrocarbon
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used skis at least from 1675, and the Danish-Norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions from 1747—details of military ski exercises from 1767 are on record. Skis were used in military exercises in 1747. In 1799 French traveller
Jacques de la Tocnaye recorded his visit to Norway in his
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Poles contribute to forward propulsion, either simultaneously (usual for the skate technique) or in alternating sequence (common for the classical technique as the "diagonal stride"). Double poling is also used with the classical technique when higher speed can be achieved on flats and slight
954:. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total running distance/time. For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules.
268:(1274) stated that "No moose shall be disturbed by skiers on private land." Cross-country skiing evolved from a utilitarian means of transportation to being a worldwide recreational activity and sport, which branched out into other forms of skiing starting in the mid-1800s.
1191:: Designed for skiing on groomed surfaces. The usual recommended length is skier length +5-15cm. The entire bottom of each skate ski is a glide zone—prepared for maximum glide. Traction comes from the skier pushing away from the edge of the previous ski onto the next ski.
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grip by interacting with snow crystals, which vary with temperature, age and compaction. Hard grip waxes do not work well for snow which has metamorphosed to having coarse grains, whether icy or wet. In these conditions, skiers opt for a stickier substance, called
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in
Oberhof, one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross-country skiing. This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces. It became widespread during the 1980s after the success of
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853:. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years. Notable cross-country ski competitions include the Winter Olympics, the
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is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the
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Glide waxes enhance the speed of the gliding surface. The wax is either melted on the base using an iron or applied in a liquid form. The excess wax is first scraped off and then finished by brushing. Most glide waxes are based on
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Cross-country skiing has two basic propulsion techniques, which apply to different surfaces: classic (undisturbed snow and tracked snow) and skate skiing (firm, smooth snow surfaces). The classic technique relies on a
461:, developed a one-sided variant of the style in the 1970s, leaving one ski in the track while skating to the side with the other one during endurance events; this became known as the "marathon skate".
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Cross-country ski equipment for skate-skiing (left) and classic-style skiing (right). Ski and pole lengths are different for each. Classic skis have a "grip zone" in the area under the binding.
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are attached to the ski only at the toe, leaving the heel free. Depending on application, boots may be lightweight (performance skiing) or heavier and more supportive (back-country skiing).
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972:; other symbols indicate whether any roads are snow-covered or clear. Standard skate-skiing equipment is used, along with a map holder attached to the chest. It is one of the four
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have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World
Championships were held every year, including the
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Skis designed for classic technique, both in track and in virgin snow, rely on a traction zone, called the "grip zone" or "kick zone", underfoot. This comes either from a)
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995:. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport.
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With skate skiing, the skier provides propulsion on a smooth, firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle, in a manner similar to
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standards for such organizations as the
International Olympic Committee, the International Ski Federation, or national standards. Standards address course distances,
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which means "cleft wood", "stick of wood" or "ski". Norwegian language does not use a verb-form equivalent in idiomatic speech, unlike
English "to ski". In modern
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arms to participate in the propulsion. Specialized equipment is adapted to each technique and each type of terrain. A variety of turns are used, when descending.
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with maximums in elevation difference and steepness—both up and downhill, plus other factors. Some facilities have night-time lighting on select trails—called
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translated as "ski running samis". Birkely argues that the Sami people have practiced skiing for more than 6000 years, evidenced by the very old Sami word
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1331:: The boot-gripping system comprises three pins that correspond to three holes in the sole of the boot's toe, used primarily for back-country skiing.
2289:
A Complete Guide to Alpine Ski
Touring Ski Mountaineering and Nordic Ski Touring Including Useful Information for Off Piste Skiers and Snow Boarders
2010:
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secures the free-moving heel and keeps the toe of the boot pushed into a boot-gripping section, used primarily for back-country and telemark skiing.
128:. Skiers propel themselves either by striding forward (classic style) or side-to-side in a skating motion (skate skiing), aided by arms pushing on
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is a form of cross-country skiing competition that requires navigation in a landscape, making optimal route choices at racing speeds. Standard
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dates to 1741. Traditional skis, used for snow travel in Norway and elsewhere into the 1800s, often comprised one short ski with a natural fur
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Cross-country ski competition encompasses a variety of formats for races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the
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refers to "competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in groomed tracks in the shortest possible time". In Norway,
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binding system for classic skiing. The skier clicks the toe of the boot into the binding and releases with the button in front of the boot.
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maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter.
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ability to penetrate new snow or to stay in a track. Each of the following ski types has a different combination of these attributes:
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skins, designed to slide forward but not backwards, that is built into the grip zone of waxless skis, or from applied devices, e.g.
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zone of the ski on which all the skier's weight is placed, but slide freely when the skier's weight is bearing equally on both skis.
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travel diary: Norwegian immigrants used skis ("Norwegian snowshoes") in the US midwest from around 1836. Norwegian immigrant "
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started as a technique for traveling cross-country over snow on skis, starting almost five millennia ago with beginnings in
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Modern cross-country skiing is similar to the original form of skiing, from which all skiing disciplines evolved, including
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345:" transported mail by skiing across the Sierra Nevada between California and Nevada from 1856. In 1888 Norwegian explorer
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and groomed-trail skiing, typically at resorts or in parklands. It is an accessible form of recreation for persons with
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hunter using skis of unequal length—short for traction, long for gliding—and a single pole. Both were employed until
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425:) are long-distance cross-country competitions open to the public, competition is usually within age intervals.
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Skiers employing step turns, while descending during a 2006 FIS World Cup Cross
Country competition in Otepää,
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291:. Skis up to 280 cm have been produced in Finland, and the longest recorded ski in Norway is 373 cm.
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downhills than is available in the diagonal stride, which is favored to achieve higher power going uphill.
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started using the technique in 1984, when he found it to be much faster than classic style. Finnish skier,
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984:. Upper body strength is especially important because of frequent double poling along narrow snow trails.
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Early skiers used one long pole or spear in addition to the skis. The first depiction of a skier with two
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2797:"Swedish Olympic Champion Recalls the Early Development of Skate Skiing – Cross Country Ski Technique"
1968:
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in the 13th century. These troops were reportedly able to cover distances comparable to that of light
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880:. Skiers race in classic or free-style (skating) events, depending on the rules of the race. Notable
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2170:(database search). SprĂĄkrĂĄdet (Language Council of Norway) and University of Oslo. Archived from
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432:, was experimented with early in the 20th Century, but was not widely adopted until the 1980s.
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is a form of cross-country skiing, which includes map navigation along snow trails and tracks.
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2034:"Wordloppet Anniversary Book—30 years of skiing around the world (Skating, Siitonen and Koch)"
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Ski poles are used for balance and propulsion. Modern cross-country ski poles are made from
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558:, literally "On skis across Greenland", while the English edition of the report was titled,
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1368:, depending on weight, cost and performance parameters. Formerly they were made of wood or
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1100:. The step turn is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats.
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This article is about cross-country skiing in general. For the competitive aspects, see
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728:, track-set for classic skiing at the sides and groomed for skate skiing in the center.
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3020:"Back to Basics: A Quick Look at Paste Waxes, Waxless Ski Preparation and Kick Waxing"
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are used, but with special green overprinting of trails and tracks to indicate their
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598:, in the late 19th century. The Norwegian encyclopedia of sports also uses the term,
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369:, motivated by the death of Japanese soldiers during a snow storm. Starting in 1919,
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against the snow. It is practised in regions with snow-covered landscapes, including
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Paa ski over Grønland. En skildring af Den norske Grønlands-ekspedition 1888–89
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Field, Patrick; Corradini, Angelo (2007), Paal, Epp; Corradini, Angelo (eds.),
570:(he used the term also in the English translation), which may be translated as
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Equipment comprises skis, poles, boots and bindings; these vary according to:
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646:—a winter sport where a cross-country skier is assisted by one or more dogs.
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and his team crossed the
Greenland icecap on skis. Norwegian workers on the
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along with skiing skills. Ski touring can be faster and easier than summer
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1763:(in Norwegian). Ranheim: Norske Skiloperer Ostlandet Nord Oslo. p. 9.
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Performance level, from recreational use to competition at the elite level
872:—races with distances greater than 40 kilometers—have two cup series, the
604:, (literally "ski running") for all forms of skiing. Around 1900 the word
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A recreational cross-country trail, groomed for classic skiing only, in
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of Norway to safety on skis during the winter of 1206—1869 depiction by
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Dog skijoring—dogs provide added propulsion to the cross-country skier.
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Skis used in cross-country are lighter and narrower than those used in
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involves independently navigating and route finding through potential
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allow for free movement of the heel to enable a walking pace, as with
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2382:"A Technical Manual for the Organization of Cross Country Ski Events"
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with classic technique in the women's 10 km classic race at the
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3131:"Flourinated Wax Ban implementation to begin in the 2021-22 season"
520:(literally "walk on skis")—a general term for self-propelled skiing
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2418:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990. p. 197.
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used in cross-country skiing (in descending order of importance):
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Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski
Touring and Ski Mountaineering
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1811:
Beschreibung von dem unter schwedischer Krone gehörigen Lappland
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and Cross Country Ski Canada. It also encompasses cross-country
562:. Nansen referred to the activity of traversing snow on skis as
528:(literally "hiking on skis")—refers to ski touring as recreation
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1314:
connect the boot to the ski. There are three primary groups of
1178:
When the skier's weight is distributed on both skis, the ski's
586:(literally "On snowshoes through Greenland"). The German term,
511:, a variety of terms refer to cross-country skiing, including:
4936:
3847:
1140:
666:
321:
211:
81:
365:
in Kobe imported ski equipment and introduced skiing to the
108:
whereby skiers traverse snow-covered terrain without use of
2447:. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA). Archived from
1969:"Russia's love/hate relationship with cross-country skiing"
264:'s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis. The
2357:. The Norwegian Trekking Association. 2015. Archived from
2312:
Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007).
1112:
Pre-1940 ski gear in Oslo: bamboo poles, wooden skis, and
536:(literally "long race")—refers to cross-country ski racing
453:
drew more attention to the skating style. Norwegian skier
2259:. Hamburg: autorisirte deutsche Uebersetzung von M. Mann.
1632:
Cross-Country Skiing: Building Skills for Fun and Fitness
1127:
Terrain, which may vary from groomed trails to wilderness
1084:
Turns, used while descending or for braking, include the
817:, and Paralympic cross-country skiing, sanctioned by the
2195:
Engelske idiomer. Ord og vendinger fra norsk til engelsk
353:
introduced skiing in South America around 1890. In 1910
2147:
RiksmĂĄl og moderat bokmĂĄl: en sammenlignende oversikt.
1028:
Video of skiers demonstrating a variety of techniques.
2860:"The Novice; Mastering the Practical Curtsy, on Skis"
1604:] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. 1990.
1480:
A blind cross-country skier with guide at a regional
702:
cross-country skiers in wintertime. For example, the
3219:"This Is the Winter to Invest in Cross-Country Skis"
373:
helped popularize the activity in the Soviet Union.
232:. It may have been practised as early as 600 BCE in
4971:
4919:
4860:
4853:
4820:
4804:
4774:
4751:
4714:
4705:
4655:
4624:
4603:
4522:
4506:
4470:
4407:
4391:
4355:
4092:
4083:
3939:
3878:
3810:
3754:
3696:
3638:
3597:
3557:
3521:
3512:
3477:
3451:
3411:
3402:
2592:
Rules adopted by the 2012 10th Regular IBU Congress
77:
69:
64:
56:
2767:"Technique & Training: Three steps to skating"
1629:
665:. Tours may extend over multiple days. Typically,
1592:
1590:
1588:
797:(FIS) and by national organizations, such as the
592:, was supplanted by the borrowed Norwegian word,
3279:"Skistavens historie: Hjelpemiddel og brĂĄkmaker"
1835:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Aventura – Skiforeningen.
1697:. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from
1037:or texture on the ski bottom under the foot for
3241:
3239:
2623:. International Orienteering Federation. 2011.
599:
575:
553:
541:
531:
523:
515:
502:
408:
219:
3109:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. pp. 31–32.
2594:. International Biathlon Union. Archived from
2552:
2550:
2504:. International Ski Federation. Archived from
1954:Promenade d'un Français en Suède et en Norvège
1623:
1621:
857:, and the FIS World Cup events (including the
771:(electric-light trails) in Swedish. The first
4061:
3358:
2700:Cross-country skiing: touring and competition
2040:, World Loppet Ski Foundation, archived from
1990:. W. Edson Richmond (trans.). Oslo: Samlaget.
540:In contrast, alpine skiing is referred to as
8:
3328:Tutorial on the stem or wedge christie turn.
2921:"Cross Country Skiing Equipment and History"
2827:"Cross Country Certification Standards 2014"
2009:. International Skiing History Association.
1893:
1891:
693:terrain and often requires familiarity with
605:
593:
587:
581:
39:
2832:. Professional Ski Instructors of America.
1956:(in French). Brunswick: P.F. Fauche et Cie.
1919:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 452.
1636:. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p.
1452:, a North American groomed-trail ski venue.
775:opened in 1946 in Nordmarka and at ByĂĄsen (
634:Recreational cross-country skiing includes
4994:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums
4857:
4711:
4089:
4068:
4054:
4046:
3936:
3518:
3408:
3365:
3351:
3343:
2474:. Cross Country Ski Canada. Archived from
1746:I Norge har lapperne først indført skierne
735:trail skiing occurs at facilities such as
38:
3394:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
3323:Tutorial on the snowplough or wedge turn.
3100:
3098:
2060:
2058:
552:, describes the crossing of Greenland as
3248:"Cross country skiers venture off track"
2702:(3d ed.). Toronto: Copp C. Pitman.
2693:
2268:
2266:
1870:"Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus"
1733:(Research report). Høgskolen i Finnmark.
988:Paralympic cross-country ski competition
724:Groomed ski trails for cross-country in
610:was used in German in the same sense as
309:military patrol on skis training in the
3047:"Cross-Country Ski Gear: How to Choose"
2858:Fabricant, Florence (26 January 1999).
2820:
2818:
2729:
2727:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2003:"Cross-country skating: How it started"
1824:
1822:
1820:
1761:Milepeler og merkedager gjennom 4000 ar
1506:
1379:
839:2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
451:1982 Cross-country Skiing Championships
60:Cross-country, XC skiing, Nordic skiing
51:Cross-country skiers in western Norway.
2825:PSIA Standards Committee (June 2014).
2654:. International Paralympic Committee.
2070:Cross Country Ski Tips and Information
1876:from the original on 14 September 2013
1849:from the original on 17 September 2020
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
351:Buenos Aires - Valparaiso railway line
3291:from the original on 23 December 2015
3045:Recreational Equipment, Inc. (2015).
2803:from the original on 19 February 2019
2652:IPC Cross-Country Skiing and Biathlon
2392:from the original on 13 February 2014
2127:from the original on 29 December 2019
1933:from the original on 28 December 2019
1916:Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing
1573:from the original on 28 December 2019
1534:from the original on 28 December 2019
982:International Orienteering Federation
815:International Orienteering Federation
240:. Early historical evidence includes
113:specifically designed for the sport.
7:
3083:from the original on 23 October 2014
3073:"How to choose the right ski length"
2927:from the original on 16 October 2014
2839:from the original on 7 November 2016
2658:from the original on 4 December 2014
2564:from the original on 25 October 2014
2560:. Worldloppet Ski Federation. 2012.
2013:from the original on 23 October 2014
1393:woman or goddess hunting on skis by
741:Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort
320:, the use of ski-equipped troops in
2957:from the original on 13 August 2012
2923:. International Olympic Committee.
2870:from the original on 3 January 2017
2291:. Authorhouse. 2014. p. xvii.
2076:from the original on 4 January 2015
1675:from the original on 12 August 2014
3287:(in Norwegian). Oslo. p. 14.
3277:Brugge, Mette (20 December 2015).
3198:from the original on 25 April 2012
3188:"Information on Fluorinated Waxes"
3167:from the original on 25 April 2012
3157:"Information on Fluorinated Waxes"
2947:"Cross Country Skis (Nordic Skis)"
2412:Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon
2168:"Nynorskordboka og BokmĂĄlsordboka"
1776:"A Short History of Alpine Skiing"
1598:Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon
993:International Paralympic Committee
950:combines cross-country skiing and
855:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
847:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
819:International Paralympic Committee
799:U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association
642:. A related form of recreation is
436:used the skating technique at the
388:skate-skis at a qualifier for the
244:'s (around CE 550) description of
25:
2627:from the original on 17 July 2015
2585:"IBU Event and Competition Rules"
2244:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
1813:(in German). Leipzig: von Rother.
1790:from the original on 10 June 2016
876:, which started in 2011, and the
630:Ski touring in untracked terrain.
166:sports. Cross-country skiing and
4030:
4029:
4020:
4019:
3053:from the original on 16 May 2015
2765:Hindman, Steve (December 2008).
2734:Hindman, Steve (February 2004).
2535:from the original on 13 May 2020
2257:Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland
1489:
1473:
1457:
1437:
1422:
1402:
1389:An early depiction of a skier—a
1382:
765:(light trails) in Norwegian and
583:Auf Schneeschuhen durch Grönland
283:, and one long for gliding, the
160:Competitive cross-country skiing
45:
3246:Dzierzak, Lou (November 2008).
3217:Jhung, Lisa (5 December 2020).
3155:Harvey, Ian (9 February 2011).
3000:from the original on 6 May 2016
2441:"Cross Country Sport Committee"
2241:The first crossing of Greenland
1952:de La Tocnaye, Jacques (1801).
1731:Norske ski: til glede og besvær
1517:Australian Cross Country Skiing
640:vision and mobility impairments
560:The first crossing of Greenland
3333:Tutorial on the Telemark turn.
2976:Woodward, Bob (January 1995),
2648:"Nordic Skiing Classification"
2380:Thomson, Jim (November 2009).
2318:. Mountaineers Books. p.
1556:New Zealand Backcountry Skiing
704:Norwegian Trekking Association
260:'s 950 CE saga describes King
1:
2978:"Cross Country's Short Story"
2386:Officials' Manual Version 3.4
2212:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
2117:"Språknytt 40 år (1973–2013)"
1967:Childs, Olga (2 March 2020).
1652:Cross country ski paper test.
1409:Loyal retainers transporting
1362:fibreglass-reinforced plastic
546:(literally "stand on skis").
200:
3252:Cross Country Skier Magazine
2895:Cross Country Skier Magazine
2893:. Training & Technique.
2771:Cross Country Skier Magazine
2738:. Training & Technique.
2210:English-Norwegian Dictionary
2098:. Oslo: Kagge forlag, 2014.
1774:Lund, Morten (Winter 1996).
1669:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
865:Other sanctioned competition
795:International Ski Federation
789:Cross-country skiing (sport)
403:ski competition occurred in
398:Cross-country skiing (sport)
32:Cross-country skiing (sport)
3192:A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer
3161:A Michigan Nordic Ski Racer
3107:Friluftsliv i vinterfjellet
2953:. Mountain Equipment Coop.
1671:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
1559:. New Zealand Alpine Club.
1297:Cross-country ski boot and
1124:Technique, classic vs skate
870:Cross-country ski marathons
324:, is first recorded by the
224:which means stick of wood.
5046:
3338:Tutorial on the step turn.
3313:Tutorial on classic style.
2208:Kirkeby, Willy A. (1998).
2197:. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.
2193:Follestad, Sverre (1993).
1349:
1249:
1224:
1138:
1062:
825:FIS-sanctioned competition
813:events, sanctioned by the
807:Worldloppet Ski Federation
805:events, sanctioned by the
786:
716:Cross-country skiing trail
713:
395:
185:
170:are the two components of
29:
4015:
3384:
3318:Tutorial on skate skiing.
3186:Swix (22 February 2011).
2275:Norske ski erobrer verden
2255:Nansen, Fridtjov (1891).
2238:Nansen, Fridtjof (1890).
2145:Bleken, Brynjulv (1973).
1988:Skiing throughout history
1913:Needham, Richard (1979).
1898:Bergsland, Einar (1946).
1744:Birkely, Hartvig (1994).
1553:Broadbent, James (2004).
685:. Ski touring's subgenre
44:
4979:Animal-powered transport
2388:. Cross Country Canada.
2227:. Kristiania: Aschehoug.
2096:Norsk etymologisk ordbok
1227:Ski wax § Glide wax
415:ski touring competitions
361:. In 1902 the Norwegian
4854:Non-vehicular transport
4077:Human-powered transport
2889:Hindman, Steve (2003).
2527:Nilsson, David (2015).
2472:"Rules and Regulations"
2007:Skiing History Magazine
2001:Bengtsson, Bengt Erik.
1628:Hindman, Steve (2005).
1432:as crown-prince in 1939
1252:Ski wax § Grip wax
1092:(or "wedge christie"),
1088:(or "wedge turn"), the
503:
438:1931 World Championship
220:
5004:Zero-emissions vehicle
2558:"What is Worldloppet?"
2416:Encyclopedia of Sports
1602:Encyclopedia of Sports
1302:
1150:
1117:
1029:
1012:
842:
729:
631:
615:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
567:
554:
542:
532:
524:
516:
490:
422:
409:
407:, 1843. In Norwegian,
393:
314:
207:
4035:Category:Snowboarding
3105:Melbye, Mats (1997).
2583:IBU Congress (2012).
2273:Vaage, Jacob (1952).
1809:Hergstrom, P (1748).
1759:Vaage, Jakob (1955).
1296:
1206:helps to carve turns.
1148:
1111:
1027:
1006:
832:
723:
629:
472:
384:
359:South Pole Expedition
302:
195:
5025:Cross-country skiing
3755:Technique / learning
3485:Cross-country skiing
3419:Cross-country skiing
3250:. On the Wild Side.
3079:. 2 September 2013.
3018:Bergin, Ron (2008).
2698:Rees, David (1981).
2601:on 23 September 2015
2529:"Visma Ski Classics"
2174:on 21 September 2014
1829:Berg, Karin (1993).
1729:Saur, Lasse (1999).
1695:"Ancient Ice Sports"
1514:Hampel, Ian (1988).
918:American Birkebeiner
851:Winter Olympic Games
757:degree of difficulty
710:Groomed-trail skiing
555:På ski over Grønland
434:Johan Grøttumsbråten
102:Cross-country skiing
73:Outdoor winter sport
40:Cross-country skiing
4942:Alpine touring skis
4752:Hand and foot power
4342:Cold-weather biking
4282:Small-wheel bicycle
4190:Glossary of cycling
4155:Cyclo-cross bicycle
4140:Cold-weather biking
3522:Olympic disciplines
2746:on 29 November 2014
2740:Cross Country Skier
2736:"Poling Principles"
2361:on 1 September 2015
2072:. XCSki.com. 2010.
1323:Standardized system
938:Forestville, Quebec
910:Engadin Skimarathon
258:Egil Skallagrimsson
41:
27:Form of snow skiing
4947:Cross-country skis
4611:Litter/sedan chair
4175:Flat bar road bike
3853:List of ski brands
3625:Ski mountaineering
3580:Para-alpine skiing
3490:Backcountry skiing
2901:on 23 October 2014
2864:The New York Times
2777:on 17 October 2014
2621:"Ski Orienteering"
2478:on 23 October 2014
2470:Directors (2012).
2451:on 5 November 2014
2439:Directors (2012).
2277:. Oslo: Gyldendal.
2223:Nansen, Fridtjof.
2094:Caprona, Yann de:
1902:. Oslo: Aschehoug.
1520:. Kangaroo Press.
1303:
1289:Boots and bindings
1151:
1118:
1030:
1013:
843:
730:
687:ski mountaineering
679:Nordic disciplines
632:
491:
473:Arctic travelers,
394:
336:. The garrison in
315:
208:
168:rifle marksmanship
5012:
5011:
4967:
4966:
4800:
4799:
4701:
4700:
4383:Motorized scooter
4378:Motorized bicycle
4257:Recumbent bicycle
4200:Motorized bicycle
4043:
4042:
4011:
4010:
3593:
3592:
3558:Other disciplines
3508:
3507:
3389:History of skiing
2709:978-0-7730-4045-8
2355:Routes and cabins
2329:978-1-59485-038-7
2298:978-1-4918-8808-7
2149:Oslo: Aschehoug.
1986:Bø, Olav (1993).
1926:978-0-06-014006-9
1647:978-0-89886-862-3
1444:A skate-skier in
1195:Back country skis
1025:
962:orienteering maps
922:Tour of Anchorage
487:Northbrook Island
483:Frederick Jackson
428:A new technique,
357:used skis on his
343:Snowshoe Thompson
236:, in what is now
188:History of skiing
99:
98:
18:Cross country ski
16:(Redirected from
5037:
4858:
4812:Amphibious cycle
4767:(sliding rigger)
4712:
4493:Invalid carriage
4408:Other foot power
4366:Electric bicycle
4090:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3937:
3746:Snowboard racing
3668:Half-pipe skiing
3640:Freestyle skiing
3519:
3464:Ski orienteering
3409:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3254:. Archived from
3243:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:. Archived from
3015:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2897:. Archived from
2891:"Going Downhill"
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2742:. Archived from
2731:
2722:
2721:
2695:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2508:on 7 August 2014
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:(in Norwegian).
2113:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2066:"Marathon Skate"
2062:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2038:Anniversary Book
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1635:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1511:
1493:
1477:
1461:
1441:
1430:Olav V of Norway
1426:
1411:Prince Haakon IV
1406:
1386:
1246:Traction surface
1026:
958:Ski orienteering
841:in Oslo, Norway.
811:ski orienteering
809:, cross-country
657:takes place off-
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
557:
545:
535:
527:
519:
506:
479:Hjalmar Johansen
412:
330:Saxo Grammaticus
277:traction surface
223:
206:. (1673 woodcut)
205:
202:
176:Ski orienteering
49:
42:
21:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
4963:
4915:
4849:
4816:
4796:
4770:
4747:
4697:
4688:Summer toboggan
4651:
4625:Weight shifting
4620:
4616:Scoop stretcher
4599:
4560:Pulled rickshaw
4550:Flatbed trolley
4518:
4502:
4466:
4403:
4399:Treadle bicycle
4387:
4351:
4317:Utility bicycle
4292:Touring bicycle
4242:Porteur bicycle
4210:Mountain biking
4180:Folding bicycle
4145:Cruiser bicycle
4115:Bicycle trailer
4079:
4074:
4044:
4039:
4025:Category:Skiing
4007:
3935:
3874:
3806:
3750:
3741:Snowboard cross
3692:
3634:
3630:Telemark skiing
3589:
3553:
3504:
3473:
3447:
3443:Nordic combined
3398:
3380:
3371:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3258:on 2 March 2015
3245:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3135:www.fis-ski.com
3129:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3026:on 2 April 2007
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2016:
2014:
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1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
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1911:
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1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:Magnus, Olaus.
1867:
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1852:
1850:
1843:
1828:
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1818:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
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1780:Skiing Heritage
1773:
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1407:
1398:
1387:
1378:
1354:
1348:
1316:binding systems
1291:
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1248:
1229:
1223:
1221:Gliding surface
1197:: Designed for
1163:
1143:
1137:
1106:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1015:
1001:
900:in Norway, the
867:
827:
791:
785:
718:
712:
661:and outside of
652:
624:
550:Fridtjof Nansen
525:turgĂĄing pĂĄ ski
497:comes from the
481:at the camp of
475:Fridtjov Nansen
467:
400:
379:
347:Fridtjof Nansen
313:, January 1932.
311:Giant Mountains
297:
262:Haakon the Good
214:comes from the
203:
190:
184:
126:Telemark skiing
65:Characteristics
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4972:Related topics
4969:
4968:
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4961:
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4955:
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4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4909:Stair climbing
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:Stair climbing
4889:
4888:
4887:
4880:Roller skating
4877:
4876:
4875:
4868:Inline skating
4864:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4824:
4822:
4818:
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4801:
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4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4762:
4761:(sliding seat)
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:Paddleboarding
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4693:Gravity biking
4690:
4685:
4680:
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4670:
4665:
4659:
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4649:
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4607:
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4601:
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4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Shopping caddy
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Baby transport
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
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4510:
4508:
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4503:
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4500:
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4389:
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4380:
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4373:
4362:
4360:
4357:Electric motor
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Tandem bicycle
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Safety bicycle
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Penny-farthing
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4195:Hybrid bicycle
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Cycle rickshaw
4147:
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4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
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4102:
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4027:
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3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3949:Aerial tramway
3945:
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3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Extreme skiing
3561:
3559:
3555:
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3551:
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3525:
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3362:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3307:External links
3305:
3303:
3302:
3269:
3235:
3223:Outside Online
3209:
3178:
3147:
3122:
3115:
3094:
3064:
3037:
3010:
2988:(1): 127–132,
2968:
2938:
2912:
2881:
2850:
2814:
2788:
2757:
2723:
2708:
2669:
2638:
2612:
2575:
2546:
2519:
2489:
2462:
2431:
2424:
2403:
2372:
2342:
2328:
2304:
2297:
2280:
2262:
2247:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2185:
2159:
2138:
2108:
2087:
2054:
2044:on 3 July 2015
2024:
1993:
1978:
1959:
1944:
1925:
1905:
1887:
1860:
1841:
1816:
1801:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1712:
1701:on 22 May 2012
1686:
1656:
1646:
1617:
1610:
1584:
1565:
1545:
1526:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
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1479:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:Knud Bergslien
1408:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1350:Main article:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1290:
1287:
1270:climbing skins
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1225:Main article:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1159:
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1114:cable bindings
1105:
1102:
1081:
1078:
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1000:
997:
952:rifle shooting
884:, include the
866:
863:
826:
823:
787:Main article:
784:
781:
714:Main article:
711:
708:
651:
648:
623:
620:
574:. Nansen used
538:
537:
529:
521:
466:
463:
459:Pauli Siitonen
396:Main article:
378:
375:
371:Vladimir Lenin
355:Roald Amundsen
296:
295:Transportation
293:
186:Main article:
183:
180:
162:is one of the
97:
96:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5042:
5031:
5030:Nordic skiing
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4952:Telemark skis
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Gravity racer
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Shopping cart
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:Pushed/pulled
4521:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:Treadle power
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Track bicycle
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Prone bicycle
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:Mountain bike
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Downhill bike
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Snow grooming
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Dry ski slope
3887:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Ski simulator
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Stem christie
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Parallel turn
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Aerial skiing
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Indoor skiing
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Alpine skiing
3511:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Roller skiing
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Nordic skiing
3401:
3395:
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2523:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:"FIS History"
2493:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2445:USSA Programs
2442:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2425:82-573-0408-5
2421:
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2012:
2008:
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1997:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1973:Russia Beyond
1970:
1963:
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1955:
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1945:
1932:
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1918:
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1566:9780958242134
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1529:
1527:9780864171993
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:Ski for Light
1476:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Gatineau Park
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1416:
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1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
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1295:
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1286:
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1279:
1275:
1272:, or b) from
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
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1240:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1210:
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1196:
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1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:alpine skiing
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:Telemark turn
1095:
1094:parallel turn
1091:
1090:stem christie
1087:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:Boreal Loppet
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Tartu Maraton
899:
898:
897:Birkebeineren
893:
889:
888:
883:
882:ski marathons
879:
875:
871:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
836:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
790:
782:
780:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Gatineau Park
742:
738:
734:
727:
722:
717:
709:
707:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Alpine skiing
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
645:
644:dog skijoring
641:
637:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
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547:
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510:
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500:
496:
488:
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464:
462:
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448:
447:United States
444:
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431:
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420:
416:
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294:
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290:
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278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:skrithiphinoi
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Daxing'anling
231:
227:
222:
217:
213:
198:
194:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Nordic skiing
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
146:United States
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:alpine skiing
114:
111:
107:
104:is a form of
103:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4946:
4920:Snow and ice
4739:(fixed seat)
4642:Caster board
4575:Stairclimber
4535:Baggage cart
4514:Rowing cycle
4425:Kick scooter
4415:Balance bike
4337:Wheelie bike
4302:Trailer bike
4262:Road bicycle
4135:City bicycle
4003:Surface lift
3981:Gondola lift
3802:Skate skiing
3698:Snowboarding
3615:Night skiing
3598:Other skiing
3585:Speed skiing
3570:Glade skiing
3534:Giant slalom
3484:
3478:Recreational
3459:Ski marathon
3378:snowboarding
3293:. Retrieved
3282:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3251:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3191:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3160:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3106:
3085:. Retrieved
3077:Back Country
3076:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3013:
3002:, retrieved
2985:
2982:Snow Country
2981:
2971:
2959:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2899:the original
2894:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2863:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2805:. Retrieved
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2770:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:the original
2739:
2699:
2660:. Retrieved
2651:
2646:IPC (2013).
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2591:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2537:. Retrieved
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:the original
2501:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2444:
2434:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2385:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2354:
2351:"DNT routes"
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2314:
2307:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2162:
2146:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2120:
2111:
2095:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2069:
2046:, retrieved
2042:the original
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2006:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1937:17 September
1935:. Retrieved
1915:
1908:
1899:
1880:25 September
1878:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1831:
1810:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1651:
1631:
1601:
1597:
1575:. Retrieved
1555:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1516:
1509:
1395:Olaus Magnus
1366:carbon fibre
1355:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1310:
1304:
1299:standardized
1298:
1282:
1273:
1257:
1255:
1242:of the ski.
1239:fluorocarbon
1230:
1194:
1188:
1171:Classic skis
1170:
1164:
1152:
1119:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1065:Skate skiing
1059:Skate skiing
1053:
1044:
1031:
986:
976:disciplines
974:orienteering
966:navigability
956:
946:
895:
885:
874:Ski Classics
868:
859:Holmenkollen
844:
803:ski marathon
792:
772:
766:
760:
753:homologation
731:
653:
633:
571:
559:
548:
539:
494:
492:
430:skate skiing
427:
414:
401:
386:Michal Malák
316:
304:
284:
280:
270:
266:Gulating law
256:for skiing.
253:
249:
209:
158:
115:
101:
100:
36:
4999:Human power
4845:Ornithopter
4673:Street luge
4590:Wheelbarrow
4420:Dandy horse
4252:Quadracycle
4225:Singletrack
4093:Pedal power
3998:Hybrid lift
3762:Carved turn
3711:Backcountry
3620:Ski archery
3469:Ski touring
3431:Ski jumping
3412:Competitive
3295:22 December
3284:Aftenposten
2807:18 February
2750:18 November
2539:15 December
1853:25 December
1832:Ski i Norge
1262:fish scales
1260:, such as "
1237:waxes with
1199:ski touring
1071:ice skating
914:Switzerland
878:Worldloppet
783:Competition
695:meteorology
681:and unlike
663:ski resorts
655:Ski touring
650:Ski touring
636:ski touring
589:Schneeschuh
572:ski running
465:Terminology
390:Tour de Ski
318:Ski warfare
289:Sami people
246:Sami people
230:Scandinavia
204: 1900
154:New Zealand
122:ski jumping
5019:Categories
4932:Ice skates
4861:Foot power
4840:Helicopter
4805:Amphibious
4782:Hydrocycle
4775:Foot power
4715:Hand power
4668:Billy cart
4647:Snakeboard
4637:Pogo stick
4555:Hand truck
4540:Bath chair
4507:Row action
4498:Wheelchair
4471:Hand power
4462:Skateboard
4452:Freeskates
4442:Brakeboard
4332:Velomobile
4327:Velocipede
4232:Party bike
4130:Cargo bike
4125:Boneshaker
3959:detachable
3926:Snowmaking
3916:Ski tunnel
3792:Ski school
3782:Snowplough
3777:Pivot turn
3736:Slopestyle
3721:Freeriding
3688:Slopestyle
3678:Ski ballet
3663:Freeskiing
3658:Freeriding
3575:Heliskiing
3436:Ski flying
3424:Paralympic
3262:21 October
3202:21 October
3171:21 October
3140:5 November
3087:22 October
3030:25 January
2961:19 October
2931:11 October
2905:21 October
2874:21 October
2843:22 October
2781:20 October
2568:23 October
2512:23 October
2482:4 November
2455:4 November
2396:21 October
2178:14 October
2155:8203053025
2121:SprĂĄkrĂĄdet
2017:20 October
1679:21 October
1502:References
1278:Grip waxes
1274:grip waxes
1189:Skate skis
1096:, and the
1086:snowplough
999:Techniques
978:recognized
936:, held in
932:, and the
887:Vasaloppet
768:elljusspĂĄr
622:Recreation
577:skilöbning
568:skilöbning
543:stĂĄ pĂĄ ski
328:historian
306:Reichswehr
4959:Snowshoes
4787:Hydrofoil
4678:Snowboard
4585:Toy wagon
4580:Stretcher
4483:Handcycle
4457:Longboard
4447:Freeboard
4346:ice cycle
3966:Funicular
3954:Chairlift
3941:Ski lifts
3899:Superpipe
3894:Half-pipe
3882:amenities
3860:Snowboard
3811:Equipment
3767:Jump turn
3731:Half-pipe
3726:Freestyle
3683:Ski cross
3500:Skijoring
3452:Endurance
3004:5 January
2994:0896-758X
2718:300405310
2662:4 October
2502:About FIS
2131:29 August
2048:4 January
1705:1 January
1358:aluminium
1329:Three-pin
1306:Ski boots
1214:ski skins
1104:Equipment
926:Anchorage
835:Anna Haag
777:Trondheim
737:Nordmarka
726:Thuringia
691:avalanche
616:skiløping
612:Norwegian
607:Skilaufen
601:skiløping
564:Norwegian
517:gĂĄ pĂĄ ski
509:Norwegian
499:Old Norse
493:The word
455:Ove Aunli
443:Bill Koch
419:Norwegian
338:Trondheim
273:ski poles
242:Procopius
216:Old Norse
210:The word
150:Australia
130:ski poles
110:ski lifts
78:Equipment
57:Nicknames
4927:Crampons
4828:Aircraft
4683:Toboggan
4437:Kicksled
4430:Kickbike
4312:Unicycle
4307:Tricycle
4277:Sociable
4267:Roadster
4220:Downhill
4120:BMX bike
3991:tricable
3911:Ski area
3818:Bindings
3605:Biathlon
3549:Combined
3544:Downhill
3289:Archived
3196:Archived
3165:Archived
3081:Archived
3051:Archived
2998:archived
2955:Archived
2925:Archived
2868:Archived
2834:Archived
2801:Archived
2656:Archived
2625:Archived
2562:Archived
2533:Archived
2390:Archived
2125:Archived
2074:Archived
2011:Archived
1931:Archived
1874:Archived
1847:Archived
1788:Archived
1673:Archived
1577:13 April
1571:Archived
1538:13 April
1532:Archived
1352:Ski pole
1312:Bindings
1234:paraffin
1039:traction
948:Biathlon
773:lysløype
762:lysløype
739:(Oslo),
671:bindings
533:langrenn
489:in 1896.
410:langrenn
367:Japanese
172:biathlon
94:bindings
4988:outline
4984:Cycling
4904:Walking
4892:Running
4656:Gravity
4604:Carried
4488:Hobcart
4478:Handcar
4371:Pedelec
4322:Velocar
4185:Go-kart
4170:Fatbike
4109:outline
4105:Bicycle
3986:bicable
3976:Funitel
3971:Funifor
3833:Monoski
3716:Big air
3653:Big air
3539:Super-G
3228:2 March
3057:29 June
2631:29 June
2605:29 June
2365:29 June
2335:12 July
2080:29 June
1794:29 June
1748:. Idut.
1397:(1553).
1376:Gallery
1283:klister
1258:texture
1204:sidecut
1050:Classic
1009:Estonia
980:by the
906:Estonia
733:Groomed
423:turrenn
392:, 2007.
334:cavalry
303:German
285:langski
254:ÄŤuoigat
182:History
4885:skates
4873:skates
4792:Pedalo
4765:Rowing
4759:Rowing
4737:Rowing
4632:Trikke
4359:assist
4165:Enduro
3880:Resort
3828:Helmet
3706:Alpine
3529:Slalom
3374:Skiing
3113:
2992:
2716:
2706:
2422:
2326:
2295:
2153:
2102:
1923:
1900:PĂĄ ski
1839:
1644:
1608:
1563:
1524:
1484:event.
1450:Quebec
1370:bamboo
1266:mohair
1180:camber
942:Canada
930:Alaska
920:, the
916:, the
908:, the
892:Sweden
833:Swede
749:Quebec
699:hiking
673:, and
405:Tromsø
363:consul
326:Danish
279:, the
226:Skiing
144:, the
142:Russia
138:Canada
134:Europe
106:skiing
4727:Kayak
4722:Canoe
4707:Water
3931:Trail
3906:Piste
3843:Skins
3838:Poles
3823:Boots
3673:Mogul
2837:(PDF)
2830:(PDF)
2599:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
2414:[
1786:(1).
1665:"Ski"
1600:[
1466:Tyrol
1364:, or
1346:Poles
1339:cable
1335:Cable
1264:" or
1161:Types
1080:Turns
675:boots
659:piste
501:word
449:) in
377:Sport
281:andor
238:China
218:word
90:boots
86:poles
4833:list
4743:Punt
4595:Sled
4545:Cart
4215:27.5
4100:29er
4085:Land
3865:Suit
3848:Skis
3376:and
3297:2015
3264:2014
3230:2021
3204:2014
3173:2014
3142:2021
3111:ISBN
3089:2014
3059:2015
3032:2009
3006:2016
2990:ISSN
2963:2014
2933:2014
2907:2014
2876:2014
2845:2014
2809:2019
2783:2014
2752:2014
2714:OCLC
2704:ISBN
2664:2014
2633:2015
2607:2015
2570:2014
2541:2015
2514:2014
2484:2014
2457:2014
2420:ISBN
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