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509:. Sea-cole or coal as it is now called was quarried from outcrops around England and transported to London as early as 1253. In larger houses, fireplaces and chimneys were first used as supplementary heating in the parlour, before eventually suppressing the open hearth. In smaller hall houses, where heat efficiency and cooking were the prime concern, fireplaces became the principal source of heat earlier. The design of the coal grate was important and the open fire became more sophisticated and enclosed leading in later centuries to the coal burning
727:
662:—were particularly clearly defined on the east side of the High Street; the buildings within them usually faced the High Street, but plots were sometimes subdivided. This is believed to have happened at the site of the Ancient Priors, where the main (15th-century) part of the building faces west on to the High Street, and the older section faces south and is hidden from view. The building was originally used as a dwelling house, and the accompanying burgage plot was used for small-scale agriculture. The first confirmed owners were a family of
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1087:...a building designed by an amateur without any training in design; the individual will have been guided by a series of conventions built up in his locality, paying little attention to what may be fashionable. The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal. Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally.
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633:. It was built in approximately 1450, partly replacing an older (probably 14th-century) structure—although part of this survives behind the present street frontage. It has been expanded, altered and renovated many times since, and fell into such disrepair by the 1930s that demolition was considered. It has since been refurbished and is now a restaurant, although it has been put to various uses during its existence.
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858:, Norfolk. The timber-framed manor house with rosy ochre coloured plaster walls and dark tiled roof, incorporates the medieval core of an earlier open-hall house. At least twenty raised-aisled houses have been identified in the area, "forming a characteristic group, rarely found elsewhere in England". The Hall has attracted the attention of architectural historians, such as
40:
444:. This allowed the whole of the hall to be floored, then the stack could contain an extra flue to provide a fire on the upper floor. Fireplaces and chimney stacks could be fitted into existing buildings against the passage, or against the side walls or even at the upper end of the hall. It was only at the end of the 18th century that this innovation reached the north.
832:
654:. Extensive archaeological investigation in the 1990s determined that although the possibility of an older building on the site could not be ruled out, the oldest part of the present structure is 14th-century and the main part (fronting the east side of the High Street) dates from about 1450 and incorporates no older fabric.
161:
the need for staircases to reach each of the upper storeys, led to much innovation and variety in floor plans. The hall house, having started in the Middle Ages as a home for a lord and his community of retainers, permeated to the less well-off during the early modern period. During the sixteenth century, the rich crossed what
863:
mullioned and transomed windows; back-to-back stuccoed fireplaces on both floors and chimney stacks of Tudor origin; fine
Jacobean dog-leg staircase with turned balusters and newel posts with ball finials. The latter is the last major addition to the house, which remains largely unaltered from the original.
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The vast majority of those hall houses which have survived have changed significantly over the centuries. In almost all cases the open hearth of the hall house was abandoned during the early modern period and a chimney built which reached from the new hearth to above the roof. This was created in the
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A companionway was often fitted into a shallow cupboard set into one end the partition separating the private rooms from the hall. It would be a straight flight of treads set into a box frame, differing from a ladder in that it was fixed in place. An alternative was the spiral stair case where solid
501:
were a development. One side of the inglenook was a transverse wall, one of the others was the exterior wall which was pierced with a little 'fire window' that gave light. To the other side was a low partition wall with a settle to provide seating. A beam or bressumer at head height finished off the
160:
The open hearth found in a hall house created heat and smoke. A high ceiling drew the smoke upwards, leaving a relatively smoke-free void beneath. Later hall houses were built with chimneys and flues. In earlier ones, these were added as alterations and additional flooring often installed. This, and
140:
A significant house needs both public and private areas. The public area is the place for living: cooking, eating, meeting and playing, while private space is for withdrawing and for storing valuables. A source of heat is required, and in northern latitudes walls are also needed to keep the weather
694:
Leonard Gale—holder of much property in the
Crawley area—owned the building, and is believed to have lived there. By 1753, when the Brett family (who had held the property for 26 years) sold the messuage for £473 (£91,000 as of 2024), it also had stables, and covered about 2 acres (0.81 ha).
502:
open end. The hearth stone extended across this whole area, and it was topped with a firehood. It became a room within a room. It was particular suited to burning logs and peat. In the Weald of Kent and Sussex, which were early iron smelting regions the back wall was protected by an iron fireback.
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A successful building was likely to be extended to follow the fashion or to add needed additional accommodation, and it is even possible for a medieval hall house to be hidden within an apparently much later building and to go unrecognized for what it is, until alteration or demolition reveals the
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Timber framed hall houses often had the infilling between their structural timbers replaced several times. While the timbers themselves were the strongest part of the building, it is unusual for all to have survived without replacement. In many cases whole outer walls have been replaced with solid
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the building at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance, and it has been described "the finest timber-framed house between London and
Brighton". Crawley's development as a permanent settlement dates from the early 13th century, when a charter was granted for a market to be held;
401:
In a two-wing hall house, with the hall open to the roof, smoke accumulated in the roofspace before exiting through louvres or raised tiles. Placing the hearth at the lower end of the hall was deliberate because combustion could be controlled by varying the through draught between the two doors.
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times, was built for Sir Robert
Hesketh in about 1530. The hall, which formed the south wing of the present building, is substantially as built, 46.5 feet (14.2 m) long and 22 feet (6.7 m) wide, with the timbers sitting on a low stone wall. The hall has a flagged floor. It has a stone
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vicinity of the cross passage, and sometimes this added chimney actually blocked the cross passage. Once the clearance within the hall was no longer needed for smoke from the central hearth, the hall itself would often be divided, with a floor being inserted which connected all the upper rooms.
862:
and Sandon, and has been described as the “ultimate development (…) of the early hall house.” Its most noteworthy features include: cross-beamed ceiling in the parlour which has not been disturbed since the late fifteenth century or early sixteenth century; striking original sixteenth-century
666:, who acquired it in 1608. It passed through many owners throughout the 17th century, some of whom rented the building to others; furthermore, in many cases the two parts of the building were occupied by different families or tenants. By 1668, when it was owned by a resident of
989:
in
Northumberland were stone-built hall houses. The owners applied for permission to crenellate to protect the buildings from the marauding Scottish insurgents. The original halls became part of substantial castles- which later, with the Act of Union became grand country houses.
417:. The house benefitted from the extra space created, and the extended chambers benefitted from the extra heat. The use of smoke hoods enabled the smoke bays to be compressed further. In Surrey smoke bays were introduced in the early 16th century while in the North it was later,
966:, is one of the more important extant non-fortified manor houses of the Middle Ages. It was built about 1380 as a hall house and was greatly expanded in the late 16th century and partly demolished in 1785. The original 14th-century house survives, although much altered.
283:
Wealden houses are a specific form of the double ended hall plan. They are built of timber and at ground floor level the wings do not project being the width of the hall in length. The upper-storeys of the wings are jettied out, and the roof-line follows this projection.
246:
Here a two-storey wing is attached to one end of the hall. This can project beyond one side wall or both side walls of the hall, or sometimes just the upper storey is jettied beyond the side wall. There were multiple solutions as to where the staircase was placed.
141:
out and to keep in the heat. By about 1400, in lowland
Britain, with changes in settlement patterns and agriculture, people were thinking of houses as permanent structures rather than temporary shelter. According to the locality, they built stone or
592:
has a collection of rescued house which have been extensively researched prior to their reconstruction. Elsewhere such as in
Cheshire and Suffolk historic timber-framed house often contain the remnants of hall houses. Hole Cottage in Kent near
910:
truss, a form normally only found in much larger buildings such as barns and churches. This suggests the use of
English craftsmen and is an indication of the status of the original inhabitants. The walls are of stone rubble but were originally
902:. The house consists of a long rectangle divided by a cross passage. The west end is a large hall some 25 feet (7.6 m) high. The east end consists of smaller rooms on two floors. The roof structure is substantial, of paired
757:, built around 1530 for Sir Robert Hesketh, survives from the original building but it indicates the wealth and position of the family. Until 1936, Rufford Old Hall was in the continuous ownership of the Hesketh family who were
738:
1967:
Cooper, Nicholas; Mannez, Pru; Blaylock, Stuart, Shute Barton, Devon: Historic
Building Analysis and Archaeological Survey 2008, Exeter Archaeology Report no. 08.80, produced for the National Trust
413:
The next phase was to jetty out the first floor (American
English: second floor) private accommodation into the open hall creating a half floor. The smoke rose into the remaining space into a
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style rustic brick wing was built at right angles to the great hall which contrasts with the medieval black and white timbering. This wing was built from small two-inch bricks similar to
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Unaltered hall houses are almost unknown. Where they have survived, they have almost always been significantly changed and extended by successive owners over the generations.
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reflected the heat forward and controlled the unwelcome side draughts. Unsurprisingly the hearth migrated to a central wall and became enclosed at the sides. The earliest
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used for storing drink. These were intentionally unheated. The rooms in the "upper end" bay formed the private space. This layout was analogous to that found in the
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The design and total function of the chimney depended on the size of the house or cottage and its location. English fires never became like the continental tiled
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understood it. Over several centuries the hall developed into a building which provided more than one room, giving some privacy to its more important residents.
650:. Some sources assert that a building stood on the site of the Ancient Priors by this time, claiming that it was built between 1150 and 1250 and was used as a
231:
out at one end or else at both ends of the building. As the hall itself had no upper floor within it, its outer walls always stood straight, without jettying.
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The construction techniques used in vernacular architecture always were dependent on the materials available, and hall houses were no exceptions.
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The fireplace is a three-sided incombustible box containing a grate that allows an updraught and a controlled flue. It is most suited to burning
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915:. The original construction was thought to date from the late 14th or early 15th century, but part of the structure has been dated to 1435 by
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or the North American metal stove. In the earliest houses combustion of wood was helped by increasing the airflow by placing the logs on iron
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886:) is a 15th-century cruck-and-aisle-truss hall house, that lies within the stone building belt 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south-west of
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would be in the middle of the hall, its smoke rising to a vent in the roof. Two external doors on each side of the hall formed a
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Unaltered hall houses are almost unknown. A large number of former hall-houses do still exist and many are cared for by the
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or a U-shape as is found in Cambridgeshire. The Clothiers' houses of the West Riding of Yorkshire were built with elaborate
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all noted for their black and white half timbered appearance, are extended from an initial hall-house. And in Merseyside
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timber steps would span between the timber wall and a mast like newell. This would twist 180 deg from floor to floor
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were used. A thirteenth century example of a stone roofed hall-house survives in a good state of preservation at
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1322:
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when available could be used to build walls that would support the mass on the roof structure. Alternatively, a
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The open hall is flanked by two two-storey extension. Together they can give the appearance of an H-shape as at
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1608:
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Despite its relatively small size this house was of palatial significance in relation to its time and place
800:. The five hammerbeams each terminate, at both ends, in a carved wooden angel. The hall is overlooked by a
157:. They were sturdy and some have survived over five hundred years. Hall houses built after 1570 are rare.
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2764:
2754:
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935:
919:. In the 16th century the hall was divided horizontally by the addition of an inserted floor supported by
577:
200:. One end bay at the "screens end" or "lower end" of the hall would contain two rooms commonly called the
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can be found in the weald of Kent and Sussex where the combination of good quality hard wood and wealthy
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and his retainers. The whole community was used to eating and sleeping in the hall. This is the hall as
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in south Somerset was built in the 15th century as a hall house and has been designated as a Grade I
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The Domestic Revolution: How the Introduction of Coal into Victorian Homes Changed Everything
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2008:
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The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities and Design in Early Modern Britain and Early America
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structure, with the open hall taking up the two bays in the middle of the building. An open
162:
2264:(If the same type of house is known by alternative names, it may be linked more than once.)
490:
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brick or with solid stone. Usually a thatched roof was turned into one of slates or tiles.
223:. The upper rooms would be reached in the simplest buildings by means of a ladder or steep
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1943:
854:, England, dating back to the thirteenth century. Fressingfield is 12 miles east of
2296:
2219:(detailed description of co-evolution of heating fuels and hall architecture in England)
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plots—medieval land divisions with houses or other buildings which were rented from the
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infill. The designs were copied by their neighbours and descendants in the tradition of
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1891:(Second enlarged ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 94–95.
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1388:. West Sussex County Times Ltd (now part of Johnston Press PLC). 14 September 1978.
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in the middle of the floor for cooking and warmth, were the usual residence of a
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Houses and Cottages of Britain: Origins and Development of Traditional Buildings
906:
beams with additional horizontal, vertical and diagonal bracing. It features an
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585:
514:
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297:
80:
1571:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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with its hob, oven and water boiler, and the Triplex type kitchen range with a
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227:. The solars often stretched beyond the outer wall of the ground floor rooms,
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118:
1403:. West Sussex County Times Ltd (now part of Johnston Press PLC). 9 June 1960.
17:
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2103:
Traditional Buildings of Britain: an introduction to Vernacular Architecture
959:
843:
812:
777:
425:
39:
2222:
974:. It consists of an east–west range with two wings which were added later.
927:
as late as 1707 but was later split into two or three labourers' cottages.
2639:
994:
is a 12th-century stone hall house and courtyard fortress, located on the
185:
In its earliest and simplest form the medieval hall house would be a four-
2534:
788:
683:
581:
472:
418:
228:
831:
215:
The rooms on the ground floor of the private space, were often known as
169:" and became more likely to employ professionals to design their homes.
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2539:
2358:
1876:. Vol. 12. London: The Ancient Monuments Society. pp. 97–112.
1509:
in association with Crawley Borough Council. p. 26. Archived from
851:
687:
655:
651:
630:
561:
456:
452:
366:
216:
134:
68:
588:, which was the first house to be acquired by the National Trust. The
2492:
2328:
1872:
Smith, Peter; Lloyd, Ffrangcon (1965). "Plas-Ucha, Llangar, Corwen".
924:
887:
770:
766:
594:
480:
476:
464:
378:
358:
201:
193:
126:
76:
44:
2081:'Rural houses and cottages; Wealden and other open-hall houses' in
2992:
2554:
1887:
Smith, Peter (1988). "Aisle-truss and hammer-beam roofed houses".
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963:
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895:
870:
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725:
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tell-tale smoke-blackened roof timbers of the original open hall.
267:
254:
238:
189:
101:
64:
1889:
Houses of the Welsh Countryside - A study in historical geography
1122:(Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), p. 8
807:
in an arched doorway in the second-floor drawing room. In 1661 a
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and a garden. In the early 18th century, the prominent local
121:" is simply a large room enclosed by a roof and walls, and in
1401:
West Sussex Gazette and South of England Advertiser newspaper
30:
This article is about the type of house. For other uses, see
765:
in 1798. In 1936 Rufford Old Hall, with its collection of
787:
The timber-framed hall house with great hall, in a late
761:
of Rufford from the 15th century. The Heskeths moved to
212:
of the day, the difference being merely that of scale.
27:
Vernacular house typical of Britain, centred on a hall
1769:, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Baron Publishing, 1977, p. 175
950:
between about 1789 and the 20th century), located at
377:. Depending on the local tradition and availability
923:
cross beams. The house was listed as a house of the
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2454:
2423:
2407:
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2269:
1857:Monroe, L (1933). "Plas Ucha, Llangar, Merioneth".
1450:
1448:
1446:
646:was founded by 1267. The area, on the edge of the
536:, no longer recognizable as a 15th-century building
455:. In smaller houses the fire was used for cooking.
1874:Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society 1964
718:similarly benefited from agricultural prosperity.
479:to the apex of the roof. They were constructed in
2152:(1st ed.). Chichester: Phillimore & Co.
91:, some high status examples were built in stone.
2043:Vernacular Architecture: An illustrated Handbook
1767:Suffolk Houses, A Study of Domestic Architecture
1496:"Crawley Historic Character Assessment Report"
3028:
2655:
2238:
2131:Crawley and District in Old Picture Postcards
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
8:
1782:, Vol. II, Cambridge University Press, p. 24
1780:Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales
1718:Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1911).
1651:Farrer, William; Brownbill, J, eds. (1911).
686:consisted of the inn itself, some barns, an
560:prevailed in the 14th to 16th centuries. In
219:while the upper floor provided rooms called
1327:. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2010.
601:) has an intact private dwelling wing of a
421:being introduced in the late 17th century.
3328:
3035:
3021:
3013:
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1724:. British History Online. pp. 102–108
1657:. British History Online. pp. 119–128
1535:
1533:
1531:
1489:
1487:
1379:
1377:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1272:(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957),
1231:
361:was built and this could be infilled with
47:, Sussex, a three-bay Wealden hall house.
1900:
1898:
1822:. London: Faber & Faber. p. 12.
1806:The English House through Seven Centuries
1761:
1759:
1567:inflation figures are based on data from
1454:
1349:
1337:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1256:
1219:
1207:
1188:
1167:
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678:, its spelling was later standardised to
125:simple one-room buildings, with a single
1551:
782:Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 1st Baron Hesketh
548:, local authorities and private owners.
528:
303:
291:
176:
38:
2180:. Partridge Green: Ravette Publishing.
1929:Cited by Smith/LLoyd as "Edward Llwyd,
1906:"Plas Uchaf; Plas Ucha, Cynwyd, Cynwyd"
1626:
1624:
1111:
1074:
780:, was donated to the National Trust by
1804:Cook, Olive & Edwin Smith (1983),
1745:
1735:
1678:
1668:
1596:
1539:
1478:
1466:
1425:
1413:
1384:"Minter's, The High Street, Crawley".
1368:
1084:describes vernacular architecture as:
3414:Grants, Construction and Regeneration
2017:Research records (formerly PastScape)
1820:The Shell Book of The Home In Britain
1437:
1245:Restoring period timber-framed houses
475:directed the smoke away from the low
7:
2171:. Horsham: Performance Publications.
300:, showing the age of different parts
2592:Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland
2124:. Crawley: Crawley Borough Council.
2064:. Chichester: Phillimore & Co.
1948:GENUKI - UK & Ireland Genealogy
1933:(ed. R. H. Morris), II, p. 56"
1609:Listed Buildings in West Lancashire
1503:Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS)
1494:Harris, Roland B. (December 2008).
670:, the whole building had become an
1987:National Heritage List for England
1618:, West Lancashire District Council
898:and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of
791:pattern which continued in use in
590:Weald and Downland Open Air Museum
397:Hearths, smoke bays and fireplaces
25:
3556:House types in the United Kingdom
2178:Historic Buildings of West Sussex
1793:The Buildings of England: Suffolk
1399:"The Ancient Priors at Crawley".
629:hall house on the High Street in
467:for pots. Later an iron or stone
204:, used for storing food, and the
3505:
3504:
2773:
2304:
2295:
2133:. Zaltbommel: European Library.
2013:"Whitestaunton Manor (190386)"
1982:"Whitestaunton Manor (1250783)"
1795:, London: Penguin Books, p. 203
682:. Around this time, the entire
494:A chimney, and through flooring
1023:List of hall houses in England
1:
3172:Minister of State for Housing
3044:Housing in the United Kingdom
2207:. Liveright. pp. 72–87.
2045:. London: Faber & Faber.
1386:West Sussex Gazette newspaper
59:traditional in many parts of
2062:Crawley: A Pictorial History
2176:Volke, Gordon, ed. (1989).
2129:Goldsmith, Michael (1987).
2079:Brunskill, Ronald (2000a).
819:and St Michael's Church in
487:to render them fire-proof.
3572:
2293:
1791:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1961),
835:Ufford Hall, Fressingfield
796:chimney, five bays, and a
576:are well documented as is
276:
106:14th century open hall at
29:
3500:
3440:Housing and town planning
3050:
3001:
2854:National Trust properties
2771:
2519:Mas (Provençal farmhouse)
2262:
2086:. Yale University Press.
1699:. Listed Buildings Online
1324:Oxford English Dictionary
1311:, pp. 112, 113, 115.
883:
308:A later aisled hall house
3213:Birmingham Back to Backs
2988:English landscape garden
2169:49, High Street, Crawley
2101:Brunskill, R.W. (2004).
2060:Bastable, Roger (1983).
2041:Brunskill, R.W. (2000).
1910:British Listed Buildings
3541:Vernacular architecture
3536:Architecture in England
2671:Architecture of England
2167:Hygate, Nâdine (1994).
2105:. London: Orion Books.
1808:, Overlook Press, p. 69
1778:Emery, Anthony (2000),
1569:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1058:Vernacular architecture
251:Double ended hall plans
235:Single ended hall plans
155:vernacular architecture
3148:Reduction Bill 2016–17
2740:Strawberry Hill Gothic
2148:Gwynne, Peter (1990).
2122:Development of Crawley
1634:, The National Trust,
1089:
940:
876:
846:listed manor house in
836:
731:
618:
578:Alfriston Clergy House
537:
495:
410:
309:
301:
259:
243:
182:
110:
75:, as well as northern
48:
2446:Old Frisian longhouse
2394:Uthland-Frisian house
2379:Old Frisian farmhouse
2203:Ruth Goodman (2020).
1944:"1871 census Llangar"
1818:Ayres, James (1981).
1765:Sandon, Eric (1977),
1085:
1043:Low German hall house
1038:Hall and parlor house
938:
874:
834:
741:property and Grade I
729:
674:. Known at first as
616:
532:
493:
408:
307:
295:
258:
242:
180:
105:
42:
2834:Renaissance theatres
2814:Round-tower churches
2389:Upper Lusatian house
2287:Neolithic long house
2150:A History of Crawley
1352:, pp. 115, 116.
1299:, pp. 112, 113.
1268:W. Douglas Simpson,
1243:David J. Swindells,
753:, England. Only the
499:Inglenook fireplaces
459:provided a rack for
440:gave more efficient
365:or be panelled with
43:The Yeoman's House,
3165:Housing Corporation
3055:Housing in Scotland
2804:Medieval cathedrals
2799:Abbeys and priories
2374:Middle German house
2120:Goepel, J. (1980).
1048:Middle German house
987:Featherstone Castle
968:Whitestaunton Manor
939:Whitestaunton Manor
708:Little Moreton Hall
550:Wealden hall houses
534:Tree House, Crawley
264:Little Moreton Hall
181:A simple hall house
173:General description
123:Anglo-Saxon England
3325:Parliamentary acts
3267:Reema construction
2963:Dartmoor longhouse
2958:Wealden hall house
2472:Dartmoor longhouse
2344:East Frisian house
2334:Black Forest house
2052:-0-571-19503-2
1697:"Rufford Old Hall"
1614:2011-06-06 at the
1565:Retail Price Index
1222:, p. 124,125.
1210:, p. 104,105.
1191:, p. 122,123.
1170:, p. 112,113.
1053:Wealden hall house
941:
877:
837:
759:lords of the manor
732:
619:
603:Wealden hall house
538:
496:
411:
310:
302:
279:Wealden hall house
260:
244:
183:
165:describes as the "
111:
108:Crook Hall, Durham
49:
3518:
3517:
3496:
3495:
3123:Energy efficiency
3010:
3009:
2920:Brighton and Hove
2809:Former cathedrals
2760:Bristol Byzantine
2637:
2636:
2436:Frisian farmhouse
2349:Geestharden house
2093:978-0-575-07122-3
1861:. pp. 81–87.
1640:978-1-84359-285-3
1270:Exploring Castles
1118:John E. Crowley,
773:and 17th century
660:Lord of the Manor
288:Later alterations
131:lord of the manor
16:(Redirected from
3563:
3508:
3507:
3329:
3311:Weavers' cottage
3090:Cities and towns
3060:Housing in Wales
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
2849:Church monuments
2839:Listed buildings
2777:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2431:Bildts farmhouse
2369:Low German house
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2191:
2172:
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2144:
2125:
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2097:
2075:
2056:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:Historic England
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:Historic England
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
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1918:
1916:
1902:
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1680:
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1666:
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1662:
1648:
1642:
1632:Rufford Old Hall
1630:Dean, R., 2007,
1628:
1619:
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1600:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1561:
1555:
1549:
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1515:
1507:English Heritage
1500:
1491:
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1171:
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1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:, p. 27,28.
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1082:Ronald Brunskill
1079:
917:tree-ring dating
885:
763:Rufford New Hall
735:Rufford Old Hall
730:Rufford Old Hall
722:Rufford Old Hall
716:Rufford Old Hall
635:English Heritage
546:English Heritage
167:polite threshold
83:, centring on a
57:vernacular house
21:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3492:
3471:Working classes
3466:
3435:
3320:
3294:Two-up two-down
3272:Wimpey no-fines
3225:English country
3196:
3106:
3085:
3064:
3046:
3041:
3011:
3006:
2997:
2968:Somerset towers
2925:Hammerbeam roof
2878:
2824:Historic houses
2785:
2778:
2769:
2725:English Baroque
2673:
2668:
2638:
2633:
2612:
2596:
2580:
2576:Cascina a corte
2564:
2523:
2497:
2481:
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2384:Schleswig house
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2199:
2197:Further reading
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1616:Wayback Machine
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1232:Brunskill 2000a
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1080:
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1019:
1013:
996:Harewood Estate
992:Harewood Castle
980:
972:listed building
944:Old Shute House
933:
869:
829:
798:hammerbeam roof
743:listed building
724:
676:The Whyte Harte
611:
527:
483:which was then
399:
375:wattle and daub
327:
290:
281:
175:
147:wattle and daub
100:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3289:Pre-regulation
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3187:Slum clearance
3184:
3179:
3177:Public Housing
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2978:Portland stone
2975:
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2752:
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2707:
2702:
2700:English Gothic
2697:
2692:
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2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:
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2659:
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2618:
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2613:
2611:
2610:
2608:Gozo Farmhouse
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
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2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
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2566:
2565:
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2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Casa montañesa
2547:
2545:Cabaña pasiega
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:Lorraine house
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
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2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
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2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2415:Cimbrian house
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Lorraine house
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Cimbrian house
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2312:Housing portal
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2227:
2221:
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2214:978-1631497636
2213:
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2126:
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1960:
1935:
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1589:
1576:MeasuringWorth
1556:
1544:
1527:
1516:on 8 June 2011
1483:
1471:
1459:
1455:Goldsmith 1987
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1391:
1373:
1354:
1350:Brunskill 2004
1342:
1340:, p. 115.
1338:Brunskill 2004
1330:
1313:
1309:Brunskill 2004
1301:
1297:Brunskill 2004
1289:
1287:, p. 116.
1285:Brunskill 2004
1277:
1261:
1257:Brunskill 2000
1249:
1247:(1987), p. 165
1236:
1224:
1220:Brunskill 2000
1212:
1208:Brunskill 2000
1193:
1189:Brunskill 2000
1172:
1168:Brunskill 2004
1160:
1158:, p. 124.
1156:Brunskill 2004
1148:
1144:Brunskill 2000
1136:
1132:Brunskill 2004
1124:
1110:
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1028:Hall (concept)
1025:
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1008:West Yorkshire
979:
978:Northumberland
976:
932:
929:
868:
865:
828:
825:
739:National Trust
723:
720:
680:The White Hart
625:is a medieval
623:Ancient Priors
617:Ancient Priors
610:
609:Ancient Priors
607:
599:Landmark Trust
570:Old Punch Bowl
566:Ancient Priors
554:yeoman farmers
542:National Trust
526:
523:
485:lime-plastered
463:roasting, and
430:chimney breast
424:A brick built
398:
395:
391:Northumberland
326:
323:
289:
286:
277:Main article:
275:
274:
273:Wealden houses
253:
252:
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171:
99:
96:
26:
24:
14:
13:
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3252:Prefabricated
3250:
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3160:Homes England
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3141:
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3118:Affordability
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2993:Cruck framing
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2945:Country house
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2864:Hindu temples
2862:
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2441:Frisian house
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2196:
2189:
2187:1-85304-199-8
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:0-85033-718-6
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:90-288-4525-9
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2112:0-304-36676-5
2108:
2104:
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2089:
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2082:
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2073:
2071:0-85033-503-5
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:0-571-11625-6
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1788:
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1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:, p. 12.
1598:
1593:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:Bastable 1983
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1469:, p. 58.
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:, p. 53.
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 40.
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
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1395:
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1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1259:, p. 36.
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1234:, p. 54.
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
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1204:
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1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
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1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 40.
1133:
1128:
1125:
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953:
949:
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928:
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914:
913:half-timbered
909:
905:
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881:
873:
866:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Fressingfield
845:
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826:
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681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
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653:
652:chantry-house
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:timber-framed
624:
615:
608:
606:
604:
600:
597:(operated by
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:iron founders
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
531:
524:
522:
520:
517:and the 1922
516:
512:
511:kitchen range
508:
503:
500:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
438:chimney stack
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
407:
403:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
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357:structure of
356:
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348:
344:
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324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
299:
294:
287:
285:
280:
272:
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257:
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249:
248:
241:
234:
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218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:cross passage
195:
191:
188:
179:
172:
170:
168:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:timber-framed
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:
104:
97:
95:
92:
90:
89:timber-framed
86:
82:
79:, during the
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:is a type of
54:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Cross passage
3316:Wealden hall
3301:Tower blocks
3262:Atholl steel
3241:
3208:Back-to-back
3182:Right to Buy
3128:Homelessness
2940:Bastle house
2828:
2819:Roman villas
2509:Bresse house
2476:
2462:Bastle house
2270:Old European
2204:
2177:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2121:
2102:
2084:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2034:Bibliography
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1985:
1972:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1833:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1728:21 September
1726:. Retrieved
1720:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1691:
1659:. Retrieved
1653:
1646:
1631:
1604:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1574:
1559:
1547:
1542:, p. 9.
1518:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1502:
1481:, p. 1.
1474:
1462:
1433:
1421:
1416:, p. 4.
1409:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1371:, p. 3.
1345:
1333:
1323:
1321:"coal, 5a".
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1012:
981:
948:Shute Barton
947:
942:
931:West country
892:Denbighshire
878:
838:
786:
733:
704:Bramall Hall
698:In Cheshire
697:
679:
675:
620:
539:
504:
497:
446:
423:
414:
412:
400:
328:
319:
315:
311:
282:
261:
245:
225:companionway
214:
210:great houses
197:
190:cruck-framed
184:
159:
145:houses with
139:
112:
93:
71:and lowland
52:
50:
36:
3551:House types
3531:Hall houses
3143:Gatekeeping
2874:Lighthouses
2829:Hall houses
2710:Elizabethan
2690:Saxo-Norman
2685:Anglo-Saxon
2399:Waldlerhaus
2022:16 December
1746:|work=
1679:|work=
1597:Hygate 1994
1540:Hygate 1994
1479:Hygate 1994
1467:Gwynne 1990
1426:Gwynne 1990
1414:Goepel 1980
1369:Hygate 1994
840:Ufford Hall
827:Ufford Hall
700:Willot Hall
586:East Sussex
515:back boiler
477:underthatch
449:cocklestove
419:smoke hoods
409:A smoke bay
383:stone roofs
298:Horham Hall
115:Old English
81:Middle Ages
3525:Categories
2973:Bath stone
2950:Oast house
2905:Manchester
2895:Birmingham
2786:structures
2750:Jacobethan
2730:Queen Anne
2624:Carpathian
2617:Carpathian
2477:Hall house
2467:Blackhouse
2354:Gulf house
1931:Parochilia
1721:Bretherton
1520:14 October
1438:Volke 1989
1064:References
1033:Great hall
983:Aydon Hall
946:(known as
884:Upper Hall
882:(English:
880:Plas Uchaf
875:Plas Uchaf
867:Plas Uchaf
821:Much Hoole
817:Carr House
802:quatrefoil
755:great hall
751:Lancashire
712:Speke Hall
692:ironmaster
648:High Weald
574:Tree House
564:today the
519:AGA cooker
442:combustion
387:Aydon Hall
87:. Usually
53:hall house
32:Hall House
3306:Townhouse
3192:Squatting
3102:Liverpool
3081:Edwardian
3076:Victorian
2983:Flushwork
2935:Almshouse
2930:Fan vault
2900:Liverpool
2859:Windmills
2765:Brutalist
2755:Edwardian
2745:Victorian
2282:Longhouse
2277:Housebarn
2255:farmhouse
2253:European
1953:11 August
1859:Arch Camb
1748:ignored (
1738:cite book
1681:ignored (
1671:cite book
1107:Citations
960:Axminster
844:Grade II*
813:Bank Hall
778:furniture
473:firehoods
426:fireplace
415:smoke bay
355:box frame
325:Materials
163:Brunskill
3510:Category
3279:Terraced
3201:Variants
3153:Scotland
3133:Act 2002
3004:Category
2869:Stadiums
2735:Georgian
2720:Carolean
2715:Jacobean
2629:Zakopane
2535:Alqueria
1915:8 August
1703:16 March
1661:17 March
1612:Archived
1017:See also
1000:Harewood
809:Jacobean
789:medieval
684:messuage
664:colliers
644:a church
582:Polegate
572:and the
525:Examples
507:sea-cole
469:fireback
457:Andirons
453:firedogs
379:thatched
296:Plan of
229:jettying
217:parlours
73:Scotland
3332:Housing
3138:England
3111:General
3097:Glasgow
2915:Bristol
2844:Museums
2794:Castles
2585:Swedish
2569:Italian
2560:Palloza
2540:Baserri
2528:Spanish
2455:British
2359:Haubarg
1654:Rufford
956:Colyton
954:, near
921:moulded
860:Pevsner
852:Suffolk
747:Rufford
688:orchard
656:Burgage
631:Crawley
562:Crawley
465:trivets
206:buttery
135:Beowulf
98:Origins
69:Ireland
61:England
3284:Byelaw
3237:Estate
2953:(cowl)
2890:London
2695:Norman
2678:Styles
2502:French
2493:Chalet
2408:Danish
2329:Ansitz
2322:German
2211:
2184:
2156:
2137:
2109:
2090:
2068:
2049:
1993:7 July
1826:
1638:
1554:, §33.
1457:, §29.
925:gentry
900:Cynwyd
888:Corwen
815:, and
805:squint
771:armour
639:listed
595:Cowden
568:, the
481:wicker
367:timber
359:timber
339:cobble
268:gables
221:solars
202:pantry
194:hearth
127:hearth
77:Europe
45:Bignor
3257:Airey
2883:Other
2705:Tudor
2601:Malta
2555:Masia
2486:Swiss
2424:Dutch
2257:types
1582:7 May
1514:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1274:p. 51
1069:Notes
1004:Leeds
1002:, in
964:Devon
952:Shute
908:aisle
904:cruck
896:Wales
842:is a
793:Tudor
745:, in
737:is a
668:Worth
373:, or
371:tiles
353:or a
351:cruck
347:earth
345:and
343:brick
335:flint
331:Stone
117:, a "
65:Wales
3488:1900
3483:1890
3478:1885
3462:2016
3457:1986
3452:1919
3447:1909
3431:2023
3426:2008
3421:2004
3409:1996
3404:1988
3399:1985
3394:1980
3389:1969
3384:1961
3379:1957
3374:1949
3369:1944
3364:1936
3359:1935
3354:1933
3349:1930
3344:1924
3339:1874
3247:Oast
3242:Hall
3230:List
3220:Boot
2910:Bath
2209:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2024:2012
1995:2009
1955:2010
1917:2010
1824:ISBN
1750:help
1730:2011
1705:2011
1683:help
1663:2011
1636:ISBN
1584:2024
1522:2009
985:and
856:Diss
769:and
767:arms
714:and
706:and
637:has
621:The
556:and
461:spit
436:and
434:flue
381:and
151:clay
119:hall
85:hall
51:The
1563:UK
775:oak
672:inn
580:in
389:in
363:cob
187:bay
149:or
113:In
3527::
2015:.
2011:.
1984:.
1980:.
1946:.
1908:.
1897:^
1841:^
1832:.
1758:^
1742::
1740:}}
1736:{{
1675::
1673:}}
1669:{{
1623:^
1573:.
1530:^
1505:.
1501:.
1486:^
1445:^
1376:^
1357:^
1196:^
1175:^
1010:.
1006:,
998:,
962:,
958:,
894:,
890:,
850:,
823:.
784:.
749:,
702:,
605:.
584:,
544:,
521:.
432:,
428:,
393:.
369:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
67:,
63:,
3036:e
3029:t
3022:v
2663:e
2656:t
2649:v
2246:e
2239:t
2232:v
2217:.
2190:.
2162:.
2143:.
2115:.
2096:.
2074:.
2055:.
2026:.
1997:.
1957:.
1919:.
1752:)
1732:.
1707:.
1685:)
1665:.
1586:.
1524:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.