178:
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28:
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109:, cross pollinated each other. While the grape clusters that would arise from the pollination would be considered Chardonnay any vines that sprang from one of the seeds of the grape berries would be considered a distinct variety other than Chardonnay. It is for this reason that grapevines are usually propagated from cuttings while
475:. In clonal selection, an ideal plant within a vineyard or nursery that has exhibited the most desirable traits is selected with all cuttings taken from that single plant. In massal (or "mass") selection, cuttings are taken from several vines of the same variety that have collectively demonstrated desirable traits.
441:
is performed by making three incisions on the edge of the grape vine's rootstock, and removing majority of the bark around each of the cuttings, leaving a small amount of bark at the end of the cut and inserting three of the same scions into the incisions, using the remaining piece of the cut bark to
420:
is performed shortly after the grape vine is planted, giving the rootstock enough time to become active but the bud of the grape vine is still inactive. It is performed by cutting two small slopes in both sides of the rootstock and cutting a small scion into a small bud and placing the scion bud into
498:
Other criticisms of clonal selection involve the increased risk in vineyards lacking genetic diversity among its vines as well as the changing priorities in wine production. While many clones in the mid to late 20th century were isolated, some of the desirable traits exhibited by those clones (such
450:
In established vineyards where only a few vines need to be replaced within a row (such as vine lost to machine damage or disease), a new vine can be propagated by bending a cane from a neighboring vine into the ground and covering it with dirt. This segment of vine will soon begin sprouting its own
413:
Field grafting is performed after the vine has been planted in a vineyard and has aged a few years. The objective of using this method is to avoid replanting and a final product of a grapevine with two diversifications. The procedure of field grafting is performed with the vines still planted, by
392:
This process is typically performed in the beginning of a new year in a greenhouse, taking place during the late winter months, to the early spring months. This process is used on younger and smaller vines before the vines are planted in a vineyard. However, the type of cut made on the grape vine
486:
Historically, massal selection was the primary means of vineyard propagation, particularly in traditional vineyards where vines are only sporadically replaced, often by layering a cane from a neighboring vine. In the 1950s, the isolation and identification of desirable clones in nurseries and
414:
making two inversions in the rootstock of a certain type of grapevines and placing two of the same type of scions that differ from the rootstock into the rootstock. The most common ways to perform field grafting are the Chip Bud method, the T Bud method, the Cleft Graft and the Bark Graft.
100:
as each seed contains unique genetic information from its two parent varieties (the flowering parent and the parent that provided the pollen that fertilized the flower) and would, theoretically, be a different variety than either parent. This would be true even if two
434:
is performed on the branches of a grape vine, when the rootstock is dormant. The method is performed by making a wedge in the rootstock and placing two scions into the wedge. After the Graft starts growing one of the scions is removed, leaving only one to grow.
339:
As commercial winemakers usually want to work with a desired grape variety that dependably produces a particular crop, most grapevines are propagated by clonal or massal selection of plant material. This can be accomplished in one of three ways.
368:
and then adding scionwood that is cut to fit inside the incision made in the rootstock. This involves removing the canopy and most of the trunk of an existing vine and replacing it with a cutting of a new vine that is sealed by a
427:
is performed by making a cutting a T at the bottom of the grapevine that is above the soil. Once the T is cut, the bark surrounding the cut is pulled back and the scion is placed between the two sides that were pulled back.
487:
breeding stations lead to an increase in clonal selection with new vineyard plantings seeking out clones from well established vineyards and wine region. This trend towards clonal selection has seen some criticism from
224:
are well known to have a variety of clones. While there may be slight mutations to differentiate the various clones, all clones are considered genetically part of the same variety (i.e. Sangiovese or Pinot noir).
208:
is a single vine that has been selected from a "mother vine" to which it is identical. This clone may have been selected deliberately from a grapevine that has demonstrated desirable traits (good
769:
740:
798:
69:
exist, most grapevines are between the ages of 10 and 30 years. As vineyard owners seek to replant their vines, a number of techniques are available which may include planting a new
827:
451:
independent root system while still being nourished by the connecting vine. Eventually, the connection between the two vines is severed, allowing each vine to grow independently.
1320:
352:
taken from a mother vine and then planted where the shoot will eventually sprout a root system and regenerate itself into a full-fledged vine with trunk and
35:
grapevine in a vineyard with a cane extended. Prior to this cane developing grape clusters it could have been planted in the ground to propagate by layering.
1258:
189:
is a grape variety that while genetically similar to the original variety is considered unique enough to merit being considered its own variety. Both
356:. Often new cuttings will be first planted in a nursery where it is allowed to develop for a couple of years before being planted in the vineyard.
998:
467:
Each cutting, taken from a mother vine, is a clone of that vine. The way that a vine grower selects these cuttings can be described as either
874:
608:
595:
306:
of the mid to late 19th century hit Europe, some growers in
European wine regions experimented with using hybrids until a solution involving
777:
748:
806:
393:
determines the classification of the Bench graft. The two techniques to perform a Bench Graft includes the Omega Graft and the Whip Graft.
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271:
vines), is a crossing as any vine that results from the seed being planted will be a different grape variety distinct from either parent.
695:
924:
642:
978:
904:
574:
553:
463:
One criticism of clonal selection is that the use of only one or two clones greatly diminishes the genetic diversity of a vineyard.
507:
potential) may no longer be as desirable today where other traits (such as low yields and drought resistance) may be more prized.
93:
of an existing vine into the ground next to the vine and severing the connection when the new vine develops its own root system.
318:
varieties was found. Eventually, the use of hybrids in wine production declined with their use formally outlawed by
European
399:
is performed by the rootstock and scion being grafted together by the two pieces being cut into shapes that align together.
1351:
983:
278:
is a new grape variety that was produced from a cross pollination of two different grape species. In the early history of
1361:
1421:
1003:
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who complain about "mono-clonal" viticulture that has the risk of producing wines that are overly similar and dull.
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488:
405:
is performed by making an identical small dip at angle into the rootstock and the scion, so they can be adjoined.
1325:
1223:
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867:
239:
is a new grape variety that was created by the cross pollination of two different varieties of the same species.
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1233:
674:
1335:
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929:
909:
500:
177:
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A vineyard in the Napa Valley showing which particular clone of
Cabernet Sauvignon is planted in this block
232:
is the opposite of cloning, where growers select cuttings from the mass of the vineyard, or a field blend.
1356:
1210:
1063:
721:"An Illustrated Guide to Field Grafting Grapevines « Northwest Berry & Grape Information Network"
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1292:
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1058:
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resistance, small berry size, etc.) and propagated as cuttings from that mother vine. Varieties such as
58:
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110:
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303:
616:
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118:
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to create French-American hybrids that were more resistant to
American grape diseases such as
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114:
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1178:
588:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
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1371:
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130:
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66:
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There are two main types of grafting in the relation to the propagation of a grapevine.
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Pinot gris (center) and Pinot blanc (right) are color mutations of Pinot noir (left).
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Grafting is a process in which a new grape vine is produced by making a cut in the
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267:), even if its pollinated by a member of the same grape variety (i.e. such as two
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that include parents of two varieties within the same species (such as
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with a limited life span for individual vines. While some centenarian
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will utilize seedlings to come up with new grape varieties including
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In commercial viticulture, grapevines are rarely propagated from
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or mass (massal) selection. Vines can also be propagated by
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Third
Edition pp. 183-184, Oxford University Press 2006
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1039:
969:
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137:varieties which include parents from two different
263:. Theoretically, every seedling (also known as a
548:pp. 2-5, Second Revised Edition (2012), London
546:"Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality"
868:
8:
1321:Effects of climate change on wine production
43:is an important consideration in commercial
286:vines with American vine varieties such as
875:
861:
853:
586:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
51:. Grapevines, most of which belong to the
590:pp. 316, 528 & 1023, Allen Lane 2012
282:, grape growers would cross the European
383:
540:
516:
57:family, produce one crop of fruit each
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536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
696:"The Sweet Science Behind Grapevines"
7:
669:
667:
544:Wine & Spirits Education Trust
925:International Grape Genome Program
609:"Grafting Grape Vines - eXtension"
25:
905:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
73:that has been selected by either
1393:
1392:
799:"Grafting Types, Cleft Grafting"
421:the cuts made on the rootstock.
330:Young vine cuttings in a nursery
151:, which was propagated from the
828:"Grafting Types, Bark Grafting"
81:a new plant vine upon existing
567:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
455:Clonal versus massal selection
1:
1352:Glossary of viticulture terms
984:Diurnal temperature variation
741:"Budding Types, Chip Budding"
700:Official website Bordeaux.com
442:cover the end of the scions.
1362:Glossary of winemaking terms
675:"Bench Grafting Fruit Trees"
243:is a crossing of two French
121:which is a crossing of the
1438:
1131:Integrated pest management
770:"Budding Types, T-Budding"
643:"Chip Budding - eXtension"
1390:
1326:Environmental stewardship
832:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
803:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
774:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
745:irrecenvhort.ifas.ufl.edu
41:propagation of grapevines
1254:Great French Wine Blight
105:vine varieties, such as
1336:Sustainable agriculture
1117:Frost damage prevention
999:Regional climate levels
1357:Glossary of wine terms
647:articles.extension.org
613:articles.extension.org
483:
464:
389:
331:
182:
36:
481:
462:
387:
329:
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30:
143:species such as the
1311:Adaptive management
418:The Chip Bud Method
335:Propagation methods
304:phylloxera epidemic
280:American winemaking
1422:Plant reproduction
1229:Botrytis bunch rot
1049:Grapevine planting
979:Climate categories
484:
465:
390:
332:
204:In viticulture, a
183:
119:Cabernet Sauvignon
37:
1404:
1403:
1249:Grapevine yellows
596:978-1-846-14446-2
565:J. Robinson (ed)
230:selection massale
16:(Redirected from
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1395:
1280:Uncinula necator
1269:Pierce's disease
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834:. Archived from
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805:. Archived from
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776:. Archived from
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649:. Archived from
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615:. Archived from
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493:viticulturalists
473:massal selection
425:The T Bud Method
348:This involves a
257:Mondeuse blanche
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1372:Outline of wine
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1331:Organic farming
1316:Biodynamic wine
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1288:Red spider mite
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1122:Green harvest (
1107:Erosion control
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1059:Row orientation
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910:Grape varieties
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397:The Omega Graft
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201:of Pinot noir.
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131:Sauvignon blanc
67:grape varieties
23:
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18:Crossing (wine)
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12:
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501:early ripening
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439:The Bark Graft
432:The Chip Graft
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409:Field Grafting
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403:The Whip Graft
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380:Bench Grafting
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296:powdery mildew
288:Vitis labrusca
284:Vitis vinifera
245:Vitis vinifera
187:color mutation
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162:Vitis labrusca
127:Cabernet Franc
123:Vitis vinifera
111:grape breeders
103:hermaphroditic
59:growing season
54:Vitis vinifera
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1244:Downy mildew
1156:Weed control
1146:Millerandage
1123:
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994:Microclimate
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920:Hybrid grape
900:Ampelography
893:horticulture
840:. Retrieved
836:the original
831:
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811:. Retrieved
807:the original
802:
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782:. Retrieved
778:the original
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749:the original
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724:. Retrieved
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702:. 2017-06-01
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651:the original
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617:the original
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184:
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152:
138:
135:hybrid grape
122:
95:
65:examples of
52:
40:
38:
1417:Viticulture
1054:Propagation
891:Biology and
884:Viticulture
388:Omega Graft
371:graft union
302:. When the
298:as well as
195:Pinot blanc
173:Terminology
89:one of the
45:viticulture
1411:Categories
1382:Winemaking
1304:and issues
1302:Approaches
1264:Phylloxera
1234:Bot canker
1136:Irrigation
1112:Fertilizer
1085:management
1014:Topography
1004:Soil types
842:2019-04-26
813:2019-04-26
784:2019-04-26
755:2019-04-26
726:2019-04-26
706:2019-04-26
657:2019-04-26
623:2019-04-26
511:References
312:rootstocks
300:phylloxera
222:Pinot noir
218:Sangiovese
197:are color
191:Pinot gris
149:Baco blanc
125:varieties
107:Chardonnay
49:winemaking
33:Sangiovese
1293:Vine moth
1259:Nematodes
1224:Black rot
1208:Pests and
1184:Noble rot
1179:Festivals
1024:elevation
972:variation
942:Rootstock
366:rootstock
320:wine laws
310:American
251:from the
247:species,
199:mutations
115:crossings
98:seedlings
83:rootstock
1398:Category
1367:Oenology
1345:See also
1239:Dead arm
1211:diseases
1189:Ripeness
1141:Klopotec
1083:Vineyard
1042:planting
1040:Vineyard
989:Drainage
947:Vineyard
935:Veraison
930:Ripening
682:ptes.org
503:or high
446:Layering
360:Grafting
344:Cuttings
316:vinifera
308:grafting
265:selfling
237:crossing
165:variety
159:and the
153:vinifera
145:Armagnac
87:layering
79:grafting
63:old vine
1199:Weather
1194:Vintage
1166:Harvest
1151:Pruning
1102:Coulure
1009:Terroir
253:Ardèche
71:cutting
1092:Canopy
1019:aspect
915:Grapes
594:
573:
552:
469:clonal
354:canopy
276:hybrid
269:Merlot
261:Savoie
249:Dureza
210:yields
155:grape
147:grape
85:or by
75:clonal
1219:Birds
1074:Yield
1029:slope
953:Vitis
678:(PDF)
505:yield
350:shoot
292:downy
259:from
241:Syrah
206:clone
140:Vitis
133:) or
91:canes
1377:Wine
1174:Brix
1097:Clos
592:ISBN
571:ISBN
550:ISBN
491:and
294:and
255:and
220:and
193:and
167:Noah
129:and
47:and
39:The
499:as
471:or
314:to
1413::
830:.
801:.
772:.
743:.
698:.
680:.
666:^
645:.
632:^
611:.
519:^
373:.
274:A
235:A
228:A
212:,
185:A
169:.
31:A
1126:)
938:)
932:(
876:e
869:t
862:v
845:.
816:.
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758:.
729:.
709:.
684:.
660:.
626:.
598:.
577:.
556:.
20:)
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