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314:(which focused on very fast tempos and very brief songs); these bands were more metal-sounding and aggressive than traditional hardcore punk and thrashcore. The initial contact between punk rock and heavy metal involved a "fair amount of mutual loathing. Despite their shared devotion to speed, spite, shredded attire and stomping on distortion pedals, their relationship seemed, at first, unlikely."
345:
313:
are hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore/heavy metal crossover and their chaotic musical approach is often cited as particularly influential. Punk-based metal bands generally evolved into the genre by developing a more technically advanced approach than the average hardcore outfit
276:
of "thrashcore" is sometimes used to distinguish it from crossover thrash and thrash metal, the latter of which is often referred to simply as "thrash", which in turn is rarely used to refer to crossover thrash or thrashcore. Thrashcore is occasionally used by the music press to refer to thrash
321:
explored punk in the late '70s, it was UK hardcore that drew "...inspiration from metal's volcanic heart" to create a "bludgeoning tonality and cataclysmic narratives" that "bridged the gulf" between metal and punk; the key band is "UK hardcore's most crucial band:
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436:" Schroeder wrote "You ain't heard this! Blisters with speedcore franticness, mean with whining licks as it kicks into a maniac pace. Well organized melodies that cry out in terrorizing metallic thrash. While some bands are trying to be metal,
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262:, which is essentially a faster hardcore punk rather than a more punk-oriented form of metal. Throughout the early and mid 1980s, the term "thrash" was often used as a synonym for hardcore punk (as in the
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326:", which from 1980 to 1983 "challenged prevailing notions of what punk was supposed to sound like, and in doing so revolutionized the prospects of metal."
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compilation of 1982). The term "thrashcore" to distinguish acts of the genre from others was not coined until at least 1993. Many crossover bands, such as
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toured heavily. This scene influenced the skinhead wing of New York hardcore, including crossover groups such as
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1026:"Anthrax Trying To Find Their Voice; Plus Danzig, Children Of Bodom & More News That Rules, In Metal File"
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Stewart
Voegtlin, "Soulfly Cranks Up the Thrash and Triggers a Debacle", Village Voice, July 29, 2008.
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As Max Ward writes, "625 started in 1993 in order to help out the local Bay Area thrashcore scene."
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383:. Therefore, that's where everybody was going. That turned into a culture war, basically."
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705:"Fast, Cheap and Out of Control/Director Paul Rachman retraces the history of punk rock"
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This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and
Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk
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793:"Corrosion of Conformity: An oral history of 30 years | Music Essay"
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532:"Powerviolence: The Dysfunctional Family of Bllleeeeaaauuurrrgghhh!!".
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Sound of the Beast: The
Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal
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329:
Especially early on, crossover thrash had a strong affinity with
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and hardcore punk. Other genres on the same continuum, such as
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1013:
Crossover The Edge: Where
Hardcore, Punk and Metal Collide
341:" was originally used to refer to these crossover groups.
440:
are just the dawning of speedcore!", referring to the EP
272:., began as influential thrashcore bands. The "-core"
856:. Digitalnewspapers.libraries.psu.edu. Archived from
16:
Fusion genre combining thrash metal and hardcore punk
622:"Two classic D.C. hardcore bands empty their vaults"
355:, who are often referred to as pioneers of the genre
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444:. Other prominent crossover thrash groups include
23:, which is a fast-tempo subgenre of hardcore punk.
1889:List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock
943:"Rockpages.gr interview with Suicidal Tendencies"
1088:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
365:
367:It was natural. The most intense music, after
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1956:
1528:
1115:
903:, Stockholm: Premium Publishing, 2008, p. 11.
750:
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8:
289:Crossover thrash evolved when performers in
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1963:
1949:
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914:"Thrash Producers: The Sound and the Fury"
901:The Encyclopedia of Swedish Punk 1977-1987
895:
893:
27:
1015:, London: PCherry Red Books, 2019, p. 36.
337:club called Ruthie's, in 1984. The term "
238:. The genre lies on a continuum between
489:
580:DiStefano, Alex (February 23, 2015).
497:
495:
493:
250:, may overlap with crossover thrash.
7:
582:"The 10 Best Crossover Thrash Bands"
351:, frontman of crossover thrash band
1070:American Hardcore: A Tribal History
757:"Love, and Other Indelible Stains"
14:
3218:Animal rights and punk subculture
1423:Early Norwegian black metal scene
620:Burton, Brent (August 30, 2011).
258:The genre is often confused with
2583:
2582:
2482:New wave of American heavy metal
969:"1986's Best Heavy Metal Albums"
3203:List of punk compilation albums
2487:New wave of British heavy metal
1864:List of hardcore punk subgenres
1484:New wave of British heavy metal
1921:(includes section on hardcore)
729:. June 5, 2011. Archived from
478:List of crossover thrash bands
1:
755:Hayes, Craig (May 29, 2012).
536:no. 172. July 2008. p. 36-37.
422:In the October 1984 issue of
1073:. Los Angeles: Feral House.
830:. Mywire.com. Archived from
293:began borrowing elements of
58:Early 1980s, United States (
3208:List of punk rock festivals
2492:Early Norwegian black metal
1859:List of hardcore punk bands
795:. Indy Week. Archived from
610:Access date: July 31, 2008.
3362:
3162:Second wave punk musicians
18:
3319:20th-century music genres
3157:First wave punk musicians
2573:
1497:
678:"The Faith/Void Split LP"
442:To the End's of the Earth
185:
169:
153:
137:
78:). Mid-1980s, Australia (
854:"Welcome to ActivePaper"
254:Terminological ambiguity
60:Greater Los Angeles Area
19:Not to be confused with
2432:Bangladeshi heavy metal
2422:Australian thrash metal
1408:Australian thrash metal
1084:Waksman, Steve (2009).
432:LP cover artist Brian "
389:Corrosion of Conformity
230:) is a fusion genre of
2555:Heavy metal subculture
2467:Indigenous metal music
2442:Brazilian thrash metal
2427:Australian heavy metal
1418:Brazilian thrash metal
1011:Alexandros Anesiadis,
466:Stormtroopers of Death
385:
356:
226:(often abbreviated to
3298:Timeline of punk rock
3228:Death of Brian Deneke
2838:Progressive metalcore
2507:Teutonic thrash metal
2437:Bay Area thrash metal
2417:Argentine heavy metal
2032:Blackened death metal
1685:Progressive metalcore
1448:Teutonic thrash metal
1413:Bay Area thrash metal
1210:Blackened death metal
733:on September 29, 2014
711:. September 22, 2006.
632:on September 27, 2013
626:Washington City Paper
387:Hardcore punk groups
347:
3329:Hardcore punk genres
3124:Scottish Gaelic punk
2447:Canadian heavy metal
949:on November 11, 2014
727:Metal Music Archives
723:"Hardcore And Crust"
3339:Music of California
3166:List of punk bands
2502:Swedish death metal
2457:Florida death metal
2452:Chinese heavy metal
2412:African heavy metal
2210:Neue Deutsche Härte
1443:Swedish death metal
1428:Florida death metal
1038:on December 5, 2008
975:on February 5, 2009
886:. February 1, 2001.
834:on January 13, 2012
506:Maximum Rock'n'Roll
401:Suicidal Tendencies
353:Suicidal Tendencies
157:Southern California
87:Typical instruments
3334:Heavy metal genres
3292:List of punk films
3187:Women in punk rock
2710:Christian hardcore
2477:Les LĂ©gions Noires
2205:Neoclassical metal
2015:National Socialist
1573:Christian hardcore
1474:heavy metal genres
1433:Les LĂ©gions Noires
1377:neoclassical metal
1150:National Socialist
916:. August 17, 2010.
799:on October 4, 2013
761:www.popmatters.com
709:Filmmaker Magazine
652:"Faith/Void Split"
547:Ward, Max (2000).
357:
3306:
3305:
3223:Conservative Punk
3150:People and groups
2833:Melodic metalcore
2776:Beatdown hardcore
2596:
2595:
2255:Progressive metal
2000:Beatdown hardcore
1995:Avant-garde metal
1990:Alternative metal
1938:
1937:
1884:Hardcore skinhead
1847:
1846:
1643:Melodic metalcore
1563:Beatdown hardcore
1510:
1509:
1438:Palm Desert Scene
1342:beatdown hardcore
1337:Avant-garde metal
1094:978-0-520-25310-0
502:Felix von Havoc.
450:Cryptic Slaughter
425:Maximum Rocknroll
221:
220:
36:Stylistic origins
3351:
3196:Related articles
2974:Alternative rock
2796:Melodic hardcore
2786:Digital hardcore
2781:Crossover thrash
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2535:Environmentalism
2306:Musical elements
2290:Crossover thrash
2168:Industrial metal
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1839:Washington, D.C.
1753:
1638:Melodic hardcore
1608:Digital hardcore
1578:Crossover thrash
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1330:Derivative forms
1220:crossover thrash
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1034:. Archived from
1022:
1016:
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1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
971:. Archived from
965:
959:
958:
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945:. Archived from
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924:
918:
917:
910:
904:
899:Peter Jandreus,
897:
888:
887:
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
860:on March 4, 2016
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628:. Archived from
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510:. Archived from
499:
277:metal-inflected
224:Crossover thrash
114:Derivative forms
55:Cultural origins
31:Crossover thrash
28:
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3360:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3268:Punk literature
3263:Punk visual art
3258:Punk ideologies
3248:Punk subculture
3191:
3182:Punk filmmakers
3145:
3033:
2962:
2931:Punk pathetique
2668:
2662:
2632:
2627:
2597:
2592:
2569:
2516:
2512:Ukrainian metal
2462:Hungarian metal
2404:
2398:
2340:Gallop drumbeat
2301:
2280:Symphonic metal
2042:Christian metal
1981:
1974:
1969:
1939:
1934:
1919:Punk subculture
1909:Punk ideologies
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1802:
1749:Regional scenes
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791:Reed, Bryan C.
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514:on June 5, 2008
501:
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462:Municipal Waste
301:and their 1982
287:
265:New York Thrash
256:
189:Crossover music
149:Regional scenes
96:electric guitar
24:
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12:
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5:
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3114:United Kingdom
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2967:Related genres
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2705:Christian punk
2702:
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2667:Subgenres and
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2499:
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2479:
2474:
2472:Japanese metal
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2459:
2454:
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2444:
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2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2403:Notable scenes
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2126:Medieval metal
2123:
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2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2069:Death 'n' roll
2066:
2065:
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2017:
2007:
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1558:Bandana thrash
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1401:Notable scenes
1398:
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1242:death 'n' roll
1239:
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1197:
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1104:
1098:
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1065:Petros, George
1056:
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1017:
1004:
995:
986:
960:
934:
932:(2003), p. 184
926:Christe, Ian:
919:
905:
889:
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845:
819:
810:
783:
774:
744:
714:
696:
669:
658:. June 5, 2011
643:
612:
600:
565:
553:625 Thrashcore
538:
525:
488:
487:
485:
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481:
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473:
470:
413:Agnostic Front
286:
283:
255:
252:
219:
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196:
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135:
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125:heavy hardcore
122:
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103:
98:
93:
88:
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56:
52:
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50:
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33:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3357:
3356:
3345:
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3337:
3335:
3332:
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3327:
3325:
3324:Extreme metal
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Straight edge
3281:
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3266:
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3259:
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3131:United States
3129:
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3112:
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3066:
3065:List of bands
3063:
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2917:
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2911:Post-hardcore
2909:
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2897:
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2811:Electronicore
2809:
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2799:
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2794:
2792:
2789:
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2779:
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2771:Hardcore punk
2769:
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2752:
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2679:
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2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:fusion genres
2665:
2655:
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2405:and movements
2401:
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2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Extreme metal
2109:
2107:
2106:Electronicore
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
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2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1982:fusion genres
1980:Subgenres and
1977:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Straight edge
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1822:
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1807:United States
1805:
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1784:
1781:
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1756:International
1754:
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1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Powerviolence
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:Post-hardcore
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1639:
1636:
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1613:Electronicore
1611:
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1569:
1566:
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1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Hardcore punk
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1502:List of bands
1500:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:hardcore punk
1467:
1465:
1462:
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1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
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1426:
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1399:
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1385:
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1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:dungeon synth
1345:
1343:
1340:
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1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
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1314:
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1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
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1285:
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1280:
1279:electronicore
1277:
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1271:
1270:
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1263:
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1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:Fusion genres
1201:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
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1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:Extreme metal
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:0-922915-71-7
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:Blush, Steven
1059:
1058:
1054:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1002:Blush, p. 188
999:
996:
993:Blush, p. 186
990:
987:
974:
970:
964:
961:
948:
944:
938:
935:
931:
930:
923:
920:
915:
909:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
885:
884:Guitar Player
881:
875:
872:
859:
855:
849:
846:
833:
829:
823:
820:
817:Blush, p. 193
814:
811:
798:
794:
787:
784:
781:Blush, p. 115
778:
775:
763:. Pop Matters
762:
758:
751:
749:
745:
737:September 27,
732:
728:
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431:
427:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:Dead Kennedys
370:
364:
362:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:hardcore punk
292:
284:
282:
280:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:hardcore punk
233:
229:
225:
215:
214:extreme metal
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
184:
179:
174:
171:
170:
168:
163:
158:
155:
154:
152:
147:
142:
139:
138:
136:
133:Fusion genres
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
91:
90:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:San Francisco
65:
64:New York City
61:
57:
53:
48:
47:hardcore punk
45:
43:
40:
39:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3344:Thrash metal
3278:Puntala-rock
3253:Punk fashion
3024:Thrash metal
2821:Nintendocore
2780:
2676:Anarcho-punk
2372:Shred guitar
2335:Cymbal choke
2297:Viking metal
2289:
2285:Thrash metal
2275:Stoner metal
2265:Sludge metal
2230:Pirate metal
2215:Nintendocore
2173:Kawaii metal
2163:Groove metal
2148:Gothic metal
2121:Celtic metal
2084:Funeral doom
1852:Other topics
1735:Thrash metal
1715:Sludge metal
1658:Nintendocore
1577:
1457:Other topics
1362:groove metal
1357:gothic metal
1321:Viking metal
1311:sludge metal
1294:Nintendocore
1235:funeral doom
1219:
1194:thrash metal
1085:
1068:
1055:Bibliography
1040:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1029:
1020:
1012:
1007:
998:
989:
977:. Retrieved
973:the original
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:the original
937:
927:
922:
908:
900:
883:
874:
862:. Retrieved
858:the original
848:
836:. Retrieved
832:the original
828:"Mywire.com"
822:
813:
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
786:
777:
765:. Retrieved
760:
735:. Retrieved
731:the original
726:
717:
708:
699:
687:. Retrieved
681:
672:
660:. Retrieved
656:Sputnikmusic
655:
646:
634:. Retrieved
630:the original
625:
615:
603:
593:November 30,
591:. Retrieved
585:
556:. Retrieved
552:
541:
533:
528:
516:. Retrieved
512:the original
505:
446:Crumbsuckers
441:
438:English Dogs
423:
421:
409:Murphy's Law
386:
366:
361:Steven Blush
358:
328:
316:
305:with fellow
288:
263:
257:
232:thrash metal
227:
223:
222:
181:Other topics
165:Local scenes
141:Groove metal
42:Thrash metal
25:
3119:Celtic punk
3087:Netherlands
3019:Speed metal
2979:Gothic rock
2953:Street punk
2916:Psychobilly
2887:Street punk
2872:Latino punk
2867:Horror punk
2791:Krishnacore
2766:Garage punk
2754:Celtic punk
2644:Garage rock
2550:Headbanging
2497:Palm Desert
2387:Death growl
2367:Power chord
2362:Palm muting
2357:Guitar solo
2270:Speed metal
2250:Power metal
2225:Pagan metal
2198:Progressive
2178:Latin metal
2101:Drone metal
2052:Death metal
2010:Black metal
2005:Biker metal
1972:Heavy metal
1829:Minneapolis
1725:Street punk
1720:Speed metal
1628:Krishnacore
1603:Death metal
1568:Black metal
1464:Death growl
1392:power metal
1316:stoner rock
1306:pagan metal
1299:progressive
1247:drone metal
1189:speed metal
1167:death metal
1145:Black metal
1042:January 18,
979:January 18,
953:January 18,
864:October 17,
838:October 17,
803:October 17,
549:"About 625"
240:heavy metal
101:bass guitar
3313:Categories
3288:Punk films
3141:Yugoslavia
3135:California
3038:By country
3029:Visual kei
3004:Noise rock
2994:Industrial
2921:Punk blues
2904:Skate punk
2860:Thrashcore
2850:Riot grrrl
2759:Gypsy punk
2722:Dance-punk
2698:Avant-punk
2681:Crust punk
2649:Proto-punk
2637:Precursors
2352:Distortion
2330:Blast beat
2240:Post-metal
2235:Pornogrind
2138:Glam metal
2133:Funk metal
2116:Folk metal
2096:Doom metal
2079:Death-doom
2047:Crust punk
1930:Youth crew
1819:California
1798:Yugoslavia
1740:Thrashcore
1710:Skate punk
1695:Riot grrrl
1663:Pornogrind
1588:Crust punk
1387:post-metal
1352:funk metal
1262:pornogrind
1230:death-doom
1225:crust punk
1184:doom metal
689:August 11,
662:August 11,
636:August 11,
534:Terrorizer
484:References
458:Ludichrist
397:Ludichrist
369:Black Flag
331:skate punk
297:'s music.
260:thrashcore
209:thrashcore
204:skate punk
194:crust punk
21:thrashcore
3273:Punk zine
3233:DIY ethic
3213:Afro-punk
3107:Trallpunk
3045:Australia
3009:Post-punk
2958:Surf punk
2926:Punk jazz
2877:Nazi punk
2855:Taqwacore
2845:Queercore
2816:Crunkcore
2806:Deathcore
2801:Metalcore
2749:Anti-folk
2744:Folk punk
2654:Glam punk
2630:Punk rock
2578:Hard rock
2545:Festivals
2392:Screaming
2318:Fuzz bass
2260:Rap metal
2245:Pop metal
2188:Metalcore
2153:Grindcore
2143:Goregrind
2074:Deathcore
2062:Technical
2037:Blackgaze
2020:Symphonic
1914:Punk rock
1874:DIY ethic
1869:Deathcore
1768:Australia
1763:Argentina
1730:Taqwacore
1690:Queercore
1648:Metalcore
1623:Grindcore
1618:Goregrind
1598:Deathcore
1583:Crunkcore
1489:screaming
1274:deathcore
1269:metalcore
1257:goregrind
1252:grindcore
1215:blackgaze
1177:technical
1155:symphonic
1067:(2001).
587:LA Weekly
454:Discharge
430:Metallica
381:Metallica
349:Mike Muir
339:metalcore
324:Discharge
319:Motörhead
311:The Faith
279:metalcore
248:grindcore
244:metalcore
228:crossover
199:grindcore
120:Metalcore
3102:Könsrock
2999:New wave
2948:Ska punk
2936:Punk rap
2894:Pop-punk
2828:Mathcore
2727:Egg punk
2693:Art punk
2588:Category
2325:Drumming
2220:Nu metal
2183:Mathcore
1879:Hardline
1834:New York
1653:Nardcore
1633:Mathcore
1382:nu metal
1372:hyperpop
1284:mathcore
767:June 18,
683:Allmusic
518:June 20,
472:See also
428:, famed
405:Cro-Mags
335:Berkeley
303:Split LP
173:New York
72:Bay Area
3238:Moshing
3077:Germany
3060:Estonia
2941:Emo rap
2737:Emo rap
2717:Cowpunk
2540:Fashion
2522:Culture
2383:Vocals
2193:Melodic
2057:Melodic
2025:Unblack
1894:Moshing
1824:Chicago
1705:Skacore
1700:Screamo
1479:moshing
1289:melodic
1172:melodic
1160:unblack
558:June 5,
434:Pushead
417:Warzone
285:History
76:Houston
3243:Poseur
3097:Sweden
3082:Greece
3072:France
3055:Canada
3050:Brazil
2989:Grunge
2899:2 Tone
2686:D-beat
2565:Umlaut
2560:Poseur
2379:Lyrics
2347:Guitar
2158:Grunge
1904:Poseur
1814:Boston
1783:Greece
1778:Canada
1773:Brazil
1593:D-beat
1551:Styles
1367:grunge
1138:Genres
1092:
1077:
415:, and
399:, and
393:D.R.I.
377:Slayer
375:, was
363:said,
317:While
274:suffix
92:Vocals
80:Sydney
3092:Spain
3014:Scene
2984:Grebo
2530:Bands
2091:Djent
1793:Japan
1788:Italy
508:#198"
309:band
291:metal
270:D.R.I
106:drums
2313:Bass
1090:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1063:and
1044:2018
981:2018
955:2018
866:2012
840:2012
805:2012
769:2017
739:2014
691:2012
664:2012
638:2012
595:2015
560:2008
520:2008
464:and
379:and
371:and
307:D.C.
299:Void
246:and
234:and
3175:L–Z
3170:#–K
2882:Oi!
2732:Emo
1899:Oi!
1673:Emo
1031:MTV
359:As
3315::
1028:.
892:^
882:.
759:.
747:^
725:.
707:.
680:.
654:.
624:.
584:.
568:^
551:.
492:^
468:.
460:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
419:.
411:,
407:,
395:,
391:,
281:.
82:).
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
3294:)
3290:(
3137:)
3133:(
2622:e
2615:t
2608:v
1964:e
1957:t
1950:v
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
1096:.
1081:.
1046:.
983:.
957:.
868:.
842:.
807:.
771:.
741:.
693:.
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