Crow people - Knowledge (XXG)

1024: 736: 1261:. "Where Buffaloes are Driven Over Cliffs at Long Ridge" was a favorite spot for meat procurement by the Crow Indians for over a century, from 1700 to around 1870 when modern weapons were introduced. The Crow used this place annually in the autumn, a place of multiple cliffs along a ridge that eventually sloped to the creek. Early in the morning the day of the jump a medicine man would stand on the edge of the upper cliff, facing up the ridge. He would take a pair of bison hindquarters and pointing the feet along the lines of stones he would sing his sacred songs and call upon the Great Spirit to make the operation a success. After this invocation the medicine man would give the two head drivers a pouch of incense. As the two head drivers and their helpers headed up the ridge and the long line of stones they would stop and burn incense on the ground repeating this process four times. The ritual was intended to make the animals come to the line where the incense was burned, then bolt back to the ridge area. 1372:

uses were decorated in beadwork. They gave reverence to the animals they ate by using as much of it as they could. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. The work was done by the tribeswomen, with some being considered experts and were often sought by the younger, less experienced women for design and symbolic advice. The Crow are an innovative people and are credited with developing their own style of stitch-work for adhering beads. This stitch, which is now called the overlay, is still also known as the "Crow Stitch". In their beadwork, geometric shapes were primarily used with triangles, diamonds and hour-glass structures being the most prevalent. A wide range of colors were utilized by the Crow, but blues and various shades of pink were the most dominantly used. To intensify or to draw out a certain color or shape, they would surround that figure or color in a white outline.

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achievements. For example, if a warrior were to slay, wound or disarm an enemy, he would return with a blackened face. The black color would then be incorporated in the clothing of that man, most likely in his war attire. A beaded robe, which was often given to a bride to be, could take over a year to produce and was usually created by the bride's mother-in-law or another female relative-in-law. These robes were often characterized by a series of parallel horizontal lines, usually consisting of light blue. The lines represented the young women's new role as a wife and mother; also the new bride was encouraged to wear the robe at the next ceremonial gathering to symbolize her addition and welcoming to a new family. In modern times, the Crow still often decorate their clothing with intricate bead designs for powwow and everyday clothing.

1331:; in 1914 they had approximately thirty to forty thousand head. By 1921 the number of mounts had dwindled to just one thousand. Like other plains people the horse was central to the Crow economy and were a highly valuable trade item and were frequently stolen from other tribes to gain wealth and prestige as a warrior. The horse allowed the Crow to become powerful and skilled mounted warriors, being able to perform daring maneuvers during battle including hanging underneath a galloping horse and shooting arrows by holding onto its mane. They also had many dogs; one source counted five to six hundred. Dogs were used as guards and pack animals to carry belongings and pull travois. The introduction of horses into Crow society allowed them to pull heavier loads faster, greatly reducing the number of dogs used as pack animals. 802: 1015: 552: 1036: 906: 496: 1387: 1376:

West; green symbolizing mother earth, black the slaying of an enemy and white representing clouds, rain or sleet. Although most colors had a common symbolism, each piece's symbolic significance was fairly subjective to its creator, especially when in reference to the individual shapes. One person's triangle might symbolize a teepee, a spear head to a different individual or a range of mountains to yet another. Regardless of the individual significance of each piece, the Crow People give reverence to the land and sky with the symbolic references found in the various colors and shapes found on their ornamental gear and even clothing.

1402: 1422: 1675:, Resolution 63-01 (Please note: in a letter of communication from Phileo Nash, then Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to the B.I.A. Area Director, as stated in the letter and confirmed that 63-01 is an Ordinance in said letter) all constitutional amendments must be voted on by secret ballot or referendum vote. In 2001, major actions were taken by the former Chairperson Birdinground without complying with those requirements. The quarterly council meeting on 15 July 2001 passed all resolutions by voice vote, including the measure to repeal the current constitution and approve a new constitution. 1284: 1682:(BIA) to approve Crow legislation and decisions. The Crow people have guarded their sovereignty and Treaty Rights. The alleged New Constitution was not voted on to add it to the agenda of the Tribal Council. The former constitution mandated that constitutional changes be conducted by referendum vote, using the secret ballot election method and criteria. In addition, a constitutional change can only be conducted in a specially called election, which was never approved by council action for the 2001 Constitution. The agenda was not voted on or accepted at the council. 1205: 1437: 193: 1130: 1292: 1270: 1316:

flap allowed entry into the tipi. Often hide paintings adorned the outside and inside of tipis with specific meanings attached to the images. Often specific tipi designs were unique to the individual owner, family, or society that resided in the tipi. Tipis are easily raised and collapsed and are lightweight, which is ideal for nomadic people like the Crow who move frequently and quickly. Once collapsed, the tipi poles are used to create a

1809: 50: 1738:. The chairperson serves as chief executive officer, speaker of the council, and majority leader of the Crow Tribal Council. The constitutional changes of 2001 created a three-branch government. The chairperson serves as the head of the executive branch, which includes the offices of vice-chairperson, secretary, vice-secretary, and the tribal offices and departments of the Crow Tribal Administration. Notable chairs include 677:('The Black Lodges') The Binnéessiippeele, or River Crow, split from the Hidatsa proper, according to tradition because of a dispute over a bison stomach. As a result, the Hidatsa called the Crow Gixáa-iccá—"Those Who Pout Over Tripe". They lived along the Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers south of the Missouri River and in the river valleys of the Big Horn, Powder and Wind rivers. This area was historically known as the 343: 3579:"...most of them were over six feet high and very many of these have cultivated their natural hair to such an almost incredible length, that it sweeps the ground as they walk; there are frequent instances of this kind among them, and in some cases, a foot or more it will drag on the grass as they walk, giving exceeding grace and beauty their movements. They usually oil their Hair with a profusion of 1327:. Horses were acquired through raiding and trading with other Plains nations. People of the northern plains like the Crow mostly got their horses from people from the southern plains such as the Comanche and Kiowa who originally got their horses from the Spanish and southwestern Indians such as the various Pueblo people. The Crow had large horse herds which were among the largest owned by 1604: 1359:, and moccasins. Robes made from the furred hide of a bison were often worn in winter. Leggings were either made of animal hide which the Crow made for themselves or made of wool which were highly valued trade items made specifically for Indians in Europe. Their hair was worn long, in some cases reaching the ground. The Crow are famous for often wearing their hair in a 1109:

visiting Nez Percé and a Crow reservation camp at Pryor Creek further west faced a force of Sioux warriors in a long confrontation. Crow chief Blackfoot objected to this incursion and called for resolute U.S. military actions against the Indian trespassers. Due to Sioux attacks on both civilians and soldiers north of the Yellowstone in newly established U.S. territory (

1368:, bison scalp headdress with horns and beaded rim, and split horn headdress. The split horn headdress is made from a single bison horn split in half and polished into two nearly identical horns which were attached to a leather cap and decorated with feathers and beadwork. Traditional clothing worn by the Crow is still worn today with varying degrees of regularity. 1197: 867:(1876–1877) ended in the defeat of the Sioux and their Cheyenne allies. Crow warriors enlisted with the U.S. Army for this war. The Sioux and allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming: some bands fled to Canada, while others suffered forced removal to distant reservations, primarily in present-day Montana and Nebraska west of the Missouri River. 62: 1663:

government from the Legislative and Executive Branches of Crow Tribal Government. The Judicial Branch consists of an elected Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. The Crow Court of Appeals, similar to State Court of Appeals, receives all appeals from the lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Tribe is Julie Yarlott.

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4 August. With the signing of the document, the Crows also recognized the supremacy of the United States, if they actually understood the word. River Crow chief Arapooish had left the treaty area in disgust. By help of the thunderbird he had to send a farewell shower down on the whites and the Mountain Crows.

325:("people of the crow"), and they became known in English as the Crow. Other tribes also refer to the Apsáalooke as "crow" or "raven" in their own languages. The identity of the bird this name was meant to refer to originally is lost to time, but many Apsáalooké people believe it references the mythical 1371:

The Crow are well known for their intercut beadwork. They adorned basically every aspect of their lives with these beads, giving special attention to ceremonial and ornamental items. Their clothing, horses, cradles, ornamental and ceremonial gear, in addition to leather cases of all shapes, sizes and

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which acquired its name from its use as support for tipis. Inside the tipi, mattresses and buffalo-hide seats were arranged around the edge, with a fireplace in the center. The smoke from the fire escaped through a hole or smoke-flap in the top of the tipi. At least one entrance hole with collapsible

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The Battle of the Little Bighorn stood on the Crow reservation. As most battles between the US and the Sioux in the 1860s and 1870s, "It was a clash of two expanding empires, with the most dramatic battles occurring on lands only recently taken by the Sioux from other tribes." When the Crow camp with

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that year, and he saw the bringing in of the dead chief. A mule carried the body, which was wrapped in a green blanket. The chief was placed in a tipi "not far from the Crow camp, reclining on his bed covered with robes, his face handsomely painted". Crow woman Pretty Shield remembered the sadness in

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In the summer of 1805, a Crow camp traded at the Hidatsa villages on Knife River in present North Dakota. Chiefs Red Calf and Spotted Crow allowed the fur trader Francois-Antoine Larocque to join it on its way across the plains to the Yellowstone area. He traveled with it to a point west of the place

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The only vote taken at the council was whether to conduct the voting by voice vote or walking through the line. Critics say the chairman ignored and suppressed attempts to discuss the Constitution. This council and constitutional change was never ratified by any subsequent council action. The Tribal

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The colors chosen were not just merely used to be aesthetically pleasing, but rather had a deeper symbolic meaning. Pinks represented the various shades of the rising sun with yellow being the East the origin of the sun's arrival. Blues are symbolic of the sky; red represented the setting sun or the

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which was hunted in a variety of ways. Before the use of horses the bison were hunted on foot and required hunters to stalk close to the bison, often with a wolf-pelt disguise, then pursue the animals quickly on foot before killing them with arrows or lances. The horse allowed the Crow to hunt bison

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mourned the destructive attack on the "petite Robe" band. The Blackfeet chief Small Robe had been mortally wounded and many killed. De Smet worked out the number of women and children taken captive to 160. By and by and with a fur trader as an intermediary, the Crows agreed to let 50 women return to

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The Crows put up 300 tipis near a Mandan village on the Missouri in 1825. The representatives of the US government waited for them. Mountain Crow chief Long Hair (Red Plume at Forehead) and fifteen other Crows signed the first treaty of friendship and trade between the Crows and the United States on

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The Crow Tribe of Montana established a three-branch government at a 2001 council meeting with its 2001 constitution. The general council remains the governing body of the tribe; however, the powers were distributed to three separate branches within the government. In theory, the general council is

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In 1868, a new Fort Laramie treaty between the Sioux and the U.S. turned 1851 Crow Powder River area into "unceded Indian territory" of the Sioux. "The Government had in effect betrayed the Crows…". On 7 May, the same year, the Crow ceded vast ranges to the US due to pressure from white settlements

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In 1851, the Crow, the Sioux, and six other Indian nations signed the Fort Laramie treaty along with the U.S. It should ensure peace forever between all nine partakers. Further, the treaty described the different tribal territories. The U.S. was allowed to construct roads and forts. A weak point in

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In the summer of 1834, the Crow (maybe led by chief Arapooish) tried to shut down Fort McKenzie at the Missouri in Blackfeet country. The apparent motive was to stop the trading post's sale to their Indian enemies. Although later described as a month long siege of the fort, it lasted only two days.

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A group of Crow went west after leaving the Hidatsa villages of earth lodges in the Knife River and Heart River area (present North Dakota) around 1675–1700. They selected a site for a single earth lodge on the lower Yellowstone River. Most families lived in tipis or other perishable kinds of homes

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In the summer of 1870, some Sioux attacked a Crow reservation camp in the Bighorn/Little Bighorn area. The Crows reported Sioux Indians in the same area again in 1871. During the next years, this eastern part of the Crow reservation was taken over by the Sioux in search of buffalo. In August 1873,

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which was often colored with white paint. Crow men were notable for wearing two hair pipes made from beads on both sides of their hair. Men often wore their hair in two braids wrapped in the fur of beavers or otters. Bear grease was used to give shine to hair. Stuffed birds were often worn in the

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Some time before 1765, the Crow held a Sun Dance, attended by a poor Arapaho. A Crow with power gave him a medicine doll, and he quickly earned status and owned horses as no one else. During the next Sun Dance, some Crow stole back the figure to keep it in the tribe. Eventually the Arapaho made a

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Some of the clothing that the Crow decorated with beads included robes, vests, pants, shirts, moccasins and various forms of celebratory and ceremonial gear. In addition to creating a connection with the land, from which they are a part, the various shapes and colors reflected one's standing and

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In April 1870, the Sioux overpowered a barricaded war group of 30 Crow in the Big Dry area. The Crow were killed to either last or last but one man. Later, mourning Crow with "their hair cut off, their fingers and faces cut" brought the dead bodies back to camp. The drawing from the Sioux winter

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De Smet map of the 1851 Fort Laramie Indian territories (the light area). Jesuit missionary De Smet drew this map with the tribal borders agreed upon at Fort Laramie in 1851. Although the map itself is wrong in certain ways, it has the Crow territory west of the Sioux territory as written in the

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soon became noted as horse breeders and dealers and developed relatively large horse herds. At the time, other eastern and northern tribes were also moving on to the Plains, in search of game for the fur trade, bison, and more horses. The Crow were subject to raids and horse thefts by horse-poor

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The Legislative Branch consists of three members from each district on the Crow Indian Reservation. The Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts. The Valley of the Chiefs District is the

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The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established by the Crow Law and Order Code and in accordance with the 2001 Constitution. The Judicial Branch has jurisdiction over all matters defined in the Crow Law and Order Code. The Judicial Branch attempts to be a separate and distinct branch of

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The Sioux and their Indian allies, now formally at peace with the U.S., focused on intertribal wars at once. Raids against the Crows were "frequent, both by the Northern Cheyennes and by the Arapahos, as well as the Sioux, and by parties made up from all three tribes". Crow chief Plenty Coups

1320:. Travois are a horse-pulled frame structure used by plains Indians to carry and pull belongings as well as small children. Many Crow families still own and use the tipi, especially when traveling. The annual Crow Fair has been described as the largest gathering of tipis in the world. 942:

The Blood Blackfoot Bad Head's winter count tells about the early and persistent hostility between the Crow and the Blackfoot. In 1813, a force of Blood warriors set off for a raid on the Crow in the Bighorn area. Next year, Crows near Little Bighorn River killed Blackfoot Top Knot.

747:, then a boy, but who later became their greatest chief, was interpreted by tribal elders as meaning that the whites would become dominant over the entire country, and that the Crow, if they were to retain any of their land, would need to remain on good terms with the whites. 970:

The opponents exchanged a few shots and the men in the fort fired a cannon, but no real harm came to anyone. The Crows left four days before the arrival of a Blackfeet band. The episode seems to be the worst armed conflict between the Crows and a group of whites until the

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at the new place. These Indians had left the Hidatsa villages and adjacent cornfields for good, but they had yet to become "real" buffalo hunting Crow following the herds on the open plains. Archaeologists know this "proto-Crow" site in present Montana as the Hagen site.

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From about 1730, the Plains tribes rapidly adopted the horse, which allowed them to move out on to the Plains and hunt buffalo more effectively. However, the severe winters in the North kept their herds smaller than those of Plains tribes in the South. The Crow, Hidatsa,

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The Crow and various bands of Sioux attacked each other again from the mid-1850s. Soon, the Sioux took no notice of the 1851 borders and expanded into Crow territory west of the Powder. The Crows engaged in "… large-scale battles with invading Sioux …" near present-day

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of more than 9300 km despite territorial losses, due in part to their cooperation with the federal government against their traditional enemies, the Sioux and Blackfoot. Many other tribes were forced onto much smaller reservations far from their traditional lands.

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duplicate. Later in life, he married a Kiowa woman and brought the doll with him. The Kiowas use it during the Sun Dance and recognize it as one of the most powerful tribal medicines. They still credit the Crow tribe for the origin of their sacred Tai-may figure.

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The smallpox epidemic of 1837 spread along the Missouri and "had little impact" on the tribe according to one source. The River Crows grew in number, when a group of Hidatsas joined them permanently to escape the scourge sweeping through the Hidatsa villages.

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through the Powder River bison habitat, although it mainly "crossed land guaranteed to the Crows". When the Army built forts to protect the trail, the Crow cooperated with the garrisons. On 21 December 1866, the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho defeated Captain

616:. The powerful Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations based around the fur trade, developed as enemies of the Crow. It was named after the dominating Plains Cree and Assiniboine peoples, and later included the 1619:). The general council held the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government and included all enrolled, adult members of the Crow Tribe, provided that women were 18 years or older and men were 21 or older. The general council was a 1224:

more easily as well as hunt more at one time. Riders would panic the herd into a stampede and shoot the targeted animals with arrows or bullets from horseback or lance them through the heart. In addition to bison the Crow also hunted

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of Wyoming and Montana. The Cheyenne eventually became allies of the Lakota, as they sought to expel European Americans from the area. The Crow remained bitter enemies of both the Sioux and Cheyenne. They managed to retain a large

647:('The Center Camp'). The Ashalaho or Mountain Crow, the largest Crow group, split from the Awatixa Hidatsa and were the first to travel west. (McCleary 1997: 2–3)., (Bowers 1992: 21) Their leader No Intestines had received a 1364:

hair of warriors and medicine men. Like other plains Indians the Crow wore feathers from eagles, crows, owls, and other birds in their hair for symbolic reasons. The Crow wore a variety of headdresses including the famous

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count of Lone Dog shows the Crow in the circle (the breastwork), while the Sioux close in on them. The many lines indicates flying bullets. The Sioux lost 14 warriors. Sioux chief Sitting Bull took part in this battle.

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Two years later, in early July 1875, Crow chief Long Horse was killed in a suicidal attack on some Sioux, who previously had killed three soldiers from Camp Lewis on the upper Judith River (near Lewistown).

471:, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies, and Beaver Dries its Fur. Formerly semi-nomad hunters and farmers in the northeastern woodland, they adapted to the 750:

By 1851, the more numerous Lakota and Cheyenne were established just to the south and east of Crow territory in Montana. These enemy tribes coveted the hunting lands of the Crow and warred against them. By

579:. From there, they were pushed to the west by the Cheyenne. Both the Crow and the Cheyenne were pushed farther west by the Lakota, who took over the territory west of the Missouri River, reaching past the 1797: 597: 4212: 3116:

White, Richard: The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. The Journal of American History. Vol. 65, No. 2 (Sept. 1978), pp. 319–343.

663:. They lived in the Rocky Mountains and foothills along the Upper Yellowstone River, on the present-day Wyoming-Montana border, in the Big Horn and Absaroka Range (also Absalaga Mountains); the 4584: 1133:

Crooks army before battle of the Rosebud. The Crow and Shoshone scouts and the Army are crossing Goose River on the way to the Rosebud in 1876. The equestrian woman may be either the Crow

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rivers (Bilap Chashee, or "Powder River" or "Ash River"), south along the South Fork of the Powder River, confined in the SE by the Rattlesnake Mountains and westwards in the SW by the

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into the tribe on the date of the first visit of a U.S. presidential candidate to the nation. Crow representatives also took part in President Obama's inaugural parade. In 2009, Dr.

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and Fort Lisa (1807–ca. 1813). Like the succeeding forts, Fort Benton (ca. 1821–1824) and Fort Cass (1832–1838), it was built near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn.

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The enmity between the Crow and the Lakota was reassured right from the start of the 19th century. The Crow killed a minimum of thirty Lakota in 1800–1801 according to two Lakota

755:, they took over the eastern hunting lands of the Crow, including the Powder and Tongue River valleys, and pushed the less numerous Crow to the west and northwest upriver on the 1846:(c. 1825 – unknown), war chief (pipe carrier), who fought against Lakota, Nez Percé, Shoshone, and Piegan Blackfoot warriors, he also resisted white settlement of Crow territory 397:

bands. The Kiowa and Plains Apache bands later migrated southward, and the Crow remained dominant in their established area through the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the

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The River Crow north of the Yellowstone developed a friendship with their former Gros Ventre enemies in the 1860s. A joint large-scale attack on a large Blackfoot camp at the

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The Crow Tribe historically elected a chairperson of tribal council biennially; however, in 2001, the term of office was extended to four years. The previous chairperson was

1166:, leader of Custer's scouts, understood how valuable the enrolment of scouts from the local Indian tribe was. "These Crows were in their own country and knew it thoroughly." 3397:

Chronological List of Engagements Between The Regular Army of the United States And Various Tribes of Hostile Indians Which Occurred During The Years 1790 To 1898, Inclusive

4205: 2600:"Text of Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, See Article 16, creating unceded Indian Territory east of the summit of the Big Horn Mountains and north of the North Platte River" 1769: 1697:(BIA). The latter stated it could not interfere in an internal tribal affair The federal court also ruled that the constitutional change was an internal tribal matter. 4547: 3732: 1689:

When the opposition challenged, citing the violation of the Constitutional Process and the Right to Vote, the Birdinground Administration sought the approval of the

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Pretty Shield learned about the defeat of George A. Custer, it cried for the assumed dead Crow scouts "… and for Son-of-the-morning-star and his blue soldiers …".

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Prior to the 2001 Constitution, the Crow Tribe of Montana was governed by its 1948 constitution. The former constitution organized the tribe as a general council (

1412: 1044: 801: 1162:. They enlisted against a traditional Indian enemy, "... who were now in the old Crow country, menacing and often raiding the Crows in their reservation camps." 699:, from the Bighorn Mountains in the east to the Absaroka Range to the west, and south to the Wind River Range in northern Wyoming. Sometimes they settled in the 1783: 1014: 1540:

in south-central Montana is a large reservation covering approximately 2,300,000 acres (3,600 sq mi; 9,300 km) of land area, the fifth-largest

4198: 2516: 548:, who also stole horses from their enemies. Their greatest enemies became the tribes of the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Lakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance. 1712: 978: 1686:

Secretary, who was removed from office by the Birdinground Administration, was the leader of the opposition. All activity occurred without his signature.

1638:, and Vice-Secretary. The Executive Branch officials are also the officials within the Crow Tribal General Council, which has not met since 15 July 2001. 988:

Fort Van Buren was a short-lived trading post in existence from 1839 to 1842. It was built on the bank of the Yellowstone near the mouth of Tongue River.

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in 1866 resulted in a chaotic withdrawal of the Gros Ventres and Crow. The Blackfoot pursued the warriors for hours and killed allegedly more than 300.

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In 1829, seven Crow warriors were neutralized by Blood Blackfoot Indians led by Spotted Bear, who captured a pipe-hatchet during the fight just west of

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Stories That Make the World: Oral Literature of the Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest. As Told by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail and Other Elders

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The next year, some Crow discovered a group of whites with horses on the Yellowstone River. By stealth, they captured the mounts before morning. The

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When European Americans arrived in numbers, the Crows were resisting pressure from enemies who greatly outnumbered them. In the 1850s, a vision by

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still the governing body of the Crow Tribe, yet in reality the general council has not convened since the establishment of the 2001 constitution.

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Fort Sarpy (I) near Rosebud River carried out trade with the Crow after the closing of Fort Alexander. River Crow went some times to the bigger

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hides stretched over wooden poles. The Crow are historically known to construct some of the largest tipis. Tipi poles were harvested from the

816:, a route along the eastern edge of the Big Horn Mountains to the Montana gold fields. Red Cloud's War ended with victory for the Lakota. The 551: 4221: 3666: 2557: 2493: 2367: 2323: 2295: 2156: 229: 3335:

Lubetkin, John M.: The Forgotten Yellowstone Surveying Expeditions of 1871. W. Milnor Roberts and the Northern Pacific Railroad in Montana.

1436: 1569: 3785: 1930:, Crow chief who cooperated with the government against other more hostile tribes, ensuring the Crow kept much of their traditional lands. 946:

A Crow camp neutralized thirty Cheyenne bent on capturing horses in 1819. The Cheyenne and warriors from a Lakota camp destroyed a whole

4414: 1790: 1240:. The rump, tongue, liver, heart, and kidneys all were considered delicacies. Dried bison meat was ground with fat and berries to make 4129: 408:

and the headwaters of the Yellowstone River (E-chee-dick-karsh-ah-shay in Crow, translating to "Elk River") to the west, north to the

2532: 1772:, the Crow Tribe furloughed 316 employees and suspended programs providing health care, bus services and improvements to irrigation. 820:

with the United States confirmed the Lakota control over all the high plains from the Black Hills of the Dakotas westward across the

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on horseback. She carries the flag of the Crow Tribe of Montana. As a tribal official, she is entitled to carry the flag during the

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In the spring of 1878, 700 Crow tipis were pitched at the confluence of Bighorn River and Yellowstone River. Together with Colonel

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During the expansion into the West, the Crow people were allied with the United States against its neighbors and rivals, the

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By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense:

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Notable Crows like Medicine Crow and Plenty Coups participated in the Rosebud Battle along with more than 160 other Crows.

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and moved westward. The Crow were largely pushed westward due to intrusion and influx of the Cheyenne and subsequently the

4594: 4555: 4440: 4435: 3740: 1912:(1913–2016), the last war chief (pipe carrier) of the Crow Tribe, educator, historian, author, and official anthropologist 1762: 856: 817: 771: 1828:(Crow/Salish/Kutenai, b. c. 1973), lawyer, judge, politician, first woman to serve as the Chief Justice of the Crow Tribe 1066:

From 1857 to 1860, many Crow traded their surplus robes and skin at Fort Sarpy (II) near the mouth of the Bighorn River.

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The autonym of the tribe, Apsáalooké or Absaroka, means "children of the large-beaked bird" and was given to them by the

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Custer's Chief of Scouts. The Reminiscences of Charles A. Varnum. Including his Testimony at the Reno Court of Inquiry

2420: 1988:(Old Bull), actor and musician, best known for his role as Ratonhnhaké:ton, the main character of Assassin's Creed III 1959: 1936:, fellow war chief of Plenty Coups, who worked with him to ensure the tribe's cooperation with the federal government. 1878:

or Ischu Shi Dish (c. 1830 – c. 1879), Crow Indian Scout and warrior, war leader (pipe carrier) and leader of the six

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Critics contend the new constitution is contrary to the spirit of the Crow Tribe, as it provides authority for the US

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with the United States confirmed as Crow lands a large area centered on the Big Horn Mountains: the area ran from the

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Crow Indian territory (areas 517, 619 and 635) as described in Fort Laramie treaty (1851), present Montana and Wyoming

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Bradley, James H.: Journal of James H. Bradley. The Sioux Campaign of 1876 under the Command of General John Gibbon.

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bands, such as the Bikkaashe, or "People of the Grass Lodges", and drove them westward. The Crow allied with local

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On 25 June 1876, the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne achieved a major victory over army forces under Lieutenant Colonel

2032: 1825: 1624: 1147: 1114: 405: 1470:(the husband moved to the wife's mother's house upon marriage). Women hold a significant role within the tribe. 870:

In 1918, the Crow organized a gathering to display their culture, and they invited members of other tribes. The

575:, the Crow had migrated to this area from the Ohio Eastern Woodland area of present-day Ohio, settling south of 4175: 3490: 1694: 1679: 1561: 1545: 1129: 1118: 398: 192: 3763: 4619: 4461: 4445: 4241: 4169: 2577: 2379: 1896:(local group leader) of River Crow, war leader (pipe carrier), during the first years of the reservation era 1724: 1608: 1553: 1537: 1176:

On 8 January 1877, three Crow participated in the last battle of the Great Sioux War in the Wolf Mountains.

1155: 1094: 991:

In the summer of 1840, a Crow camp in the Bighorn valley greeted the Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet.

860: 852: 589: 358:

in what is now Ohio. Driven from there by better armed, aggressive neighbors, they briefly settled south of

347: 326: 306: 245: 4139: 2603: 1291: 917:. The next year, the Lakota and their Cheyenne allies killed all the men in a Crow camp with thirty tipis. 4614: 4307: 3426:

The Effects of European Culture Contacts upon the Economic, Social, and Religious Life of the Crow Indians

1557: 1121:

advocated the use of troops to force the Sioux back to South Dakota in his 1873 report. Nothing happened.

1110: 1086: 783: 429: 417: 3428:. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Anthropology, University of Southern California. 3144:

Ewers, John C.: Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains.

2687:

Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882–'83

1918:, an American Indian educator and advocate and the first woman of Crow lineage to earn a doctorate degree 1634:

The executive branch has four officials. These officials are known as the chairperson, Vice-chairperson,

2713:

Early Fur trade on the Northern Plains. Canadian Traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738–1818

2700:

Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1888–'89

1863: 1393: 1360: 1251: 648: 517: 502:

of a Cheyenne war chief and warriors (left) coming to a truce with a Crow war chief and warriors (right)

4134: 1753:

On 19 May 2008, Hartford and Mary Black Eagle of the Crow Tribe adopted U.S. Senator (later President)

1711: 1093:

north of Upper Yellowstone River and loss of eastern territories to the Sioux. They accepted a smaller

3558: 1269: 767:

of Montana. They demanded that the Americans deal with them regarding any intrusion into these areas.

4535: 4487: 1143: 1075: 678: 437: 302: 301:. Today, they also live in several major, mainly western, cities. Tribal headquarters are located at 297:

Since the 19th century, Crow people have been concentrated on their reservation established south of

2820:

Whell Boats on the Missouri. The Journals and Documents of the Atkinson-O'Fallon Expedition, 1824–26

1082:. Evidently, the U.S. could not enforce respect for the treaty borders agreed upon 15 years before. 874:

is now celebrated yearly on the third weekend of August, with wide participation from other tribes.

4579: 4525: 4393: 1565: 1002: 998: 798:

had been steadily migrating westward across the plains, and were still pressing hard on the Crows.

700: 2000:(1889–1988), leader of Crow Tribe, first Native American to hold position of Agency Superintendent 1812:

Delegation of important Crow chiefs, 1880. From left to right: Old Crow, Medicine Crow, Long Elk,

1392:

Painting of Holds The Enemy, a Crow warrior with split horn headdress and beaded wool leggings by

4551: 4297: 3541: 3219:

Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scots and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860–1890

2215: 2009: 1991: 1595:

reported a total population of 6,894 on reservation lands. Its largest community is Crow Agency.

1541: 1477: 821: 764: 584: 241: 211: 3573: 1407:

Hó-ra-tó-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, bison robe, and hair reaching the ground. Painted by

809: 2624:

Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Washington 1904, pp. 1008–1011.

1902:, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs at the U.S. Department of the Interior 1183:, an Army leader in the Great Sioux War, the large camp celebrated the victory over the Sioux. 994:

From 1842 to around 1852, the Crow traded in Fort Alexander opposite the mouth of the Rosebud.

4108: 4094: 4059: 4038: 4003: 3982: 3968: 3954: 3940: 3926: 3912: 3898: 3884: 3870: 3856: 3842: 3828: 3694: 3686: 3662: 2553: 2489: 2363: 2334: 2319: 2311: 2291: 2233: 2152: 2003: 1997: 1905: 1859: 1758: 1747: 1031:(Big Robber), signer of the Fort Laramie treaty (1851). Painting by Jesuit missionary De Smet. 922: 837: 812:(1866–1868) was a challenge by the Lakota Sioux to the United States military presence on the 779: 756: 752: 512: 460: 441: 409: 321:, a neighboring and related Siouan-speaking tribe. French interpreters translated the name as 298: 275: 2250: 2240:), page 714: "Among other tribes the Crow are most commonly designated as 'crow' or 'raven'." 263:. Of the 14,000 enrolled tribal members, an estimated 3,000 spoke the Crow language in 2007. 4302: 4185: 3756:"Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care, nutrition threatened" 3580: 3533: 2043: 1949: 1899: 1885: 1875: 1620: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1296: 1212: 1079: 1028: 963: 950:

the following year. This was likely the most severe attack on a Crow camp in historic time.

568: 508: 421: 260: 2432:

Osborn, Alan J. "Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptation in Aboriginal North America",

1808: 1051:" Woman Chief and River Crow chief Twines His Tail (Rotten Tail) visited the fort in 1851. 981:

at the Mandan village Mitutanka. Manager F.A. Chardon wrote he "was Killed by Black feet".

4317: 3175:

Serial 1308, 40th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1, Senate Executive Document No. 13, p. 127.

2520: 2019: 1588: 1584: 1180: 864: 841: 652: 445: 2916:. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 194. Washington, p. 24. 1834:, educator, artist, and honorary chief who created educational programming with CBS Radio 1351:

teeth or shells. They covered their legs with leggings during winter and their feet with

3326:

Serial 1449, 41st Congress, 3rd Session, Vol. 4, House Executive Document No. 1, p. 662.

3098:

Counting Coups and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738–1889

4398: 4383: 3813: 2859:

Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri. Siouc, Arickaras, Assiniboines, Crees, Crows.

2149:

Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced

1943: 1921: 1869: 1794: 1787: 1616: 1576: 1485: 1312: 1308: 1237: 1229: 1220: 1163: 1060: 787: 775: 716: 656: 499: 476: 453: 449: 433: 413: 291: 252: 49: 3128:

Calloway, Colin G.: The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 1760–1850.

3034:

Greene, Candace: Verbal Meets Visual: Sitting Bull and the Representation of History.

2012:(c. 1858 – 1929); Crow Indian Scout and warrior, step-grandfather of Joe Medicine Crow 1715:

Crow Tribal Chairperson Carl Venne and Barack Obama on the Crow Indian Reservation in

4573: 4254: 4181: 3576: 3463:

Pearson, Jeffrey V.: Nelson A. Miles, Crazy Horse, and the Battle of Wolf Mountains.

2038: 1965: 1955: 1939: 1849: 1497: 1408: 1328: 1277: 1225: 1070: 813: 795: 696: 617: 613: 576: 537: 529: 394: 359: 256: 172: 128: 111: 94: 66: 2408: 2072: 4388: 4358: 4353: 4229: 3881:

They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the Life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose

3640: 3610:. Chicago: Foundation for the Preservation of American Indian Art and Culture, Inc. 3025:

Kappler, Charles J. (1904): Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. II. Washington.

2574:"Text of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, see Article 5 relating to the Crow lands" 2210: 1933: 1927: 1915: 1889: 1817: 1813: 1780: 1754: 1719:

on 19 May 2008. Obama was the first presidential candidate to visit the Crow Tribe.

1672: 1473: 1258: 936: 914: 825: 744: 425: 371: 342: 287: 3537: 3911:, MacDonald/Swãrd Publishing Company, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback, 1575:

The southern border is from the 107th meridian line west to the east bank of the

1047:

at the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Missouri. Both the "famous Absaroka

977:

The death of chief Arapooish was recorded on 17 September 1834. The news reached

925:, is today. The camp crossed Little Missouri River and Bighorn River on the way. 4430: 4338: 4269: 4225: 2985:

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 115. Washington.

1985: 1879: 1831: 1739: 1463: 1356: 1236:, bear, and other game. Buffalo meat was often roasted or boiled in a stew with 1215:

depicting Crow men giving a symbolic oath with a bison meat offering on an arrow

1159: 829: 824:

to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains. Thereafter bands of Lakota Sioux led by

760: 759:. After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux claimed all the former Crow lands from the 664: 580: 525: 521: 3302:

Smithsonian Institution. 4th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882–'83

1852:(also known as Ashishishe/Shishi'esh, c. 1856 – 1923), Indian Scout and warrior 1603: 1101:

recalled, "The three worst enemies our people had were combined against us …".

4530: 4378: 4155:

Photo exhibition on Crow Indians, with short account of 21st century lifestyle

2015: 1981: 1855: 1843: 1735: 1508: 1467: 1365: 1134: 935:

The first trading post in Crow country was constructed in 1807, known as both

533: 3697:

speaking about the treatment of badés and Osh-Tisch by a US government agent.

3630:. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 1641:

The current administration of the Crow Tribe Executive Branch is as follows:

1587:

and north-easterly to Billings. The northern border travels east and through

4348: 4343: 4333: 3895:

Parading through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America 1805–1935

2100: 2049: 1837: 1635: 1520: 1443: 1428: 1151:

camp. "We fasted, nearly starved in our sorrow for the loss of Long-Horse."

871: 601: 572: 560: 355: 70: 2659:

Wood, Raymond W. and A.S, Downer (1977): Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism.

2646:

Wood, Raymond W. and A.S. Downer (1977): Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism.

1339:

The Crow wore clothing distinguished by gender. Women wore dresses made of

61: 17: 3897:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995, hardcover, 3683:

Spaces Between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization

2035:, a proposed state located in parts of Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. 1196: 4249: 3965:

The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from Lewis & Clark to Custer

2965:

Life, Letters and Travels of Father Jean-Pierre De Smet, S.J., 1801–1873.

2022:(White Goose, c. 1850 – 1904), Indian Scout and warrior, cousin of Curly. 1352: 1247: 1242: 971: 791: 621: 545: 386: 363: 271: 220: 3545: 596:

The Crow were generally friendly with the northern Plains tribes of the

4264: 4259: 4233: 1971: 1872:

or Esh-sup-pee-me-shish (c. 1854 – 1922), Crow Indian Scout and warrior

1728: 1716: 1317: 1048: 845: 673:('Those Who Live Amongst the River Banks'), today called River Crow or 660: 605: 541: 484: 472: 468: 464: 375: 318: 283: 279: 141: 98: 3413:

The Passing of the Great West. Selected Papers of George Bird Grinnell

3184:

Utley, Robert M.: The Bozeman Trail before John Bozeman: A Busy Land.

1476:

is a system used to describe and define family members. Identified by

1323:

The most widely used form of transportation used by the Crow was the

4002:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback, 3953:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, paperback, 3869:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback, 3855:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback, 3827:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover, 3056:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 97, No. 5. Washington. 1484:, the Crow system is one of the six major types which he described: 1246:. In addition to meat, wild edibles were gathered and eaten such as 232:

living primarily in southern Montana. Today, the Crow people have a

3981:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, hardcover, 3979:

Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: An Autobiography

3883:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover, 3007:

Bedford, Denton R. (1975): The Fight at "Mountains on Both Sides".

1154:

Exposed to Sioux attacks, the Crows sided with the U.S. during the

1039:

Lone Dog's Sioux winter count, 1870. Thirty Crows killed in battle.

385:

To acquire control of their new territory, the Crow warred against

4274: 4072:, University of California Press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN B0007EKBDU 3478:

Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles

2346: 1807: 1710: 1602: 1344: 1324: 1290: 1282: 1268: 1203: 1195: 1128: 1055:

the treaty was the absence of rules to uphold the tribal borders.

1034: 1022: 1013: 904: 800: 734: 724: 609: 550: 494: 480: 390: 379: 341: 267: 191: 3951:

From the Heart of the Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories

3839:

The Handsome People: A History of the Crow Indians and the Whites

3164:

From the Heart of the Crow Country. The Crow Indians' Own Stories

2387: 2006:(1903–1993), a medicine man and Sun Dance Chief of the Crow Tribe 1946:, wife of Goes Ahead, a scout at the Battle of the Little Bighorn 2996:

Oregon Missions and Travels over the Rocky Mountains in 1845–46.

1866:, 1851–1919), Indian Scout and warrior, husband of Pretty Shield 1340: 1304: 833: 805:"Eight Crow prisoners under guard at Crow agency, Montana, 1887" 564: 4194: 3659:

Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America

1994:(Crow/Northern Cheyenne), fashion designer based in Los Angeles 840:

allies, hunted and raided throughout the length and breadth of

2423:, with pictures of dog travois, Helena National Forest Website 1564:

counties. The Crow Indian Reservation's eastern border is the

1348: 1233: 1137:

Finds-them-and-kills-them or the Crow amazon The-other-magpie.

1019:

treaty, and the Bighorn area as the heart of the Crow country.

3452:

Paper Medicine Man. John Gregory Bourke and His American West

2335:

John Doerner, "Timeline of historic events from 1400 to 2003"

1069:

During the mid-1860s, the Sioux resented the emigrant route

354:

The early home of the Crow Hidatsa ancestral tribe was near

4124: 3707: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 2635:

Welcome from Cedric Black Eagle, Chairman of the Crow Tribe

3995:, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover, ASIN B0007EN16O 2634: 2125: 416:, then southeast to the confluence of the Yellowstone and 4030:, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover, ASIN B00086D3NC 3925:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003, 3078:

Beckwith, Martha Warren: Mythology of the Oglala Dakota.

1482:

Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family

571:), who had earlier and better access to guns through the 3937:

Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation

3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 1962:(1924–2005), first woman to serve in Crow Tribal Council 1775:

In 2020, the Tribal Chairman AJ Not Afraid Jr. endorsed

723:("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the 3245:

Proceedings of the Great Peace Commission of 1867–1868

1544:

in the United States. The reservation is primarily in

848:, which had been for a time ancestral Crow territory. 424:. Their tribal area included the river valleys of the 404:

Their historical territory stretched from what is now

3967:, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback, 3067:

Autobiography of Red Cloud. War Leader of the Oglalas

2486:

The Stars We Know: Crow Indian Astronomy and Lifeways

997:

The River Crows charged a moving Blackfeet camp near

3287:

Koch, Peter: Journal of Peter Koch – 1869 and 1870.

1158:

in 1876–1877. On 10 April 1876, 23 Crow enlisted as

4518: 4475: 4454: 4423: 4407: 4371: 4326: 4290: 4283: 4240: 3820:, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN B00086PAP6 3524:Keyser, James (1985). "The Plains Anthropologist". 3300:Mallory, Gerrick (1896): The Dakota Winter Counts. 2818:Jensen, Richard E. & James S. Hutchins (2001): 2685:Mallory, Gerrick (1886): The Dakota Winter Counts. 2360:

The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges,

1507:The Crow historically had a status for male-bodied 412:, then northeast to the Yellowstone's mouth at the 182: 168: 160: 151: 135: 121: 105: 88: 78: 40: 4105:The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges 3923:The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People 3621: 3619: 3617: 3564:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89. 3353:Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana 3197:Stands in Timber, John and Margot Liberty (1972): 3082:. Vol. 43, No. 170 (Oct.-Dec., 1930), pp. 339–442. 3054:Three Pictographic Autobiographies of Sitting Bull 2552:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 128–129. 2288:The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People 248:, located in the south-central part of the state. 3841:, Council for Indian Education, 1991, paperback, 2755:A Blackfoot Winter Count. Occasional Paper No. 1. 1770:United States federal government shutdown of 2013 1063:. Around 1860, the western Powder area was lost. 4585:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 4548:History of Native Americans in the United States 4079:, The Trustees, 1919, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFRG 4051:, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFQM 4023:, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00085WH80 3364:Kvasnika, Robert M. and Herman J. Viola (1979): 3315:Sitting Bull, Champion of the Sioux. A Biography 2711:Wood, Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen (1987): 909:The trading posts built for trade with the Crows 3407: 3405: 3124: 3122: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2888:F. A. Chardon's Journal at Fort Clark, 1834-139 2674:Kiowa Voices. Ceremonial Dance, Ritual and Song 428:(Buluhpa'ashe, or "Plum River"), Powder River, 4130:Crow Indians – Their Lands, Allies and Enemies 4107:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. 4093:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 3786:"Crow Tribal Chairman endorses Trump campaign" 3366:The Commissioners of Indian Affairs, 1824–1977 3347: 3345: 3158: 3156: 3154: 2749: 2747: 2337:, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument 2310:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. 667:comprised the eastern edge of their territory. 463:and its tributaries on the Northern Plains in 259:, part of the Missouri River Valley branch of 4206: 3907:Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, 3825:Grandmother's Grandchild: My Crow Indian Life 3258:Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 2781:Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters 2768:Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters 2230:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest 639:('Many Lodges', today called Mountain Crow), 274:. In historical times, the Crow lived in the 8: 3693:, 2011), pages 39-40, quotes Crow historian 3140: 3138: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 2362:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009, 555:A scout on a horse, 1908 by Edward S. Curtis 35: 3038:. Vol. 62, No. 2 (April 2015), pp. 217–240. 3021: 3019: 3017: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2882: 2880: 2807:Pretty Shield. Medicine Woman of the Crows. 2147:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). 1146:was a member of the exploring party in the 452:(Cheetiish, or "Wolf Teeth Mountains") and 4467:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion 4287: 4213: 4199: 4191: 3993:Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior 3867:Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows 3467:. Vol. 51, No. 4 (Winter 2001), pp. 52–67. 3384:Pretty Shield. Medicine Woman of the Crows 3378: 3376: 3374: 3339:. Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter 2002), pp. 32–47. 3291:. Vol. IX, No. 2 (Jan. 1929), pp. 148–160. 3270: 3268: 3266: 3243:Deloria, Vine Jr. and R. DeMallie (1975): 3188:. Vol. 53, No. 2 (Sommer 2003), pp. 20–31. 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2914:Hidatsa Social and Ceremonial Organization 1723:The seat of government and capital of the 1568:line, except along the border line of the 1219:The main food source for the Crow was the 878:Crow Tribe history: a chronological record 681:. They sometimes traveled north up to the 48: 34: 4446:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876) 4161:Collection of historical Crow photographs 3491:"Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine" 3289:The Frontier. A Magazine of the Northwest 3148:. Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct. 1975), pp. 397–410. 3132:. Vol. 16, No. 1 (April 1982), pp. 25–47. 2306:Peter Nabokof and Lawrence L. Lowendorf, 2290:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1607:Crow flag seen from Interstate 90 at the 1257:The Crow often hunted bison by utilizing 600:(although sometimes they had conflicts); 4499:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 4035:Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians 3921:Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, 3909:Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now 3562:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians 3465:Montana, the Magazine of Western History 3337:Montana, the Magazine of Western History 3186:Montana, the Magazine of Western History 1691:United States Department of the Interior 727:in the second half of the 17th century. 27:Indigenous ethnic group in North America 4177:Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine 4077:The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians 2061: 1581:Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area 1466:system. After marriage, the couple was 1382: 1274:Crow Lodge of Twenty-five Buffalo Skins 278:valley, which extends from present-day 4605:Native American tribes in North Dakota 2095: 2093: 2067: 2065: 731:Gradual displacement from tribal lands 559:In the 18th century, pressured by the 219: 148: 4016:, The Trustees, 1922, ASIN B00086D6RK 1882:who assisted General George A. Custer 479:as hunters and gatherers, and hunted 7: 4028:Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians 4021:Material Culture of the Crow Indians 2890:. Lincoln and London, pp. 4 and 275. 1570:Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 1303:The traditional Crow shelter is the 89:Regions with significant populations 2983:Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz. 2211:"A State That Never Was in Wyoming" 1968:(c. 1877 – unknown), football coach 1779:, along with endorsing Republicans 1777:President Donald Trump's reelection 659:, finally settling in southeastern 3939:, Harvard University Press, 2006, 3532:(108). Anthropology News: 85–102. 3011:, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 13–23, p. 19. 2488:, Waveland Press Inclusive, 1996, 2052:, a female chief of the Crow tribe 1591:, to the 107th meridian line. The 456:(also called Absalaga Mountains). 25: 4610:Native American tribes in Wyoming 4600:Native American tribes in Montana 4125:Crow Tribe of Montana, Apsaalooké 3754:Brown, Matthew (2 October 2013). 2833:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties 2794:Plenty Coups. Chief of the Crows. 2726:Indian Life on the Upper Missouri 2715:. Norman and London, pp. 156–220. 2689:, Washington, pp. 89–127, p. 103. 2535:Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows, 2436:85, nos l. and 3 (Sept 1983), 566 2046:, a Black chief of the Crow tribe 1761:was one of 16 people awarded the 1579:. The line travels downstream to 3853:Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows 3733:"Obama Adopted into Crow Nation" 3276:Plenty Coups. Chief of the Crows 3080:The Journal of American Folklore 2870:Audubon, Maria R. (Ed.) (1960): 2550:The Plainsmen of the Yellowstone 1659:largest district by population. 1654:Vice-Secretary: Channis Whiteman 1435: 1420: 1400: 1385: 1295:Three Crow men on their horses, 444:(Iisiaxpúatachee Isawaxaawúua), 366:. Later the people moved to the 60: 4135:Little Big Horn College Library 4056:Social Life of the Crow Indians 3879:Fred W. Voget and Mary K. Mee, 3645:Social Life of the Crow Indians 3130:The Journal of American Studies 1976:Christian Parrish Takes the Gun 1648:Vice-chairman: Lawrence DeCrane 836:, and others, along with their 786:; it included the Tongue River 516:tribes, including the powerful 483:. Before 1700, they were using 461:Valley of the Yellowstone River 374:before the Crow split from the 4493:The Journey Museum and Gardens 4058:, AMS Press, 1912, hardcover, 4037:, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover, 3818:Memoirs of a White Crow Indian 3424:Medicine Crow, joseph (1939): 3411:Grinnell, George Bird (1985): 3230:Grinnell, George Bird (1911): 3162:Medicine Crow, Joseph (1992): 2857:Denig, Edwin Thompson (1961): 2276:A Native American Encyclopedia 2209:Johnson, Kirk (24 July 2008), 1200:Illustration of a buffalo jump 1119:Commissioner of Indian Affairs 818:Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 782:on the north, and east to the 772:Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 719:describes a fourth group, the 1: 4441:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4436:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) 3708:"Crow Tribe Executive Branch" 3538:10.1080/2052546.1985.11909269 2994:De Smet, Pierre-Jean (1847): 2963:De Smet, Pierre-Jean (1905): 2822:. Helena and Lincoln, p. 143. 2663:, Vol. 22, pp. 83–100, p. 84. 2650:, Vol. 22, pp. 83–100, p. 86. 1763:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1552:counties with ceded lands in 1447: 1287:Crow men trading on horseback 1265:Habitation and transportation 857:Battle of the Little Big Horn 536:. Later they had to face the 197: 4510:Republic of Lakotah proposal 4086:, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW 4049:Religion of the Crow Indians 3382:Linderman, Frank B. (1974): 3274:Linderman, Frank B. (1962): 3146:Western Historical Quarterly 2831:Kappler, Charles J. (1904): 2805:Linderman, Frank B. (1974): 2792:Linderman, Frank B. (1962): 2533:Plenty Coups and Linderman, 790:. But for two centuries the 382:, also known as the Lakota. 4242:Historic and present tribes 3437:Varnum, Charles A. (1982): 2809:Lincoln and London, p. 168. 2728:. Norman and London, p. 54. 2523:, Turtle Island Storyteller 2349:, Four Directions Institute 2077:National Indian Law Library 1960:Strikes Twice In One Summer 1651:Secretary: Levi Black Eagle 691:(Kicked in the Bellies) or 651:and led his band on a long 4636: 4546:For more information, see 4505:Lakota Nation Invitational 4483:Seizure of the Black Hills 4431:History of the Black Hills 3450:Porter, Joseph C. (1986): 3217:Dunlay, Thomas W. (1982): 3096:McGinnis, Anthony (1990): 2912:Bowers, Alfred W. (1965): 2844:Curtis, Edward S. (1970): 1707:Crow Tribal Administration 1704: 1645:Chairman: Frank White Clay 1611:, Big Horn County, Montana 1097:south of the Yellowstone. 930:Lewis and Clark Expedition 234:federally recognized tribe 4544: 3977:Michael Oren Fitzgerald, 3476:Miles, Nelson A. (1897): 2981:Kurz, Rudolph F. (1937): 2874:Vol. 2. New York, p. 179. 2872:Audubon and his Journals. 2848:. Vol. 4. New York, p.48. 2846:The North American Indian 2698:Mallory, Gerrick (1893): 2151:. McFarland. p. 10. 1978:, rapper and fancy dancer 1748:Robert "Robie" Yellowtail 1625:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 1623:, comparable to that the 1458:Gender and kinship system 1148:Yellowstone National Park 1115:Battle of Honsinger Bluff 948:Crow camp at Tongue River 448:(Baahpuuo Isawaxaawúua), 406:Yellowstone National Park 305:. The tribe operates the 140: 126: 110: 93: 83: 59: 47: 4476:Modern events and places 3681:Scott Lauria Morgensen, 3608:To Honor the Crow People 3395:Webb, George W. (1939): 3313:Vestal, Stanley (1932): 3256:Hyde, George E. (1987): 3052:Stirling, M. W. (1938): 2952:Parading Through History 2901:Parading Through History 2779:Hyde, George E. (1987): 2766:Hyde, George E. (1987): 2753:Dempsey, Hugh A (1965): 2739:Parading Through History 2411:, Women of the Fur Trade 1695:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1680:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1667:Constitution controversy 643:('Mountain People'), or 459:Once established in the 4590:Great Sioux War of 1876 4462:Great Sioux Reservation 4170:Little Big Horn College 4082:Robert H. Lowie, 1914, 3480:. Chicago and New York. 3232:The Story of the Indian 2886:Chardon, F. A. (1997): 2724:Ewers, John C. (1988): 2633:93rd Annual Crow Fair. 2519:12 January 2012 at the 2434:American Anthropologist 2255:Western Heritage Center 2228:William C. Sturtevant, 2126:"Crow Tribe of Indians" 2073:"Crow Tribe of Montana" 1725:Crow Indian Reservation 1609:Crow Indian Reservation 1538:Crow Indian Reservation 1366:eagle feather headdress 861:Crow Indian Reservation 853:George Armstrong Custer 763:of South Dakota to the 583:of South Dakota to the 348:Crow Indian Reservation 307:Little Big Horn College 246:Crow Indian Reservation 155:"children of the raven" 84:12,000 enrolled members 4408:Traditional narratives 3949:Joseph Medicine Crow, 3760:Minnesota Star-Tribune 3661:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3317:. Boston and New York. 3234:. New York and London. 2835:. Vol. 2, pp. 244–246. 2796:Lincoln/London, p. 190 2672:Boyd, Maurice (1981): 2548:Brown, Mark H (1959). 2347:Timeline and citations 1826:Eldena Bear Don't Walk 1821: 1720: 1671:According to the 1948 1612: 1300: 1288: 1280: 1216: 1201: 1138: 1111:Battle of Pease Bottom 1040: 1032: 1020: 932:did not see the Crow. 910: 806: 740: 556: 540:and their allies, the 503: 351: 338:In the Northern Plains 221:[ə̀ˈpsáːɾòːɡè] 203: 3712:Crow Tribe of Indians 3526:Plains Anthropologist 3386:. Lincoln and London. 3368:. Lincoln and London. 3221:. Lincoln and London. 3065:Paul, Eli R. (1997): 2702:, Washington, p. 553. 2676:. Vol. 1. Fort Worth. 2661:Plains Anthropologist 2648:Plains Anthropologist 2484:Timothy P. McCleary: 1864:Walks Among the Stars 1811: 1714: 1705:Further information: 1606: 1347:hide, decorated with 1294: 1286: 1272: 1207: 1199: 1132: 1038: 1026: 1017: 972:Sword Bearer uprising 908: 804: 738: 641:Awaxaawaxammilaxpáake 554: 498: 345: 290:, where it joins the 238:Crow Tribe of Montana 195: 136:Related ethnic groups 36:Crow Tribe of Montana 4595:Landmarks in Montana 4536:Charmaine White Face 4488:Crazy Horse Memorial 3893:Frederick E. Hoxie, 3865:Frank B. Linderman, 3851:Frank B. Linderman, 3790:Indian Country Today 3762:. AP. Archived from 3657:Will Roscoe (2000). 3454:. Norman and London. 2783:. Norman, pp. 24–26. 1892:(mid-1840s – 1923); 1840:(1947–1998), painter 1759:Joseph Medicine Crow 1144:George Bird Grinnell 1076:William J. Fetterman 778:on the west, to the 679:Powder River Country 628:Historical subgroups 487:for carrying goods. 303:Crow Agency, Montana 4526:Charlotte Black Elk 4394:Inyan Kara Mountain 4166:List of Crow Chiefs 4089:Rodney Frey (ed.), 3792:. 15 September 2020 3737:The Washington Post 2606:on 26 November 2011 2504:Lowie 1912: 183–184 2475:Lowie 1993: 272–275 2421:"Forest Prehistory" 2308:Restoring a History 2274:Barry M. Pritzker: 2101:"Crow (Apsáalooke)" 1804:Notable Crow people 1250:, wild turnip, and 1003:Pierre-Jean De Smet 701:Owl Creek Mountains 251:Crow Indians are a 177:Apsáalooke iiéhkuua 37: 4184:'s granddaughter, 4084:The Crow Sun Dance 3823:Alma Hogan Snell, 3808:General references 3641:Robert Harry Lowie 3606:Powell, P (1988). 2380:"The Crow Society" 2286:Phenocia Bauerle, 2251:"Crow Expressions" 2216:The New York Times 2010:White Man Runs Him 1992:Bethany Yellowtail 1942:(c. 1856 – 1944), 1822: 1798:for the U.S. House 1721: 1613: 1542:Indian reservation 1478:Lewis Henry Morgan 1305:tipi or skin lodge 1301: 1289: 1281: 1217: 1202: 1139: 1041: 1033: 1021: 911: 822:Powder River Basin 807: 794:and many bands of 765:Big Horn Mountains 741: 585:Big Horn Mountains 557: 504: 491:Enemies and allies 352: 242:Indian reservation 204: 186:Apsáalooke Issawua 173:Apsáalooke aliláau 4567: 4566: 4367: 4366: 4150:1948 Constitution 4145:2001 Constitution 4075:Robert H.Lowie, 4070:The Crow Language 4068:Robert H. Lowie, 4054:Robert H. Lowie, 4047:Robert H. Lowie, 4033:Robert H. Lowie, 4026:Robert H. Lowie, 4019:Robert H. Lowie, 4012:Robert H. Lowie, 3998:Robert H. Lowie, 3837:Charles Bradley, 3814:Thomas H. Leforge 3766:on 4 October 2013 3695:Joe Medicine Crow 3668:978-0-312-22479-0 3626:Lowie, R (1922). 3559:Wishart, David J. 3278:. Lincoln/London. 3199:Cheyenne Memories 2967:Vol. 1. New York. 2580:on 12 August 2014 2559:978-0-8032-5026-0 2514:Barney Old Coyote 2494:978-0-88133-924-6 2457:, American Tribes 2445:Hamalainen, 10–15 2368:978-0-8061-2560-2 2324:978-0-8061-3589-2 2296:978-0-8032-6230-0 2158:978-0-7864-5169-2 2004:Thomas Yellowtail 1998:Robert Yellowtail 1910:PédhitšhÎ-wahpášh 1906:Joe Medicine Crow 1850:Curly (or Curley) 1480:in his 1871 work 1252:Saskatoon berries 1209:The Oath Apsaroke 1078:and his men from 923:Billings, Montana 844:and northeastern 838:Northern Cheyenne 780:Musselshell River 753:right of conquest 705:Bridger Mountains 620:, Saulteaux, and 513:Northern Shoshone 475:lifestyle of the 442:Bighorn Mountains 410:Musselshell River 346:Landscape on the 299:Billings, Montana 276:Yellowstone River 190: 189: 156: 147: 146: 131:, Tobacco Society 16:(Redirected from 4627: 4550:. Nearby modern 4399:Six Grandfathers 4372:Spiritual places 4303:Sherman Coolidge 4288: 4284:Historic figures 4222:Native Americans 4215: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4186:Alma Hogan Snell 4000:The Crow Indians 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3739:. Archived from 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3654: 3648: 3647:(1912), page 226 3638: 3632: 3631: 3623: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3584: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3521: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3114: 3101: 3094: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3012: 3009:Indian Historian 3005: 2999: 2998:New York, p.177. 2992: 2986: 2979: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2770:. Norman, p. 23. 2764: 2758: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602:. Archived from 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2576:. Archived from 2570: 2564: 2563: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2524: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2386:. Archived from 2376: 2370: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2304: 2298: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2247: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2206: 2200: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2044:James Beckwourth 1950:Shows as He Goes 1900:Donald Laverdure 1876:Half Yellow Face 1744:Edison Real Bird 1727:is Crow Agency, 1621:direct democracy 1583:and west to the 1452: 1449: 1439: 1424: 1404: 1389: 1297:Edward S. Curtis 1213:Edward S. Curtis 1080:Fort Phil Kearny 1029:Chief Big Shadow 1001:in 1845. Father 964:Chinook, Montana 709:Sweetwater River 671:Binnéessiippeele 569:Iron Confederacy 509:Eastern Shoshone 422:Wind River Range 261:Siouan languages 255:, who speak the 230:Native Americans 224:), also spelled 223: 202: 201: 1878–1883 199: 154: 149: 116:Plains Sign Talk 79:Total population 64: 52: 38: 21: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4540: 4514: 4471: 4455:Historic places 4450: 4424:Historic events 4419: 4403: 4363: 4322: 4318:Margaret Poisal 4279: 4236: 4219: 4157:, Untold London 4121: 4014:Crow Indian Art 3991:Peter Nabokov, 3935:Jonathan Lear, 3810: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3743:on 4 July 2008. 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3639: 3635: 3628:Crow Indian Art 3625: 3624: 3615: 3605: 3604: 3587: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3523: 3522: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3073: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2954:(1995), p. 109. 2949: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2903:(1995), p. 132. 2898: 2894: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2537:2002, p. 31-42. 2531: 2527: 2521:Wayback Machine 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466:Bowers 1992: 23 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2390:on 4 March 2016 2378: 2377: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2305: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2227: 2223: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2029: 2020:Mee-nah-tsee-us 1924:, visual artist 1806: 1709: 1703: 1669: 1601: 1589:Hardin, Montana 1585:Pryor Mountains 1534: 1529: 1462:The Crow had a 1460: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1416: 1405: 1396: 1390: 1337: 1267: 1238:prairie turnips 1194: 1189: 1181:Nelson A. Miles 1156:Great Sioux War 1127: 1012: 956: 903: 894: 885: 880: 865:Great Sioux War 842:eastern Montana 810:Red Cloud's War 733: 630: 493: 446:Pryor Mountains 440:as well as the 340: 335: 323:gens du corbeau 315: 200: 175: 153: 74: 55: 43: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4620:Siouan peoples 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4384:Black Elk Peak 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4173: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4119:External links 4117: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4052: 4045: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4010: 3996: 3989: 3975: 3963:Keith Algier, 3961: 3947: 3933: 3919: 3905: 3891: 3877: 3863: 3849: 3835: 3821: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3777: 3746: 3724: 3699: 3674: 3667: 3649: 3633: 3613: 3585: 3583:every morning" 3566: 3551: 3507: 3482: 3469: 3456: 3443: 3430: 3417: 3401: 3388: 3370: 3357: 3355:. Pp. 140–227. 3341: 3328: 3319: 3306: 3293: 3280: 3262: 3249: 3236: 3223: 3203: 3190: 3177: 3168: 3150: 3134: 3118: 3102: 3084: 3071: 3058: 3040: 3027: 3013: 3000: 2987: 2969: 2956: 2918: 2905: 2892: 2876: 2863: 2861:Norman, p. 181 2850: 2837: 2824: 2811: 2798: 2785: 2772: 2759: 2743: 2741:(1995), p. 68. 2730: 2717: 2704: 2691: 2678: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2617: 2591: 2565: 2558: 2540: 2525: 2506: 2497: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2447: 2438: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2371: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2299: 2279: 2267: 2242: 2221: 2201: 2164: 2157: 2139: 2117: 2089: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2036: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1979: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1947: 1944:medicine woman 1937: 1931: 1925: 1922:Wendy Red Star 1919: 1913: 1903: 1897: 1883: 1873: 1870:Hairy Moccasin 1867: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1805: 1802: 1795:Matt Rosendale 1788:Greg Gianforte 1784:for the Senate 1702: 1699: 1668: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1617:tribal council 1600: 1597: 1577:Big Horn River 1566:107th meridian 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1336: 1333: 1329:Plains Indians 1313:lodgepole pine 1266: 1263: 1230:mountain goats 1221:American bison 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1164:Charles Varnum 1126: 1123: 1061:Wyola, Montana 1011: 1008: 955: 952: 902: 899: 893: 890: 884: 881: 879: 876: 776:Big Horn Basin 732: 729: 713: 712: 707:and along the 686: 668: 657:sacred tobacco 629: 626: 500:Ledger drawing 492: 489: 477:Plains Indians 454:Absaroka Range 450:Wolf Mountains 434:Big Horn River 414:Missouri River 339: 336: 334: 331: 314: 311: 292:Missouri River 196:Crow Indians, 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 145: 144: 138: 137: 133: 132: 127:Christianity, 124: 123: 119: 118: 108: 107: 103: 102: 91: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 76: 75: 65: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 41: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4632: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615:Plains tribes 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519:Modern people 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4182:Pretty Shield 4179: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:0-8061-2076-2 4110: 4106: 4103:Rodney Frey, 4102: 4100: 4099:0-8061-3131-4 4096: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4064:0-404-11875-5 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4043:0-404-11872-0 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4008:0-8032-7909-4 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3987:0-8061-2602-7 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3973:0-87004-357-9 3970: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3959:0-8032-8263-X 3956: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3945:0-674-02329-3 3942: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3931:0-8032-3572-0 3928: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3917:0-945437-11-0 3914: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3903:0-521-48057-4 3900: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3889:0-8061-2695-7 3886: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3875:0-8032-8025-4 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3861:0-8032-5121-1 3858: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3847:0-89992-130-2 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833:0-8032-4277-8 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577:George Catlin 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3399:. St. Joseph. 3398: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3304:. Washington. 3303: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3247:. Washington. 3246: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2358:Rodney Frey: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:0-8061-3589-1 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2140: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2039:Crow religion 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966:Frank Shively 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956:Pauline Small 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940:Pretty Shield 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Issaatxalúash 1884: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:George Catlin 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394:E. A. Burbank 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1279: 1278:George Catlin 1276:, 1832–33 by 1275: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1259:buffalo jumps 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1226:bighorn sheep 1222: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1088: 1087:Cypress Hills 1083: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1071:Bozeman Trail 1067: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1006:their tribe. 1004: 1000: 995: 992: 989: 986: 982: 980: 975: 973: 967: 965: 960: 953: 951: 949: 944: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 918: 916: 915:winter counts 907: 900: 898: 891: 889: 882: 877: 875: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:Bozeman Trail 811: 803: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 748: 746: 737: 730: 728: 726: 722: 721:Bilapiluutche 718: 711:in the south. 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Bighorn Basin 694: 693:Ammitaalasshé 690: 687: 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 614:Plains Apache 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 591: 586: 582: 578: 577:Lake Winnipeg 574: 570: 567:peoples (the 566: 562: 553: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 510: 501: 497: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 395:Plains Apache 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:Lake Winnipeg 357: 349: 344: 337: 332: 330: 328: 324: 320: 312: 310: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 257:Crow language 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 217: 213: 209: 194: 185: 181: 178: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 150: 143: 139: 134: 130: 125: 120: 117: 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 95:United States 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 68: 67:Pauline Small 63: 58: 51: 46: 39: 30: 19: 4552:reservations 4497: 4389:Devils Tower 4359:Spotted Tail 4354:Sitting Bull 4230:South Dakota 4176: 4104: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4055: 4048: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 3999: 3992: 3978: 3964: 3950: 3936: 3922: 3908: 3894: 3880: 3866: 3852: 3838: 3824: 3817: 3796:29 September 3794:. Retrieved 3789: 3780: 3768:. Retrieved 3764:the original 3759: 3749: 3741:the original 3736: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3711: 3702: 3682: 3677: 3658: 3652: 3644: 3636: 3627: 3607: 3574:Letter No. 8 3569: 3561: 3554: 3529: 3525: 3498:. Retrieved 3494: 3485: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3425: 3420: 3412: 3396: 3391: 3383: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3336: 3331: 3322: 3314: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3283: 3275: 3257: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3218: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3163: 3145: 3129: 3100:. Evergreen. 3097: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3036:Ethnohistory 3035: 3030: 3008: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2895: 2887: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2832: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2762: 2754: 2738: 2733: 2725: 2720: 2712: 2707: 2699: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2629: 2620: 2610:24 September 2608:. Retrieved 2604:the original 2594: 2584:24 September 2582:. 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Retrieved 2076: 1934:Pretty Eagle 1928:Plenty Coups 1916:Janine Pease 1893: 1890:Two Leggings 1818:Pretty Eagle 1814:Plenty Coups 1791:for Governor 1781:Steve Daines 1774: 1767: 1755:Barack Obama 1752: 1733: 1722: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673:Constitution 1670: 1661: 1657: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1614: 1574: 1535: 1527:21st-century 1516: 1512: 1506: 1481: 1474:Crow kinship 1472: 1461: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1338: 1322: 1302: 1273: 1256: 1248:elderberries 1241: 1218: 1208: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1153: 1140: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1084: 1068: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1042: 1027:Crow Indian 996: 993: 990: 987: 983: 976: 968: 961: 957: 945: 941: 937:Fort Raymond 934: 927: 919: 912: 895: 886: 869: 850: 826:Sitting Bull 808: 796:Lakota Sioux 784:Powder River 769: 749: 745:Plenty Coups 742: 720: 717:oral history 714: 692: 688: 674: 670: 644: 640: 636: 631: 608:, Shoshone, 595: 558: 505: 458: 430:Tongue River 426:Judith River 403: 384: 372:North Dakota 368:Devil's Lake 353: 322: 316: 296: 288:North Dakota 265: 253:Plains tribe 250: 237: 225: 215: 207: 205: 32:Ethnic group 29: 4339:Crazy Horse 4226:Black Hills 4140:Smithsonian 3581:bear grease 3415:. New York. 3166:. New York. 2409:Dog travois 2185:Ab-sar-o-ka 1986:Bulaagawish 1952:, war chief 1894:bacheeítche 1880:Crow Scouts 1860:Ba'suck'osh 1832:Max Big Man 1768:During the 1740:Clara Nomee 1593:2000 census 1550:Yellowstone 1509:two-spirits 1464:matrilineal 1451: 1940 1357:breechcloth 1192:Subsistence 1160:Army scouts 1095:reservation 830:Crazy Horse 761:Black Hills 757:Yellowstone 715:Apsaalooke 665:Black Hills 655:search for 590:reservation 581:Black Hills 526:Assiniboine 522:Gros Ventre 485:dog travois 327:Thunderbird 114:, English, 54:Tribal Flag 18:Crow Indian 4580:Crow tribe 4574:Categories 4556:Pine Ridge 4531:JoAnn Tall 4415:Great Race 4379:Bear Butte 4313:Little Owl 4298:Black Bear 3717:14 October 3691:1452932727 3500:13 January 3441:. Lincoln. 3201:. Lincoln. 3069:. Chelsea. 2455:Crow names 2394:13 January 2260:19 October 2238:0160504007 2173:Absahrokee 2132:14 October 2110:14 October 2016:White Swan 1982:Noah Watts 1856:Goes Ahead 1844:Bull Chief 1736:Carl Venne 1701:Leadership 1599:Government 1519:, such as 1468:matrilocal 1413:Fort Union 1307:made with 1045:Fort Union 999:Judith Gap 979:Fort Clark 863:, but the 689:Eelalapito 683:Milk River 675:Ashshipíte 438:Wind River 370:region of 282:, through 240:, with an 216:Apsáalooke 164:Apsáalooke 152:Apsáalooke 42:Apsáalooke 4349:Red Cloud 4344:Lone Horn 4334:Black Elk 3770:3 October 3260:. Norman. 2057:Citations 2050:Pine Leaf 1838:Earl Biss 1693:(USDOI), 1636:Secretary 1532:Geography 1521:Osh-Tisch 1511:, termed 1444:moccasins 1429:moccasins 1361:pompadour 1353:moccasins 1125:1875–1899 1010:1850–1874 974:in 1887. 954:1825–1849 901:1800–1824 892:1700–1799 883:1600–1699 872:Crow Fair 653:migratory 602:Nez Perce 573:fur trade 561:Saulteaux 518:Blackfoot 399:fur trade 356:Lake Erie 350:, Montana 286:and into 106:Languages 71:Crow Fair 4250:Cheyenne 4172:Library. 3546:25668522 2757:Calgary. 2517:Archived 2197:Absoroka 2193:Absaroki 2189:Absaroke 2181:Absarako 2177:Absaraka 2105:Omniglot 2082:23 April 2033:Absaroka 2027:See also 1562:Treasure 1546:Big Horn 1502:Sudanese 1496:, Crow, 1494:Iroquois 1490:Hawaiian 1243:pemmican 1232:, deer, 1135:berdache 792:Cheyenne 645:Ashkúale 637:Ashalaho 598:Flathead 546:Cheyenne 387:Shoshone 364:Manitoba 272:Cheyenne 226:Absaroka 210:, whose 169:Language 129:Crow Way 122:Religion 4560:Rosebud 4291:Arapaho 4265:Arikara 4260:Arapaho 4234:Wyoming 4224:in the 2950:Hoxie, 2899:Hoxie, 2737:Hoxie, 2384:crow.bz 2232:(1979, 2018:, also 1984:, also 1974:, also 1972:Supaman 1908:, also 1888:, also 1729:Montana 1717:Montana 1554:Rosebud 1345:buffalo 1318:travois 1187:Culture 1117:), the 859:in the 855:at the 846:Wyoming 661:Montana 606:Kutenai 542:Arapaho 473:nomadic 469:Wyoming 465:Montana 376:Hidatsa 333:History 319:Hidatsa 284:Montana 280:Wyoming 212:autonym 183:Country 142:Hidatsa 99:Montana 73:parade. 4327:Lakota 4308:Friday 4255:Lakota 4111: 4097: 4062: 4041: 4006: 3985: 3971: 3957: 3943: 3929: 3915: 3901: 3887: 3873: 3859: 3845: 3831: 3689: 3665: 3544: 3495:Scribd 2556: 2492: 2366: 2322: 2314: 2294: 2236: 2155: 1862:(also 1816:, and 1746:, and 1560:, and 1558:Carbon 1500:, and 1486:Eskimo 1335:Attire 1299:, 1908 1049:amazon 921:where 649:vision 618:Stoney 612:, and 538:Lakota 532:, and 530:Pawnee 511:, and 418:Powder 244:, the 236:, the 228:, are 161:People 4275:Kiowa 4180:, by 3542:JSTOR 1498:Omaha 1442:Crow 1427:Crow 1415:1832. 1325:horse 1309:bison 788:basin 725:Kiowa 622:Métis 610:Kiowa 481:bison 391:Kiowa 380:Sioux 268:Sioux 4558:and 4554:are 4270:Crow 4232:and 4109:ISBN 4095:ISBN 4060:ISBN 4039:ISBN 4004:ISBN 3983:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3941:ISBN 3927:ISBN 3913:ISBN 3899:ISBN 3885:ISBN 3871:ISBN 3857:ISBN 3843:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3798:2020 3772:2013 3719:2019 3687:ISBN 3663:ISBN 3502:2016 2612:2014 2586:2014 2554:ISBN 2490:ISBN 2396:2016 2364:ISBN 2320:ISBN 2312:ISBN 2292:ISBN 2262:2021 2234:ISBN 2153:ISBN 2134:2016 2112:2019 2084:2016 1793:and 1548:and 1536:The 1517:badé 1513:baté 1343:and 1341:deer 834:Gall 770:The 565:Cree 563:and 544:and 467:and 436:and 393:and 313:Name 270:and 208:Crow 206:The 112:Crow 4228:of 3534:doi 2171:Or 1958:or 1858:or 1349:elk 1234:elk 1211:by 534:Ute 362:in 214:is 4576:: 4168:, 3816:, 3788:. 3758:. 3735:. 3710:. 3643:, 3616:^ 3588:^ 3540:. 3530:30 3528:. 3510:^ 3493:. 3404:^ 3373:^ 3344:^ 3265:^ 3206:^ 3153:^ 3137:^ 3121:^ 3105:^ 3087:^ 3043:^ 3016:^ 2972:^ 2921:^ 2879:^ 2746:^ 2382:. 2318:, 2253:. 2213:, 2195:, 2191:, 2187:, 2183:, 2179:, 2175:, 2103:. 2092:^ 2075:. 2064:^ 1800:. 1786:, 1765:. 1750:. 1742:, 1731:. 1627:. 1572:. 1556:, 1523:. 1504:. 1492:, 1488:, 1448:c. 1446:, 1411:, 1254:. 1228:, 1113:, 966:. 832:, 828:, 703:, 624:. 604:, 528:, 524:, 520:, 432:, 401:. 329:. 309:. 294:. 198:c. 4562:. 4214:e 4207:t 4200:v 3800:. 3774:. 3721:. 3685:( 3671:. 3548:. 3536:: 3504:. 2637:. 2614:. 2588:. 2562:. 2398:. 2264:. 2199:. 2161:. 2136:. 2114:. 2086:. 1820:. 1515:/ 685:. 218:( 101:) 97:( 20:)

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