33:
242:
travelling through the crowd, due to people at the back pushing forward against people at the front with nowhere to go. Keith Still of the Fire Safety
Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, said "Be aware of your surroundings. Look ahead. Listen to the crowd noise. If you start finding yourself in a crowd surge, wait for the surge to come, go with it, and move sideways. Keep moving with it and sideways, with it and sideways." Other recommendations include trying to remain upright, and keeping away from walls and other obstructions if possible.
230:
Hillsborough disaster. Hence barriers can be a solution in preventing or a key factor in causing a crush. One problem is lack of feedback from people being crushed to the crowd pressing behind—feedback can instead be provided by police, organizers, or other observers, particularly raised observers, such as on platforms or horseback, who can survey the crowd and use loudspeakers to communicate and direct a crowd. In some cases it may be possible to take simple measures such as spreading movements out over time.
106:
density one can avoid obstacles, and the chance of a crowd-related incident is minimal. Even at three or four people per square meter, the risk is low; however, at densities of five per square meter, it becomes more difficult for individuals to move, and at higher densities of six to seven per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and can be unable to move voluntarily. At this point a crowd can begin to act like a
110:, with individuals moved about by the pressure of those around them, and shockwaves can pass through the crowd as pressures within the crowd change. This can be highly dangerous, although some people actively seek this experience, such as at rock concerts or football matches, where the excitement, camaraderie, and literally "going with the flow" is for some an essential part of the experience, and activities like
52:
against each other and may be swept along against their will by the motion of the crowd. Under these conditions, the crowd may undergo a progressive collapse where the pressure pushes people off their feet, resulting in people being trampled or crushed by the weight of other people falling on top of them. At even higher densities, the pressure on each individual can cause them to be crushed or
127:
further out remains, causing people to fall into the void. This process is then repeated, causing a bigger void, and will progress until the pressure eases; meanwhile, those who have fallen are at risk of being smothered by the weight of bodies on top or being trampled as the crowd is swept over them. An example of a progressive crowd collapse was the
144:
when it meets an obstacle (such as a dead end, or a locked door), or when an already densely packed crowd has an influx of people, causing a pressure wave toward those at the front of the crowd. In this situation those entering may be unaware of the effect on those in front and continue to press in. Examples of crushes are the
203:, remarks that "the idea of the hysterical mass is a myth". Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of panic. However, the scientific literature has explained how panic is a myth which is used to mislead the attention of the public from the real causes of crowd incidents, such as a crowd crush.
105:
The average individual occupies an oval floorspace approximately 30 by 60 cm (1 by 2 ft), or 0.18 square metres (2 sq ft) and at densities of one to two per square metre (0.1 to 0.2/sq ft) individuals can move freely without contact. Even if people are moving quickly, at this
215:, caused either by vertical stacking, as people fall on top of one another, or by horizontal stacking, where people are crushed together or against an unyielding barrier. Victims can also exhibit fractures due to pressure, or trampling injuries, when a crowd has swept over them where they have lain.
143:
At even higher densities (up to ten people per square metre (0.93/sq ft) a crowd can become so packed that people are crushed together to such an extent they can no longer breathe and are asphyxiated. Such crowd crushes can occur when a moving crowd is funneled into a smaller and smaller space,
82:
One study has calculated that there were 232 deaths and over 66,000 injuries in the ten years between 1992 and 2002 as a result of such incidents, but crowd scientists believe that such casualties are both vastly under-reported and increasing in frequency. One estimate is that only one in ten crowd
51:
are catastrophic incidents that can occur when a body of people becomes dangerously overcrowded. When numbers are up to about five people per square meter, the environment may feel cramped but manageable; when numbers reach between eight and ten people per square meter, individuals become pressed
170:
Stampede is a loaded word as it apportions blame to the victims for behaving in an irrational, self-destructive, unthinking and uncaring manner, it's pure ignorance, and laziness ... It gives the impression that it was a mindless crowd only caring about themselves, and they were prepared to crush
126:
A crowd collapse occurs when a crowd is so dense that each individual is touching others all around and is, to an extent, supported by those around. This can occur whether the crowd is moving or stationary. If a person then falls, the support to those around is lost, while the pressure from those
241:
There is risk of a crush when crowd density exceeds about five people per square meter. For a person in a crowd a signal of danger, and a warning to get out of the crowd if possible, is the sensation of being touched on all four sides. A later, more serious, warning is when one feels shock waves
229:
It is believed that most major crowd disasters can be prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Crushes can be prevented by organization and traffic control, such as barriers. On the other hand, barriers in some cases may funnel the crowd toward an already-packed area, such as in the
991:
Haghani, Milad; Coughlan, Matt; Crabb, Ben; Dierickx, Anton; Feliciani, Claudio; van Gelder, Roderick; Geoerg, Paul; Hocaoglu, Nazli; Laws, Steve; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Miles, Zoe; Nicolas, Alexandre; O'Toole, William J.; Schaap, Syan; Semmens, Travis (1 December 2023).
199:, "If you look at the analysis, I've not seen any instances of the cause of mass fatalities being a stampede. People don't die because they panic. They panic because they are dying". Paul Torrens, a professor at the Center for Geospatial Information Science at the
233:
A factor that may contribute to a crush is inexperienced security officers who assume that people's behaviour in a dense crowd is voluntary and dangerous, and start applying force or preventing people from moving in certain directions. In the 1989
1194:
195:" is usually used in reference to animals that are fleeing a threat. Stampede events that involve humans are extremely rare and are unlikely to be fatal. According to Keith Still, professor of crowd science at
249:
in
Sunderland, England which killed 183 children, a law was passed in England which required all public entertainment venues to be equipped with doors that open outwards—for example, using
748:
1185:
118:
are common. The danger inherent in these conditions is that the crowd will collapse in on itself or become so densely packed that individuals are crushed and asphyxiated.
1131:
40:
of 1711, when a large crowd returning from a festival on one side of the bridge found their way blocked by a collision between a carriage and a cart, and became trapped
1150:
1238:
994:"A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target"
2167:
171:
people. In virtually all situations it is usually the authorities to blame for poor planning, poor design, poor control, poor policing and mismanagement.
1044:
472:
2159:
2127:
1289:
512:
238:, some police and stewards were so concerned with what they saw as possible hooliganism that they took actions that actually made matters worse.
63:
strategies. Such incidents can occur at large gatherings such as sporting, commercial, social, and religious events. The critical factor is
2236:
276:
59:
Such incidents are invariably the product of organizational failures, and most major crowd disasters could have been prevented by simple
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1064:, p. 5: "Virtually all crowd deaths are due to compressive asphyxia and not the 'trampling' reported by the news media."
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Haghani, Milad; Cristiani, Emiliano; Bode, Nikolai W. F.; Boltes, Maik; Corbetta, Alessandro (8 August 2019).
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74:, which typically occur when a large group of people all try to get away from a perceived risk to life.
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749:"Crowd crushes: how disasters like Itaewon happen, how can they be prevented, and the 'stampede' myth"
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2004:
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Feliciani, Claudio; Corbetta, Alessandro; Haghani, Milad; Nishinari, Katsuhiro (1 April 2024).
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Article acknowledges traffic engineer John J. Fruin and G. Keith Still of Crowd
Dynamics Ltd.
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906:
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1193:. First International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety (crowdsafe.com ed.).
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894:
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100:
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942:"Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research"
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813:
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770:"How crowd accidents are reported in the news media: Lexical and sentiment analysis"
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In crowd collapse and crush incidents the most common cause of death is
440:"Crowd and traffic control could have prevented Seoul Halloween deaths"
115:
910:
513:"Hajj crush: how crowd disasters happen, and how they can be avoided"
534:"Why Crowd Crushes Like South Korea's Halloween Surge Are So Deadly"
1239:
Interview with Paul
Wertheimer (Crowd-safety expert) at Insider.com
1078:
788:
253:
latches that open when pushed. Crash bars are required by various
111:
107:
31:
132:
1271:
636:"Humour, loyalty & passion - Memories of the old Spion Kop"
70:
Crowd collapses and crushes are often reported incorrectly as
1207:"Crowd Crush: How the Law Leaves American Crowds Unprotected"
1229:
How to stay safe at a crowded concert or music festival: CNN
1132:"A survival guide to avoiding asphyxiation in a crowd crush"
1233:
152:
in
Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in 2010, the
176:
Edwin Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at the
827:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
684:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
376:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
895:"Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception"
553:
551:
148:
in
Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England in 1989, the
2054:
1819:
1648:
1365:
1314:
135:when over 2,400 people were reported to have died.
87:are reported, while many, if not most, injuries at
27:Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding
168:
893:; Proulx, Guylène; Aiman, Lata (August 2012).
597:A Crowd Safety Expert Explains Why People Mosh
1283:
1079:"How Not To Get Trampled at the Inauguration"
8:
1187:The Causes and Prevention of Crowd Disasters
1051:. Michigan State University. September 2015.
829:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
686:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
378:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
187:Stampede § Human stampedes and crushes
1290:
1276:
1268:
1151:"Children's deaths that shocked the world"
473:Max Planck Institute for Human Development
1072:
1070:
967:
957:
787:
658:
656:
634:Pete "LancashireLad" (22 October 2013).
160:in Itaewon, Seoul, South Korea in 2022.
1031:
1029:
368:
288:
1257:"Ten tips for surviving a crowd crush"
1106:"The secret science that rules crowds"
1045:"Mourners Crushed at Stalin's Funeral"
446:. Bloomberg, Reuters. 1 November 2022.
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296:
294:
292:
7:
277:Category:Crowd collapses and crushes
1200:from the original on 30 April 2021.
1130:Mosia, Lebohang (7 November 2022).
1049:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1040:. New York: Dutton. pp. 88–102
1077:Ripley, Amanda (19 January 2009).
946:Journal of Advanced Transportation
747:Lock, Samantha (1 November 2022).
511:Benedictus, Leo (3 October 2015).
245:After the 1883 crush known as the
197:Manchester Metropolitan University
131:in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the
25:
1136:Independent Online (South Africa)
663:Moore, Jack (24 September 2015).
532:Syed, Armani (31 October 2022).
355:about 1.5 square feet per person
1104:Ro, Christine (21 March 2018).
665:"What Caused the Hajj Tragedy?"
154:Astroworld Festival crowd crush
1255:Moussaid, Mehdi (3 May 2021).
1149:Stoner, Sarah (13 June 2008).
594:Hill, Tia (27 November 2019).
313:about 1.5 – 1.2
1:
1234:Fire Safety Engineering Group
1184:Fruin, John (January 2002) .
158:Itaewon Halloween crowd crush
1205:Pearl, Tracy Hresko (2015).
1036:Evtushenko, Evgenii (1963).
2237:Crowd collapses and crushes
2160:Basra International Stadium
1479:Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm
1308:List of fatal crowd crushes
1299:Crowd collapses and crushes
272:List of fatal crowd crushes
156:in Houston, Texas ,and the
2253:
1012:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292
798:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106423
222:
184:
98:
1305:
1244:"World's worst stampedes"
464:Tchechne, Martin (2022).
1690:Akashi pedestrian bridge
1038:Precocious Autobiography
615:Sampara, Pete "Kopite".
67:rather than crowd size.
853:10.1126/science.adf5949
710:10.1126/science.adf5949
466:"Nine per square meter"
402:10.1126/science.adf5949
178:University of Greenwich
36:245 people died in the
346:square feet per person
317:square feet per person
304:square feet per person
247:Victoria Hall disaster
201:University of Maryland
173:
83:injuries occurring in
41:
1706:The Station nightclub
1375:Shiloh Baptist Church
236:Hillsborough disaster
146:Hillsborough disaster
56:while still upright.
35:
1682:Accra Sports Stadium
1447:El Progreso Bullring
1211:Kentucky Law Journal
959:10.1155/2019/9267643
150:Love Parade disaster
38:Lyon bridge disaster
2104:Vaishno Devi Temple
2096:Astroworld Festival
1730:Mandher Devi temple
1607:Haridwar and Ujjain
1559:Oppenheimer Stadium
1495:Karaiskakis Stadium
845:2022Sci...378.1060H
839:(6624): 1060–1061.
702:2022Sci...378.1060H
696:(6624): 1060–1061.
394:2022Sci...378.1060H
388:(6624): 1060–1061.
2227:Man-made disasters
2144:Kanjuruhan Stadium
1989:Colectiv nightclub
1925:Stade Tata Raphaël
1770:PhilSports Stadium
1754:Chennai (December)
1746:Chennai (November)
1674:Ellis Park Stadium
899:Fire and Materials
164:Crowd "stampedes"
129:2015 Mina stampede
42:
2209:
2208:
1869:Port Said Stadium
1786:Naina Devi temple
1738:Al-Aaimmah bridge
1527:Dasharath Stadium
1519:Shanghai Lujiazui
16:(Redirected from
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1439:Estadio Nacional
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1383:Iroquois Theatre
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1340:Brooklyn Theatre
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1269:
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1261:The Conversation
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1157:. Archived from
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911:10.1002/fam.1083
905:(5–6): 328–338.
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85:doorbuster sales
61:crowd management
21:
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2232:Human stampedes
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1965:30 June Stadium
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1487:The Who concert
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1455:AtatĂĽrk Stadium
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1217:(1). Article 4.
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1161:on 21 June 2008
1155:Sunderland Echo
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640:This Is Anfield
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207:Causes of death
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122:Crowd collapses
103:
97:
91:go unreported.
80:
72:human stampedes
45:Crowd collapses
28:
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22:
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11:
5:
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1909:Madhya Pradesh
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1893:Kiss nightclub
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2128:GBLA Stadium
2029:Antananarivo
1698:E2 nightclub
1543:Hillsborough
1423:Burnden Park
1399:Italian Hall
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1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
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1113:. Retrieved
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2072:Maligawatta
1845:Love Parade
1249:China Daily
645:21 November
444:Japan Times
54:asphyxiated
18:Crowd crush
2216:Categories
2080:Los Olivos
1901:Kumbh Mela
1861:Sabarimala
1853:Phnom Penh
1837:Pratapgarh
1631:Sabarimala
1431:Kumbh Mela
1110:BBC Future
1062:Fruin 2002
1006:: 106292.
789:2309.14633
782:: 106423.
582:Pearl 2015
570:Pearl 2015
558:Pearl 2015
486:Fruin 2002
363:References
219:Prevention
191:The term "
78:Background
2021:Corinaldo
1567:Mahamaham
1115:14 August
1020:0925-7535
978:0197-6729
927:145326665
919:0308-0501
877:254485601
861:0036-8075
814:262824786
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734:254485601
718:0036-8075
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410:0036-8075
300:about 2.2
251:crash bar
180:, England
2168:Pakistan
1810:Mawazine
1503:Luzhniki
1356:Khodynka
1332:Valletta
1195:Archived
869:36480619
726:36480619
670:Newsweek
418:36480619
267:Ant mill
261:See also
193:stampede
95:Dynamics
2222:Hazards
2200:Hathras
2112:Yaoundé
2045:Caracas
2037:Karbala
2013:Caracas
1794:Jodhpur
1778:Bandung
1535:Tbilisi
1471:Zamalek
1366:20th c.
1315:19th c.
1178:Sources
1165:13 June
1081:. Slate
841:Bibcode
833:Science
698:Bibcode
690:Science
390:Bibcode
382:Science
341:⁄
331:⁄
326:about 3
116:moshing
112:dancing
2064:Kerman
2005:Mumbai
1949:Kwekwe
1941:Multan
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1658:Durban
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536:. Time
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1322:1807
1198:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
923:S2CID
873:S2CID
810:S2CID
784:arXiv
730:S2CID
469:(PDF)
422:S2CID
283:Notes
108:fluid
2136:Giza
1981:Mina
1167:2008
1117:2018
1087:2009
1016:ISSN
974:ISSN
950:2019
915:ISSN
865:PMID
857:ISSN
802:ISSN
722:PMID
714:ISSN
647:2021
542:2023
414:PMID
406:ISSN
336:or 2
133:Hajj
114:and
47:and
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1008:doi
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964:hdl
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