1072:
945:
746:
1111:
plants in infected fields are also valuable practices. Avoiding wounding the crowns/roots of the plants during cultivation is important for preventing disease. In horticultural techniques in which multiple plants are joined to grow as one, such as budding and grafting these techniques lead to plant wounds. Wounds are the primary location of bacterial entry into the host plant. Therefore, it is advisable to perform these techniques during times of the year when
1155:
65:
1094:
surrounding plant tissue, which causes this tissue to become crushed and/or distorted. The crushed vessels lead to reduced water flow in the xylem. Young tumors are soft and therefore vulnerable to secondary invasion by insects and saprophytic microorganisms. This secondary invasion causes the breakdown of the peripheral cell layers as well as tumor discoloration due to decay. Breakdown of the soft tissue leads to release of the
3407:
1110:
can be controlled by using various methods. The best way to control this disease is to take preventative measures, such as sterilizing pruning tools so as to avoid infecting new plants. Performing mandatory inspections of nursery stock and rejecting infected plants as well as not planting susceptible
1115:
are not active. Control of root-chewing insects is also helpful to reduce levels of infection, since these insects cause wounds (aka bacterial entryways) in the plant roots. It is recommended that infected plant material be burned rather than placed in a compost pile due to the bacteria's ability to
1088:
species live predominantly saprophytic lifestyles, so its common even for plant-parasitic species of this genus to survive in the soil for lengthy periods of time, even without host plant presence. When there is a host plant present, however, the bacteria enter the plant tissue via recent wounds or
1174:
when infecting its various hosts. The bacterium can't penetrate the host plant without an entry point such as a wound. Factors leading to wounds in plants include cultural practices, grafting, freezing injury, growth cracks, soil insects, and other animals in the environment causing damage to the
1093:
performs this control by inserting the plasmid T-DNA into the plant's genome. See above for more details about the process of plasmid DNA insertion into the host genome. Excess growth of the plant tissue leads to gall formation on the stem and roots. These tumors exert significant pressure on the
807:
that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS). The structure of the T-pilus showed that the central channel of the pilus is too narrow to allow the transfer of the folded VirD2, suggesting that VirD2 must be partially unfolded during the conjugation
928:. The presence of a covalently bonded circular chromosome is common to Bacteria, with few exceptions. However, the presence of both a single circular chromosome and single linear chromosome is unique to a group in this genus. The two plasmids are pTiC58, responsible for the processes involved in
2152:
1175:
plant. Consequently, in exceptionally harsh winters, it is common to have an increased incidence of crown gall due to the weather-related damage. Along with this, there are methods of mediating infection of the host plant. For example, nematodes can act as a vector to introduce
935:
The pAtC58 plasmid has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of opines and to conjugate with other bacteria in the absence of the pTiC58 plasmid. If the Ti plasmid is removed, the tumor growth that is the means of classifying this species of bacteria does not occur.
1089:
natural openings of roots or stems near the ground. These wounds may be caused by cultural practices, grafting, insects, etc. Once the bacteria have entered the plant, they occur intercellularly and stimulate surrounding tissue to proliferate due to cell transformation.
802:
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. This is typically done by the Vir genes within the helper plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a
848:
or indole-3-acetic acid via the IAM pathway. This biosynthetic pathway is not used in many plants for the production of auxin, so it means the plant has no molecular means of regulating it and auxin will be produced constitutively. Genes for the production of
713:
between the two ends of the polypeptide. However, high-resolution structure of the T-pilus revealed no cyclization of the pilin, with the overall organization of the pilin subunits being highly similar to those of other conjugative pili, such as F-pilus.
2783:
3100:
Kim JG, Park BK, Kim SU, Choi D, Nahm BH, Moon JS, Reader JS, Farrand SK, Hwang I (6 June 2006). "Bases of biocontrol: Sequence predicts synthesis and mode of action of agrocin 84, the Trojan Horse antibiotic that controls crown gall".
1183:
infection. The optimal temperature for crown gall formation due to this bacterium is 22 °C (72 °F) because of the thermosensitivity of T-DNA transfer. Tumor formation is significantly reduced at higher temperature conditions.
1119:
Biological control methods are also utilized in managing this disease. During the 1970s and 1980s, a common practice for treating germinated seeds, seedlings, and rootstock was to soak them in a suspension of K84. K84 is a strain of
576:
VirC, the most important virulent protein, is a necessary step in the recombination of illegitimate recolonization. It selects the section of the DNA in the host plant that will be replaced and it cuts into this strand of DNA.
1169:
have the widest host range of any plant pathogen, so the main factor to take into consideration in the case of crown gall is environment. There are various conditions and factors that make for a conducive environment for
1731:
1530:
1432:"Genetic diversity of Agrobacterium species isolated from nodules of common bean and soybean in Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador and Mozambique, and description of the new species Agrobacterium fabacearum sp. nov"
296:, for 'transfer DNA', not to be confused with tRNA that transfers amino acids during protein synthesis), from a plasmid into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant
1618:
Chilton MD, Drummond MH, Merlo DJ, Sciaky D, Montoya AL, Gordon MP, Nester EW (June 1977). "Stable incorporation of plasmid DNA into higher plant cells: the molecular basis of crown gall tumorigenesis".
1479:(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority and Rule 23a, Note 1 as applied to the corresponding specific epithets"
2637:
Schell J, Van
Montagu M (1977). "The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, A Natural Vector for the Introduction of NIF Genes in Plants?". In Hollaender A, Burris RH, Day PR, Hardy RW (eds.).
1299:
Arahal DR, Bull CT, Busse HJ, Christensen H, Chuvochina M, Dedysh SN, Fournier PE, Konstantinidis KT, Parker CT, Rossello-Mora R, Ventosa A, Göker M (27 April 2023). "Judicial
Opinions 123–127".
387:
grows optimally at 28 °C (82 °F). The doubling time can range from 2.5–4h depending on the media, culture format, and level of aeration. At temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F),
823:. VIP1 also appears to be an important protein in the process, possibly acting as an adapter to bring the VirE2 to the importin. Once inside the nucleus, VIP2 may target the T-DNA to areas of
1179:
into plant roots. More specifically, the root parasitic nematodes damage the plant cell, creating a wound for the bacteria to enter through. Finally, temperature is a factor when considering
569:. The products of the first three genes apparently are involved in the actual synthesis of the cellulose fibrils. These fibrils also anchor the bacteria to each other, helping to form a
3732:
3555:
497:, a transmembrane protein encoded in the virA gene on the Ti plasmid. Sugars are recognised by the chvE protein, a chromosomal gene-encoded protein located in the periplasmic space.
1055:
is a sexual process involving the transfer of DNA from one cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by
959:
in 1975 established widespread agreement that recombinant techniques were insufficiently understood and needed to be tightly controlled. The DNA transmission capabilities of
524:
itself on a histidine residue. Then the VirA protein phosphorylates the VirG protein on its aspartate residue. The virG protein is a cytoplasmic protein produced from the
2169:
Beltran LC, Cvirkaite-Krupovic V, Miller J, Wang F, Kreutzberger MA, Patkowski JB, Costa TR, Schouten S, Levental I, Conticello VP, Egelman EH, Krupovic M (2023-02-07).
1349:
811:
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex.
2417:
Wood DW, Setubal JC, Kaul R, Monks DE, Kitajima JP, Okura VK, et al. (December 2001). "The genome of the natural genetic engineer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58".
709:
of 121 amino acids which requires processing by the removal of 47 residues to form a T-pilus subunit. The subunit was thought to be circularized by the formation of a
1146:
strain based on K84, known as K1026, was created. This strain is just as successful in controlling crown gall as K84 without the caveat of resistance gene transfer.
3788:
3529:
1214:
also known as: CCM:1000, CCUG:3555, CFBP:2412, CIP:104335, DSM:30150, ICMP:5793, BCCM/LMG:182, NCIMB:8150, NCPPB:2992, IAM:14141, IAM:1524, JCM:21034, personal::A1
3745:
3568:
983:
in plants. The plasmid T-DNA that is transferred to the plant is an ideal vehicle for genetic engineering. This is done by cloning a desired gene sequence into
2349:
Goodner B, Hinkle G, Gattung S, Miller N, Blanchard M, Qurollo B, et al. (December 2001). "Genome sequence of the plant pathogen and biotechnology agent
1138:. This method, which was successful at controlling the disease on a commercial scale, had the risk of K84 transferring its resistance gene to the pathogenic
465:
infects the plant through its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment of its DNA, known as T-DNA, into the chromosomal DNA of its host plant cells.
2014:
2260:
Zupan J, Muth TR, Draper O, Zambryski P (July 2000). "The transfer of DNA from agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants: a feast of fundamental insights".
1879:"Two Opines Control Conjugal Transfer of an Agrobacterium Plasmid by Regulating Expression of Separate Copies of the Quorum-Sensing Activator Gene traR"
3023:
3693:
3503:
3619:
3719:
3542:
44:
3155:
256:
is NOT a synonym. The two used to be synonimized on the basis of an unjustified type strain change in the
Approved Lists of 1980, now reverted.
2852:
1678:
493:
and sugars, which indicate the presence of a wound in the plant through which the bacteria may enter. Phenolic compounds are recognised by the
3604:
2654:
2605:
815:, or NLSs, located on the VirE2 and VirD2, are recognised by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the
2299:"Characterization of oncogene-silenced transgenic plants: implications for Agrobacterium biology and post-transcriptional gene silencing"
2150:, "Method for agrobacterium mediated transformation of cotton", published 2002-11-19, assigned to Bayer BioScience N.V. (BE)
3798:
3411:
2580:
National
Research Council, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants (2000).
3417:
1788:
1013:. Under laboratory conditions, T-DNA has also been transferred to human cells, demonstrating the diversity of insertion application.
3793:
3027:
2972:
1771:
1134:
but is not pathogenic. K84 produces a bacteriocin (agrocin 84) which is an antibiotic specific against related bacteria, including
2235:
593:
3783:
1032:) into human cells by type III secretion. It also employs a type of signaling conserved in many Gram-negative bacteria called
987:
that will be used to deliver a sequence of interest into eukaryotic cells. This process has been performed using the firefly
599:. The effect of different parameters such as infection time, acetosyringone, DTT, and cysteine have been studied in soybean (
3724:
3547:
592:
of this protein can be found in other rhizobia. Currently, there are several reports on standardisation of protocol for the
381:, and the persistent nature of the tumors or galls caused by the disease make it particularly harmful for perennial crops.
3071:
Ryder MH, Jones DA (October 1, 1991). "Biological
Control of Crown Gall Using Using Agrobacterium Strains K84 and K1026".
3671:
3471:
2680:"Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity"
64:
553:
that anchor them to the wounded plant cell to which they were attracted. Four main genes are involved in this process:
979:
and plants, which resulted in the development of methods to alter the bacterium into an efficient delivery system for
812:
3369:
1431:
3285:
984:
307:
3191:
1736:
1483:
1253:
1048:
3750:
3573:
3073:
2589:
1056:
546:
Attachment is a two-step process. Following an initial weak and reversible attachment, the bacteria synthesize
451:
3334:
3031:
2956:
621:
3433:
3299:
2436:
1674:"Diversity of opines and opine-catabolizing bacteria isolated from naturally occurring crown gall tumors"
3803:
2997:
1832:
641:
427:
423:
149:
908:, was first isolated from a cherry tree crown gall. The genome was simultaneously sequenced by Goodner
3163:
2147:
944:
3760:
3583:
3053:
2861:
2792:
2538:
2428:
2364:
2182:
1947:
1687:
1581:
1396:
1122:
1001:
949:
816:
529:
447:
317:
1143:
1075:
980:
956:
695:
646:
96:
2441:
3386:
3218:
2755:
2470:
2396:
1654:
589:
581:
504:
genes on the Ti plasmid are necessary for tumor induction. In addition to their perception role,
183:
59:
1165:
Host, environment, and pathogen are extremely important concepts in regards to plant pathology.
1063:
can undergo natural transformation in soil without any specific physical or chemical treatment.
745:
3534:
3351:
3316:
3246:
3210:
2978:
2968:
2887:
2820:
2709:
2660:
2650:
2619:
2611:
2601:
2562:
2554:
2462:
2454:
2419:
2388:
2380:
2355:
2328:
2320:
2279:
2262:
2216:
2198:
2098:
2080:
2041:
1983:
1965:
1916:
1898:
1859:
1804:
1784:
1713:
1646:
1638:
1600:
1502:
1451:
1412:
1387:
1326:
1272:
1071:
325:
3629:
3378:
3343:
3308:
3255:
3200:
3110:
3082:
2960:
2924:
2877:
2869:
2810:
2800:
2745:
2699:
2691:
2642:
2593:
2585:
2546:
2505:
2446:
2372:
2310:
2271:
2206:
2190:
2088:
2072:
2031:
2023:
1973:
1955:
1906:
1890:
1849:
1841:
1794:
1776:
1703:
1695:
1630:
1590:
1539:
1492:
1443:
1404:
1316:
1308:
1262:
968:
734:
722:
482:
106:
827:
that are being actively transcribed, so that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
588:
called rhicadhesin is produced, which also aids in sticking the bacteria to the cell wall.
43:
3591:
967:
as a means of inserting foreign genes into plants. Shortly after the
Asilomar Conference,
718:
656:
651:
521:
478:
3737:
3560:
1845:
3260:
3237:
2865:
2796:
2542:
2432:
2368:
2186:
1951:
1691:
1400:
1154:
2695:
2211:
2170:
1854:
1823:
1799:
1762:
1708:
1673:
1621:
1033:
804:
661:
614:
490:
86:
3347:
3312:
2704:
2679:
2526:
2093:
2060:
2036:
2005:
1978:
1935:
1911:
1878:
391:
begins to experience heat shock which is likely to result in errors in cell division.
3777:
3205:
3186:
2882:
2839:
2815:
2774:
2315:
2298:
2275:
2117:
1780:
1634:
996:
964:
666:
302:
281:
126:
3222:
2873:
2400:
1894:
3129:
2474:
1658:
992:
820:
710:
631:
494:
374:
321:
293:
116:
3390:
1699:
3656:
2646:
2027:
422:
Since the Ti plasmid is essential to cause disease, prepenetration events in the
3706:
3665:
3516:
3465:
2773:
Kunik T, Tzfira T, Kapulnik Y, Gafni Y, Dingwall C, Citovsky V (February 2001).
2171:"Archaeal DNA-import apparatus is homologous to bacterial conjugation machinery"
1936:"Genetic control of quorum-sensing signal turnover in Agrobacterium tumefaciens"
1098:
into the soil allowing it to restart the disease process with a new host plant.
972:
758:
Ti
Plasmid (a. T-DNA, b. vir genes, c. replication origin, d. opines catabolism)
706:
636:
570:
543:
genes' activation. It increases VirA protein sensitivity to phenolic compounds.
370:
366:
362:
171:
2784:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2510:
2489:
2194:
2076:
1408:
2736:
1595:
1560:
1010:
988:
925:
897:
870:
866:
717:
Products of the other VirB genes are used to transfer the subunits across the
683:
486:
404:
358:
3456:
2615:
2558:
2458:
2384:
2324:
2202:
2084:
2010:-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool"
1969:
1902:
1642:
1544:
1521:
1455:
995:
has been a useful device in the study of plant chloroplast function and as a
3490:
3114:
2982:
2964:
2952:
2929:
2915:
2906:
2550:
2450:
2376:
1025:
1021:
929:
850:
824:
725:
studies provide evidence that VirB6, VirB7, VirB8, VirB9 and VirB10 may all
547:
408:
331:
285:
3355:
3320:
3214:
2891:
2824:
2805:
2713:
2623:
2466:
2392:
2332:
2297:
Escobar MA, Civerolo EL, Polito VS, Pinney KA, Dandekar AM (January 2003).
2283:
2220:
2045:
1987:
1960:
1920:
1863:
1808:
1717:
1506:
1497:
1470:
1447:
1416:
1330:
1312:
1276:
1267:
1240:
885:, but not for most other organisms. The specific type of opine produced by
853:
are also expressed. This stimulates cell proliferation and gall formation.
3482:
3406:
2678:
Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983).
2566:
2102:
1604:
17:
3650:
3596:
3450:
3236:
Dillen W, De Clereq J, Kapila J, Van
Montagu ZM, Angenon G (1997-12-01).
2664:
1650:
1239:
Velazquez E, Flores-Felix JD, Sanchez-Juanes F, Igual JM, Peix A (2020).
1052:
1029:
905:
890:
671:
626:
470:
400:
339:
76:
1321:
3698:
3685:
3680:
3508:
3382:
2759:
921:
862:
585:
378:
354:
277:
3711:
3521:
3086:
2494:
cointegrates with the Ti plasmid and cooperates for opine degradation"
878:
874:
730:
699:
550:
536:
517:
431:
342:
and do not benefit the plant. The wide variety of plants affected by
328:
297:
273:
3427:
2750:
2731:
1382:
786:
Vir genes cut out T-DNA and form nucleoprotein complex ("T-complex")
690:
uses a type IV secretion mechanism, involving the production of a T-
3495:
2525:
Berg P, Baltimore D, Brenner S, Roblin RO, Singer MF (1975-06-06).
1531:
International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy
3187:"Nematodes as vectors to introduce Agrobacterium into plant roots"
2597:
2582:
Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation
1153:
1070:
943:
845:
744:
691:
3609:
1436:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1301:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
3367:
strain producing an agrocin active against biotype 3 Pathogen".
2061:"Two-way chemical signaling in Agrobacterium-plant interactions"
1194:
881:
are a class of chemicals that serve as a source of nitrogen for
841:
726:
474:
412:
254:(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 (Approved Lists 1980)
3431:
3424: — as sequenced by Cereon Genomics/University of Richmond
289:
2488:
Vaudequin-Dransart V, Petit A, Chilton WS, Dessaux Y (1998).
1475:(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 has priority over
288:. Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small segment of
2116:
Barate PL, Kumar RR, Waghmare SG, Pawar KR, Tabe RH (2018).
430:- exchange of plasmids amongst bacteria. In the presence of
415:
necessary to transfer it to the plant cell. Many strains of
698:
event activates the expression of 11 genes within the VirB
694:. When acetosyringone and other substances are detected, a
2236:"A Guide to T-DNA Binary Vectors in Plant Transformation"
1223:"At plasmid" or "pAt" when talking about related plasmids
844:
formation, the T-DNA encodes genes for the production of
539:. The ChvE protein regulates the second mechanism of the
165:(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 (Approved Lists 1980)
3332:
VirE2 gets the VIP1 treatment in plant nuclear import".
2838:
Demanèche S, Kay E, Gourbière F, Simonet P (June 2001).
1130:, but later reclassified) which is a species related to
702:
which are responsible for the formation of the T-pilus.
442:-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC8HSL) or the
334:. Unlike the nitrogen-fixing symbionts, tumor-producing
1430:
Delamuta JR, Scherer AJ, Ribeiro RA, Hungria M (2020).
346:
makes it of great concern to the agriculture industry.
1469:
Tindall BJ, et al. (Judicial Commission) (2014).
481:
that accumulate in the rhizosphere around roots. Some
3363:
Webster J, Thomson J (1988). "Genetic Analysis of an
2641:. Basic Life Sciences. Vol. 9. pp. 159–79.
2130:
International Journal of Advanced Biological Research
3185:
Karimi M, Van Montagu M, Gheysen G (November 2000).
792:
T-DNA enters into plant nucleus through nuclear pore
489:
move towards chemical exudates from plants, such as
3640:
3440:
2527:"Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules"
1672:Moore LW, Chilton WS, Canfield ML (January 1997).
1241:"Strain ATCC 4720 is the authentic type strain of
3328:Ward DV, Zupan JR, Zambryski PC (January 2002). "
2996:Bilderback T, Bir RE, Ranney TG (June 30, 2014).
2905:Schroth MN, Weinhold AR, Mccain AH (March 1971).
1040:an important topic of medical research, as well.
932:, and pAtC58, once dubbed the "cryptic" plasmid.
1559:Sawada H, Ieki H, Oyaizu H, Matsumoto S (1993).
900:, pTi-SAKURA and pTiC58, were fully sequenced. "
789:T-complex enters plant cytoplasm through T-pilus
438:produces a diffusible conjugation signal called
3293:Lai EM, Kado CI (August 2000). "The T-pilus of
3103:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1940:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
975:discovered the gene transfer mechanism between
1245:, which is not a later heterotypic synonym of
3156:"Crown Gall – A Growing Concern in Vineyards"
3054:"Taxonomy browser (Rhizobium rhizogenes K84)"
1358:National Center for Biotechnology Information
1020:inserts materials into the host cell is by a
8:
1522:"Proposal for rejection of the generic name
1024:which is very similar to mechanisms used by
300:. Plant genomes can be engineered by use of
1376:
1374:
920:C58 consists of a circular chromosome, two
865:that cause the plant to create specialized
411:long, which contains the T-DNA and all the
3428:
2998:"Grafting and Budding Nursery Crop Plants"
2344:
2342:
2015:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1999:
1997:
42:
31:
3259:
3204:
2928:
2881:
2814:
2804:
2775:"Genetic transformation of HeLa cells by
2749:
2703:
2639:Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation
2509:
2440:
2314:
2210:
2092:
2035:
1977:
1959:
1910:
1853:
1798:
1707:
1594:
1543:
1496:
1320:
1266:
705:The pro-pilin is formed first. This is a
580:After production of cellulose fibrils, a
1822:Gordon JE, Christie PJ (December 2014).
1756:
1754:
737:of the subunits would also be required.
306:for the delivery of sequences hosted in
2412:
2410:
1565:and revised descriptions for the genus
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1231:
1207:
606:Possible plant compounds that initiate
3789:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases
2853:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1679:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1344:
1342:
1340:
861:The T-DNA contains genes for encoding
783:VirG causes transcription of Vir genes
3130:"Bacterial Crown Gall of Fruit Crops"
2942:
2940:
2725:
2723:
2164:
2162:
991:gene to produce glowing plants. This
741:Transfer of T-DNA into the plant cell
229:(Smith and Townsend 1900) Lieske 1928
209:(Smith and Townsend 1907) Duggar 1909
7:
3761:2feca61f-e566-4f49-9d61-93d66a15f16e
3584:6e52f4ce-0a9a-4b88-a231-1b5652e4782d
2498:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
1934:Zhang HB, Wang LH, Zhang LH (2002).
1846:10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0010-2013
1761:Morton ER, Fuqua C (February 2012).
1381:Smith EF, Townsend CO (April 1907).
532:, inducing the transcription of the
3261:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12061459.x
2118:"Effect of different parameters on
1383:"A Plant-Tumor of Bacterial Origin"
1005:by dipping flowers into a broth of
999:. It is also possible to transform
869:derivatives which the bacteria can
454:of genes required for conjugation.
27:Bacterium, genetic engineering tool
3242:-mediated gene transfer to plants"
3162:. October 19, 2017. Archived from
2696:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x
1158:Crown gall of sunflower caused by
729:components of the transporter. An
473:that allow it to swim through the
54:attaching itself to a carrot cell
25:
3136:. Ohio State University Extension
3028:University of Minnesota Extension
1772:Current Protocols in Microbiology
1116:live in the soil for many years.
904:" C58, the first fully sequenced
217:(Smith and Townsend 1907) Bergey
3405:
3206:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2000.00043.x
2732:"Glow in the dark biotechnology"
2316:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00148.x
2276:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00808.x
1781:10.1002/9780471729259.mc03d01s24
516:genes. The VirA protein has auto
450:TraR, positively regulating the
446:autoinducer. This activates the
63:
3002:NC State Extension Publications
2874:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2617-2621.2001
2022:(1): 16–37, table of contents.
1895:10.1128/jb.184.4.1121-1131.2002
1084:overwinters in infested soils.
819:to transfer the T-DNA into the
3370:Molecular and General Genetics
3238:"The effect of temperature on
1049:Natural genetic transformation
1044:Natural genetic transformation
1:
3348:10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02175-6
3313:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01802-3
1700:10.1128/AEM.63.1.201-207.1997
1106:Crown gall disease caused by
1028:to insert materials (usually
963:have been vastly explored in
2647:10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12
2028:10.1128/mmbr.67.1.16-37.2003
1635:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90043-5
1009:: the seed produced will be
813:Nuclear localization signals
617:and other phenolic compounds
2840:"Natural transformation of
2122:mediated transformation in
1877:Oger P, Farrand SK (2002).
1763:"Laboratory maintenance of
1561:"Proposal for rejection of
1126:(formerly classified under
403:, the bacterium contains a
3820:
3799:Bacteria described in 1907
3286:BIOS Scientific Publishers
2511:10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.7.583
2195:10.1038/s41467-023-36349-8
2077:10.1128/mr.56.1.12-31.1992
1471:"Judicial Opinion No. 94:
1409:10.1126/science.25.643.671
795:T-DNA achieves integration
3738:agrobacterium-radiobacter
3672:Agrobacterium radiobacter
3642:Agrobacterium radiobacter
3620:agrobacterium-tumefaciens
3561:agrobacterium-tumefaciens
3472:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3442:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3412:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3365:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3295:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3282:Molecular Plant Pathology
3240:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
3192:Molecular Plant Pathology
3128:Ellis MA (Apr 15, 2016).
2909:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2846:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2492:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2351:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2303:Molecular Plant Pathology
1737:Missouri Botanical Garden
1596:10.1099/00207713-43-4-694
1571:Agrobacterium radiobacter
1563:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1484:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
1477:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1473:Agrobacterium radiobacter
1352:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1254:Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
1247:Agrobacterium radiobacter
1243:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1108:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1096:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1082:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
682:To transfer T-DNA into a
528:Ti plasmid gene. It is a
463:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
385:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
353:is a serious pathogen of
314:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
276:) in over 140 species of
265:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
251:Agrobacterium radiobacter
189:
182:
177:
170:
159:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
155:
148:
60:Scientific classification
58:
52:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
50:
41:
36:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
34:
3794:Bacterial grape diseases
3074:Functional Plant Biology
3022:Koetter R, Grabowski M.
2907:"Biology and Control of
2590:National Academies Press
2490:"The cryptic plasmid of
2004:Gelvin SB (March 2003).
1575:Agrobacterium rhizogenes
1545:10.1099/00207713-15-1-43
1142:. Thus, in the 1990s, a
1057:homologous recombination
1022:type IV secretion system
780:VirA phosphorylates VirG
755:Agrobacterium chromosome
678:Formation of the T-pilus
597:-mediated transformation
407:(Ti plasmid or pTi) 200
241:Agrobacterium fabacearum
3335:Trends in Plant Science
3115:10.1073/pnas.0602965103
2965:10.1016/C2009-0-02037-6
2957:Elsevier Academic Press
2930:10.3733/hilg.v40n15p537
2842:Pseudomonas fluorescens
2592:. pp. xxiii, 263.
2551:10.1126/science.1056638
2451:10.1126/science.1066804
2377:10.1126/science.1066803
2065:Microbiological Reviews
1883:Journal of Bacteriology
1775:. Chapter 1: Unit3D.1.
1016:The mechanism by which
916:in 2001. The genome of
889:C58 infected plants is
610:to infect plant cells:
405:tumour-inducing plasmid
268:is the causal agent of
206:Pseudomonas tumefaciens
201:Smith and Townsend 1907
3784:Gram-negative bacteria
3300:Trends in Microbiology
2806:10.1073/pnas.041327598
1961:10.1073/pnas.022056699
1498:10.1099/ijs.0.069203-0
1448:10.1099/ijsem.0.004278
1313:10.1099/ijsem.0.005708
1268:10.1099/ijsem.0.004443
1162:
1078:
952:
799:
419:do not contain a pTi.
280:. It is a rod-shaped,
214:Phytomonas tumefaciens
2175:Nature Communications
2148:US patent 6483013
1833:Microbiology Spectrum
1157:
1074:
950:plant tissue cultures
947:
940:Biotechnological uses
748:
642:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
622:Hydroxyacetosyringone
428:bacterial conjugation
324:, which includes the
226:Polymonas tumefaciens
198:Bacterium tumefaciens
3420:Agrobacterium fabrum
3414:at Wikimedia Commons
3280:Dickinson M (2003).
3160:Penn State Extension
3058:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1582:Int J Syst Bacteriol
1520:Buchanan RE (1965).
1491:(Pt 10): 3590–3592.
1123:Rhizobium rhizogenes
1002:Arabidopsis thaliana
985:T-DNA binary vectors
817:nuclear pore complex
530:transcription factor
448:transcription factor
318:Alphaproteobacterium
308:T-DNA binary vectors
235:Heterotypic synonyms
3166:on October 20, 2017
3034:on October 16, 2017
2866:2001ApEnM..67.2617D
2797:2001PNAS...98.1871K
2543:1975Sci...188..991B
2433:2001Sci...294.2317W
2369:2001Sci...294.2323G
2363:(5550): 2323–2328.
2187:2023NatCo..14..666B
1952:2002PNAS...99.4638Z
1692:1997ApEnM..63..201M
1401:1907Sci....25..671S
1350:"Taxonomy browser (
981:genetic engineering
957:Asilomar Conference
696:signal transduction
647:Protocatechuic acid
244:Delamuta et al 2020
141:A. tumefaciens
97:Alphaproteobacteria
3383:10.1007/BF00340192
2947:Agrios GN (2005).
2059:Winans SC (1992).
1163:
1102:Disease management
1079:
953:
896:Two nopaline type
831:Genes in the T-DNA
800:
764:Plant mitochondria
752:Agrobacterium cell
272:(the formation of
270:crown gall disease
192:Homotypic synonyms
3771:
3770:
3434:Taxon identifiers
3422:" C58 Genome Page
3410:Media related to
3247:The Plant Journal
3109:(23): 8846–8851.
3087:10.1071/pp9910571
2656:978-1-4684-0882-9
2607:978-0-309-06930-4
2537:(4192): 991–994.
2427:(5550): 2317–23.
2263:The Plant Journal
767:Plant chloroplast
582:calcium-dependent
458:Infection methods
426:occur to promote
261:
260:
255:
245:
230:
222:
210:
202:
16:(Redirected from
3811:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3429:
3409:
3394:
3359:
3324:
3289:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3254:(6): 1459–1463.
3233:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3030:. Archived from
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2951:(5th ed.).
2944:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2684:The EMBO Journal
2675:
2669:
2668:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2586:Washington, D.C.
2577:
2571:
2570:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2444:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2318:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1963:
1946:(7): 4638–4643.
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1889:(4): 1121–1131.
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1442:(7): 4233–4244.
1427:
1421:
1420:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1261:(9): 5172–5176.
1236:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
969:Marc Van Montagu
777:VirA recognition
735:active transport
723:Yeast two-hybrid
479:photoassimilates
253:
243:
228:
216:
208:
200:
161:
107:Hyphomicrobiales
68:
67:
46:
32:
21:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3592:Observation.org
3590:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3436:
3402:
3397:
3362:
3327:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3273:Further reading
3270:
3269:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2975:
2949:Plant pathology
2946:
2945:
2938:
2923:(15): 537–552.
2904:
2903:
2899:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2751:10.2307/1310781
2744:(11): 745–747.
2730:Root M (1988).
2729:
2728:
2721:
2690:(12): 2143–50.
2677:
2676:
2672:
2657:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2608:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1791:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1190:
1152:
1144:deletion mutant
1104:
1069:
1046:
942:
924:, and a linear
859:
838:
833:
798:
773:
743:
719:plasma membrane
680:
657:Resorcylic acid
652:Pyrogallic acid
584:outer membrane
487:chemotactically
460:
397:
326:nitrogen-fixing
166:
163:
157:
144:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3742:
3729:
3716:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3662:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3500:
3487:
3477:
3462:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3401:
3400:External links
3398:
3396:
3395:
3377:(1): 142–147.
3360:
3325:
3290:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3228:
3177:
3147:
3120:
3092:
3081:(5): 571–579.
3063:
3045:
3014:
2988:
2973:
2936:
2897:
2860:(6): 2617–21.
2830:
2765:
2719:
2670:
2655:
2629:
2606:
2572:
2517:
2504:(7): 583–591.
2480:
2406:
2338:
2289:
2252:
2226:
2158:
2139:
2108:
2051:
1993:
1926:
1869:
1814:
1790:978-0471729259
1789:
1750:
1723:
1664:
1629:(2): 263–271.
1610:
1589:(4): 694–702.
1551:
1512:
1461:
1422:
1395:(643): 671–3.
1370:
1336:
1282:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1181:A. tumefaciens
1172:A. tumefaciens
1160:A. tumefaciens
1151:
1148:
1136:A. tumefaciens
1132:A. tumefaciens
1128:A. radiobacter
1103:
1100:
1068:
1065:
1061:A. tumefaciens
1045:
1042:
1034:quorum sensing
941:
938:
918:A. tumefaciens
887:A. tumefaciens
883:A. tumefaciens
858:
855:
837:
834:
832:
829:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
742:
739:
688:A. tumefaciens
679:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
662:Sinapinic acid
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
615:Acetosyringone
522:phosphorylates
491:acetosyringone
467:A. tumefaciens
459:
456:
436:A. tumefaciens
417:A. tumefaciens
396:
393:
389:A. tumefaciens
351:A. tumefaciens
349:Economically,
320:of the family
259:
258:
248:
247:
232:
231:
223:
211:
203:
187:
186:
180:
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132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
87:Pseudomonadota
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3816:
3805:
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3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
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3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
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3606:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3330:Agrobacterium
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:9780120445653
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:(4): 1871–6.
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2777:Agrobacterium
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:10.17226/9795
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2442:10.1.1.7.9501
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:Agrobacterium
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2008:Agrobacterium
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1826:Agrobacterium
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1765:Agrobacterium
1757:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:"Crown Galls"
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Agrobacterium
1564:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Agrobacterium
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:Agrobacterium
1087:
1086:Agrobacterium
1083:
1077:
1076:Disease cycle
1073:
1067:Disease cycle
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:Agrobacterium
1036:. This makes
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:Agrobacterium
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:Agrobacterium
1004:
1003:
998:
997:reporter gene
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Agrobacterium
974:
970:
966:
965:biotechnology
962:
961:Agrobacterium
958:
951:
946:
939:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
847:
843:
835:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
806:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
770:Plant nucleus
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
747:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
677:
673:
670:
668:
667:Syringic acid
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
619:
616:
613:
612:
611:
609:
608:Agrobacterium
604:
602:
598:
596:
595:Agrobacterium
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
544:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:activity: it
519:
515:
512:induce other
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
455:
453:
452:transcription
449:
445:
444:Agrobacterium
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:Agrobacterium
341:
337:
336:Agrobacterium
333:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
304:
303:Agrobacterium
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Gram-negative
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
257:
252:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
227:
224:
220:
215:
212:
207:
204:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
162:
160:
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:Agrobacterium
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3804:Rhizobiaceae
3641:
3441:
3419:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3307:(8): 361–9.
3304:
3298:
3294:
3281:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3199:(6): 383–7.
3196:
3190:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3133:
3123:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3024:"Crown gall"
3017:
3007:December 12,
3005:. Retrieved
3001:
2991:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2741:
2735:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2638:
2632:
2581:
2575:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2424:
2418:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2309:(1): 57–65.
2306:
2302:
2292:
2270:(1): 11–28.
2267:
2261:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2229:
2178:
2174:
2142:
2136:(1): 99–105.
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2071:(1): 12–31.
2068:
2064:
2054:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1837:
1831:
1828:Ti Plasmids"
1825:
1817:
1770:
1764:
1741:. Retrieved
1735:
1726:
1686:(1): 201–7.
1683:
1677:
1667:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1538:(1): 43–44.
1535:
1529:
1526:Lieske 1928"
1523:
1515:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1392:
1386:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1351:
1322:10261/295959
1304:
1300:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1219:
1210:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:Agrobacteria
1166:
1164:
1159:
1140:Agrobacteria
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:Agrobacteria
1112:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1047:
1037:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1000:
993:luminescence
976:
960:
954:
948:Transformed
934:
917:
913:
909:
901:
895:
886:
882:
860:
839:
810:
801:
716:
711:peptide bond
704:
687:
681:
632:Ferulic acid
607:
605:
600:
594:
579:
575:
566:
562:
558:
554:
545:
540:
533:
525:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:At least 25
499:
495:VirA protein
466:
462:
461:
443:
439:
435:
421:
416:
398:
388:
384:
383:
375:horse radish
363:stone fruits
350:
348:
343:
338:species are
335:
322:Rhizobiaceae
313:
312:
301:
269:
264:
263:
262:
250:
249:
240:
234:
233:
225:
218:
213:
205:
197:
191:
190:
158:
156:
140:
139:
127:
117:Rhizobiaceae
51:
35:
29:
3707:iNaturalist
3666:Wikispecies
3517:iNaturalist
3466:Wikispecies
3170:October 20,
3140:October 20,
3038:October 15,
2234:Kroemer T.
2124:Glycine max
1743:December 2,
1150:Environment
973:Jeff Schell
898:Ti plasmids
707:polypeptide
637:Gallic acid
601:Glycine max
571:microcolony
424:rhizosphere
395:Conjugation
371:sugar beets
359:grape vines
172:Type strain
3778:Categories
3342:(1): 1–3.
2737:BioScience
2245:January 9,
2181:(1): 666.
1202:References
1011:transgenic
989:luciferase
926:chromosome
871:metabolize
867:amino acid
851:cytokinins
761:Plant cell
684:plant cell
590:Homologues
340:pathogenic
292:(known as
178:ATCC 4720
18:Crown Gall
3657:Q21235902
2953:Amsterdam
2916:Hilgardia
2616:894124744
2559:0036-8075
2459:0036-8075
2437:CiteSeerX
2385:0036-8075
2325:1464-6722
2203:2041-1723
2085:0146-0749
1970:0027-8424
1903:0021-9193
1643:0092-8674
1524:Polymonas
1456:1466-5034
1363:7 January
1026:pathogens
930:virulence
912:and Wood
902:A. fabrum
873:, called
840:To cause
825:chromatin
808:process.
548:cellulose
332:symbionts
286:bacterium
135:Species:
3651:Wikidata
3535:10032681
3480:BioLib:
3451:Wikidata
3356:11804814
3321:10920395
3223:35932276
3215:20572986
3134:Ohioline
2983:55488155
2892:11375171
2848:in soil"
2825:11172043
2714:16453482
2624:25032472
2467:11743193
2401:86255214
2393:11743194
2333:20569363
2284:10929098
2221:36750723
2046:12626681
1988:11930013
1921:11807073
1864:25593788
1809:22307549
1718:16535484
1569:and for
1507:25288664
1417:17746161
1331:36748499
1277:32915125
1188:See also
1053:bacteria
1030:proteins
922:plasmids
906:pathovar
891:nopaline
836:Hormones
733:for the
672:Vanillin
627:Catechol
477:towards
471:flagella
401:virulent
278:eudicots
246:(by ANI)
184:Synonyms
113:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Bacteria
73:Domain:
3699:3220735
3681:BacDive
3630:5337471
3610:1501465
3509:3220726
3457:Q131472
2862:Bibcode
2793:Bibcode
2760:1310781
2567:1056638
2539:Bibcode
2531:Science
2475:2761564
2429:Bibcode
2420:Science
2365:Bibcode
2356:Science
2240:GoldBio
2212:9905601
2183:Bibcode
2103:1579105
1948:Bibcode
1855:4292801
1800:3350319
1709:1389099
1688:Bibcode
1659:7533482
1605:8240952
1397:Bibcode
1388:Science
863:enzymes
821:nucleus
586:protein
551:fibrils
537:operons
483:strains
379:rhubarb
369:trees,
355:walnuts
274:tumours
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
3758:NZOR:
3725:967925
3712:975247
3627:uBio:
3581:NZOR:
3548:967928
3522:485613
3496:AGRBTU
3483:645737
3391:180063
3389:
3354:
3319:
3221:
3213:
2981:
2971:
2890:
2880:
2823:
2813:
2758:
2712:
2705:555426
2702:
2665:336023
2663:
2653:
2622:
2614:
2604:
2565:
2557:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2439:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2353:C58".
2331:
2323:
2282:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2154:
2101:
2094:372852
2091:
2083:
2044:
2037:150518
2034:
1986:
1979:123700
1976:
1968:
1919:
1912:134798
1909:
1901:
1862:
1852:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1716:
1706:
1657:
1651:890735
1649:
1641:
1603:
1505:
1454:
1415:
1329:
1307:(12).
1275:
914:et al.
910:et al.
879:Opines
875:opines
857:Opines
731:ATPase
727:encode
700:operon
620:alpha-
565:, and
518:kinase
432:opines
399:To be
377:, and
329:legume
316:is an
298:genome
221:. 1923
3686:13580
3617:PPE:
3597:21020
3530:IRMNG
3387:S2CID
3219:S2CID
2883:92915
2816:29349
2756:JSTOR
2471:S2CID
2397:S2CID
1840:(6).
1824:"The
1655:S2CID
846:auxin
805:motif
692:pilus
413:genes
294:T-DNA
284:soil
219:et al
3746:NCBI
3733:LPSN
3720:ITIS
3694:GBIF
3605:OBIS
3569:NCBI
3556:LPSN
3543:ITIS
3504:GBIF
3491:EPPO
3352:PMID
3317:PMID
3211:PMID
3172:2017
3142:2017
3040:2017
3009:2017
2979:OCLC
2969:ISBN
2888:PMID
2844:and
2821:PMID
2710:PMID
2661:PMID
2651:ISBN
2620:PMID
2612:OCLC
2602:ISBN
2563:PMID
2555:ISSN
2463:PMID
2455:ISSN
2389:PMID
2381:ISSN
2329:PMID
2321:ISSN
2280:PMID
2247:2024
2217:PMID
2199:ISSN
2099:PMID
2081:ISSN
2042:PMID
1984:PMID
1966:ISSN
1917:PMID
1899:ISSN
1860:PMID
1805:PMID
1785:ISBN
1745:2019
1714:PMID
1647:PMID
1639:ISSN
1622:Cell
1601:PMID
1573:and
1503:PMID
1452:ISSN
1413:PMID
1365:2024
1327:PMID
1273:PMID
1195:suhB
971:and
955:The
842:gall
563:pscA
559:chvB
555:chvA
526:virG
510:chvE
508:and
506:virA
485:may
475:soil
469:has
3751:362
3574:358
3379:doi
3375:214
3344:doi
3309:doi
3297:".
3256:doi
3201:doi
3111:doi
3107:103
3083:doi
2961:doi
2925:doi
2878:PMC
2870:doi
2811:PMC
2801:doi
2746:doi
2700:PMC
2692:doi
2643:doi
2594:doi
2547:doi
2535:188
2506:doi
2447:doi
2425:294
2373:doi
2361:294
2311:doi
2272:doi
2207:PMC
2191:doi
2089:PMC
2073:doi
2032:PMC
2024:doi
1974:PMC
1956:doi
1907:PMC
1891:doi
1887:184
1850:PMC
1842:doi
1795:PMC
1777:doi
1704:PMC
1696:doi
1631:doi
1591:doi
1540:doi
1493:doi
1444:doi
1405:doi
1317:hdl
1309:doi
1263:doi
1051:in
603:).
567:att
541:vir
534:vir
514:vir
502:vir
409:kbp
367:nut
290:DNA
3780::
3748::
3735::
3722::
3709::
3696::
3683::
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