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pastoralists were abolished. Selection before survey was permitted in some cases. Agricultural Farms and
Grazing Farms were defined as the forms of land selection. Up to 1,280 acres (520 ha; 5.2 km) could be selected as an Agricultural Farm and purchased (freeholded) after five years and the fulfillment of the residence requirements and investment in improvements. Up to 20,000 acres (8,100 ha; 81 km) could be selected as a Grazing Farm and held under lease for 30 years. Rents were varied over time after assessment of the selection. The larger areas allowable were due to the land being much further from settled areas and towns and because the land type was likely to be less fertile and watered. The Land Board was formed and became active in determining the annual rents and determination of lands for selection. The powers of the Land Board in respect of selections were declaration of agricultural areas on resumed runs and assess rents every five years for selections.
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an inducement to immigrate to
Queensland) could be used in payment of the deposit for a selection. Having obtained access to the land, there were conditions that the selector had to meet. Typically the selector had to "improve" the land by constructing buildings, clearing timber, creating paddocks, building fences, and commencing farming of crops or animals (these conditions were often specified in great detail). The value of each improvement was also stated so that the total invested could be compared to the legislative requirement. Where a selector held several selections located close together the selector could use residence on one as proof of residence for another; however, there were usually limits to the number of selections that a selector could hold in a particular lease area.
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Government
Gazette when districts were open for selection and land agents were appointed in those districts. There were maximum areas which selectors could hold in the colony – 640 acres (260 ha) of agricultural land, 2,560 acres (1,040 ha) of first-class pastoral land, and 7,680 acres (3,110 ha) second-class pastoral land.
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was changed from time to time following the energetic efforts by both groups to alter the occupancy conditions and priority for selection, and there was tension between free selection and long leases particularly for pastoral land. Consequently, over 50 principal and amending acts covered all land legislation up to 1910.
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The major change to land selection brought by this act was that the classification of lands was abolished and land was then priced according to the demand for land in various areas of
Queensland. Block sizes were reduced. The ballot process was utilized to deal with competition. The government became
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British subject; companies could not apply. Selection was competitive. If the applicant was successful, the selector paid the first year's rent and survey fee. The selection was not capable of being mortgaged or transferred (except in the case of death of the licensee). Land orders (often received as
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The various land schemes had many different types of selections. With the opening of new settlement areas the first selections were managed by the relevant agent for that land district. If the land settlement in the new areas was rapid, a new land district was often formed e.g. Cairns – Port
Douglas;
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who desired settlement by immigrants to
Queensland and exports of agricultural produce and raw materials such as cotton and wool to Britain. No group (pastoralists or town liberals) held dominant control over land policy. Legislation was framed with the aim of a comprehensive land policy. However, it
375:. The land was approved by the Land Board (renamed Court). The Land Board reported to the Minister on the fair value of the land to the owner, demand for land in the neighborhood, suitability of the land, permanency of water, probability of selection and absence of sufficient crown land in the area.
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The bulk of the land selection in
Queensland occurred under the first six acts listed above. There were various land acts in between these dates which dealt with a variety of specialized land settlement policies and developments e.g. village settlements in country areas (very small blocks), commune
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Selectors paid annual rent to pay off the price of the land set by government. Agricultural land could be converted to freehold in three years if conditions were fulfilled and the balance of the rents was paid. Selections could not be transferred until the conditions were fulfilled and creditors
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If the
Queensland Government gave notice of resuming a pastoral lease to offer it for selection, for the following year, the pastoralist had the first option on selecting the land from their leasehold area. They were entitled to select 1 acre (0.40 ha) for each ten shillings of improvements
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Any lands in a settled district and not already under pastoral lease were available for selection as agricultural or pastoral land. Any lands in unsettled areas and not already under pastoral lease were available for selection as second class pastoral land. It was announced in the
Queensland
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This act was comprehensive and was a consolidation of previous land selection acts after obsolete provisions were repealed. The
Minister recorded that it repealed 32 acts, 34 schedules and 734 clauses, including the New South Wales acts of 1836, 1854 and 1858 except for titling provisions.
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This was a watershed act – often called the ‘Dutton Act’ after the Minister for Lands. WC Hume, surveyor and Land Commissioner on the Darling Downs, became Under Secretary for Lands in 1884. It was believed that his recommendations became the basis for the new act. Pre-emptive purchases by
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undertaken on the pastoral lease. This enabled the pastoralist to select the best parts of their pastoral lease, such as land alongside rivers and creeks and land close to railway lines, before others could select from the remainder of the pastoral lease.
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The land was considered the Queensland colony's greatest asset. The prosperity of the colony was measured according to the extent of land settlement. Rent from land leases was the colony's largest revenue earner. The initial political contest was between
215:
This act provided for selection of land in specified agricultural reserves at £1 per acre (£2.5/ha). Six months residence was mandatory and improvements including one-sixth of the area to be cultivated and fencing constructed were essential conditions.
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The government purchased land from pastoral lessees and then opened the land for selection for family agricultural farms. Many of the estates came out of large successful pastoral holdings where the owner was prepared to sell in the
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detailed the level of annual rent and the portions of land available for selection and closing date and place for applications to be received. The minimum age for a selector was 16 years and the applicant had to be a natural-born
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renamed the Land Board as the Land Court and appeals were permissible. District Land Commissioners continued to deal with applications for selection, forfeitures, rent assessments and reports of fulfillment of conditions.
63:
and selectors led by the "town liberals" who desired that immigrants have an equitable right to small land holdings (known as closer settlement). Closer settlement for agricultural purposes was promoted by the
179:
Apart from selected lands, other methods of tenure were pastoral leases or freehold land purchased through auctions either in agricultural reserves or as town lots or suburban lots (within 2 miles of a town).
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The key public servants were the land commissioners, land agents, surveyors and land inspectors. Their roles brought ordered processes and accepted administrative arrangement understood by the selectors.
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selections were to be a maximum of 2,560 acres (1,040 ha; 10.4 km). Agricultural selections taken up by members of Groups were to be a maximum of 320 acres (130 ha; 1.3 km).
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Queensland governments developed the most comprehensive land legislation and settlement program in Australia in the nineteenth century. The key legislation for land selections since 1860 were:
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Having fulfilled all conditions, the selector could apply for freehold of the selection after the payment of the final rent installment and fees for the survey and the Deed of Grant.
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The maximum area for a selection was increased to 2,560 acres (1,040 ha; 10.4 km) and Agricultural Homesteads were to be a maximum of 320 acres (130 ha; 1.3 km).
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The act dealt mainly with pastoral lease land which had been severely affected by the Federation drought. It was really a relief act to assist landholders affected by the drought.
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for those returning from war service, selectors who undertook war service would be given relief from some of their obligations. Relief was also given to selectors who experienced
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had any ownership over the land. All land in Australia became Crown land and was sold or leased by the Australian colonial governments according to the needs of the colonists.
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This act related to re-purchased estates or land opened for selection by groups. They were numerous across the state. The first legislation on the point was the
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The enveloping drought meant that much pastoral land leased under the 1869 Pastoral Leases Act was deserted, but some occupation continued in informal ways.
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in Australia began in 1860. It continued under a series of land acts in subsequent years. When Britain claimed possession of Australia, it did so based on
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Under section 40 farmers could apply for an extension of a Grazing Farm lease if the land was not required for agricultural purposes.
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Land was open to selection at the fixed price of £1 per acre (£2.5/ha) in agricultural reserves on the shores of navigable waters of
332:
A ballot system was introduced to manage competition for land and land available for selection was to be published by a schedule.
236:
The act also introduced that improvements could be taken into account in addition to cultivation on selections taken up under the
207:
Land could also be purchased at £1 per acre (£2.5/ha) for up to 640 acres (260 ha) for mining (other than for coal or gold).
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Married women were given the right to hold a Grazing Homestead in their own right, after five years of the lease had elapsed.
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Section 33 allowed a freeholder to select land adjacent to their property and not have to meet the residential requirement.
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Cardwell – Innisfail. Land was defined as agricultural, first class pastoral or second class pastoral under the
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Pastoral lessees were empowered to select Grazing Farms or Agricultural lease on their own pastoral leases.
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Criticism of the Land Board was a strong reason for the Royal Commission into Land Settlement generally.
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more rigorous on occupancy requirements. Efforts to reduce ‘dummying’ by pastoralists were unsuccessful.
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settlements (1890s), irrigation developments etc. Village settlement land files are held by the
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could be brought under the 1868 act if applied for within six months of assent to the 1868 act.
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Specific selection types were introduced for land infested by prickly pear. A specific act,
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Agricultural Farms – land within Agricultural Reserves selected under s.12 of under
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Grazing Homesteads were to be in 20,000 acres (8,100 ha; 81 km) blocks.
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Agricultural Farms selected under earlier acts were brought under the 1910 act.
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Time allocated for clearing of land and time to pay rents could be varied.
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No "pre-emptive" rights provided for under previous acts were continued.
435:"Part 1: A Brief History of land selection – Stories from the Archives"
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Pre-existing rights under the 1884 and 1897 acts were brought forward.
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Section 29 provided for ringbarking to be defined as an improvement.
697:"Part 5: Key Legislation for Land Selections since 1860, summarised"
757:
Part 5: Key Legislation for Land Selections since 1860, summarised
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139:, under which the initial land selection in the colony was done.
204:. The farms were between 40 and 320 acres (16 and 129 ha).
51:(that the land belonged to nobody) and did not acknowledge that
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Agricultural, first class pastoral and second class pastoral.
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could not obtain control of them until they were freehold.
524:"Part 2: How some land records are arranged and described"
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Part 2: How some land records are arranged and described
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This Knowledge (XXG) article was originally based on
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The act preserved all the rights under the 1884 act.
127:. Files on the communes have not survived within the
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was introduced to deal with this form of selection.
466:"Aboriginal land claims: an Australian perspective"
366:Queensland Agricultural Lands Purchase Act 1894
33:Selector's home in North Queensland, circa 1900
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568:"Part 3: What some land records may contain"
769:licence (accessed on 11 May 2020, archived
749:Part 3: What some land records may contain
329:Leases were to be for 14, 21 or 28 years.
741:Part 1: A Brief History of land selection
326:Mortgages and transfers were restricted.
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761:(2018) by Ruth Kerr published by the
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819:History of agriculture in Australia
251:Sugar and Coffee selections. (s.65)
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275:Conditional (conditional purchase)
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493:"Series ID14050, Dead Farm Files"
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445:from the original on 11 May 2020
834:Settlement schemes in Australia
321:Prickly Pear Selection Act 1901
263:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1876
256:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1860
184:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1860
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87:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1868
82:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1860
18:Crown Lands Alienation Act 1868
824:Economic history of Queensland
407:Selection (Australian history)
238:Agricultural Reserves Act 1863
220:Crown Land Alienation Act 1868
211:Agricultural Reserves Act 1863
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149:Queensland Government Gazette
601:Kerr, Ruth (24 April 2018).
566:Kerr, Ruth (17 April 2018).
522:Kerr, Ruth (10 April 2018).
695:Kerr, Ruth (3 April 2018).
433:Kerr, Ruth (3 April 2018).
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359:Closer Settlement Act 1906
272:Leased lands before survey
170:soldier settlement schemes
168:While there were specific
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603:"Part 4: Research uses"
471:High Court of Australia
146:A proclamation in the
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753:Part 4: Research uses
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303:Crown Lands Act 1897
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278:Homestead
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755:" and "
477:22 June
240:or the
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783:Part 4
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765:under
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