570:
739:
internal wall angle produce a good splash action. The force of the falling water splashes out the peridiole, uncoiling and snapping the funiculus, the cord that connects it to the fruiting body. As the peridiole continues its flight, the funiculus extends to its full length. The sticky end of the funiculus may adhere to a leaf or a twig some distance away, and the peridiole may end up being wrapped around or hanging down the object to which the funiculus is stuck. The spores can germinate when the thick outer wall of the peridiole wears away, or the peridiole may be eaten by a herbivorous animal, and ultimately passed through its
1182:
724:
55:
211:
245:
35:
795:
310:
293:
907:
1247:, which have a distinctly three-layered wall. Young species have a yellowish velvety cover of fine hairs, but this external surface becomes sloughed off and becomes smooth as the fruiting body matures; the color changes to brown, although some old weathered specimens may be bleached grey or dirty white. The inner surface of the fruiting body is smooth and shiny. The cups contain tiny pale
278:
263:
226:
1267:(non-spore producing elements interspersed between basidia). Peridioles are covered by a thin membrane of loosely woven hyphae known as a tunica; separated from the light-colored tunica, the peridioles are black. The peridioles are attached to the inner wall of the peridium by a thin, elastic cord of mycelium, a
863:
After a period of time and under the appropriate environmental conditions, the dikaryotic mycelia may enter the reproductive stage of the life cycle. Fruiting body formation is influenced by external factors such as season (which affects temperature and air humidity), nutrients and light. As fruiting
738:
Spores are dispersed when a peridiole is dislodged by raindrops or water dripping off an over-hanging leaf. The smooth inner walls of the fruiting body consistently form an angle of 70–75° with the horizontal; it has been demonstrated experimentally that the combined effect of the crucible shape and
698:
that may be differentiated into three regions: the basal piece, which attaches it to the inner wall of the peridium, the middle piece, and an upper sheath, called the purse, connected to the lower surface of the peridiole. In the purse and middle piece is a coiled thread of interwoven hyphae called
1205:
exterior surface is tan to yellow when young and whiter in age. Young specimens have a coarsely tomentose epiphragm (membranous cover) that soon disappears. The peridioles are 1–2 mm broad, tan to white in color, disc-shaped, and wrinkled when dry. This species grows on material like twigs,
1130:
and other mycologists had taken in the early 20th century, believing that the designation of new species was not justifiable due to the existence of intermediate forms in similar habitats and close proximity. In 1970–71, Brodie discovered and reported two variants that differed from
872:, each containing a single haploid nucleus. The dikaryotic mycelia from which the fruiting bodies are produced is long lasting, and will continue to produce successive generations of fruiting bodies as long as the environmental conditions are favorable.
806:
The vegetative stage encompasses those phases of the life cycle involved with the germination, spread, and survival of the mycelium. Spores germinate under suitable conditions of moisture and temperature, and grow into branching filaments called
1233:, which is covered with surface hairs. As the fruiting body matures and the fruiting body expands, the epiphragm ruptures, exposing the internal contents. The wall of the fruiting body is made of a single uniform layer of closely interwoven
581:
Young specimens have a thin layer of tissue called an epiphragm that covers the top of the peridium; it wears off at maturity to expose the peridioles within. There are usually four to six peridioles (up to 15 have been noted for
411:(1601). Over the next couple of centuries, these fungi were the subject of some controversy regarding whether the peridioles were seeds, and the mechanism by which they were dispersed in nature. For example, the French botanist
715:, the purse is a rounded knob 0.3–0.5 mm wide, attached to the underside of the peridiole. Attaching the purse directly to the wall of the peridium is a stout yellow-grey cord 0.1 mm wide and about 2.5 mm long.
819:
in each compartment; they increase in length by adding cell-wall material to a growing tip. As these tips expand and spread to produce new growing points, a network called the mycelium develops. Mycelial growth occurs by
1319:
on the outer side and smooth on the inner side, and taper to a narrow base. The peridioles range in width between 0.5 and 1.25 mm broad. Basidiospores have dimensions of 4–5 by 7–8 μm.
1009:. They are typically found growing on wood and woody debris such as stems, twigs, wood chips, old nut shells, and old matting; they are sometimes found on "dried manure cakes". Brodie notes (of
566:
that agglutinate so as to form a texture with visible filaments, a condition known as fibrillose; this outer layers of hairs typically wears off with age to leave a relatively smooth surface.
868:
upon which new basidiospores are made. Young basidia contain a pair of haploid sexually compatible nuclei which fuse, and the resulting diploid fusion nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce
1163:
in the shape and pink-color of its peridia, as well as its slightly or strongly curved spores (typically 6.5–8 x 11–17 μm). It was found growing on rotten wood and soil in
898:); after being detached from the basidia the spores migrate towards the center of the peridiole concurrently with the collapse and gelatinization of the underlying tissues.
359:
of falling drops of rain. The "eggs" inside the bird's nests (technically known as peridioles) are hard waxy shells containing spores, and tend to stick to whatever nearby
1098:, are considered inedible, as they are "not sufficiently large, fleshy, or odorous to be of interest to humans as food". However, there have not been reports of poisonous
1410:
Tulasne LR, Tulasne C (1844). "Recherches sur l'organisation et le mode de fructification des champignons de la tribu des
Nidulariées, suivies d'un essai monographique".
504:, and the species was known by this name until the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) changed the starting-point date for the naming of fungi, and
2106:
683:
or white; the white colouring is due to a persistent layer of tissue surrounding the peridioles, called a tunica. Inside the peridiole is a spore-bearing tissue (the
2556:
1303:, is characterized by its very small peridia (dimensions 1.5–3 mm wide at the mouth x 2–4 mm tall) with a color that may range from white to grey to pale
884:
were performed by the brothers
Tulasne (1844), Sachs (1855), DeBary (1866), Eidam (1877), and Walker (1920). Collectively, these early researchers determined that
2608:
2442:
482:
2530:
1229:. The fruiting bodies are usually 5–8 mm tall and almost as wide at the mouth. When young, the mouth is enclosed by a thin membrane called an
210:
2569:
787:). Like other wood-decay fungi, this life cycle may be considered as two functionally different phases: the vegetative stage for the spread of
2306:
2090:
1930:
836:. Prerequisites for mycelial survival and colonization a substrate (like rotting wood) include suitable humidity and nutrient availability.
558:). Viewed microscopically, the wall of the peridium is made of a single layer of tissue, in contrast to the three-layered peridium wall in
1201:
have peridia that are 3–7 mm in diameter x 3–8 mm tall, cup-shaped, short and cylindrical with roughly parallel side walls. The
469:. However, this naming choice was later deemed invalid by rules of fungal nomenclature; the first name validly applied to the species was
1913:
Neumann T, Schlegel B, Hoffmann P, Heinze S, Grafe U (1999). "Isolation and structure elucidation of new salfredin-type metabolites from
1225:), is roughly spherical in shape, but in maturity the base is narrowed slightly relative to the top, so that it appears like a cup, or
699:
the funicular cord, attached at one end to the peridiole and at the other end to an entangled mass of hyphae called the hapteron. In
2378:
2359:
2331:
1748:
1679:
1645:
1568:
550:-shaped. Depending on the species, the size of the peridium may range from 2–4 mm tall by 1.5–3 mm wide at the mouth (for
54:
2674:
2574:
2433:
2114:
2689:
2595:
2248:
Taslakhch'yan MG, Nanagyulyan SG (1989). "New
Ascomycete and Basidiomycete species recorded for the Armenian SSR USSR".
748:
586:) that are disc-shaped, whitish in color, and attached to the endoperidium by a strand called a funicular cord. Made of
474:
419:(1790–3), erroneously suggested that peridioles were ejected from the fruiting bodies by some sort of spring mechanism.
2684:
2465:
892:
which line the internal cavity of the peridiole. Basidia typically have 4 spores, attached by a short projection (a
2659:
1082:
is only known from
Colombia—where it was discovered growing at an elevation of nearly 7000 feet (2146 metres)— and
2613:
1952:
Matsumoto K, Nagashima K, Kamigauchi T, Kawamura Y, Yasuda Y, Ishii K, Uotani N, Sato T, Nakai H, Terui Y (1995).
1241:) roughly 0.25–0.5 mm thick; this wall structure is in contrast to species from the bird's nest fungus genus
1999:"Role of aldose reductase and oxidative damage in diabetes and the consequent potential for therapeutic options"
2679:
438:
on the bird's nest fungi. Subsequently, monographs were written in 1902 by Violet S. White (American species),
1051:; in North America it has been found from Alaska to Mexico, while South American locations include Chile and
2669:
780:
391:) are distinguished from other genera of the Nidulariaceae by their relatively simple funiculus – a cord of
177:
2694:
2664:
2395:
1146:
1019:
513:
2470:
1879:
Mali RS, Babu KN (1998). "Naturally occurring prenylated phthalides: First total synthesis of salfredin B
189:
1638:
Gasteromycetes: Morphological and
Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera
961:
was first identified in 1995, while later research confirmed the presence of additional salfredin-type
791:, and the reproductive stage for the establishment of spore-producing structures, the fruiting bodies.
493:
427:
351:
resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests. Often called "splash cups", the fruiting bodies are adapted for
133:
2623:
2491:
962:
2522:
1315:, thin-walled (150–180 μm at the lip, approximately 300 μm thick at the edge of the lip),
598:
species typically have an elliptical or roughly spherical shape, and are thick-walled, translucent (
2135:
Hallgrimsson H, Jensson E, Kristinsson H (1992). "Three new gasteromycetes discovered in
Iceland".
2082:
934:
492:
valid description of the genus in 1936. In their 1844 monograph on the
Nidulariaceae, the brothers
412:
1168:
1934:
1618:
1446:
1127:
938:
489:
439:
49:
667:, meaning "small leather pouch", the peridiole is the "egg" of the bird's nest. It is a mass of
1817:
Eidam E. (1876–7). "Keimung der Sporen und die
Entdehung der Fruchtkörper bie den Nidularien".
1255:, usually 1–2 mm in diameter. In each peridiole is a spore-producing layer of tissue, the
2631:
2561:
2478:
2374:
2355:
2327:
2302:
2086:
2055:
2020:
1979:
1744:
1675:
1641:
1564:
1025:
982:
641:
by the presence of a funiculus, a cord of hyphae attaching the peridiole to the endoperidium.
250:
747:
in the late 17th century, was tested experimentally by Martin (1927), and more thoroughly by
2636:
2230:
2170:
2074:
2047:
2010:
1969:
1926:
1892:
1859:
1610:
1488:
Cunningham GH (1924). "A revision of the New
Zealand Nidulariales, or 'bird's-nest fungi'".
1438:
1052:
970:
966:
910:
740:
443:
340:
284:
183:
34:
1071:
918:
794:
752:
569:
497:
447:
431:
404:
137:
2075:
2038:
Kyselova Z, Stefek M, Bauer V (2004). "Pharmacological prevention of diabetic cataract".
2517:
1048:
1006:
926:
849:
816:
658:
517:
372:
356:
96:
2051:
957:
five-membered ring structures; these compounds are unique to this species. Salfredin B
2653:
2447:
1214:
776:
668:
348:
336:
116:
86:
2189:
1938:
1377:
Buller AH (1942). "The splash-cups of the birds-nest fungi, liverworts and mosses".
1357:
1304:
885:
869:
812:
723:
680:
591:
590:, the funicular cord tends to wither away and disappear as the fruiting body ages.
454:
375:, and are typically found growing on decayed wood and wood debris. The three known
352:
300:
146:
2483:
1561:
Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and
Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook
1044:
2600:
2543:
2427:
986:
825:
731:
539:
535:
364:
2418:
1974:
1953:
1181:
824:
and the synthesis of hyphal biomass. When two homokaryotic hyphae of different
1286:
1264:
942:
833:
603:
602:) or light yellow-brown in color, with dimensions of 5–15 μm by 5–8
106:
2299:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide)
1931:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199912)39:5/6<357::AID-JOBM357>3.0.CO;2-8
1017:
has been found on the roots and stems of old or dead dry land plants such as
395:
that connects the peridiole (the "eggs") to the exterior of the bird's nest.
2504:
1316:
1202:
1115:
1040:
853:
694:
Peridioles are attached to the fruiting body by a funiculus, a structure of
509:
435:
66:
2059:
2024:
906:
1983:
1312:
1156:
844:, so mycelial growth in rotting wood is made possible by the secretion of
363:
they land on, thus increasing the odds of being consumed and dispersed by
360:
2582:
2457:
2412:
2015:
1998:
1256:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1164:
1099:
1067:
1002:
978:
946:
894:
841:
829:
744:
703:
species the peridioles are covered by a whitish tunica. The funiculus of
684:
587:
547:
543:
368:
268:
236:
216:
2161:, a very small new bird's nest fungus from northwestern North America".
1055:. It has also been found in Australia, Iceland, Japan, and New Zealand.
649:
by having a distinct three-layered wall and a more intricate funiculus.
2535:
1622:
1450:
1282:
1260:
1243:
1151:
1083:
1064:
954:
889:
865:
821:
788:
784:
772:
768:
688:
629:
599:
168:
2548:
637:
that may have the hairy ectoperidium worn off. It distinguished from
1958:
sp. RF-3817. I. Fermentation, isolation and structures of salfredins"
1896:
1207:
1060:
974:
857:
845:
662:
623:
392:
76:
2587:
2389:
2234:
2174:
1835:
1614:
1442:
2509:
1864:
1278:
1248:
1234:
1180:
1075:
1059:
has a primarily North American distribution, having been found in
950:
905:
808:
793:
722:
695:
672:
614:
568:
563:
344:
332:
232:
159:
880:
The initial studies on the development of the fruiting bodies in
811:, pushing out like roots into the rotting wood. These hyphae are
2279:
2393:
1285:(translucent), and smooth, with dimensions of 7–10 by 4–6
2496:
2081:. Bur Oak Guide. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p.
2077:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States
1601:
Martin GW (1927). "Basidia and spores of the Nidulariaceae".
1210:-rich vegetable debris, wood chips, old matting, or manure.
426:
was better known by the mid-19th century, when the brothers
1047:. It has been collected in most European countries and the
403:
Bird's nest fungi were first mentioned by Flemish botanist
2212:
2210:
2326:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 118.
1954:"Salfredins, new aldose reductase inhibitors produced by
1741:
Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use
1338:
Kambly PE, Lee RE (1936). "The Gasteromycetes of Iowa".
2297:
Rosanne AH, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008).
1429:
White VS (1902). "The Nidulariaceae of North America".
2280:"Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada"
864:
bodies develop they produce peridioles containing the
691:), sterile (non-reproductive) structures, and spores.
2073:
Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008).
743:. This method of spore dispersal, first suggested by
2221:
a new species of bird's nest fungus from Colombia".
1135:
sufficiently to justify naming them as new species.
860:) into simple sugars that can be used as nutrients.
617:
of the family Nidulariaceae is essentially similar,
2402:
1640:. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. p. 71.
675:tissue enclosed by a hard and waxy outer shell. In
307:
290:
275:
260:
242:
223:
204:
488:(Paris, 1791). Kambly and Lee published the first
1806:Beiträge zur Morphologie und Physiologi der Pilze
1307:, but never yellow – helping distinguish it from
613:Because the basic fruiting body structure in all
465:, an older synonym of the species known today as
1102:or other substances considered toxic to humans.
1013:) they are "never" found on soil or large logs.
802:fruiting bodies in various stages of development
577:fruiting bodies in various stages of development
554:) to 5–10 mm tall by 5–8 mm wide (for
1908:
1906:
1094:Species in the family Nidulariaceae, including
562:species. The outer surface of the peridium has
2152:
2150:
1997:Srivastava SK, Ramana KV, Bhatnagar A (2005).
1596:
1594:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1271:, which can be extended at length when moist.
1670:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996).
1563:. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. p. 224.
1554:
1552:
1340:University of Iowa Studies in Natural History
1333:
1331:
977:that has been implicated in the formation of
8:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1005:and derive their nutrients from decomposing
707:species is markedly different from those of
2188:Zhou TX, Zhao LZ, Zhao RL, Chen YH (2004).
1379:Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
1149:of this species refers to the vase-like or
1126:). This was in part due to the stance that
633:, especially older, weathered specimens of
2390:
33:
22:
2014:
1973:
1863:
1490:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
1299:This species, which is also known as the
610:are notably slightly or strongly curved.
2354:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2274:
2272:
1358:"The Nidulariaceae (MushroomExpert.Com)"
1237:(the threadlike filaments that form the
621:may be readily confused with species of
2373:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
2301:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
1327:
1159:) form of the peridia. It differs from
989:use in the treatment of this disorder.
779:that can reproduce both asexually (via
687:) that is made of spore-bearing cells (
679:, the disc-shaped peridioles are light
422:The structure and biology of the genus
1469:Lloyd CG (1906). "The Nidulariaceae".
461:described by the Tulasne brothers was
201:
2284:National General Status Working Group
1431:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
1078:; in 2004 it was collected in China.
937:chemicals called salfredins that are
921:of the compound was achieved in 1998.
775:stages, is typical of the species of
486:Histoire des Champignons de la France
7:
2624:57a313cf-5402-40c1-813b-2b139e7a1af2
1743:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 10–11.
1674:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 545.
1259:. This layer is largely composed of
1251:or white "eggs," technically termed
1263:(spore-producing cells) mixed with
985:. The salfredin compounds may have
828:fuse with one another, they form a
446:in 1924 (New Zealand species), and
367:animals. Members of this genus are
2324:Mushrooms of Western North America
14:
2040:Journal of Diabetes Complications
1782:Sachs J. (1855). "Morphologie d.
1035:, the most well-known species of
477:, who had based his species upon
1118:, containing the single species
949:, molecules that contain cyclic
371:, obtaining nutrients from dead
308:
291:
276:
261:
243:
224:
209:
53:
1412:Annales des Sciences Naturelles
2250:Biologicheskii Zhurnal Armenii
2190:"Bird's nest fungi from China"
1185:Close-up of the peridioles of
997:Like other bird's nest fungi,
1:
2052:10.1016/S1056-8727(03)00009-6
1919:Journal of Basic Microbiology
1636:Miller HR, Miller OK (1988).
1885:Journal of Chemical Research
888:are produced on club-shaped
832:mycelia in a process called
663:
271:attachment is not applicable
1559:Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990).
826:mating compatibility groups
783:spores), or sexually (with
409:Rariorum plantarum historia
217:Mycological characteristics
2711:
2434:Crucibulum (Nidulariaceae)
2223:Canadian Journal of Botany
2163:Canadian Journal of Botany
1975:10.7164/antibiotics.48.439
1414:. 3rd series (in French).
444:Gordon Herriot Cunningham
174:
167:
152:
145:
50:Scientific classification
48:
41:
32:
25:
1917:DSM 1653 and DSM 8519".
1819:Cohn's Beiträge Biologie
1045:circumpolar distribution
993:Habitat and distribution
848:that break down complex
508:was deemed invalid. The
2322:Orr DB, Orr RT (1979).
1074:and in semi-deserts of
355:dispersal by using the
2675:Fungi of North America
2219:Crucibulum cyathiforme
2107:"Fungi of Australia -
1962:Journal of Antibiotics
1189:
1140:Crucibulum cyathiforme
1020:Juniperus horizontalis
981:in advanced stages of
965:. These compounds are
922:
815:, containing a single
803:
767:, which contains both
735:
578:
417:Traité des champignons
178:Crucibulum cyathiforme
2352:The Bird's Nest Fungi
1727:The Bird's Nest Fungi
1714:The Bird's Nest Fungi
1672:Introductory Mycology
1530:The Bird's Nest Fungi
1508:The Bird's Nest Fungi
1281:that are elliptical,
1199:white-egg bird's nest
1184:
1043:-zone species with a
909:
797:
726:
572:
2690:Fungi of New Zealand
2137:Natturufraedingurinn
2016:10.1210/er.2004-0028
1838:Cyathus fascicularis
1763:Deacon, pp. 231–234.
1471:Mycological Writings
538:to cinnamon-colored
523:, meaning "smooth".
516:is derived from the
2217:Brodie HJ (1971). "
2159:Crucibulum parvulum
2157:Brodie HJ (1970). "
1794:: 833–845, 849–861.
1739:Schmidt O. (2006).
1716:, pp. 88–89, 96–97.
1294:Crucibulum parvulum
1080:C. cyathiforme
902:Bioactive compounds
653:Peridiole structure
645:differs from genus
608:C. cyathiforme
546:, that are cup- or
534:species have light
413:Jean-Jacques Paulet
389:C. cyathiforme
190:Crucibulum parvulum
2685:Fungi of Australia
2369:Deacon J. (2005).
2350:Brodie HJ (1975).
1846:Crucibulum vulgare
1834:Walker LB (1920).
1804:DeBary A. (1866).
1788:Botanische Zeitung
1784:Crucibulum vulgare
1772:Deacon, pp. 31–32.
1311:. The peridia are
1301:scanty bird's nest
1221:(technically, the
1190:
1128:Curtis Gates Lloyd
1114:was thought to be
923:
804:
763:The life cycle of
736:
579:
502:Crucibulum vulgare
481:as it appeared in
463:Crucibulum vulgare
440:Curtis Gates Lloyd
2660:Agaricales genera
2647:
2646:
2632:Open Tree of Life
2396:Taxon identifiers
2308:978-1-58729-627-7
2229:(11): 2009–2010.
2092:978-1-58729-627-7
2003:Endocrine Reviews
1852:Botanical Gazette
983:diabetes mellitus
798:Cross section of
657:Derived from the
573:Cross section of
322:
321:
199:Species of fungus
197:
196:
141:
2702:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2601:NHMSYS0001479754
2591:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2391:
2384:
2365:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:(12): 1081–1090.
2245:
2239:
2238:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2197:Fungal Diversity
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2113:. Archived from
2109:Crucibulum laeve
2103:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1925:(5–6): 357–363.
1915:Crucibulum laeve
1910:
1901:
1900:
1897:10.1039/a707767j
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1836:"Development of
1831:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1533:
1526:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1275:Crucibulum laeve
1219:Crucibulum laeve
1194:Crucibulum laeve
1176:Crucibulum laeve
1161:Crucibulum laeve
1147:specific epithet
1124:C. vulgaris
1110:Until the 1970s
1057:C. parvulum
1053:Tierra del Fuego
1015:C. parvulum
971:aldose reductase
931:Crucibulum laeve
911:Skeletal formula
838:Crucibulum laeve
741:digestive system
666:
606:. The spores of
552:C. parvulum
514:specific epithet
479:Nidularia laevis
448:Harold J. Brodie
385:C. parvulum
312:
311:
295:
294:
280:
279:
265:
264:
247:
246:
228:
227:
213:
202:
184:Crucibulum laeve
154:Crucibulum laeve
132:
58:
57:
43:Crucibulum laeve
37:
23:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2680:Fungi of Europe
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2398:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2266:Brodie, p. 119.
2265:
2261:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:10.1139/b71-281
2216:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:10.1139/b70-116
2156:
2155:
2148:
2143:(3–4): 219–227.
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:Brodie, p. 129.
1693:
1689:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1660:Brodie, p. 150.
1659:
1655:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1615:10.2307/3753710
1600:
1599:
1592:
1588:Brodie, p. 147.
1587:
1578:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1546:Brodie, p. 149.
1545:
1536:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1443:10.2307/2478721
1428:
1427:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1297:
1179:
1143:
1108:
1092:
1072:Rocky Mountains
1070:, the Canadian
995:
960:
919:total synthesis
916:
904:
878:
850:polysaccharides
761:
721:
719:Spore dispersal
655:
540:fruiting bodies
529:
498:Charles Tulasne
432:Charles Tulasne
405:Carolus Clusius
401:
349:fruiting bodies
324:
323:
309:
292:
277:
262:
255:infundibuliform
244:
225:
219:
214:
200:
187:
181:
163:
162:) Kambly (1936)
156:
131:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Inedible fungi
2667:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2618:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2452:
2439:
2424:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2371:Fungal Biology
2366:
2360:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2314:
2307:
2289:
2268:
2259:
2252:(in Russian).
2240:
2206:
2203:(17): 243–251.
2180:
2169:(5): 847–849.
2146:
2127:
2098:
2091:
2065:
2046:(2): 129–140.
2030:
2009:(3): 380–392.
1989:
1968:(6): 439–446.
1944:
1902:
1880:
1871:
1865:10.1086/332706
1826:
1810:
1797:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1703:Brodie, p. 86.
1696:
1687:
1680:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1628:
1609:(5): 239–247.
1590:
1576:
1569:
1548:
1534:
1512:
1499:
1480:
1456:
1437:(5): 251–280.
1421:
1397:
1395:Brodie, p. 15.
1388:
1369:
1349:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1296:
1291:
1178:
1173:
1167:by mycologist
1142:
1137:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1088:
1049:Canary Islands
1007:organic matter
994:
991:
958:
927:liquid culture
914:
913:of salfredin B
903:
900:
877:
874:
760:
757:
755:in the 1940s.
720:
717:
654:
651:
528:
525:
500:used the name
457:for the genus
415:, in his work
400:
397:
373:organic matter
357:kinetic energy
320:
319:
313:
305:
304:
296:
288:
287:
281:
273:
272:
266:
258:
257:
248:
240:
239:
229:
221:
220:
215:
208:
198:
195:
194:
172:
171:
165:
164:
157:
150:
149:
143:
142:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:Agaricomycetes
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
39:
38:
30:
29:
19:
18:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2707:
2696:
2695:Fungi of Asia
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Nidulariaceae
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2380:1-4051-3066-0
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2361:0-8020-5307-6
2357:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2333:0-520-03656-5
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2117:on 2008-08-21
2116:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1891:(6): 292–93.
1890:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1750:3-540-32138-1
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1729:, pp. 93–100.
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1681:0-471-52229-5
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1647:0-916422-74-7
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:0-412-36970-2
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:(4): 121–185.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:fruiting body
1213:The immature
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1169:Gastón Guzmán
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:C. laeve
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:C. laeve
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1011:C. laeve
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
896:
891:
887:
886:basidiospores
883:
875:
873:
871:
870:basidiospores
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
814:
810:
801:
800:C. laeve
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Basidiomycota
774:
770:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
733:
730:growing on a
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:basidiospores
665:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:C. laeve
576:
575:C. laeve
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:C. laeve
553:
549:
545:
542:, known as a
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:taxonomically
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:C. laeve
468:
467:C. laeve
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:C. laeve
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Nidulariaceae
334:
330:
329:
318:
315:Edibility is
314:
306:
303:
302:
297:
289:
286:
282:
274:
270:
267:
259:
256:
252:
249:
241:
238:
235:
234:
230:
222:
218:
212:
207:
203:
193:
192:
191:
186:
185:
180:
179:
173:
170:
166:
161:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:Nidulariaceae
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Basidiomycota
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
2403:
2387:
2370:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2283:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2108:
2101:
2076:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1560:
1529:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1339:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1252:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1212:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1095:
1093:
1079:
1056:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1001:species are
998:
996:
939:structurally
930:
924:
893:
881:
879:
862:
837:
813:homokaryotic
805:
799:
764:
762:
737:
727:
712:
711:species: in
708:
704:
700:
693:
676:
656:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
622:
618:
612:
607:
595:
583:
580:
574:
559:
555:
551:
531:
530:
520:
505:
501:
485:
478:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:type species
452:
434:published a
423:
421:
416:
408:
402:
388:
384:
380:
376:
327:
326:
325:
316:
301:saprotrophic
299:
254:
231:
205:
188:
182:
176:
175:
153:
147:Type species
127:
126:
42:
26:
20:
2544:iNaturalist
2428:Wikispecies
2344:Cited texts
1858:(1): 1–24.
1842:C. striatus
1385:(5): 1–159.
1063:, southern
987:therapeutic
963:metabolites
941:related to
876:Development
732:Douglas-fir
527:Description
475:De Candolle
365:herbivorous
298:Ecology is
2654:Categories
2404:Crucibulum
2121:2009-01-04
1956:Crucibulum
1808:. Leipzig.
1363:2009-01-04
1323:References
1265:paraphyses
1253:peridioles
1249:ochraceous
1122:(formerly
1112:Crucibulum
1096:Crucibulum
1037:Crucibulum
999:Crucibulum
967:inhibitors
943:benzofuran
882:Crucibulum
834:plasmogamy
830:dikaryotic
781:vegetative
765:Crucibulum
759:Life cycle
713:Crucibulum
705:Crucibulum
701:Crucibulum
677:Crucibulum
647:Crucibulum
619:Crucibulum
596:Crucibulum
532:Crucibulum
506:C. vulgare
494:Louis René
483:Bulliard's
459:Crucibulum
428:Louis René
424:Crucibulum
377:Crucibulum
328:Crucibulum
206:Crucibulum
128:Crucibulum
107:Agaricales
83:Division:
27:Crucibulum
1824:: 221–45.
1603:Mycologia
1532:, p. 148.
1418:: 41–107.
1317:tomentose
1269:funiculus
1231:epiphragm
1203:tomentose
1116:monotypic
1100:alkaloids
1090:Edibility
1041:temperate
1029:species.
1026:Artemisia
979:cataracts
935:bioactive
933:produces
925:Grown in
854:cellulose
852:(such as
510:etymology
473:, use by
450:in 1975.
442:in 1906,
436:monograph
379:species (
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2583:MycoBank
2518:Fungorum
2455:BioLib:
2448:60015017
2443:AusFungi
2419:Q4939996
2413:Wikidata
2060:15120709
2025:15814847
1939:84363223
1725:Brodie,
1712:Brodie,
1528:Brodie,
1506:Brodie,
1496:: 55–66.
1309:C. laeve
1257:hymenium
1239:mycelium
1227:crucible
1223:peridium
1187:C. laeve
1165:Colombia
1068:Badlands
1033:C. laeve
1003:saprobic
947:chromene
895:sterigma
842:saprobic
745:John Ray
728:C. laeve
685:hymenium
664:peridion
548:crucible
544:peridium
369:saprobic
317:inedible
283:Lacks a
269:Hymenium
237:hymenium
113:Family:
63:Domain:
2562:1074063
2536:2536780
2286:. 2020.
1984:7622427
1623:3753710
1477:: 1–30.
1451:2478721
1313:obconic
1283:hyaline
1261:basidia
1244:Cyathus
1197:or the
1157:obconic
1155:-like (
1152:Cyathus
1106:Species
1084:Armenia
1065:Alberta
1039:, is a
955:lactone
890:basidia
866:basidia
846:enzymes
822:mitosis
817:nucleus
789:mycelia
785:meiosis
773:diploid
769:haploid
709:Cyathus
689:basidia
643:Cyathus
635:Cyathus
630:Cyathus
600:hyaline
588:mycelia
560:Cyathus
512:of the
399:History
361:herbage
335:in the
169:Species
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
2637:212212
2621:NZOR:
2549:133958
2510:1CRUCG
2471:586327
2377:
2358:
2330:
2305:
2089:
2058:
2023:
1982:
1937:
1844:, and
1786:Tul".
1747:
1678:
1644:
1621:
1567:
1449:
1279:spores
1235:hyphae
1208:lignin
1061:Alaska
975:enzyme
858:lignin
809:hyphae
753:Brodie
749:Buller
696:hyphae
673:glebal
639:Nidula
624:Nidula
615:genera
592:Spores
564:hyphae
393:hyphae
387:, and
347:whose
341:family
233:Glebal
140:(1844)
138:C.Tul.
136:&
2614:68774
2588:19081
2575:72652
2557:IRMNG
2523:19081
2497:21014
2458:60796
2193:(PDF)
1935:S2CID
1619:JSTOR
1447:JSTOR
1076:Idaho
973:, an
951:amide
661:word
659:Greek
594:from
521:laeve
518:Latin
353:spore
345:fungi
333:genus
331:is a
285:stipe
160:Huds.
77:Fungi
2609:NCBI
2570:ITIS
2531:GBIF
2505:EPPO
2484:3W9C
2466:BOLD
2375:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2056:PMID
2021:PMID
1980:PMID
1745:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1305:buff
1277:has
1145:The
1023:and
945:and
917:. A
856:and
771:and
751:and
734:cone
681:buff
671:and
496:and
453:The
430:and
339:, a
134:Tul.
2596:NBN
2492:EoL
2479:CoL
2231:doi
2171:doi
2083:239
2048:doi
2011:doi
1970:doi
1927:doi
1893:doi
1883:".
1860:doi
1611:doi
1439:doi
1217:of
969:of
953:or
840:is
627:or
536:tan
407:in
343:of
253:is
251:Cap
2656::
2634::
2611::
2598::
2585::
2572::
2559::
2546::
2533::
2520::
2507::
2494::
2481::
2468::
2445::
2430::
2415::
2282:.
2271:^
2254:42
2227:49
2225:.
2209:^
2201:17
2199:.
2195:.
2167:48
2165:.
2149:^
2141:61
2139:.
2085:.
2054:.
2044:18
2042:.
2019:.
2007:26
2005:.
2001:.
1978:.
1966:48
1964:.
1960:.
1933:.
1923:39
1921:.
1905:^
1887:.
1881:11
1856:70
1854:.
1850:.
1840:,
1792:13
1790:.
1617:.
1607:19
1605:.
1593:^
1579:^
1551:^
1537:^
1515:^
1494:55
1492:.
1473:.
1459:^
1445:.
1435:29
1433:.
1400:^
1383:36
1381:.
1344:17
1342:.
1330:^
1289:.
1287:μm
1171:.
1086:.
959:11
929:,
915:11
604:μm
383:,
2383:.
2364:.
2336:.
2311:.
2237:.
2233::
2177:.
2173::
2124:.
2111:"
2095:.
2062:.
2050::
2027:.
2013::
1986:.
1972::
1941:.
1929::
1899:.
1895::
1889:6
1868:.
1862::
1848:"
1822:2
1753:.
1684:.
1650:.
1625:.
1613::
1573:.
1510:.
1475:2
1453:.
1441::
1416:1
1366:.
158:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
