1885:
1757:
1699:
1865:
1621:
1609:
37:
1802:
1581:
931:
1849:
1648:
1673:
1738:
1772:
1787:
1715:
2359:
other times. This expression of their undying belief in the coming again of Jesus was united to their conviction that the cross, "the sign of the Son of Man," would appear in the eastern heavens on his return (see
Matthew 24:30). Building on that ancient custom, devout Catholics often have a home altar, shrine, or prayer corner containing a crucifix, religious pictures (icons), a Bible, holy water, lights, and flowers as a part of the essential furniture of a Christian home.
1394:
1414:
1553:
1142:, is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, also privately. The person may sit, stand, or kneel in front of the crucifix, sometimes looking at it in contemplation, or merely in front of it with head bowed or eyes closed. During the Middle Ages small crucifixes, generally hung on a wall, became normal in the personal cells or living quarters first of monks, then all clergy, followed by the homes of the
1834:
2907:
84:
1158:
716:
1569:
2987:
1920:
1597:
1146:, spreading down from the top of society as these became cheap enough for the average person to afford. Most towns had a large crucifix erected as a monument, or some other shrine at the crossroads of the town. Building on the ancient custom, many Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans hang a crucifix inside their homes and also use the crucifix as a focal point of a
1469:, Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe. In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in many churches. In contrast to the practice of the Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early
1884:
2388:
reason the sign of the cross was frequently traced on the eastern wall of places of prayer, thereby indicating the direction of prayer, but also rendering the Lord's coming a present reality in the sign which heralds it. In other words, through the cross the anticipated eschatological appearance becomes
2358:
means literally "to turn toward the east"), they painted or hung a cross on the east wall of their main room. This practice was in keeping with ancient Jewish tradition ("Look toward the east, O Jerusalem," Baruch 4:36); Christians turned in that direction when they prayed morning and evening and at
2387:
Because Christ was expected to come from the east, Christians at a very early date prayed facing that direction in order to show themselves ready for his appearing, and actually looking forward to the great event which would consummate the union with him already experienced in prayer. For the same
1223:
requires that "either on the altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the
1003:
Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the spear wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering. In the
Eastern Orthodox tradition he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of
1456:
The
Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan."
1801:
877:
that occurs on
September 14 in the Roman Catholic Church. It is paired with John 3:14–15 as the gospel reading. Taken together, these readings explain the striking front and center position of a large crucifix normally fixed above or behind a Catholic altar.
979:
that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful and somber. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in the
Western tradition, although these may be found where Western influences are strong, but are more typically icons painted on a piece of
2392:: presence. The joining of prayer with the eschatological presence of Christ, unseen to the eye but revealed in the cross, obviously underlies the widely attested practice of prostrating before the sacred wood while praying to him who hung upon it.
1620:
1485:, and their brief re-appearance in the early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared.
2726:
2190:
Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the
1508:
in
England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-leaning media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims".
1028:
period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. It was in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus' suffering and realistic details, during a process of general humanization of Christ favored by the
1756:
1672:
602:
1512:
In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in a non-confessional state.
2744:
1698:
1864:
2708:
1848:
1012:
is also generally absent in
Eastern crucifixes, since the emphasis is not on Christ's suffering, but on his triumph over sin and death. The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on the cross is a
2730:
1608:
1162:
1208:: "we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God".
1840:
1111:, and that the cross of Christ was raised directly over Adam's skull, so many crucifixes manufactured in Catholic countries still show the skull and crossbones below the corpus.
2686:
1008:. Eastern crucifixes have Jesus' two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The
910:
these were a near-universal feature of
Western churches, but they are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the
1449:
had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus. Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the
1737:
1053:. Since the Renaissance the "S"-shape is generally much less pronounced. Eastern Christian blessing crosses will often have the Crucifixion depicted on one side, and the
1580:
1072:), clothed in robes, rather than stripped as for his execution, with arms raised, appearing to rise up from the cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or an
2618:
The
Calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous. There was considerable continuity, certainly, between the Lutheran use of the crucifix and the Catholic.
592:
3067:
1103:), the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew "the place of the skull." Medieval tradition held that it was the burial-place of
1093:
746:
2851:
2576:
2169:
1647:
873:. It was promised that those sinners who looked upon the Nehushtan would be healed. The section of Numbers about the Nehushtan is one of the readings on
2027:
is the
Aramaic for 'skull'. The name appears in all of the gospels except Luke, which calls the place simply Kranion, 'the Skull', with no Aramaic. See
1771:
1763:
1236:. The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a
2712:
1714:
891:. Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. An entire painting of the
2956:
1481:
were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor,
2050:
Luchs, Alison; Distelberger, Rudolf; Verdier, Philippe; Barbour, Daphne S.; Wilson, Timothy H.; Sturman, Shelley G.; Vandiver, Pamela B. (1993).
1786:
702:
649:
3062:
2673:
2380:
2347:
2694:
3052:
3027:
624:
41:
2789:
1833:
1200:
Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services. They believe use of the crucifix is in keeping with the statement by
1895:
1527:
1477:, considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was strongly opposed to both cross and crucifix. In England, the Royal Chapels of
587:
964:
crucifix usually has an additional third crossbar, to which the feet are nailed, and which is angled upward toward the penitent thief
739:
1240:, but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church.
2844:
2665:
2611:
2545:
2467:
2289:
2096:
2065:
2354:
Long before Christians built churches for public prayer, they worshipped daily in their homes. In order to orient their prayer (to
1426:
36:
1473:
rejected the use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous.
659:
2151:
1793:
394:
930:
53:
3047:
3012:
1517:
597:
542:
1275:, a large crucifix is taken in procession to the center of the church, where it is venerated by the faithful. Sometimes the
1526:
case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the
3017:
2860:
1978:
922:
of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified".
732:
303:
257:
225:
2775:
2837:
1538:
1073:
985:
780:
on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the
2239:
1219:
began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The
915:
849:
532:
235:
2082:
1061:'s understanding of the Crucifixion and Resurrection as two intimately related aspects of the same act of salvation.
2115:
2051:
3037:
2631:
1899:
1808:
2405:
3057:
3042:
1058:
853:
629:
582:
572:
427:
267:
230:
28:
2829:
1596:
1552:
865:
Roman Catholics see the crucifix as the perfect fulfillment of that inferred by the serpent created by Moses in
3032:
2884:
2580:
2177:
1354:
1166:
697:
644:
2758:
2946:
2889:
1973:
1958:
1820:
1497:, England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a
1418:
1256:
1248:
826:
818:
707:
664:
439:
288:
83:
1466:
1294:
845:
577:
389:
272:
1541:
ruled that the presence of crucifixes in courts of law does not violate the secular nature of the state.
1020:
of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to
3022:
2203:
1568:
1318:
1054:
953:
795:
777:
527:
333:
318:
242:
131:
96:
67:
2645:
Of what use, then, were the erection in churches of so many crosses of wood and stone, silver and gold,
2174:
Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
952:
and a single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed. There may also be a short projecting
353:
2310:
2216:
2966:
1816:
1778:
1005:
892:
126:
2261:
2227:
715:
3072:
1938:
1925:
1446:
1393:
1370:
1177:
1135:
720:
679:
434:
406:
348:
293:
215:
2991:
2879:
1968:
1963:
1891:
1690:
1678:
1434:
1382:
1216:
1151:
1115:
874:
830:
459:
452:
343:
338:
323:
208:
136:
1228:
of the Lord." The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the
1413:
2971:
2895:
2669:
2661:
2607:
2541:
2463:
2376:
2343:
2285:
2092:
2061:
1498:
1462:
1366:
1189:
684:
654:
634:
567:
517:
445:
262:
121:
111:
1453:
and an inscription that stated "This is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?".
1099:
On some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha (
2961:
2277:
2028:
1953:
1450:
1225:
1201:
1185:
1089:
1081:
961:
907:
669:
562:
313:
185:
116:
972:(to the viewer's right). The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or
1933:
1686:
1664:
1522:
1470:
1442:
1362:
1331:
1131:
1009:
822:
773:
507:
416:
2906:
2803:
1334:
has stated that the crucifix is one of the most effective means of averting or opposing
2941:
1943:
1482:
1401:
1302:
1157:
1065:
1025:
997:
993:
553:
512:
492:
363:
328:
180:
101:
45:
2340:
A Prayer Book of Catholic Devotions: Praying the Seasons and Feasts of the Church Year
3006:
2951:
2155:
1903:
1824:
1682:
1458:
1430:
1298:
1205:
1046:
1013:
842:
466:
373:
170:
165:
2497:
Kramer, Heinrich and Sprenger, James (1486), Summers, Montague (translator - 1928),
984:
shaped to include the double-barred cross and perhaps the edge of Christ's hips and
2936:
2931:
1983:
1744:
1721:
1631:
1358:
1237:
1229:
1181:
1139:
1127:
965:
887:, but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus' body is normally painted on the cross, or in low
807:
803:
422:
195:
75:
2864:
1627:
1478:
1474:
1374:
1322:
1310:
1272:
1252:
1233:
1212:
939:
899:
838:
834:
799:
791:
537:
497:
482:
368:
308:
252:
2986:
2926:
1915:
1871:
1559:
1321:
on the other, the side with the Resurrection being used on Sundays and during
1264:
1244:
1220:
1147:
1030:
1017:
973:
919:
866:
814:
477:
2824:
2819:
2563:
The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600-1800
2488:
Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock n' Roll (Nemesis, 1994)
895:
including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either.
2022:
1998:
1919:
1729:
1639:
1531:
1530:. Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including
870:
639:
502:
472:
2514:
898:
Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the
17:
2426:
2137:
1948:
1875:
1855:
1705:
1397:
1339:
1328:
1260:
1197:
1193:
1173:
1169:
lying in repose in 1856. In the background, candles and a metal crucifix.
946:
The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or
487:
358:
49:
1297:. The empty cross may then remain in the centre of the church until the
2018:
1748:
1725:
1635:
1347:
1286:
1100:
1077:
1050:
935:
522:
247:
220:
44:
in Vienna, Austria. Woodcarvings by an anonymous master; polychromy by
1400:
retained the use of the crucifix; depicted is Martin Luther Church in
1357:
have used an inverted (upside-down) crucifix when showing disdain for
1993:
1812:
1587:
1505:
1378:
1343:
1335:
1306:
1290:
1268:
1016:
innovation of the late 10th century, though also found in the German
989:
969:
888:
674:
175:
2604:
Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy
1494:
1412:
1392:
1156:
1143:
1021:
929:
911:
787:
764:
190:
152:
35:
2759:"Full text of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights"
2152:"St. John's Lutheran Church of Topeka, KS, "The Altar Crucifix""
1988:
1461:
did not object to them, and this was among his differences with
1314:
1104:
1085:
992:
are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including as
981:
976:
968:(to the viewer's left) and downward toward the impenitent thief
957:
903:
2833:
1854:
Crucifixion group at Catholic parish church of St. Nikolaus in
988:, and no background. More sculptural small crucifixes in metal
856:, which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the
1108:
1045:) anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as
2776:"Summary of the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights"
1114:
Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the
2658:
Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c. 1560-1660
1134:
on the eastern wall of their house in order to indicate the
2284:, 1972 (English trans from German) Lund Humphries, London,
2790:"Peru court upholds presence of crucifix in public places"
2656:
Tyacke, Nicholas in Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael C.;
2406:"DIY Tabernacling: Holy Objects & Holy Space, at home"
2536:
Marquardt, Janet T.; Jordan, Alyce A. (14 January 2009).
2373:
Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year
1064:
Another, symbolic, depiction shows a triumphant Christ (
1033:. During the 13th century the suffering Italian model (
52:, signed 1520. This altarpiece was originally made for
2240:"Palanga Lutheran Church Beautified with New Crucifix"
2138:"Our Savior's Lutheran Church, "Sanctuary and Chapel""
2116:"New Beginnings (formerly Cade Lake Community Chapel)"
1118:
in Michigan, with a 31 feet (9.4 m) high statue.
813:
The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of
2745:"Press release of the European Court of Human Rights"
2602:
Obelkevich, James; Roper, Lyndal (5 November 2013).
1614:
Russian Orthodox crucifix, 19th - early 20th century
1138:. Prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a
881:
Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional
40:
Crucifixion of Christ at the winged triptych at the
2914:
2872:
2687:"School ban on girl wearing cross 'discriminatory'"
2538:
Medieval Art and Architecture after the Middle Ages
2204:"History of St Yeghiche Church, Kensington, London"
1493:In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in
1902:, Brazil. The cross is made of black granite from
1247:include a cross or crucifix at their head. In the
1232:, though not in the original 1570 Roman Missal of
841:. The symbol is less common in churches of other
1437:kneeling in prayer, facing the crucified Christ.
1313:will often have the crucifix on one side and an
1285:) is removable and is taken off the crucifix at
1243:Eastern Christian liturgical processions called
1039:) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one (
593:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2508:
2506:
2262:"General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 117"
2845:
2540:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71.
2333:
2331:
2086:The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship
794:, which Christians believe brought about the
740:
8:
2437:General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 308
786:(Latin for 'body'). The crucifix emphasizes
2311:"Welcome to the Worlds Largest Crucifixion"
1280:
1040:
1034:
947:
882:
857:
781:
767:
2852:
2838:
2830:
2561:Lyons, Mary Ann; O'Connor, Thomas (2010).
2110:
2108:
1338:. In folklore, it is believed to ward off
1076:encircling his body. He may be robed as a
817:, and one of the most common forms of the
747:
733:
402:
82:
62:
2242:. LCMS International Mission. 8 June 2020
1764:Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham
1704:A triumph crucifix at Naantali Church in
1251:, the crucifix is often placed above the
833:except the Armenian & Syriac Church,
2118:. Unity of the Brethren. 17 October 2014
2957:Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel
2460:Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)
2042:
2010:
1762:A crucifix overlooks a fountain at the
1548:
772:meaning '(one) fixed to a cross') is a
552:
405:
74:
2709:"Prison chapel not to have a crucifix"
2088:(Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2002)
1747:crucifix in a courtroom in Nuremberg,
3068:Objects believed to protect from evil
2282:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II
2057:(National Gallery of Art 1993), p. 15
1898:in front of an altar crucifix in the
1465:as early as 1525. At the time of the
798:. Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a
7:
2820:Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix
2633:Institutes of the Christian Religion
2458:Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca,
914:on the wall; for the celebration of
821:. It is especially important in the
790:' sacrifice, including his death by
1528:European Convention on Human Rights
588:Members Church of God International
2517:. Light of the World Prayer Center
2513:Hubbard, Jason (14 January 2019).
1325:, and the crucifix on other days.
1309:uses to bless the faithful at the
25:
2825:The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy
2565:. Four Courts Press. p. 172.
2462:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998
1841:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
1154:as they could afford to do this.
2985:
2905:
1918:
1883:
1863:
1847:
1832:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1755:
1736:
1713:
1697:
1671:
1646:
1619:
1607:
1602:Russian Orthodox crucifix, brass
1595:
1579:
1567:
1551:
714:
1794:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
2660:, Boydell & Brewer, 2000,
2060:. Cambridge University Press.
1890:Tomb with effigies of Emperor
1518:European Court of Human Rights
598:The New Church (Swedenborgian)
543:Nondenominational Christianity
1:
1979:Master of the Blue Crucifixes
1807:Altar panel of the Church of
1657:
1586:A crucifix in a church, with
56:, and came to Vienna in 1864.
3063:Lutheran liturgy and worship
2404:White, Jon (20 March 2016).
2371:Johnson, Maxwell E. (2016).
2023:
1539:Constitutional Court of Peru
1301:(local practices vary). The
1136:eastward direction of prayer
603:Unitarians and Universalists
42:Church of the Teutonic Order
3053:Crucifixion of Jesus in art
3028:Christian religious objects
2867:for protection against evil
2447:Rubricae generales Missalis
2338:Storey, William G. (2004).
1626:Orthodox crucifix with the
1427:Castle Church in Wittenberg
1057:on the other, illustrating
850:Assyrian Church of the East
3089:
2606:. Routledge. p. 548.
2081:Bradshaw, Paul F. (2002).
831:Oriental Orthodox Churches
825:, and is also used in the
26:
2980:
2903:
1130:, many Christians hung a
1059:Eastern Orthodox theology
854:Armenian Apostolic Church
54:St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
29:Crucifix (disambiguation)
2885:Chaplet of Saint Michael
2515:"Story of the Moravians"
2017:In fact this is clearly
1289:that evening during the
1263:") is placed behind the
1167:Prime Minister of Brazil
2890:Prayer to Saint Michael
2499:The Malleus Maleficarum
2055:Western Decorative Arts
1974:Jesus, King of the Jews
1959:Crucifixion in the arts
1900:Cathedral of PetrĂłpolis
1821:Lucas Cranach the Elder
1504:In 2008, a chapel in a
1257:Russian Orthodox Church
1249:Eastern Orthodox Church
875:Exaltation of the Cross
827:Eastern Orthodox Church
819:Crucifixion in the arts
2992:Catholicism portal
1537:On 24 March 2011, the
1516:On 18 March 2011, the
1438:
1409:Protestant Reformation
1405:
1295:Descent from the Cross
1293:lesson describing the
1281:
1255:in the church. In the
1170:
1150:. The wealthy erected
1069:
1041:
1035:
956:, showing the letters
948:
943:
883:
858:
782:
768:
60:Symbol of Christianity
57:
3048:Christian terminology
3013:Christian iconography
2727:"Monster and Critics"
2697:on 13 September 2012.
2427:1 Corinthians 1:23–24
2053:Rufolf Distelberger,
1827:standing on the right
1681:with the portrait of
1679:Processional crucifix
1416:
1396:
1383:crucified upside-down
1319:Resurrection of Jesus
1160:
933:
796:redemption of mankind
39:
3018:Iconography of Jesus
2967:Saint Benedict Medal
2733:on 3 September 2012.
2715:on 19 December 2008.
2479:Rite of Funerals, 38
2375:. Liturgical Press.
2315:Michigan Interactive
2140:. 13 September 2008.
2021:rather than Hebrew.
1817:Crucifixion of Jesus
1779:Canterbury Cathedral
1720:A large crucifix at
1630:on the left and the
1224:faithful the saving
1217:processional crosses
1006:Byzantine Iconoclasm
893:crucifixion of Jesus
440:Independent Catholic
27:For other uses, see
2170:"Sign of the Cross"
1939:Christian symbolism
1926:Christianity portal
1777:Pulpit crucifix at
1574:A handheld crucifix
1447:Nicolaus Zinzendorf
1371:Christian tradition
1350:, and other evils.
1259:a large crucifix ("
1152:proprietary chapels
1070:Christus triumphans
960:(Greek: INBI). The
721:Christianity portal
578:Jehovah's Witnesses
258:History of theology
2880:Holy Name of Jesus
2084:Paul F. Bradshaw,
1969:Holy Face of Lucca
1964:Feast of the Cross
1892:Pedro II of Brazil
1809:St. Peter and Paul
1685:at Saint George's
1439:
1435:Philip Melanchthon
1406:
1365:which believes in
1171:
1116:Cross in the Woods
1088:, and vested in a
1042:Christus gloriosus
944:
934:A crucifix in the
460:Church of the East
324:Early Christianity
58:
3038:Christian symbols
3000:
2999:
2896:Vade retro satana
2674:978-0-85115-797-9
2382:978-0-8146-6282-3
2349:978-0-8294-2030-2
2278:Schiller, Gertrud
1499:crucifix necklace
1471:Reformed Churches
1463:Andreas Karlstadt
1190:Oriental Orthodox
1163:Marquis of Paraná
1094:Great High Priest
869::8—9, called the
776:with an image of
757:
756:
610:
609:
583:Latter Day Saints
568:Iglesia ni Cristo
533:United Protestant
518:Plymouth Brethren
453:Oriental Orthodox
16:(Redirected from
3080:
3058:Anglican liturgy
3043:Statues of Jesus
2990:
2989:
2962:Miraculous Medal
2909:
2861:Catholic prayers
2854:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2778:. 18 March 2011.
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2729:. Archived from
2723:
2717:
2716:
2711:. Archived from
2705:
2699:
2698:
2693:. Archived from
2683:
2677:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:on 1 August 2013
2579:. Archived from
2573:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:. Episcopal Cafe
2401:
2395:
2394:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2342:. Loyola Press.
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2180:on 14 April 2020
2176:. Archived from
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:on 19 June 2012.
2154:. Archived from
2148:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2047:
2031:
2029:Aramaic of Jesus
2026:
2015:
1954:Crucifix Decrees
1928:
1923:
1922:
1887:
1870:Crucifix at the
1867:
1851:
1839:Crucifix at the
1836:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1740:
1717:
1701:
1675:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1634:on the right in
1623:
1611:
1599:
1583:
1571:
1555:
1451:wounds of Christ
1284:
1267:(altar). During
1202:Paul the Apostle
1186:Eastern Orthodox
1044:
1038:
1036:Christus patiens
1031:Franciscan order
998:blessing crosses
994:pectoral crosses
962:Russian Orthodox
951:
908:Late Middle Ages
886:
861:
802:, rather than a
785:
771:
749:
742:
735:
718:
563:Christadelphians
493:Free Evangelical
446:Eastern Orthodox
403:
354:East–West Schism
86:
63:
21:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3033:Crosses by form
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2984:
2976:
2910:
2901:
2868:
2858:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2638:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2350:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2300:Schiller, 98-99
2299:
2295:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1934:Cloisters Cross
1924:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1896:Teresa Cristina
1888:
1879:
1868:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1718:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1687:Lutheran church
1676:
1667:
1665:Brooklyn Museum
1660:
1651:
1642:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1523:Lautsi v. Italy
1491:
1443:Moravian Church
1411:
1391:
1369:. According to
1363:Catholic Church
1355:anti-Christians
1332:Gabriele Amorth
1124:
1010:crown of thorns
928:
823:Catholic Church
753:
690:
689:
660:Other religions
620:
612:
611:
400:
399:
379:
378:
299:
298:
278:
277:
211:
201:
200:
161:
160:
142:
141:
107:
106:
61:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Cross necklace
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2814:External links
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:"Matriz Atual"
2795:
2781:
2767:
2750:
2736:
2718:
2700:
2678:
2649:
2622:
2612:
2594:
2568:
2553:
2546:
2528:
2502:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2451:
2439:
2430:
2419:
2396:
2381:
2363:
2348:
2327:
2302:
2293:
2270:
2253:
2231:
2220:
2217:Numbers 21:8–9
2209:
2195:
2161:
2143:
2129:
2104:
2097:
2073:
2066:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Cross necklace
1941:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1689:in Immeldorf,
1677:
1670:
1668:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1490:
1487:
1410:
1407:
1402:Oberwiesenthal
1390:
1387:
1303:blessing cross
1123:
1120:
927:
924:
755:
754:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:
711:
710:
705:
700:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
619:Related topics
618:
617:
614:
613:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
557:
556:
554:Restorationist
550:
549:
548:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
463:
456:
449:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
425:
410:
409:
401:
398:
397:
392:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Church Fathers
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
218:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:
71:
59:
46:Jan van Wavere
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3085:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Little Sachet
2950:
2948:
2947:Head covering
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:The Telegraph
2688:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:0-85115-797-1
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2634:
2630:John Calvin.
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:9781136820793
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2547:9781443803984
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:88-209-2547-8
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:0-85331-324-5
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:9780334028833
2094:
2091:. SCM Press.
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2067:9780521470681
2063:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:Tijuca forest
1901:
1897:
1894:and his wife
1893:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1874:monastery in
1873:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1825:Martin Luther
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:Martin Luther
1680:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1532:courts of law
1529:
1525:
1524:
1520:ruled in the
1519:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Martin Luther
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1431:Martin Luther
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:Controversies
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Paschal vigil
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:altar crosses
1211:In the West,
1209:
1207:
1206:1 Corinthians
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Giunta Pisano
1043:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
941:
937:
932:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
885:
879:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
855:
851:
848:, and in the
847:
846:denominations
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
616:
615:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
555:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
418:
414:
413:
412:
411:
408:
404:
396:
393:
391:
390:Denominations
388:
387:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
205:
204:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:New Testament
169:
167:
166:Old Testament
164:
163:
156:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3023:Sacramentals
2937:Prayer cloth
2932:Blessed salt
2921:
2915:Sacramentals
2894:
2865:sacramentals
2798:
2784:
2770:
2753:
2739:
2731:the original
2721:
2713:the original
2703:
2695:the original
2690:
2681:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2637:. Retrieved
2632:
2625:
2617:
2603:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2571:
2562:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2498:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2399:
2389:
2386:
2372:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2339:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2305:
2296:
2281:
2273:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2234:
2228:John 3:14–15
2223:
2212:
2198:
2189:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2173:
2164:
2156:the original
2146:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2087:
2083:
2076:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2013:
1984:Papal ferula
1815:depicts the
1745:World War II
1722:Gereja Santa
1653:
1632:Apostle John
1536:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1492:
1455:
1440:
1422:
1367:his divinity
1359:Jesus Christ
1352:
1327:
1276:
1242:
1238:Requiem Mass
1230:Roman Missal
1210:
1172:
1128:early Church
1125:
1113:
1098:
1063:
1055:Resurrection
1002:
966:Saint Dismas
945:
897:
880:
864:
812:
808:Coptic cross
760:
758:
625:Civilization
465:
458:
451:
444:
435:Old Catholic
415:
273:Universalism
196:New Covenant
132:Resurrection
76:Christianity
33:
2676:, pp. 29–32
2639:12 November
1661: 1795
1628:Virgin Mary
1479:Elizabeth I
1467:Reformation
1423:Thesis Door
1404:, Germany.
1375:Saint Peter
1323:Paschaltide
1273:Good Friday
1253:iconostasis
1245:crucessions
1234:Pope Pius V
1140:sacramental
926:Description
900:Old English
839:Anglicanism
835:Lutheranism
800:Latin cross
792:crucifixion
769:cruci fixus
513:Pentecostal
395:(full list)
369:Reformation
334:Constantine
253:Christology
243:Apologetics
236:Holy Spirit
157:Foundations
127:Crucifixion
3073:Crucifixes
3007:Categories
2972:Holy Chalk
2927:Holy water
2038:References
1872:Carthusian
1560:Gero Cross
1305:which the
1265:Holy Table
1221:Roman Rite
1148:home altar
1026:Romanesque
1018:Gero Cross
974:low relief
920:Roman Rite
867:Numbers 21
843:Protestant
815:Christians
763:(from the
573:Irvingians
538:Waldensian
478:Anabaptist
467:Protestant
18:Crucifixes
2587:2 January
2521:1 October
2412:1 October
2246:1 October
2184:11 August
2122:1 October
1999:Tripalium
1858:, Austria
1792:Altar of
1730:Indonesia
1708:, Finland
1691:Lichtenau
1640:Lithuania
1398:Lutherans
1381:by being
1311:dismissal
1024:, by the
1014:Byzantine
954:nameplate
906:. By the
871:Nehushtan
804:Tau cross
680:Symbolism
640:Ecumenism
630:Criticism
508:Moravian
503:Methodist
473:Adventist
344:Augustine
294:Tradition
268:Salvation
137:Ascension
2922:Crucifix
2390:parousia
2024:Gûlgaltâ
1949:Crucifer
1912:See also
1876:Galluzzo
1856:Montafon
1706:Naantali
1654:Crucifix
1590:candles.
1429:depicts
1419:tympanum
1379:martyred
1340:vampires
1329:Exorcist
1261:Golgotha
1198:Lutheran
1194:Anglican
1174:Catholic
940:Lutheran
761:crucifix
698:Glossary
645:Glossary
528:Reformed
498:Lutheran
483:Anglican
417:Catholic
359:Crusades
349:Ignatius
339:Councils
304:Apostles
209:Theology
122:Ministry
112:Nativity
68:a series
66:Part of
50:Mechelen
2873:Prayers
2320:30 June
2019:Aramaic
1878:, Italy
1749:Germany
1743:A post–
1726:Jakarta
1663:–1862,
1636:Vilnius
1545:Gallery
1483:James I
1441:In the
1425:at the
1361:or the
1353:Modern
1348:succubi
1317:of the
1287:Vespers
1226:Passion
1182:Western
1178:Eastern
1126:In the
1101:Calvary
1082:crowned
1078:prophet
1074:aureole
1051:Cimabue
936:chancel
829:, most
708:Outline
685:Worship
665:Outline
655:Liturgy
635:Culture
488:Baptist
428:Eastern
364:Aquinas
289:History
263:Mission
248:Baptism
221:Trinity
117:Baptism
2672:
2664:
2610:
2577:"HOME"
2544:
2466:
2379:
2356:orient
2346:
2288:
2095:
2064:
1994:Rosary
1813:Weimar
1588:votive
1506:prison
1489:Modern
1475:Calvin
1344:incubi
1336:demons
1307:priest
1291:Gospel
1282:corpus
1269:Matins
1176:(both
990:relief
970:Gestas
949:stipes
942:church
918:, the
889:relief
884:corpus
859:corpus
837:, and
783:corpus
719:
675:Sermon
670:Prayer
523:Quaker
407:Nicene
374:Luther
226:Father
186:Church
176:Gospel
102:Christ
2762:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2191:East.
2005:Notes
1819:with
1495:Derby
1144:laity
1132:cross
1122:Usage
1090:stole
1084:as a
1066:Latin
1022:Italy
938:of a
912:altar
902:term
806:or a
788:Jesus
778:Jesus
774:cross
765:Latin
703:Index
650:Index
423:Latin
309:Peter
191:Creed
181:Canon
153:Bible
97:Jesus
2863:and
2670:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2641:2015
2608:ISBN
2589:2013
2542:ISBN
2523:2020
2464:ISBN
2449:, XX
2414:2020
2377:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2322:2010
2286:ISBN
2248:2020
2186:2020
2124:2020
2093:ISBN
2062:ISBN
1989:Rood
1823:and
1558:The
1433:and
1417:The
1377:was
1315:icon
1277:soma
1215:and
1196:and
1180:and
1161:The
1107:and
1105:Adam
1086:king
1049:and
996:and
986:halo
982:wood
977:icon
958:INRI
916:Mass
904:rood
862:).
852:and
319:Mary
314:Paul
1811:in
1421:of
1271:of
1204:in
1184:),
1109:Eve
1092:as
231:Son
216:God
3009::
2689:.
2668:,
2643:.
2616:.
2505:^
2385:.
2352:.
2330:^
2313:.
2280:,
2188:.
2172:.
2107:^
1728:,
1724:,
1658:c.
1656:,
1638:,
1534:.
1501:.
1445:,
1385:.
1373:,
1346:,
1342:,
1192:,
1188:,
1165:,
1096:.
1080:,
1068::
1000:.
810:.
759:A
70:on
48:,
2853:e
2846:t
2839:v
2806:.
2792:.
2764:.
2747:.
2591:.
2550:.
2525:.
2470:)
2416:.
2324:.
2267:.
2250:.
2206:.
2126:.
2101:.
2070:.
1906:.
1562:.
1279:(
748:e
741:t
734:v
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
