1614:
218:
239:
Rifts are linear zones of localized crustal extension. They range in width from somewhat less than 100 km up to several hundred km, consisting of one or more normal faults and related fault blocks. In individual rift segments, one polarity (i.e. dip direction) normally dominates, giving a
749:
788:
601:
White, R. S.; Hardman, R. F. P.; Watts, A. B.; Whitmarsh, R. B.; Ebinger, C. J.; Jackson, J. A.; Foster, A. N.; Hayward, N. J. (15 April 1999). "Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere".
590:
Tuttle, M.L.W., Charpentier, R.R. & Brownfield, M.E. 2002. The Niger Delta
Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa. USGS Open-File Report 99-50-H.
117:
296:
tend to spread laterally; this spreading occurs even when the collisional event is still in progress. After the collision has finished the zone of thickened crust generally undergoes
907:
415:, tends to spread laterally under its own weight. The inboard part of the sedimentary prism is affected by extensional faulting, balanced by outboard shortening.
706:"Early Paleozoic orogenic collapse, tectonic stability, and late Paleozoic continental rifting revealed through thermochronology of K-feldspars, southern Norway"
171:
may become rotated to too low a dip to remain active and a new set of faults may be generated. Large displacements may juxtapose syntectonic sediments against
951:
550:"The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A."
513:
Proffett, John M. (1977). "Cenozoic geology of the
Yerington district, Nevada, and implications for the nature and origin of Basin and Range faulting".
206:, large counter-regional faults are observed, dipping back towards the continent, forming large grabenal mini-basins with antithetic regional faults.
194:
above a weak layer develop a specific set of extensional structures. Large listric regional faults dipping towards the ocean develop with rollover
57:
The types of structure and the geometries formed depend on the amount of stretching involved. Stretching is generally measured using the parameter
497:
465:
924:
750:"U–Pb and Ar/Ar constraints on the Fjord Region Detachment Zone: A long-lived extensional fault in the central East Greenland Caledonides"
653:
Ji, Zhou; Tonglin, Han; Armijo, R.; Mercier, J. L.; Tapponnier, P. (December 1981). "Field evidence for active normal faulting in Tibet".
179:. In some cases the detachments are folded such that the metamorphic rocks are exposed within antiformal closures and these are known as
1194:
925:
Extension: Chapter 17; A complementary resource to
Chapter 17 of the textbook "Strukturgeologi" by Haakon Fossen & Roy Gabrielsen
944:
151:
In areas of relatively low crustal stretching, the dominant structures are high to moderate angle normal faults, with associated
811:"Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault?"
549:
979:
1638:
1617:
937:
328:
is offset along strike such as to create a gap e.g. a left-stepping bend on a sinistral fault, a zone of extension or
71:
604:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
136:
705:
1279:
1284:
1060:
269:
245:
180:
984:
534:
1050:
837:
297:
1561:
1365:
1254:
1104:
1004:
974:
901:
429:
364:
293:
249:
156:
1538:
1422:
1139:
1094:
881:
829:
764:
720:
662:
611:
564:
522:
424:
842:
1571:
1447:
1432:
1409:
1405:
1184:
1109:
1009:
994:
589:
1643:
1548:
1520:
1417:
1299:
1204:
1119:
1084:
1014:
960:
855:
780:
686:
635:
627:
356:
305:
1556:
1490:
1442:
1437:
1317:
1307:
1249:
1024:
678:
493:
485:
461:
287:
257:
168:
455:
1360:
1355:
1289:
1264:
1259:
1234:
1174:
1134:
989:
889:
847:
772:
728:
670:
619:
572:
530:
434:
344:
253:
221:
176:
172:
1599:
1495:
1395:
1370:
1342:
1327:
1229:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1040:
872:
Brun, J,-P.; Fort, X. (2011). "Salt tectonics at passive margins: Geology versus models".
825:
325:
275:
274:
Divergent plate boundaries are zones of active extension as the crust newly formed at the
42:
885:
833:
768:
724:
666:
615:
568:
526:
1500:
1477:
1462:
1332:
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1224:
1149:
1144:
1114:
1099:
1065:
1055:
999:
402:
386:
376:
360:
339:
224:
structure, typical rift related structure (direction of extension shown by red arrows).
191:
38:
1632:
1390:
851:
784:
576:
893:
859:
639:
1385:
1045:
1019:
690:
329:
152:
217:
17:
1566:
1452:
1427:
1380:
1375:
1350:
1239:
1159:
1129:
810:
806:
241:
203:
46:
1594:
1581:
1199:
1089:
390:
382:
682:
1530:
1510:
1505:
1485:
1467:
1457:
1269:
1214:
1076:
412:
309:
195:
34:
623:
776:
1589:
1515:
408:
407:
A passive margin built out over a weaker layer, such as an overpressured
352:
301:
300:, often with the formation of very large extensional faults. Large-scale
1322:
1274:
1219:
748:
Hartz, E. H.; Andresen, A.; Hodges, K. V.; Martin, M. W. (July 2000).
733:
1189:
1154:
929:
674:
631:
313:
199:
1209:
304:
extension, for example, followed immediately after the end of the
216:
135:
is the final crustal thickness. It is also the equivalent of the
1244:
234:
933:
214:
Areas of extensional tectonics are typically associated with:
389:
roll-back which leads to a zone of extension parallel to the
210:
Geological environments associated with extensional tectonics
355:, formed at a left-stepping offset of the sinistral sense
535:
10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<247:CGOTYD>2.0.CO;2
363:, formed at a right-stepping offset on the dextral sense
175:
of the mid to lower crust and such structures are called
292:
Zones of thickened crust, such as those formed during
74:
33:
is concerned with the structures formed by, and the
1580:
1547:
1529:
1476:
1404:
1341:
1298:
1074:
1033:
967:
351:. Examples of active pull-apart basins include the
282:
Gravitational spreading of zones of thickened crust
111:
278:system becomes involved in the opening process.
167:In areas of high crustal stretching, individual
112:{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {t_{1}}{t_{0}}}\,,}
252:. Examples of active continental rifts are the
37:processes associated with, the stretching of a
805:Armijo, R.; Meyer, B.; Navarro, S.; King, G.;
484:Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009).
460:(3rd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 64.
945:
27:Geological process of stretching planet crust
8:
906:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
952:
938:
930:
244:geometry. Other common geometries include
841:
732:
105:
97:
87:
81:
73:
479:
477:
320:Releasing bends along strike-slip faults
446:
899:
515:Geological Society of America Bulletin
486:"Continental rifts and rifted margins"
332:is generated. Such bends are known as
128:is the initial crustal thickness and
7:
1195:List of tectonic plate interactions
704:Dunlap, J. W.; Fossen, H. (1998).
548:Lister, G.S.; Davis, G.A. (1989).
25:
757:Journal of the Geological Society
457:Foundations of Structural Geology
381:Back-arc basins form behind many
1613:
1612:
852:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x
894:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.03.004
492:. WileyBlackwell. p. 153.
202:. On some margins, such as the
1:
294:continent-continent collision
198:and related crestal collapse
874:Marine and Petroleum Geology
577:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90036-9
385:zones due to the effects of
1660:
400:
374:
285:
267:
264:Divergent plate boundaries
246:metamorphic core complexes
232:
181:metamorphic core complexes
1608:
1280:Thick-skinned deformation
1285:Thin-skinned deformation
1061:Stereographic projection
270:Divergent plate boundary
1051:Orthographic projection
1034:Measurement conventions
980:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
624:10.1098/rsta.1999.0351
298:gravitational collapse
225:
113:
1562:Paleostress inversion
1255:Strike-slip tectonics
1125:Extensional tectonics
1105:Continental collision
975:Deformation mechanism
777:10.1144/jgs.157.4.795
430:Strike-slip tectonics
365:North Anatolian Fault
308:particularly in East
220:
114:
31:Extensional tectonics
1140:Fold and thrust belt
454:Park, R. G. (1997).
425:Anorogenic magmatism
72:
1572:Section restoration
1448:Rock microstructure
1110:Convergent boundary
1010:Strain partitioning
995:Overburden pressure
985:Mohr–Coulomb theory
886:2011MarPG..28.1123B
834:2002TeNov..14...80A
769:2000JGSoc.157..795H
725:1998Tecto..17..604D
667:1981Natur.294..410T
616:1999RSPTA.357..741E
569:1989JSG....11...65L
527:1977GSAB...88..247P
157:tilted fault blocks
1639:Structural geology
1549:Kinematic analysis
1205:Mountain formation
1120:Divergent boundary
1085:Accretionary wedge
961:Structural geology
357:Dead Sea Transform
306:Caledonian orogeny
226:
169:extensional faults
109:
53:Deformation styles
1626:
1625:
1557:3D fold evolution
1443:Pressure solution
1438:Oblique foliation
1318:Exfoliation joint
1308:Columnar jointing
968:Underlying theory
734:10.1029/98TC01603
661:(5840): 410–414.
610:(1753): 741–765.
499:978-1-4443-0322-3
467:978-0-7487-5802-9
345:pull-apart basins
326:strike-slip fault
288:Orogenic collapse
258:East African Rift
229:Continental rifts
177:detachment faults
173:metamorphic rocks
103:
18:Crustal extension
16:(Redirected from
1651:
1616:
1615:
1361:Detachment fault
1356:Cataclastic rock
1290:Thrust tectonics
1260:Structural basin
1235:Pull-apart basin
1175:Horst and graben
954:
947:
940:
931:
912:
911:
905:
897:
880:(6): 1123–1145.
869:
863:
862:
845:
815:
802:
796:
795:
793:
787:. Archived from
754:
745:
739:
738:
736:
710:
701:
695:
694:
675:10.1038/294410a0
650:
644:
643:
598:
592:
587:
581:
580:
554:
545:
539:
538:
510:
504:
503:
490:Global Tectonics
481:
472:
471:
451:
435:Thrust tectonics
359:system, and the
254:Baikal Rift Zone
222:Horst and graben
163:High beta factor
118:
116:
115:
110:
104:
102:
101:
92:
91:
82:
21:
1659:
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1628:
1627:
1622:
1604:
1576:
1543:
1525:
1496:Detachment fold
1472:
1400:
1396:Transform fault
1371:Fault mechanics
1337:
1294:
1230:Plate tectonics
1180:Intra-arc basin
1070:
1041:Brunton compass
1029:
963:
958:
921:
916:
915:
898:
871:
870:
866:
843:10.1.1.546.4111
826:Wiley-Blackwell
813:
804:
803:
799:
791:
752:
747:
746:
742:
708:
703:
702:
698:
652:
651:
647:
600:
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595:
588:
584:
557:J. Struct. Geol
552:
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512:
511:
507:
500:
483:
482:
475:
468:
453:
452:
448:
443:
421:
405:
399:
397:Passive margins
379:
373:
371:Back-arc basins
343:and often form
334:releasing bends
322:
290:
284:
276:mid-ocean ridge
272:
266:
237:
231:
212:
192:Passive margins
189:
187:Passive margins
165:
149:
147:Low beta factor
134:
127:
93:
83:
70:
69:
61:, known as the
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1513:
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1471:
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1463:Tectonic phase
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1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Passive margin
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:Foreland basin
1147:
1145:Fold mountains
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Back-arc basin
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1066:Strike and dip
1063:
1058:
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1037:
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1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
1000:Rock mechanics
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992:
987:
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977:
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969:
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942:
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920:
919:External links
917:
914:
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864:
797:
794:on 2012-03-02.
763:(4): 795–809.
740:
719:(4): 604–620.
696:
645:
593:
582:
563:(1–2): 65–94.
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505:
498:
473:
466:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
427:
420:
417:
403:Passive margin
401:Main article:
398:
395:
387:oceanic trench
377:Back-arc basin
375:Main article:
372:
369:
361:Sea of Marmara
321:
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286:Main article:
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268:Main article:
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233:Main article:
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39:planetary body
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1021:
1018:
1016:
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1008:
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1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:Mohr's circle
988:
986:
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250:tilted blocks
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32:
19:
1386:Thrust fault
1124:
1075:Large-scale
1046:Inclinometer
1020:Stress field
902:cite journal
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789:the original
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349:rhombochasms
348:
338:extensional
337:
333:
330:transtension
323:
312:and western
291:
273:
238:
213:
190:
166:
153:half grabens
150:
140:
129:
122:
121:
62:
58:
56:
30:
29:
1567:Paleostress
1453:Slickenside
1428:Crenulation
1381:Fault trace
1376:Fault scarp
1366:Disturbance
1351:Cataclasite
1240:Rift valley
1160:Half-graben
1130:Fault block
1115:DĂ©collement
242:half-graben
204:Niger Delta
63:beta factor
47:lithosphere
1633:Categories
1595:Pure shear
1582:Shear zone
1539:Competence
1423:Compaction
1300:Fracturing
1095:Autochthon
1090:Allochthon
818:Terra Nova
521:(2): 247.
441:References
391:island arc
383:subduction
196:anticlines
139:parameter
1644:Tectonics
1531:Boudinage
1511:Monocline
1506:Homocline
1486:Anticline
1468:Tectonite
1458:Stylolite
1433:Fissility
1410:lineation
1406:Foliation
1270:Syneclise
1215:Obduction
1185:Inversion
1077:tectonics
838:CiteSeerX
828:: 80–86,
807:Barka, A.
785:130773289
713:Tectonics
683:1476-4687
340:stepovers
310:Greenland
76:β
1618:Category
1590:Mylonite
1521:Vergence
1516:Syncline
1418:Cleavage
1343:Faulting
860:49553634
809:(2002),
640:91719117
419:See also
409:mudstone
367:system.
353:Dead Sea
302:Devonian
256:and the
65:, where
35:tectonic
1491:Chevron
1478:Folding
1323:Fissure
1275:Terrane
1220:Orogeny
1200:MĂ©lange
1135:Fenster
1025:Tension
882:Bibcode
830:Bibcode
765:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
691:4326485
663:Bibcode
612:Bibcode
565:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
324:When a
200:grabens
141:stretch
1265:Suture
1250:Saddle
1190:Klippe
1155:Graben
1015:Stress
1005:Strain
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655:Nature
638:
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314:Norway
137:strain
59:β
1600:Shear
1328:Joint
1210:Nappe
1170:Horst
1165:Horse
856:S2CID
824:(2),
814:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
781:S2CID
753:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
687:S2CID
636:S2CID
632:55068
628:JSTOR
553:(PDF)
43:crust
1501:Dome
1408:and
1333:Vein
1313:Dike
1245:Rift
1056:Rake
908:link
679:ISSN
494:ISBN
462:ISBN
413:salt
248:and
235:Rift
155:and
890:doi
848:doi
773:doi
761:157
729:doi
671:doi
659:294
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