494:(which replaced the earlier wooden cross) is attributed to Juan Bautista Vázquez “The Elder”, and dates from 1571. In either 1624 or 1648 there was a further restoration by Pedro Caballero de Illescas. In 1630 it became the endpoint of the Via Crucis. In 1880 municipal architect Aurelio Alvarez did work to improve its structural integrity, and the following year Juaquín Guichot did some work, writing inside the dome that the structure dates from 1482. Metal strapping was added for structural purposes in 1888; further work was done in 1899, 1912, and 1963, but in general the structure continued to deteriorate.
690:
894:, degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11, makes similar remarks on the state of the sources, expanding the issue to even such matters as the number of stations on the original Via Crucis. De Gelo follows Romero Mensaque in emphasizing that other historians have greatly exaggerated the importance of the Cruz de Campo, mistakenly believing it always to have been the terminus of the Via Crucis, and, related to that, presuming that confraternities were strongly affiliated with the Via Crucis and the processions of Holy Week since their inception, a matter he considers unproven at best.
602:
666:
554:
678:
630:
642:
702:
654:
618:
542:
590:
578:
566:
54:
345:. Another difference from the current Via Crucis would have been that it would not initially have had such a character of an urban procession: by the fourth station, the procession would have left the walled city and would have been walking through orchards, countryside, and the scattered building on the fringes of the city. It is unclear whether the wooden crosses that initially marked the stations were permanently installed or put in place only for the Lenten season.
66:
28:
1260:"En la actualidad, el monumento ofrece un triste aspecto, prácticamente asfixiado por construcciones modernas y a pie de la transitada avenida de Andalucía, cuyo tráfico incesante ha terminado por dañarlo casi tanto como el vandalismo que ha roto la verja de hierro que, precicamente para evitar el vandalismo, le fue colocada a finales del siglo pasado. Hoy, el templete sirve de gran nido de palomas, cuyos excremente lo cubren por entero en su interior..."
36:
172:) for events of the 15th and 16th century, a great deal of historical caution is in order. Evidence is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. It is difficult to be confident of the continuity between entities with the same name mentioned centuries apart. The difficulties are compounded by the tendency of most sources to give only one version of events, even when the facts are in doubt.
238:
issued a series of reforms intended to rein in the tendency of the processions of flagellants to take on the character of a carnival. The brotherhoods and confraternities were formally recognized, but also brought under a set of rules. Schedules were established; nocturnal processions were banned
348:
Eventually, this changed to a configuration more like the present one. In 1720 the last two stations were added, for a total of 14, resulting in the current route followed by each of the various confraternities who process through the city during Holy Week, which runs roughly 2 kilometres
424:
of
Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles; it was in any case closely associated with them. That confraternity was very probably founded in the 14th century by archbishop Gonzalo de Mena; although their current Rule dates only from 1554, it is certain that they existed before that.
441:
was a wooden cross. In that period, the modest structure was known as the Cruz del Campo ("Country Cross" or "Cross of the Field") because it stood outside the city walls. By the early 16th century, the site had already become associated with Lent and penitence.
689:
601:
665:
553:
522:(which has been owned by the city of Seville since at least the 19th century,) work finally began in 2007, paid for by the Fundación Cruzcampo (founded by the brewery company), and was completed 29 February 2008 with a
677:
298:(small temple). Beginning in 1630, both the beginning and end of the route changed, beginning at the current shrine with its marble altarpiece erected that year on the façade of the Casa de Pilatos, and ending at the
629:
865:, on the official site of the Hermandad de los Negritos (Antigua, Pontificia y Franciscana Hermandad y Cofradía de Nazarenos del Santísimo Cristo de la Fundación y Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles), especially
641:
360:). While the stations marked in centuries past by crosses on brick pedestals, originally all wooden but some eventually made of iron, scenes corresponding to the fourteen stations are now represented in
701:
653:
617:
934:, on the official site of the Hermandad de los Negritos (Antigua, Pontificia y Franciscana Hermandad y Cofradía de Nazarenos del Santísimo Cristo de la Fundación y Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles).
541:
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wrote of the "sad aspect" of a monument on a busy street "practically asphyxiated by modern buildings", much vandalized, with its interior turned into a filthy nest of pigeons.
1431:
250:
Processions of flagellants were banned in Spain in 1777, as were most midnight processions; the processions of Holy Week in
Seville were excepted from the latter prohibition.
1045:, degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11, mentions the revival in 1957, but does not mention this precise date, nor does it mention descendants of the Marquis of Tarifa.
1020:, 2006-04-04, alludes to the hostility to such public religious observances in Spain during the First Republic (p. 51) and mentions the suspension of the Via Crucis in
294:
The original Via Crucis initiated by the
Marquis of Tarifa began inside the Casa de Pilatos in the Chapel of the Flagellations and ended at a pillar near the current
317:
The practice of the time would have meant that the original Via Crucis of 1521 would have had seven stations, quite different from the current ones: the garden of
283:. Bueno Monreal became Archbishop on Segura's death 8 April 1957, and would become a cardinal in 1958.) This revived Via Crucis continued only for a few years.
486:(previously owned by the brothers of the Monastery of San Benito Abad), and moved it to its current location. The current marble cross carved with images of
219:
through its association with the Via Crucis, and, much altered over the next few centuries, is now property of the dukes of
Medinaceli. It was declared a
275:, (as is now recorded on a commemorative marble memorial). (Bueno Monreal had been Coadjutor Archbishop since 1954, due to a struggle between Archbishop
1001:
Cuatrocientos años de las primeras normas eclesiásticas sobre la Semana Santa en la Diócesis de
Sevilla: El Sínodo del Cardenal Niño de Guevara de 1604
880:. Accessed online 2010-01-10. Moreno Navarro indicates, in particular, the difficulty in sorting the evidence about the origin and early years of the
1191:
Carlos J. Romero
Mensaque gives this date without qualification, as does the generally article cited from the site of the Hermandad de los Negritos.
501:
to the intersection of the
Avenida de Andalucía and the Ronda de Tamarguillo, but the city government rejected the idea. In 2000, José L. García of
1441:
843:
199:, not far from the Cruz del Campo, the terminus of the route since 1630. This route ran the same distance of 997 metres (3,271 ft) or 1321
695:
Station 13. The body of Jesus is taken down from the cross. (Santísimo Cristo de la
Misericordia y Ntra. Sra de la Piedad, Hdad. del Baratillo)
1400:, Consejo General de Hermandades y Cofradías de Sevilla. A description of prayers given and Biblical passages read at each of the 14 stations.
1032:(p. 259), but does not specifically mention this as the reason for the tradition in Seville ending that same year. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
437:
and, indeed, the members of the
Hermandad in its early centuries were primarily (possibly exclusively) Black. In the interior of the original
1055:
El Sábado Santo, adornado con todos los primores de la primavera sevillana, constituyó triunfal y esplendoroso remate de nuestra Semana Mayor
1251:
1234:
1210:
1054:
772:
463:
style, 13 metres (43 ft) in height. That date seems particularly probable because that year the archdiocese received an ostensible
370:), some of which date from 1957, but most from near the end of the 20th century, when they were replaced because of deterioration. The
1293:
129:; in English, literally "Way of the Cross", but "Stations of the Cross" is also common.) It is the basis of the famous traditions of
1382:
1368:
133:. Since the Via Crucis was first laid out in 1521, both the starting and ending points have changed, as has the number of stations.
1156:
869:
1273:
1079:
404:
is traditionally dated from 1380, although some sources give a date as late as 1460. It was almost certainly constructed by the
1397:
1339:
1336:
1065:
cites for the modern revival in 1957 and the processions themselves, but not for the numbers of confraternities or stations.
1436:
215:. The Marquis's palace, the Palacio de San Andrés, was then still partly under construction; it later became known as the
896:
Both of these sources, especially de Gelo, are also useful as a review of academic and scholarly sources on the subject.
671:
Station 11. Jesus is nailed to the cross. (Santísimo Cristo de la
Exaltación, Hdad. de los Caballos o de la Exaltación)
559:
Station 2. Taken from the house of Pilate, and the cross placed on his shoulder. (Jesús Nazareno. Hdad. del Silencio).
235:
220:
176:
635:
Station 8. Encounter with the pious women who cry for him. (Ntro. Padre Jesús de la Salud, Hdad. de los Gitanos)
253:
With an alteration of the route in 1630, the observance continued until 1873, when it ceased at the time of the
433:
in their common name refers to the fact that they were originally an order operating a hospital that cared for
307:
187:
in 1521, he inaugurated the observance in Seville of the Holy Via Crucis. The route began in the Chapel of the
1013:
967:
306:(literally "Cross of the Towels") that previously marked the first station passed into the possession of the
276:
518:
España. After innumerable years of promises by many entities to restore the deteriorating structure of the
683:
Station 12. Jesus dies on the cross. (Santísimo Cristo de la Expiración "El Cachorro", Hdad. del Cachorro)
491:
356:
254:
227:
188:
511:
447:
247:
as Stations of Penitence, rather than each group beginning its route at a location of its own choosing.
840:
647:
Station 9. Third fall under the cross. (Santísimo Cristo de las Tres Caídas, Hdad. Esperanza de Triana)
286:
In 1976 the council of Brotherhoods and Confraternities of Seville again reestablished the tradition.
1407:, degelo.com, one of the more complete online histories of the Via Crucis; also a good discussion of
1017:
707:
Station 14. Christ is placed in his sepulcher. (Santísimo Cristo de la Caridad, Hdad. de Santa Marta)
659:
Station 10. Jesus is stripped of his garments. (Ntro. Padre Jesús de las Penas, Hdad. de la Estrella)
527:
240:
130:
349:(1.2 mi) along streets in central Seville. Each station corresponds to a scene from the day of
1109:
623:
Station 7. The second fall under the cross. (Ntro. Padre Jesús de la Salud, Hdad. de la Candelaria)
272:
53:
1025:
497:
In 1996, the union of confraternities involved in the Holy Week observances suggested moving the
260:
On 8 March 1957 the descendants of the Marquis of Tarifa reestablished the Via Crucis. Fourteen
65:
1000:
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27:
1378:
1364:
367:
161:, by then an established feature of a pilgrimage there, though various routes have been used.
146:
1426:
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114:
82:
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873:
847:
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244:
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142:
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271:, April 21. The reestablished stations were blessed by Archbishop (and future Cardinal)
1408:
334:
208:
110:
46:
41:
1270:
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of his palace and ended at a pillar located in what some sources say was known as the
1420:
1144:
La situación del primitivo Hospital y Hermandad y su traslado al sitio actual en 1550
926:
La situación del primitivo Hospital y Hermandad y su traslado al sitio actual en 1550
878:
La situación del primitivo Hospital y Hermandad y su traslado al sitio actual en 1550
728:
409:
338:
268:
264:
200:
1346:, Consejo General de Hermandades y Cofradías de Sevilla. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
850:, Consejo General de Hermandades y Cofradías de Sevilla. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
267:
from Seville walked the route of fourteen stations during Holy Week, culminating on
547:
Station 1. Jesus sentenced to death. (Cristo de la Sentencia. Hdad. de La Macarena)
434:
154:
164:
With reference to the Via Crucis in Seville, and especially with reference to the
397:
is uncertain; similarly for the religious order believed to have first built it.
595:
Station 5. The Cyrene helps Jesus carry the cross. (Ntro. Padre Jesús de Pasión)
523:
455:
of Seville, Don Diego de Merlo, substituted a stone cross and covered it with a
118:
35:
1252:
La Pía Unión estudiará el sábado el mal estado del templete de la Cruz de Campo
1211:
La Pía Unión estudiará el sábado el mal estado del templete de la Cruz de Campo
1178:
1148:
930:
861:
583:
Station 4. His mother meets him on the road. (Ntro. Padre Jesús del Gran Poder)
1075:
1021:
468:
460:
318:
231:
204:
150:
102:
17:
571:
Station 3. The first fall under the cross. (Jesús de Las Penas. San Vicente).
1092:
322:
261:
223:
in 1931. The oldest documentation of the name Casa de Pilatos is from 1754.
180:
158:
94:
1404:
1042:
987:
891:
812:
482:
when he initiated the Via Crucis in 1521. In 1536, the Marquis bought the
1152:, Hermandad de los Negritos (Seville). Another chapter of the same work,
515:
330:
280:
362:
342:
279:—extremely conservative even by Spanish standards of the time—with the
212:
179:, First Marquis of Tarifa, returned from a trip through Europe and the
90:
1029:
390:
1014:
Semana Santo y textos literarios de la Pasión en la región de Murcia
478:
Fadrique Enríquez de Rivera, first Marquis of Tarifa, restored the
243:
in the city proper and the Church of Santa Ana across the river in
230:, the procession became strongly associated with penitence through
1182:, Hermandad de los Negritos (Seville). Accessed online 2010-01-10.
487:
464:
350:
326:
98:
64:
52:
34:
26:
1411:
issues. It also provides addresses corresponding to the stations.
1076:
The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Crónica 1974-2010 - 1987
970:, Fundación Casa Ducal de Medinaceli. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
184:
1405:
El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo
1043:
El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo
988:
El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo
892:
El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo
813:
El Humilladero, el Via Crucis y la Ermita de la Cruz del Campo
374:
at each station include both a picture and a written caption.
1163:
discusses this at greater length. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
1154:
Las Reglas de 1554: integración religiosa y afirmación étnica
611:. (Ntro. Padre Jesús con la Cruz al hombro, Hdad. del Valle)
385:
Everything about the origin and early years of the original
239:(although that particular provision would soon lapse);) the
510:
In 1904 a brewery had been built nearby and took the name
867:
La antigüedad de la hermandad en la documentación de esta
393:, often at the entrance to a town) that later became the
1099:, Number 88, 2009-06, p. 13. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
141:
The tradition of the Via Crucis in Spain began with the
197:
Huerta de la Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles
195:(Orchard of the Angels), but more likely it was called
341:; a return to Pilate's house; and finally the hill of
153:. It is a local recreation of what is now called the
1133:
Javier Macías gives this date without qualification.
1112:, abcdesevilla.es, 2006. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
1003:, El Rosario en Sevilla. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
471:. However, the words written inside the dome of the
1288:
1286:
731:, ourcatholicfaith.org. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
105:that runs through the streets of a city. (The term
1398:Vía+Crucis Penitencial de las Cofradías de Sevilla
1337:Vía+Crucis Penitencial de las Cofradías de Sevilla
1280:, Fundación Cruzcampo. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
31:Beginning of the Via Crucis to the Cruz del Campo.
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1258:, 2000-02-24, p. 50. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1241:, 2000-02-24, p. 50. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
1217:, 2000-02-24, p. 50. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
982:
980:
978:
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779:, 2008-03-03. p. 40. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
607:Station 6. The image of Christ imprinted on the
1093:Segura, el cardenal que expulsó la II República
1078:, page personally maintained by a librarian at
835:
833:
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821:
1174:Don Gonzalo de Mena y su fundación para negros
986:Romero Mensaque, quoted by Romulaldo de Gelo,
445:Sources indicate that it was in 1482 that the
1294:El templete se abre con todas las bendiciones
1179:La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla
1149:La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla
1122:Vox Diccionario Inglés-Español Español-Inglés
931:La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla
862:La Antigua Hermandad de los Negros de Sevilla
8:
946:, trianarts.com. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
888:and of the Hermandad de los Negritos itself.
1432:Religious buildings and structures in Spain
920:
918:
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1300:, 2008-03-27. Accessed online 2010-01-11.
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1223:
990:, degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11.
815:, degelo.com, accessed online 2010-01-11.
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366:(a style of ceramic tile typical of the
956:Monumentos de Sevilla - Casa de Pilatos
718:
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149:in 1421, but was popularized mainly by
1124:, Barcelona: Biblograf, 1966. p. 1109.
968:Casa de Pilatos - Through visual notes
475:giving that date only date from 1881.
226:In keeping with the theme of Christ's
7:
1377:. Sevilla. Editorial: Tecnographic.
25:
1359:González Moreno, Joaquín (1992).
841:La Cruz del Campo y el Vía Crucis
311:
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1375:Santo Vía Crucis de la Pía Unión
1091:José María García de Tuñón Aza,
1080:Florida International University
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79:Via Crucis to the Cruz del Campo
49:, destination of the Via Crucis.
1016:, doctoral dissertation at the
944:Plaza y Casa Palacio de Pilotas
203:supposed to have separated the
101:is believed to be Spain's only
1442:Tourist attractions in Seville
1373:Amigo Vallejo, Carlos (2003).
1361:Vía Crucis a la Cruz del Campo
87:Vía Crucis a la Cruz del Campo
1:
1082:. Accessed online 2010-01-10.
958:, Turista Virtual de Sevilla.
121:places an accent mark on the
773:El origen de la Semana Santa
1235:Un sinfín de restauraciones
1028:(p. 83) and in the city of
999:Carlos J. Romero Mensaque,
839:Carlos J. Romero Mensaque,
177:Fadrique Enríquez de Rivera
1458:
846:February 20, 2010, at the
1342:January 25, 2010, at the
1276:January 22, 2010, at the
329:; the house of Sanhedrin
308:Hermandad de los Negritos
1172:Isidoro Moreno Navarro,
1142:Isidoro Moreno Navarro,
924:Isidoro Moreno Navarro,
859:Isidoro Moreno Navarro,
236:Fernando Niño de Guevara
175:On 20 October 1520, Don
1110:Via Crucis de Sevilla
255:First Spanish Republic
113:origin; it is used in
86:
74:
62:
50:
45:(small temple) of the
32:
729:Stations Of The Cross
193:Huerta de los Ángeles
68:
61:of the Cruz del Campo
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38:
30:
1437:Catholicism in Spain
1018:University of Murcia
528:Carlos Amigo Vallejo
389:(a type of roadside
302:. The simple wooden
277:Pedro Segura y Sáenz
241:Cathedral of Seville
234:. In 1604, Cardinal
131:Holy Week in Seville
73:illuminated at night
1403:Romulaldo de Gelo,
1292:Francisco Correal,
1041:Romulaldo de Gelo,
1012:Isabel Mira Ortiz,
890:Romulaldo de Gelo,
811:Romulaldo de Gelo,
321:; the house of the
304:Cruz de las Toallas
117:, although Spanish
1159:2009-05-17 at the
1108:José Luis García,
1074:Salvador Miranda,
1061:1957-04-21, p. 47
1026:Province of Murcia
872:2009-05-17 at the
512:Cervezas Cruzcampo
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1363:. Sevilla.
1256:ABC Sevilla
1239:ABC Sevilla
1215:ABC Sevilla
1059:ABC Sevilla
882:humilladero
524:benediction
504:ABC Sevilla
439:humilladero
422:de negritos
387:humilladero
262:penitential
151:Franciscans
119:orthography
1421:Categories
1354:References
1176:, part of
1146:, part of
928:, part of
469:True Cross
448:corregidor
319:Gethsemane
205:praetorium
127:Vía Crucis
107:Via Crucis
103:Via Crucis
453:asistente
418:de negros
414:hermandad
323:Sanhedrin
183:. During
181:Holy Land
159:Jerusalem
143:Dominican
95:Andalusia
1340:Archived
1274:Archived
1157:Archived
1063:et. seq.
886:Templete
870:Archived
844:Archived
520:Templete
516:Heineken
499:Templete
484:Templete
480:Templete
473:Templete
457:Templete
431:negritos
406:cofradía
402:Templete
395:Templete
380:Templete
372:azulejos
363:azulejos
331:Caiaphas
300:Templete
296:Templete
281:Holy See
166:Templete
125:, hence
71:Templete
59:Templete
42:Templete
1427:Seville
1022:Águilas
534:Gallery
467:of the
461:Mudéjar
459:in the
357:Passion
343:Calvary
228:Passion
213:Calvary
147:Córdoba
137:History
115:Spanish
91:Seville
83:Spanish
1381:
1367:
1030:Murcia
427:Negros
391:shrine
245:Triana
109:is of
713:Notes
488:Jesus
465:relic
412:) or
351:Jesus
339:Herod
327:Annas
312:below
290:Route
211:from
201:paces
170:below
168:(see
111:Latin
99:Spain
89:) in
1379:ISBN
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876:and
492:Mary
490:and
400:The
378:The
355:see
185:Lent
77:The
69:The
39:The
526:by
451:or
429:or
420:or
314:).
207:of
157:in
1423::
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85::
408:(
123:i
81:(
20:)
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