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early-morning darkness, before sunrise and the grapes thaw), and remotely-controlled temperature alarms. After re-thawing, the grapes will spoil quickly since ice crystals destroy cell walls. Thus, the harvest must be completed within a few hours on the first morning that is cold enough. Plastic films are used for "packaging" the vines during the waiting period between ripeness and first frost to protect the
434:, then they may not be used for icewine, a minimum considerably higher than that of German Eiswein. These grapes are often downgraded to a lower designation, such as Special Select Late Harvest or Select Late Harvest. Canadian rules were further tightened in British Columbia in 2000 after a producer dealt with the mild winter of 1999 by moving grapes up to the mountains to seek freezing temperatures.
604:
because they were too hard (the temperature was close to −20 °C (−4 °F)). The longer the harvest is delayed, the more fruit will be lost to wild animals and dropped fruit. Since the fruit must be pressed while it is still frozen, pickers often must work at night or very early in the morning, harvesting the grapes within a few hours, while cellar workers must work in unheated spaces.
584:
324:
355:, all left grapes on their vines in an attempt to produce icewine. Inniskillin and Reif lost their entire crop to hungry birds, while Hillebrand and Pelee Island were able to harvest a minuscule amount of frozen grapes. In 1984, Inniskillin winery was the first winery in Canada to produce icewine for commercial purposes, produced in 1984 under the direction of the winery's
738:
130:, at least not to any great degree. Only healthy grapes keep in good shape until the opportunity arises for an icewine harvest, which in extreme cases can occur after the New Year, on a northern hemisphere calendar. This gives icewine its characteristic refreshing sweetness balanced by high acidity. When the grapes are free of
387:(European) grape varieties in the 1990s expanded the palette of varieties available to be bitten by frost. By the early 2000s, Canada was established as the largest producer of icewine in the world. In 2001, the EU allowed the importation of Canadian icewine hence recognizing the standard equivalency.
370:
After icewine production established a commercial footing, Canadian icewine quickly became popular with domestic consumers and reviewers. Other
Canadian producers and regions picked up the idea since harsh Canadian winters lend themselves to large-scale production. The international breakthrough
836:
Icewine usually has a slightly lower alcohol content than regular table wine. Some
Riesling icewines from Germany have an alcohol content as low as 6%. Icewines produced in Canada usually have higher alcohol content, between 8 and 13 percent. In most years, icewines from Canada generally have higher
574:
The US law for icewines specifies that grapes must be naturally frozen. The TTB (Tax and Trade Bureau) regulations state that "Wine made from grapes frozen after harvest may not be labeled with the term 'icewine' or any variation thereof, and if the wine is labeled to suggest it was made from frozen
165:
Icewine production is limited to that minority of the world's wine-growing regions where the necessary cold temperatures can be expected to be reached with some regularity. Canada is the world's largest producer of icewine, producing a greater volume of icewine than all other countries combined with
298:
Production of a number of German icewines began to increase in 1961, and the wine increased in popularity in the following years. The production has been assisted by other technological inventions in the form of electric lighting driven by portable generators (to assist harvest in the cold hours of
161:
Icewine production is risky (the frost may not come at all before the grapes rot or are otherwise lost) and requires the availability of a large enough labour force to pick the whole crop within a few hours, at a moment's notice, on the first morning that is cold enough. The grapes for icewine must
603:
for several months following the normal harvest. If a freeze does not come quickly enough, the grapes may rot and the crop will be lost. If the freeze is too severe, no juice can be extracted. Vineland Winery in
Ontario once broke their pneumatic press in the 1990s while pressing the frozen grapes
562:
Northern
Michigan wineries continue to follow the German laws that govern what wine qualifies as icewine, which dictates that icewine must be picked only when the grapes are frozen on the vine. In 2002, six Michigan wineries produced over 13,000 half-bottles of ice wine, a record at that time. A
845:) compared to those from Germany. This is largely due to the more consistent winters in Canada. Must with insufficient brix level cannot be made into icewine, and is thus often sold as "special select late harvest" or "select late harvest" at a fraction of the price that true icewine commands.
832:
Even though it is normal for residual sugar content in icewine to run from 180 g/L up to as high as 320 g/L (with a mean in the 220 g/L range), icewine is very refreshing (as opposed to cloying) due to high acidity. (The titratable acidity in ice wine is almost always above 10 g/L.)
426:, with wineries in Ontario producing approximately 800,000 litres (210,000 US gal) of ice wine in 2016. However, it is also produced in all other wine growing provinces of Canada, including British Columbia, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Icewine production is regulated by the
824:(acquiring a deep amber-golden color) as they age. The red varieties tend to have a light burgundy or even pink color like that of rosé wines, since the steeping of the skins in the pressed liquid typically used in red wine making is obviously not possible in ice wine production.
195:-like grapes were harvested late enough for the first frost to have fallen. In either case, the method seems later to have been forgotten. Wine from Chiomonte in the Val di Susa was popular in Roman times and this town still today produces one of Italy's few ice wines.
554:, Japan, produces an icewine each winter at the Furano Winery. Because such a small amount can be made each year, it is produced in limited batches and sold only at the cellar door, 3.3 kilometres from Furano Station. The Furano Wine icewine is produced only in red.
422:, consistently undergoes freezing in winter and has become the world's largest icewine producer. As a result, Canada produces a greater volume of icewine than all other countries combined. Approximately 90 per cent of all icewine produced in Canada originate from
512:, but icewine is also made in European countries such as Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland at least in smaller quantity.
441:
is considered the most widely known
Canadian icewine producer as the first Canadian winery to win a major international award, the Grand Prix d’Honneur at 1991 Vinexpo in France, with their 1989 Vidal Icewine (which was technically an illegal import into the
319:
by German immigrant Walter Hainle in 1972. This icewine was the result of an early and unexpected frost, and yielded 40 litres (8.8 imp gal; 11 US gal) of wine, which Hainle originally did not intend to sell, although he did so in 1978.
699:
subject grapes to temperatures around 20 degrees
Fahrenheit (or −7 degrees Celsius), and press them while still frozen. Ice crystals remain in the press, while concentrated juice flows out. The resulting wine resembles ice wine. The process of
186:
recommended that grapes should be left on the vine until
November or until they were stiff with frost. Details as to the winemaking and description of these wines are unknown. It cannot be completely ruled out that the descriptions refer to
890:
162:
only be harvested when they are frozen naturally and the temperature must be -8 C (20°F) or below when they are picked. This results in relatively small amounts of ice wine being made worldwide, making icewines generally expensive.
446:), placing Canadian icewines on the world stage. Pillitteri Estates Winery has emerged in the 2000s as the world's largest estate icewine producer. In November 2006, Canadian producer Royal DeMaria released five cases of
709:
These non-traditional wines are sometimes referred to as "icebox wines". This may be in reaction to restrictions on using the term "ice wine", such as was ruled in the United States of
America in 2002. An example is
290:
at
Schloss Johannisberg. There was little effort to systematically produce these wines during this period, and their production was probably the rare result of freak weather conditions. It was the invention of the
363:, often being mentioned as Canada's first icewine as they were "naturally frozen on the vine". Kaiser used nets to protect his vines and was able to produce Inniskillin's first icewine. This wine was made from
1655:
1458:
3102:
1217:
897:
65:
478:. Cold weather in Gansu province requires the trenching of vines to prevent die-off, but the region has conditions that lead to resilience to rots and is low in industrial pollution.
1312:
Ontario's
Niagara region is currently the largest producer of Icewines, followed by British Columbia. But producers of this type of wine can also be found in Quebec and Nova Scotia.
1378:
1702:
462:
China is the second largest global producer of ice wine, and produces approximately 40% of the world's ice wine, and with significant portions of the industry occurring in
1250:
226:
on February 11, 1830. The grapes were of the 1829 vintage. That winter was harsh and some wine growers had the idea to leave grapes hanging on the vine for use as animal
619:. They are often sold in half-bottle volume (375 mL) or the even smaller 200ml bottle. New World wineries in particular sometimes bottle 200 mL and 50 mL gift packages.
587:
Ice wine grapes freezing over at a Niagara-based winery. Most ice wine producing countries require the grapes to be frozen naturally in order to receive its designation.
1651:
1454:
1510:
974:
By law, Canadian icewine makers cannot call their product by that name unless it is made from grapes picked off the vine at or below −8 °C (18 °F).
688:(mechanical freezing) to simulate the effect of a frost and typically do not leave the grapes to hang for extended periods as is done with natural icewines.
1362:
1164:
1224:
1827:
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595:(by law in Canada −8 °C (18 °F)) or colder, and in Germany −7 °C (19 °F) or colder), to occur sometime after the grapes are
611:
leads to a slower-than-normal fermentation. It may take months to complete the fermentation (compared to days or weeks for regular wines) and
2958:
104:
from the frozen grapes, resulting in a smaller amount of more concentrated, very sweet juice. With icewines, the freezing happens before the
1053:
2672:
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should be used. Because of the lower yield of grape musts and the difficulty of processing, icewines are significantly more expensive than
1325:
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957:
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In Austria, Germany, the US, and Canada, the grapes must freeze naturally to be called icewine. In other countries, some winemakers use
1706:
1494:
528:
is part of the wine classification in Luxembourg, but not in France, but is sometimes found on the rare bottles of icewine produced in
295:
press which made the production of ice wine practical and led to a substantial increase in the frequency and quantity of production.
1934:
1806:
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and other dissolved solids do not freeze, but the water does, allowing for a more concentrated grape juice to develop. The grapes'
1729:
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1909:
813:. Pillitteri Estates Winery from the Niagara-on-the-Lake region of Ontario claim to be the first winery in the world producing
50:
1034:
2390:
1674:
769:. Many vintners, especially from the New World, are experimenting with making icewine from other varieties: whites such as
2876:
1429:
406:
437:
Though Pelee Island Winery and Hillebrand were Canada's first commercial icewine producers, starting production in 1983,
3086:
2881:
134:, they are said to come in "clean". This results in a very complex and sweet wine. Much icewine is made from the grapes
1606:
1138:
28:
3018:
1518:
1395:
1541:
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521:
1428:
Jing, Wang; Li, Min; Jixin, Li; Tengzhen, Ma; Shunyu, Han; Morata, Antonio; Suárez Lepe, Jose A. (February 2018).
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182:(AD 23 – 79) wrote that certain grape varieties were not harvested before the first frost had occurred. The poet
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2012:
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2149:
1985:
492:
211:
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2007:
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568:
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in the provinces of British Columbia and Ontario. If the sugar level in the grapes measures less than 35°
312:
251:
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3161:
2577:
2346:
1990:
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Icewines from white varieties tend to be pale yellow or light gold in color when they are young and can
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3166:
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2944:
2228:
1980:
729:
grapes). German wine law entirely bans post-harvest freezing methods, even if not labeled "Eiswein".
247:
117:
1485:
Record number of Michigan wineries make ice ine in 2002 vintage, (January 2, 2003), Sandra Silfven,
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1902:
860:
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105:
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891:"Market Analysis Report: A Global Export Market Overview for British Columbia's Wine Industry"
782:
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336:
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37:
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designation. These wines would usually be produced from grapes affected by noble rot. Thus,
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1969:
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69:
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requirements for icewine is as follows, in the measures used in the respective country:
331:. The winery was the first in Canada to produce icewine for commercial purposes in 1984.
45:
2791:
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2735:
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2546:
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2414:
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2000:
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1441:
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778:
766:
742:
443:
383:
198:
139:
101:
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grapes, the label must be qualified to show that the grapes were frozen postharvest."
410:
Casks of wine outside The Ice House Winery. The winery is one of many wineries in the
3150:
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2816:
2725:
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2203:
2019:
1995:
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648:
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541:
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108:, not afterwards. Unlike the grapes from which other dessert wines are made, such as
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2067:
1926:
857: – Process of softening that certain fleshy fruits undergo, beyond ripening
842:
798:
794:
762:
719:
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is similar in its concentrating effects, although it occurs after fermentation.
655:
628:
529:
487:
371:
of Canadian icewine came in 1991, when Inniskillin's 1989 Vidal icewine won the
364:
360:
340:
328:
300:
278:
harvests were a rare occurrence in Germany. Only six 19th-century vintages with
243:
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2198:
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1603:
866:
564:
127:
418:
In contrast to most other wine-producing regions, Canada, particularly the
234:, they were pressed and an icewine was produced. Sweet wines produced from
27:"Glacière" redirects here. For the Paris Métro station with that name, see
1403:
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2448:
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1959:
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183:
1511:"The Wine Regions of Lake Erie - Articles - Lake Erie Living Magazine"
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2341:
2336:
802:
723:
692:
532:. In most of France, the climate is too warm for icewine production.
471:
227:
192:
166:
Ontario producing over 90% of Canada's icewine, followed by Germany.
151:
113:
351:, two wineries with Austrian winemakers situated in another part of
737:
174:
There are indications that frozen grapes were used to make wine in
2366:
2321:
2291:
1944:
1455:
Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Quality categories
863: – Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
817:
icewine with the 2004 vintage, Semillion, and Sangiovese in 2007.
814:
750:
736:
582:
491:
463:
405:
322:
197:
147:
93:
81:
44:
36:
896:. Government of British Columbia. 2012. p. 2. Archived from
1918:
1874:
838:
608:
600:
431:
231:
214:
in 1794. Better documentation exists for an ice-wine harvest in
97:
89:
2940:
2654:
1891:
1872:
869: – Fermented beverage made from the juice of frozen apples
658:, the same as for Beerenauslese, corresponding to 127 °Oechsle.
2936:
1473:
264:
is a more recent German wine style than the botrytised wines.
2650:
1223:. Wine Marketing Association of Ontario. 2015. Archived from
761:, considered to be the noblest variety by German winemakers;
210:
It is believed that the first post-Roman icewine was made in
1652:
Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Must weights
1284:(Report). Vol. 11-621-M. Statistics Canada. p. 8.
1278:
From the Vine to the Glass: Canada's Grape and Wine Industry
1276:
Hope-Ross, Penny (16 October 2006). Houle, Christian (ed.).
454:
30,000, making it the world's most expensively priced wine.
242:
style by the early 19th century, following the discovery of
677:"Cryoextraction" redirects here. For the medical term, see
230:. When it was noticed that these grapes yielded very sweet
1851:
1730:"Icewine: Intensely sweet and indulgent | Canadian Living"
284:
harvests have been documented, including 1858, the first
202:
Monument commemorating the first harvest of ice wine in
1887:
765:, highly popular in Ontario, Canada; and the red grape
1008:"What exactly is ice wine and why is it so expensive?"
381:. The Canadian trend towards increased cultivation of
508:
The most famous (and expensive) icewines are German
3103:
Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter
3095:
3017:
2974:
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2843:
2815:
2767:
2749:
2716:
2688:
2555:
2517:
2412:
2389:
2272:
2159:
2147:
2040:
1968:
1925:
191:, a common style of wine in Roman times, where the
1671:Wines from Austria: Quality Designations in Detail
1396:"World's most expensive wine puts Petrus in shade"
1251:"Do Canadian wineries focus too much on ice wine?"
1628:"Frozen Vines (and Fingers) Yield a Sweet Reward"
958:"Frozen Vines (and Fingers) Yield a Sweet Reward"
41:Grapevines in Luxembourg being grown for ice wine
1599:
1597:
753:from the Niagara-based Pillitteri Estates Winery
254:in 1775, and the subsequent introduction of the
238:grapes were well-established as the most valued
757:Typical grapes used for icewine production are
599:, which means that the grapes may hang on the
2952:
2666:
1903:
1159:
1157:
1155:
8:
1423:
1421:
922:
920:
918:
567:, especially in Pennsylvania, New York, and
372:
285:
279:
273:
272:Throughout the 19th century and until 1960,
259:
1434:Advances in Biotechnology for Food Industry
1326:"Icewine - worth the money and the hassle?"
741:Examples of red grape ice wines, including
695:are frozen with refrigeration and pressed.
120:, icewine grapes should not be affected by
2959:
2945:
2937:
2673:
2659:
2651:
2156:
1910:
1896:
1888:
1869:
1779:"New standard to define icewine in Canada"
1188:"What's good and bad about wine in Canada"
1067:
1065:
668:For Luxembourg Vin de glace, 120 °Oechsle.
1621:
1619:
951:
949:
947:
1703:"German Oechsle – Brix Conversion Table"
1249:Sismondo, Christine (15 November 2016).
450:icewine with a half-bottle price set at
34:Dessert wine produced from frozen grapes
2851:Clarification and stabilization of wine
879:
691:Cryoextraction is the process by which
635:For German Eiswein, 110 to 128 degrees
1430:"Biotechnology of Ice Wine Production"
1374:Bielby, Amy, Food Network, canada.com
1353:
1351:
146:, but there is also icewine made from
1728:Sommelier, Anne Martin (2015-10-28).
1324:Robinson, Jancis (February 1, 2002).
1186:Robinson, Jancis (January 13, 2007).
1050:Ontario Wine Society: Niagara Icewine
885:
883:
7:
367:grapes and was labelled "Eiswein".
1436:. Handbook of Food Bioengineering.
1394:Aspler, Tony (September 14, 2006).
1100:Mitchell Beazley 2004, pp. 174-175
956:Lawlor, Julia (February 26, 2010).
470:provinces, and smaller portions in
1828:"Asia's favourite Canadian export"
1690:Wein-Plus Weinglossar: Mostgewicht
1442:10.1016/B978-0-12-811443-8.00010-4
665:, corresponding to 153.5 °Oechsle.
311:Icewine was first produced in the
25:
1935:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1626:Julia Lawlor (25 February 2010).
3130:
2914:
2622:
591:Natural icewines require a hard
563:growing number of wineries near
1804:Touring and tasting itineraries
1802:wineriesofniagaraonthelake.com
1785:. Glacier FarmMedia. 2014-02-13
51:Niagara College Teaching Winery
1826:Cole, Trevor (27 March 2013).
1120:Mitchell Beazley 2004, p. 172
1006:Winegetter, The (2013-12-17).
989:Mitchell Beazley 2004, pg. 19
941:, accessed on January 22, 2013
929:, accessed on January 22, 2013
303:from being eaten by wildlife.
1:
2877:Glossary of viticulture terms
347:, as well as Hillebrand, and
2882:Glossary of winemaking terms
1864:Wine Country Ontario Icewine
1759:. Tax and Trade Bureau. 2002
1692:, accessed on April 6, 2008.
1673:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1654:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1613:, accessed on April 6, 2008.
1457:, accessed on April 6, 2008
1169:The Oxford Companion to Wine
607:The high sugar level in the
49:Ice wines produced from the
1542:"TTB - Wine - Wine Rulings"
1077:wine.appellationamerica.com
1052:, accessed on July 6, 2008
1033:, accessed on July 6, 2008
643:, depending on the region (
524:. The French language term
3183:
2802:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1604:Ontariograpes.com: Icewine
1461:December 24, 2007, at the
1073:"Ice wine kings - Ontario"
939:Wein-Plus Glossar: Martial
927:Wein-Plus Glossar: Eiswein
676:
539:
522:German wine classification
485:
399:
26:
3126:
2910:
2892:History of the wine press
2782:Sparkling wine production
2616:
1885:
1491:, accessed July 18, 2006.
1363:Canada's Most Famous Wine
1218:"Canada On the World Map"
1056:October 14, 2007, at the
679:Cryoextraction (medicine)
661:For Canadian Icewine, 35
654:For Austrian Eiswein, 25
613:special strains of yeasts
2887:Wine tasting descriptors
2608:Wine tasting descriptors
2537:Phenolic content in wine
2429:Alternative wine closure
2013:Great French Wine Blight
1257:. The Woodbridge Company
1139:"EU Regulation 885/2001"
722:'s Vin Glace (made from
571:, also produce icewine.
520:quality category in the
2777:Malolactic fermentation
1658:April 14, 2008, at the
414:that produces ice wine.
1809:June 30, 2011, at the
1734:www.canadianliving.com
1515:www.lakeerieliving.com
1037:July 23, 2008, at the
754:
588:
569:Ashtabula County, Ohio
505:
424:Ontario-based wineries
415:
373:
332:
327:Icewine grapevines at
286:
280:
274:
260:
207:
73:
53:
42:
29:Glacière (Paris Métro)
2578:Wine and food pairing
1677:May 13, 2008, at the
1381:July 6, 2011, at the
1376:The Skinny on Icewine
740:
586:
540:Further information:
495:
486:Further information:
409:
400:Further information:
326:
201:
48:
40:
3042:Hessische Bergstraße
3009:Trockenbeerenauslese
2229:Muscat of Alexandria
1336:on December 29, 2008
1198:on February 13, 2012
1118:Riesling Renaissance
1098:Riesling Renaissance
987:Riesling Renaissance
496:Icewine produced by
374:Grand Prix d'Honneur
248:Schloss Johannisberg
118:Trockenbeerenauslese
2807:Yeast in winemaking
2759:Carbonic maceration
861:Fractional freezing
703:freeze distillation
349:Pelee Island Winery
88:while still on the
2797:Traditional method
2598:Wine personalities
2302:Cabernet Sauvignon
1860:at Wines of Canada
1832:The Globe and Mail
1709:on October 7, 2010
1632:The New York Times
1609:2016-01-05 at the
1497:June 13, 2003, at
1330:jancisrobinson.com
1255:The Globe and Mail
1192:jancisrobinson.com
903:on 7 November 2018
811:Cabernet Sauvignon
801:, or reds such as
755:
747:Cabernet Sauvignon
639:, the same as for
589:
550:region of Central
506:
416:
391:Ice wine producers
345:Reif Estate Winery
333:
208:
144:Cabernet Sauvignon
54:
43:
3144:
3143:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2698:Late harvest wine
2648:
2647:
2385:
2384:
2282:Alicante Bouschet
2030:Judgment of Paris
1754:"ATF Rul. 2002-7"
1521:on 3 October 2013
1406:on April 22, 2009
1357:Schreiner, John,
1282:Analysis in Brief
645:wine growing zone
439:Inniskillin Wines
420:Niagara Peninsula
412:Niagara Peninsula
293:pneumatic bladder
189:dried grape wines
16:(Redirected from
3174:
3135:
3134:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2919:
2918:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2627:
2626:
2542:Proteins in wine
2209:Grüner Veltliner
2157:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1870:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1813:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1578:. Archived from
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:. Archived from
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1517:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1402:. Archived from
1391:
1385:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1332:. Archived from
1321:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:. Archived from
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:. Archived from
1161:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1114:
1108:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1069:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1003:
997:
983:
977:
976:
971:
970:
953:
942:
936:
930:
924:
913:
912:
910:
908:
902:
895:
887:
502:Rhine Palatinate
376:
339:-based wineries
317:British Columbia
289:
283:
277:
263:
123:Botrytis cinerea
68:
21:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3137:Wine portal
3129:
3122:
3091:
3013:
2970:
2965:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2921:Wine portal
2913:
2906:
2897:History of wine
2855:
2839:
2811:
2763:
2745:
2726:Deacidification
2712:
2684:
2679:
2649:
2644:
2629:Wine portal
2621:
2612:
2551:
2513:
2418:
2408:
2381:
2268:
2249:Sauvignon blanc
2184:Cayetana blanca
2152:
2150:grape varieties
2143:
2036:
1964:
1921:
1916:
1881:
1854:at IceWine.info
1848:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1820:Further reading
1817:
1816:
1811:Wayback Machine
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:Wayback Machine
1669:
1665:
1660:Wayback Machine
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1611:Wayback Machine
1602:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:Wayback Machine
1453:
1449:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:Wayback Machine
1373:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1303:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1230:on 16 June 2016
1227:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1058:Wayback Machine
1048:
1044:
1039:Wayback Machine
1031:Hainle: History
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
984:
980:
968:
966:
955:
954:
945:
937:
933:
925:
916:
906:
904:
900:
893:
889:
888:
881:
876:
851:
830:
828:Characteristics
735:
733:Grape varieties
716:Vin de Glacière
682:
675:
625:
581:
560:
544:
538:
516:is part of the
490:
484:
460:
404:
398:
393:
359:-born co-owner
313:Okanagan Valley
309:
270:
180:Pliny the Elder
172:
84:that have been
76:) is a type of
64:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:Classification
2972:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Sugars in wine
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:Chaptalization
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Classification
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2547:Sugars in wine
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:Wine chemistry
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Wine dispenser
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Cabernet Franc
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2264:Welschriesling
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Müller-Thurgau
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Ancient Greece
1983:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1847:
1846:External links
1844:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1795:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1694:
1682:
1663:
1644:
1615:
1593:
1582:on 8 June 2012
1563:
1552:on 8 June 2012
1532:
1502:
1478:
1466:
1447:
1417:
1386:
1367:
1347:
1316:
1290:
1268:
1241:
1209:
1178:
1175:on 2014-10-27.
1151:
1130:
1116:Freddy Price,
1109:
1096:Freddy Price,
1089:
1061:
1042:
1023:
1012:the winegetter
998:
985:Freddy Price,
978:
963:New York Times
943:
931:
914:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
864:
858:
850:
847:
829:
826:
815:Shiraz (Syrah)
787:Muscat Ottonel
783:Gewürztraminer
767:Cabernet Franc
743:Cabernet Franc
734:
731:
686:cryoextraction
674:
673:Cryoextraction
671:
670:
669:
666:
659:
652:
624:
621:
580:
577:
559:
556:
537:
534:
483:
480:
459:
456:
397:
394:
392:
389:
384:Vitis vinifera
308:
305:
269:
266:
236:late harvested
171:
168:
140:Cabernet Franc
80:produced from
33:
24:
18:Cryoextraction
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Canadian wine
3155:
3154:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:Liebfraumilch
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Oechsle scale
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Saale-Unstrut
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Beerenauslese
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Acids in wine
2530:
2528:
2527:Aroma of wine
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2391:Major regions
2388:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Montepulciano
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:"Ruling 78-4"
1567:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:archive.today
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:Furano Winery
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1291:0-662-44156-7
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:1-84000-777-X
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:1-84000-777-X
1103:
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518:Prädikatswein
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3162:Dessert wine
3128:
3003:
2912:
2769:Fermentation
2620:
2603:Wine tasting
2224:Muscat blanc
2194:Chenin blanc
2084:
1991:Ancient Rome
1835:. Retrieved
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1782:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1713:November 24,
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
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1580:the original
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1519:the original
1514:
1505:
1488:Detroit News
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1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1400:decanter.com
1399:
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1334:the original
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967:. Retrieved
961:
934:
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898:the original
835:
831:
819:
791:Chenin blanc
771:Seyval blanc
756:
715:
708:
701:
690:
685:
683:
663:degrees Brix
627:The minimum
626:
623:Requirements
606:
590:
573:
561:
545:
526:Vin de glace
525:
517:
513:
509:
507:
498:Ernst Loosen
461:
436:
417:
382:
369:
334:
310:
297:
271:
209:
173:
164:
160:
158:and others.
131:
121:
106:fermentation
78:dessert wine
60:
56:
55:
3167:German wine
3087:Württemberg
3072:Rheinhessen
3047:Mittelrhein
2968:German wine
2872:Wine bottle
2844:Other steps
2835:Wine cellar
2792:Süssreserve
2484:Wine cellar
2474:Wine bottle
2415:accessories
2413:Packaging,
2372:Tempranillo
2001:Noah's wine
1981:Phoenicians
1927:Viticulture
1576:www.ttb.gov
1546:www.ttb.gov
1410:December 2,
1359:Wine Access
1340:December 2,
1261:29 December
1234:19 December
1202:December 2,
907:21 December
843:must weight
809:, and even
799:Ehrenfelser
795:Pinot blanc
720:King Estate
656:degrees KMW
629:must weight
617:table wines
488:German wine
361:Karl Kaiser
341:Inniskillin
329:Inniskillin
301:ripe grapes
240:German wine
224:Rheinhessen
216:Dromersheim
3151:Categories
3062:Palatinate
2751:Maceration
2741:Wine press
2731:Destemming
2682:Winemaking
2588:Wine fraud
2583:Wine fault
2568:Oenophilia
2504:Wine label
2499:Wine glass
2464:Port tongs
2362:Sangiovese
2357:Pinot noir
2317:Douce noir
2244:Rkatsiteli
2189:Chardonnay
2179:Catarratto
2153:by acreage
2127:Biodynamic
2090:Aromatized
1879:winemaking
1837:2013-03-30
1789:2024-06-05
1739:2024-06-05
1017:2024-06-05
969:2010-03-15
874:References
807:Pinot noir
775:Chardonnay
727:Pinot gris
712:Bonny Doon
697:Winemakers
579:Production
448:Chardonnay
156:Sangiovese
3037:Franconia
2703:Noble rot
2593:Winemaker
2573:Sommelier
2509:Wine rack
2489:Wine cork
2479:Wine cave
2469:Screw cap
2439:Corkscrew
2404:New World
2399:Old World
2377:Zinfandel
2352:Mourvèdre
2259:Trebbiano
2199:Colombard
2100:Noble rot
2080:Fortified
2058:Sparkling
2025:New World
1302:. 2006049
1300:1707-0503
867:Ice cider
565:Lake Erie
335:In 1983,
218:close to
212:Franconia
138:, Vidal,
128:noble rot
110:Sauternes
66:‹See Tfd›
3067:Rheingau
2989:Spätlese
2984:Kabinett
2718:Pressing
2640:Glossary
2556:Industry
2449:Jug wine
2444:Decanter
2434:Box wine
2332:Isabella
2327:Grenache
2307:Carignan
2254:Sémillon
2239:Riesling
2234:Palomino
1977:Ancient
1960:Vineyard
1955:Veraison
1940:Oenology
1858:Ice wine
1807:Archived
1783:AGCanada
1675:Archived
1656:Archived
1637:26 March
1607:Archived
1495:Archived
1459:Archived
1379:Archived
1361:(2006).
1165:"Canada"
1054:Archived
1035:Archived
855:Bletting
849:See also
841:degree (
822:maderise
759:Riesling
552:Hokkaido
476:Xinjiang
468:Lioaning
357:Austrian
252:Rheingau
244:Spätlese
136:Riesling
132:Botrytis
100:is then
61:ice wine
3113:Trocken
3096:Related
3019:Regions
3004:Eiswein
2994:Auslese
2902:Terroir
2860:Related
2708:Vintage
2690:Harvest
2635:Outline
2459:Muselet
2421:storage
2312:Cinsaut
2287:Barbera
2214:Macabeo
2174:Aligoté
2132:Organic
2122:Natural
2075:Dessert
2020:Georgia
1970:History
1950:Terroir
1945:Species
1852:Icewine
637:Oechsle
514:Eiswein
510:Eiswein
379:Vinexpo
353:Ontario
343:'s and
337:Niagara
287:eiswein
281:eiswein
275:eiswein
268:Germany
261:eiswein
256:Auslese
206:in 1830
184:Martial
178:times.
170:History
102:pressed
74:Eiswein
57:Icewine
3082:Saxony
2867:Winery
2830:Solera
2454:Kvevri
2342:Merlot
2337:Malbec
2137:Kosher
2113:Other
2068:Orange
2041:Styles
2008:France
1763:5 June
1586:2 June
1556:2 June
1525:2 June
1306:20 May
1298:
1288:
1144:2 June
1124:
1104:
1082:2 June
993:
803:Merlot
797:, and
779:Kerner
751:Shiraz
749:, and
724:Oregon
693:grapes
647:) and
593:freeze
548:Furano
530:Alsace
482:Europe
472:Yunnan
396:Canada
307:Canada
228:fodder
220:Bingen
204:Bingen
193:raisin
152:Merlot
148:Shiraz
114:Tokaji
94:sugars
92:. The
86:frozen
82:grapes
70:German
3052:Mosel
3032:Baden
2817:Aging
2367:Syrah
2322:Gamay
2292:Bobal
2204:Glera
2169:Airén
2161:White
2117:Table
2105:Straw
2095:Fruit
2053:White
1996:China
1875:Wines
1757:(PDF)
1540:RRD.
1228:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
894:(PDF)
763:Vidal
536:Japan
464:Gansu
458:China
365:Vidal
176:Roman
116:, or
3057:Nahe
2419:and
2148:Top
2063:Rosé
1919:Wine
1877:and
1765:2024
1715:2010
1639:2019
1588:2017
1558:2017
1527:2017
1412:2008
1342:2008
1308:2016
1296:ISSN
1286:ISBN
1263:2019
1236:2019
1204:2008
1146:2017
1122:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1084:2017
991:ISBN
909:2019
839:brix
609:must
601:vine
597:ripe
546:The
500:, a
474:and
466:and
432:Brix
232:must
142:and
98:must
90:vine
59:(or
3027:Ahr
2825:Oak
2274:Red
2085:Ice
2048:Red
1438:doi
718:or
714:'s
452:C$
428:VQA
377:at
315:of
250:in
246:at
222:in
126:or
3153::
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1630:.
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1574:.
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1310:.
1294:.
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1064:^
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972:.
960:.
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917:^
882:^
805:,
793:,
789:,
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
745:,
444:EU
154:,
150:,
112:,
72::
63:;
2960:e
2953:t
2946:v
2674:e
2667:t
2660:v
2417:,
1911:e
1904:t
1897:v
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1792:.
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