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140:
with biological molecules as water molecules are displaced. Hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions is important for proper protein and DNA function. Thus, as the cryoprotectant replaces the water molecules, the biological material retains its native physiological structure and function, although they
115:
to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.
372:
Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve foods. These compounds are typically sugars that are inexpensive and do not pose any toxicity concerns. For example, many (raw) frozen chicken products contain a sucrose and
136:
of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming
92:
from damage. Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk
73:) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products.
124:
Cryoprotectants operate by increasing the solute concentration in cells. However, in order to be biologically viable they must easily penetrate and must not be toxic to cells.
700:
J.E. Strassmann; R.E. Lee Jr.; R.R. Rojas & J.G Baust (1984). "Caste and sex differencesin cold-hardiness in the social wasps, Polistes annularis and P. exclamans".
919:
801:
599:
Imrat, P.; Suthanmapinanth, P.; Saikhun, K.; Mahasawangkul, S.; Sostaric, E.; Sombutputorn, P.; Jansittiwate, S.; Thongtip, N.; et al. (February 2013).
454:
258:
265:
is non-reducing sugar produced by yeasts and insects in copious amounts. Its use as a cryoprotectant in commercial systems has been patented widely.
1039:
601:"Effect of pre-freeze semen quality, extender and cryoprotectant on the post-thaw quality of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) semen"
845:
356:
When glucose is used as a cryoprotectant by arctic frogs, massive amounts of glucose are released at low temperature and a special form of
1128:
794:
469:
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was for many years the most effective of all artificially created cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant mixtures have been used for
787:
1189:
1155:
474:
105:
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is a practice that involves conventional cryoprotectants to store genetic material with the intention of future revival.
133:
173:(i.e. solidification without crystal ice formation). Vitrification has important applications in preserving embryos,
1160:
1096:
776:
7. Urmatskikh A.V. "Method of cryopreservation of cells, organs, tissues and organisms." RU 2804972 C2, 04.05.2022.
309:(a wasp). In this species, the different levels of cryoprotectant can be used to distinguish between morphologies.
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1103:
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330:
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1118:
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237:(DMSO) is also regarded as a conventional cryoprotectant. Glycerol and DMSO have been used for decades by
737:
Larson, D. J.; Middle, L.; Vu, H.; Zhang, W.; Serianni, A. S.; Duman, J.; Barnes, B. M. (15 April 2014).
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953:
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810:
554:
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are no longer immersed in an aqueous environment. This preservation strategy is most often utilized in
1211:
1091:
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651:
Karlsson, Jens O.M.; Szurek, Edyta A.; Higgins, Adam Z.; Lee, Sang R.; Eroglu, Ali (February 2014).
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at temperatures around −196 °C. However, glycerol cannot be used to protect whole
1205:
1170:
936:
882:
479:
137:
739:"Wood frog adaptations to overwintering in Alaska: New limits to freezing tolerance"
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allows for this extra glucose to enter the cells. When the frog rewarms during
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as a cryoprotectant for blood cells and bull sperm, allowing storage in
755:
738:
715:
421:
357:
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174:
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and are more effective than single-agent cryoprotectants. A mixture of
653:"Optimization of cryoprotectant loading into murine and human oocytes"
628:
300:
250:
246:
112:
109:
54:
47:
104:
organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred.
350:
296:
318:
58:
27:
Substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage
783:
43:
385:
364:, the extra glucose must be rapidly eliminated, but stored.
303:
as cryoprotectants. One species that uses cryoprotectant is
499:
Fahy GM; Wowk B; Pagotan R; Chang A; et al. (2009).
501:"Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification"
550:"Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions"
277:, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants.
1022:
824:
817:
920:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
132:Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the
795:
189:, in an effort to eliminate freezing damage.
8:
455:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
259:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
460:Cryoconservation of plant genetic resources
1184:
821:
802:
788:
780:
197:Conventional cryoprotectants are glycols (
754:
676:
627:
575:
524:
229:has been used to reduce ice formation in
491:
1040:Differential technological development
153:Mixtures of cryoprotectants have less
7:
846:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
1129:Future-oriented technology analysis
25:
1183:
185:. Vitrification is also used in
743:Journal of Experimental Biology
470:Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates)
221:is commonly used as automobile
34:is a substance used to protect
669:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.11.002
620:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.003
1:
1156:Technology in science fiction
475:List of emerging technologies
106:Twenty-First Century Medicine
134:glass transition temperature
128:Glass transition temperature
253:that are cold-preserved in
241:to reduce ice formation in
165:), propylene glycol, and a
1228:
1161:Technology readiness level
1097:Technological unemployment
331:polar and subpolar regions
284:
96:storage (or "banking") of
1179:
1144:Technological singularity
1104:Technological convergence
353:to reduce ice formation.
339:southern brown tree frogs
42:damage (i.e. that due to
839:Microgravity bioprinting
411:2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol
201:containing at least two
65:create cryoprotectants (
1109:Technological evolution
1082:Exploratory engineering
1010:Whole genome sequencing
295:Insects most often use
1119:Technology forecasting
1114:Technological paradigm
1087:Proactionary principle
971:Robot-assisted surgery
1045:Disruptive innovation
954:Regenerative medicine
949:Personalized medicine
811:Emerging technologies
568:10.1089/rej.2014.1656
555:Rejuvenation Research
285:Further information:
1092:Technological change
1035:Collingridge dilemma
517:10.4161/org.5.3.9974
317:Cold-adapted arctic
67:antifreeze compounds
1149:Technology scouting
1124:Accelerating change
893:Genetic engineering
377:solution in water.
275:antifreeze proteins
71:antifreeze proteins
1166:Technology roadmap
986:Synthetic genomics
976:Relational biology
964:Tissue engineering
888:Generative biology
756:10.1242/jeb.101931
716:10.1007/BF02223613
450:Antifreeze protein
333:naturally produce
306:Polistes exclamans
287:Antifreeze protein
269:Examples in nature
235:Dimethyl sulfoxide
163:dimethyl sulfoxide
1199:
1198:
1018:
1017:
981:Synthetic biology
959:Stem-cell therapy
942:engineered uterus
856:Artificial organs
777:
749:(12): 2193–2200.
548:Best, BP (2015).
440:
439:
375:sodium phosphates
368:Food preservation
325:, and some other
205:groups), such as
80:has been used in
36:biological tissue
16:(Redirected from
1219:
1187:
1186:
1134:Horizon scanning
1050:Ephemeralization
878:Brain transplant
822:
804:
797:
790:
781:
775:
769:
768:
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734:
728:
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703:Insectes Sociaux
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589:
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465:Cryopreservation
417:Propylene glycol
386:
273:Arctic fish use
227:propylene glycol
211:propylene glycol
108:has vitrified a
21:
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1003:Oncolytic virus
905:Head transplant
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397:Ethylene glycol
383:
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255:liquid nitrogen
219:Ethylene glycol
207:ethylene glycol
195:
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86:liquid nitrogen
28:
23:
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18:Cryoprotectants
15:
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915:Life extension
912:
910:Isolated brain
907:
902:
901:
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885:
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873:Biofabrication
870:
869:
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863:
861:Organ printing
853:
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843:
842:
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834:3D bioprinting
830:
828:
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807:
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799:
792:
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771:
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729:
710:(3): 291–301.
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643:
591:
562:(5): 422–436.
540:
511:(3): 167–175.
490:
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480:Lyophilization
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239:cryobiologists
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138:hydrogen bonds
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98:transplantable
32:cryoprotectant
26:
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1171:Transhumanism
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937:Organ culture
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883:De-extinction
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505:Organogenesis
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171:vitrification
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143:anhydrobiosis
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1188:
1075:Robot ethics
927:Nanomedicine
898:Gene therapy
774:
746:
742:
732:
707:
701:
695:
663:(1): 18–28.
660:
656:
646:
614:(1): 52–59.
611:
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559:
553:
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508:
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371:
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316:
304:
294:
272:
196:
193:Conventional
177:tissues and
152:
131:
123:
75:
46:formation).
31:
29:
1212:Cryobiology
1139:Moore's law
1070:Neuroethics
1065:Cyberethics
998:Virotherapy
932:Nanosensors
657:Cryobiology
608:Cryobiology
432:Heavy water
343:salamanders
341:and Arctic
161:with DMSO (
82:cryobiology
76:For years,
1030:Automation
826:Biomedical
629:2263/42468
486:References
327:ectotherms
323:wood frogs
321:, such as
313:Amphibians
223:antifreeze
183:transplant
175:biological
102:xenobiotic
100:human and
63:amphibians
1060:Bioethics
993:Tricorder
427:Trehalose
349:in their
263:Trehalose
231:ice cream
159:formamide
120:Mechanism
94:cryogenic
52:Antarctic
1206:Category
851:Ampakine
765:24737762
724:39394207
687:24246951
638:23168056
586:25826677
535:20046680
444:See also
402:Glycerol
347:glycerol
291:Threitol
225:; while
215:glycerol
203:hydroxyl
199:alcohols
187:cryonics
155:toxicity
149:Toxicity
78:glycerol
40:freezing
678:4036103
577:4620521
526:2781097
422:Sucrose
358:insulin
345:create
335:glucose
301:polyols
281:Insects
251:embryos
247:oocytes
167:colloid
55:insects
1055:Ethics
1023:Topics
818:Fields
763:
722:
685:
675:
636:
584:
574:
533:
523:
381:Common
362:spring
351:livers
337:, but
297:sugars
249:, and
179:organs
113:kidney
110:rabbit
90:organs
48:Arctic
720:S2CID
604:(PDF)
434:
413:(MPD)
319:frogs
243:sperm
38:from
1190:List
866:Womb
761:PMID
683:PMID
634:PMID
582:PMID
531:PMID
392:DMSO
289:and
213:and
181:for
69:and
61:and
59:fish
50:and
751:doi
747:217
712:doi
673:PMC
665:doi
624:hdl
616:doi
572:PMC
564:doi
521:PMC
513:doi
329:in
299:or
44:ice
1208::
759:.
745:.
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718:.
708:31
706:.
681:.
671:.
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612:66
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606:.
580:.
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560:18
558:.
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257:.
245:,
233:.
217:.
209:,
145:.
57:,
30:A
803:e
796:t
789:v
767:.
753::
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714::
689:.
667::
640:.
626::
618::
588:.
566::
537:.
515::
509:5
20:)
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