Cryptosporidiosis - Knowledge (XXG)

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respiratory secretions, in addition to the more recognized fecal-oral route. ... Upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis may cause inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, and trachea, accompanied by nasal discharge and voice change (54, 61, 62). Cryptosporidiosis of the lower respiratory tract typically results in productive cough, dyspnea, fever, and hypoxemia (63,–66). ... While fecal-oral transmission is indisputably the major route of infection, transmission via coughing and fomites is also possible in situations of close contact (20). ... Because they lacked gastrointestinal symptoms and oocyst excretion, the latter cases establish the possibility of primary respiratory infection with Cryptosporidium, which may have been acquired by inhalation of expectorated droplets or by contact with fomites. ... This finding suggests that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent individuals.

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highlights the need to ensure that infection is avoided. ... For HIV-infected persons, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay of preventing and managing cryptosporidiosis. HAART can lead to complete resolution of clinical symptoms and oocysts (Grube 1997; Maggi 2000; Miao 2000). This intervention is not available for HIV patients who are failing HAART or those unable to access HAART in developing countries. Among these immunocompromised persons without the option of an effective treatment for the underlying disease, supportive management, including rehydration therapy, electrolyte replacement, and anti-motility agents will remain the only alternatives for care until better drugs emerge.

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Nitazoxanide is the recommended antimicrobial drug for cryptosporidiosis. ... The frequency of cryptosporidiosis has not been well-defined. About 30% of the adult population of the United States are seropositive with over 10,500 cases reported in 2008. ... Although we gave 7 days of therapy and a satisfactory treatment response was obtained in the short term, there was a high recurrence rate.21 Paromomycin and/or azithromycin in combination with nitazoxanide have been tested in double blind randomized trials for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocomprised patients such as those with HIV/AIDS, and the results have been encouraging.18,22,23

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adults. ... Use of partially active antiparasitic drugs (eg, nitazoxanide or paromomycin combined with azithromycin) should be considered along with initiating antiretroviral therapy. ... Symptomatic therapy includes replacement of fluids, provision of appropriate nutrition, and treatment with antimotility agents. ... Replacement of fluids and electrolytes is the critically important first step in the management of cryptosporidiosis, particularly in patients with large diarrheal losses. Fluids should include sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose.

41: 744:– it can survive in the environment for months and is resistant to many common disinfectants, particularly chlorine-based disinfectants. After being ingested, the sporozoites within oocysts excyst (i.e., are released) in the small intestine. The released sporozoites subsequently attach to the microvilli of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. From there they become trophozoites that reproduce asexually by multiple fission, a process known as schizogony. The trophozoites develop into Type 1 8387: 2079:

diarrhea is mucoid. ... Biliary tract involvement is seen in persons with AIDS who have very low CD4 cell counts and is common in children with X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper–immunoglobulin M (IgM). ... Other signs related to GI illness include right upper-quadrant or epigastric tenderness, icterus, and, rarely, ascites related to pancreatic involvement. Reactive arthritis that affects the hands, knees, ankles, and feet has been described.

1472:, was suspected to be contaminated with the parasite. A large population (90,000 people), including areas of both Galway City and County, were advised to boil water for drinking, food preparation and for brushing teeth. On 21 March 2007, it was confirmed that the city and county's water supply was contaminated with the parasite. The area's water supply was finally given approval on 20 August 2007, five months after 8398: 1012:; boiling for at least 1 minute (3 minutes above 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of altitude) will decontaminate it. Heating milk at 71.7 °C (161 °F) for 15 seconds pasteurizes it and can destroy the oocysts' ability to infect. Water can also be made safe by filtering with a filter with pore size not greater than 1 micrometre, or by filters that have been approved for "cyst removal" by NSF International 465: 8418: 8428: 8377: 8408: 230:, an acute infection (i.e., duration shorter than 2 weeks), as recurrent acute infections in which symptoms reappear following a brief period of recovery for up to 30 days, and as a chronic infection (i.e., duration longer than 2 weeks) in which symptoms are severe and persistent. It may be fatal in individuals with a severely compromised 1645:, Sweden. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Several tests have been taken around the water treatment unit "Abborren", but so far no results have turned up positive. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water as they continue to search for the contaminating source. 1024:

they should stay away from immunosuppressed people. Immunocompromised people should take care to protect themselves from water in lakes and streams. They should also stay away from animal stools and wash their hands after touching animals. To be safe, they should boil or filter their water. They should also wash and cook their vegetables.

654:. Contact must then be transferred to the mouth and swallowed. It is especially prevalent amongst those in regular contact with bodies of fresh water including recreational water such as swimming pools. Other potential sources include insufficiently treated water supplies, contaminated food, or exposure to feces. The high resistance of 1656:, Ireland, another outbreak of the cryptosporidiosis was reported and a boil water notice was issued. This was the second time the parasite was detected in a month in the Roscommon water supply. The source of one of the outbreaks had been linked to the agricultural community. At least 13 people were treated for Cryptosporidiosis. 3649:

Plutzer, J.; Lassen, B.; Jokelainen, P.; Djurković-Djaković, O.; Kucsera, I.; Dorbek-Kolin, E.; Šoba, B.; Sréter, T.; Imre, K.; Omeragić, J.; Nikolić, A.; Bobić, B.; Živičnjak, T.; Lučinger, S.; Lazarić Stefanović, L.; Kučinar, J.; Sroka, J.; Deksne, G.; Keidāne, D.; Kváč, M.; Hůzová, Z.; Panagiotis,

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In May 2024, in Devon, United Kingdom there was an outbreak reported and South West Water had to issue a boil notice to 16,000 households and businesses in Brixham, Boohay, Kingswear, Roseland and North West Paignton. The suspected cause of the issue may be a damaged air valve which may have allowed

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Since May 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in South Roscommon in Ireland. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Testing continues and Roscommon County Council are now considering introducing Ultra Violet Filtration

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who receive their drinking water from Lake Michigan). These residents, who receive their drinking water from Lake Michigan, were told to boil their water before drinking it. More people were affected in this one outbreak than the combined number of people affected in every cryptosporidiosis outbreak

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individuals, such as AIDS patients, cryptosporidiosis resolves slowly or not at all, and frequently causes a particularly severe and persistent form of watery diarrhea coupled with a greatly decreased ability to absorb key nutrients through the intestinal tract. As a result, infected individuals may

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These daughter cells are Type 1 merozoites, which get released by the meronts. Some of these merozoites can cause autoinfection by attaching to epithelial cells. Others of these merozoites become Type II meronts, which contain 4 Type II merozoites. These merozoites get released and they attach to

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from the microgamont penetrating the macrogamonts. The zygotes develop into oocysts of two types. 20% of oocysts have thin walls and so can reinfect the host by rupturing and releasing sporozoites that start the process over again. The thick-walled oocysts are excreted into the environment. The

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The results indicate that nitaxozanide reduces the load of parasites and may be useful in immunocompetent individuals. Due to the seriousness of the potential outcomes of cryptosporidiosis, the use of nitaxozanide should be considered in immunocompromised patients. The absence of effective therapy

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People with cryptosporidiosis should not swim in communal areas because the pathogen can reside in the anal and genital areas and be washed off. They should wait until at least two weeks after diarrhea stops before entering public water sources, since oocysts can still be shed for a while. Also,

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As few as 2 to 10 oocysts can initiate an infection. The parasite is located in the brush border of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. They are mainly located in the jejunum. When the sporozoites attach the epithelial cells' membrane envelops them. Thus, they are "intracellular but

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Recent evidence indicates that respiratory cryptosporidiosis may occur commonly in immunocompetent children with cryptosporidial diarrhea and unexplained cough. Findings from animal models, human case reports, and a few epidemiological studies suggest that Cryptosporidium may be transmitted via

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In Eastern Europe cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals is common, but there are considerable gaps in surveillance and a lack of comparable methods which limit the understanding of the disease and detection of outbreaks. Research shows a rich diversity of zoonotic subtypes of the parasite in

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is causing serious illness more frequently in immunocompromised than in apparently healthy individuals. It may chronically sicken some children, as well as adults who are exposed and immunocompromised. A subset of the immunocompromised population is people with AIDS. Some sexual behaviors can

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After an incubation period of 5–10 days (range 2–28 days), an infected individual develops watery diarrhea ... fever may be low grade or nonexistent; ... Diarrhea, with or without crampy abdominal pain, may be intermittent and scant or continuous, watery, and copious; sometimes, the

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The immune system reduces the formation of Type 1 merozoites as well as the number of thin-walled oocysts. This helps prevent autoinfection. B cells do not help with the initial response or the fight to eliminate the parasite. Previous infection in immunocompetent individuals produces little

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All 58 patients reported resolution of diarrhoea after 7 days of treatment with nitazoxanide. However, 40 (70.1%) patients reported recurrence of diarrhoea within 6 weeks of treatment. ... Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent adult patients.

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Infection may improve with nutritional supplementation, particularly with regimens including zinc or glutamine. ... Nitazoxanide significantly shortens the duration of diarrhea and can decrease the risk of mortality in malnourished children. Trials have also demonstrated efficacy in

572:: macro- and microgamonts develop independently; a microgamont gives rise to numerous male gametes; and oocysts serving for parasites' spreading in the environment. Electron microscopic studies made from the 1970s have shown the intracellular, although extracytoplasmic localization of 2930:

C. muris-infected subjects shed oocysts longer than occurred with other species studied in healthy volunteers. Three volunteers shed oocysts for 7 months. ... Thus, healthy adults are susceptible to C. muris, which can cause mild diarrhea and result in persistent, asymptomatic

3708: 1610:, the United Kingdom, was forced to close its swimming pool until further notice after health inspectors found an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Environmental Health authorities requested that the water be tested after it was confirmed that a young man had been infected. 8007: 1411:, Saskatchewan, Canada. Between 5800 and 7100 people had diarrheal illness, and 1,907 cases of cryptosporidiosis were confirmed. Equipment failures at the city's antiquated water filtration plant following maintenance were found to have caused the outbreak. 1916:

Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Safarpour, Hanie; Xiao, Lihua; Zarean, Mehdi; Hatam-Nahavandi, Kareem; Barac, Aleksandra; Picot, Stephane; Rahimi, Mohammad Taghi; Rubino, Salvatore; Mahami-Oskouei, Mahmoud; Spotin, Adel; Nami, Sanam; Baghi, Hossein Bannazadeh (2020).

1246:, although passive immunization utilizing different zoite surface (glyco)proteins has shown promise. Developmental stages of the life cycle of the parasite might act as possible targets for vaccine development. The organism is detected in 65–97% of the 808:

can help identify oocysts in fecal matter. To increase the chance of finding the oocysts, the diagnostician should inspect at least 3 stool samples. There are several techniques to concentrate either the stool sample or the oocysts. The modified

813:(FEA) concentration method concentrates the stool. Both the modified zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and the Sheather's sugar flotation procedure can concentrate the oocysts by causing them to float. Another form of microscopy is 4535: 4520: 4505: 2107:

Healthcare professionals might consider re-testing stool at least 1 week after the last dose of nitazoxanide only if symptoms do not resolve. In such cases, longer courses of treatment might be needed. Persistent symptoms may also represent

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extracytoplasmic". The parasite can cause damage to the microvilli where it attaches. The infected human excretes the most oocysts during the first week. Oocysts can be excreted for weeks after the diarrhea subsides from infections by

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marker counts. Patients with CD4+ counts over 180 cells/mm³ recover with supportive hospital care and medication; but, in patients with CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm³, the effects are usually fatal within 3 to 6 months. During the

1005:, and before eating. People should avoid contact with animal feces. They should also avoid possibly contaminated food and water. In addition, people should refrain from engaging in sexual activities that can expose them to feces. 1001:. The best way to prevent getting and spreading cryptosporidiosis is to have good hygiene and sanitation. An example would be hand-washing. Prevention is through washing hands carefully after going to the bathroom or contacting 1031:(99% kill rate) and then rinse them thoroughly, with the caveat that no disinfectant is guaranteed to be completely effective against Cryptosporidium. However, hydrogen peroxide is more effective than standard bleach solutions. 4255: 710:

Cases of cryptosporidiosis can occur even in cities that have a properly de-contaminated water supply. In a city with clean water, it may be that cases of cryptosporidiosis have other origins. Testing of water, as well as

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Widmer, Giovanni; Carmena, David; Kváč, Martin; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Kissinger, Jessica C.; Xiao, Lihua; Sateriale, Adam; Striepen, Boris; Laurent, Fabrice; Lacroix-Lamandé, Sonia; Gargala, Gilles; Favennec, Loïc (2020).

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confirmed that 108,000 households were affected, about 250,000 people. They advised that water might not be fit for human consumption for many weeks. The boil notice was lifted for all the affected customers on 4 July

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patients presenting with diarrhea. Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The infection begins when a human consumes food or water containing

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breeders. Several species of the Cryptosporidium family (C. serpentes and others) are involved, and outside of geckos it has been found in monitor lizards, iguanas and tortoises, as well as several snake species.

1122:(the largest of its kind), 73% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts lower than 50 cells/mm³ and 36% of those with counts between 50 and 200 cells/mm³ died within the first year of contracting the infection. 752:

the epithelial cells. From there they become either macrogamonts or microgamonts. These are the female and male sexual forms, respectively. This stage, when sexual forms arise, is called gametogony.

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The oocysts are ovoid or spherical and measure 5 to 6 micrometers across. When in flotation preparations they appear highly refractile. The oocysts contains up to 4 sporozoites that are bow-shaped.

2303:"Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences" 2135:

Ali S, Mumar S, Kalam K, Raja K, Baqi S (2014). "Prevalence, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent adult patients presenting with acute diarrhoea".

929:. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration, but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes, including 4140: 1667:

reported and a boil water notice was issued a day after it was discovered. A link has been made to possible human faecal contamination. More than 60 people were treated for Cryptosporidiosis.

1188:. Ten percent of the population in developing countries excretes oocysts. In developed countries, the number is lower at 1–3%. The age group most affected are children from 1 to 9 years old. 1498:

of cryptosporidiosis in the year; a more usual number would be 30. On 25 September the pools were reopened to those not requiring diapers, but hyperchlorination requirements were not lifted.

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and ends with spontaneous recovery; in some circumstances, antiparasitic medication may be required (e.g., recurrent, severe, or persistent symptoms); however reinfection frequently occurs.

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was the first to report such an outbreak. This prompted some, if not all, city-owned and private pools to close and hyperchlorinate. To the 13 August 2008 there were 400 reported cases of

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Cryptosporidiosis is found worldwide. It causes 50.8% of water-borne diseases that are attributed to parasites. In developing countries, 8–19% of diarrheal diseases can be attributed to

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to their water treatment process in the next 12 months. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water and there is no sign of this boil notice being lifted in the near future.

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Stachulski, Andrew V.; Berry, Neil G.; Lilian Low, A. C.; Moores, Shelley L.; Row, Eleanor; Warhurst, David C.; Adagu, Ipemida S.; Rossignol, Jean-François (1 February 2006).

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Hundreds of public pools in 20 Utah counties were closed to young children in 2007, as children under 5 are most likely to spread the disease, especially children wearing

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experience severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, wasting, and potentially death. In general, the mortality rate for infected AIDS patients is based on

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Abrahamsen, M. S.; Templeton, TJ; Enomoto, S; Abrahante, JE; Zhu, G; Lancto, CA; Deng, M; Liu, C; et al. (2004). "Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan,

1354:, Wisconsin, US. An estimated 403,000 people became ill, including 4,400 people hospitalized. The source of the Cryptosporidium is believed to be overflow from the 7302: 2647: 1340: 882: 191:

with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the

8057: 1362:, which was then taken into the Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant and distributed to an estimated 880,000 residents (of the 1.61 million residents in the 3594:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 8310: 8024: 997:

In the US the law requires doctors and labs to report cases of cryptosporidiosis to local or state health departments. These departments then report to the

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DNA studies suggest a relationship with the gregarines rather than the coccidia. The taxonomic position of this group has not yet been finally agreed upon.

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individuals with cryptosporidiosis typically experience a short (i.e., duration of less than 2 weeks) self-limiting course of diarrhea that may require

8086: 4211: 1119: 1271:) located on the surface of the organism. This protein is a good candidate for use as a molecular vaccine because previous studies have shown that a 8130: 7992: 3709:"Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves in Estonia: high prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum shedding and 10 subtypes identified" 2538:

Teresa Ortega, María; Vergara, Alberto; Guimbao, Joaquín; Clavel, Antonio; Gavín, Patricia; Ruiz, Andrés (2006). "Brote de diarrea y transmisión de

1355: 8100: 8431: 4048: 1491: 1638:, Sweden. The source of contamination was the tap water. In mid December 2010 the number of reported cases was 12,400 according to local media. 72: 7944: 4282: 8091: 8039: 6963: 3057: 1664: 1153:

review recommended that nitazoxanide be considered for use in treatment despite its reduced effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals.

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individuals. Following the resolution of diarrhea, symptoms can reoccur after several days or weeks due to reinfection. The likelihood of

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and ozone treatment. The required levels of chlorine generally preclude the use of chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to control

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enables them to survive for long periods and still remain infective. Some outbreaks have happened in day care related to diaper changes.

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animal waste or contaminated ground water to enter the water supply. Further testing is being sought to rule out any further causations.

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Murray, Patrick R., Ken S. Rosenthal, and Michael A. Pfaller. Medical Microbiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2005: 855–856.

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John, David T. and William A. Petri, Jr. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2006: 68–71.

1343:. This was the first report of its spread through a municipal water system that met all state and federal drinking water standards. 1631:(east of Glasgow, UK) detected traces of cryptosporidium in its swimming pools, causing a temporary closure of the swimming pools. 8304: 8140: 8071: 8066: 6956: 4696: 1476:

was first detected. Around 240 people are known to have contracted the disease; experts say the true figure could be up to 5,000.

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drug treatment with proven efficacy for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent individuals; however, it lacks efficacy in severely

3203: 1449:, the United Kingdom, had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. The outbreak may have been linked to the drinking water supply from 51:

showing cryptosporidiosis. The cryptosporidium are the small, round bodies in apical vacuoles on the surface of the epithelium.

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Winn Jr., Washington; Allen, Stephen; Janda, William; Koneman, Elmer; Procop, Gary; Schreckenberger, Paul; Woods, Gail (2006).

1230:) vaccine has produced an antibody response in a large group of cows and also antibody response in calves fed rCP15/60-immune 8272: 8145: 7982: 7949: 1408: 1027:

The US CDC notes the recommendation of many public health departments to soak contaminated surfaces for 20 minutes with a 3%

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together; these drugs are only partially active in HIV/AIDS patients compared to their effect in immunocompetent persons. A

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exist as multiple cell types which correspond to different stages in an infection (e.g., a sexual and asexual stage). As an

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Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Chappell, Cynthia L.; Sterling, Charles R.; Jakubowski, Walter; DuPont, Herbert L. (1 February 1998).

8277: 4934: 3351: 1058:). Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms, particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for 352: 270: 8462: 8331: 8029: 7987: 7341: 2651: 1584: 1386: 1363: 856: 551:

is capable of completing its life cycle within a single host, resulting in microbial cyst stages that are excreted in

3282:"Control measures for Outbreaks — Intensified Cryptosporidiosis (Crypto) Control Measures for the Child Care Setting" 2805:

Chen W, Harp JA, Harmsen AG (April 2003). "Cryptosporidium parvum infection in gene-targeted B cell-deficient mice".

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resistance to future infection, however it may decrease the severity of disease and the number of oocysts excreted.

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Wang, Ze-Dong; Liu, Quan; Liu, Huan-Huan; Li, Shuang; Zhang, Li; Zhao, Yong-Kun; Zhu, Xing-Quan (9 January 2018).

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usually appear 5–10 days after infection (range: 2–28 days) and normally last for up to 2 weeks in

8482: 8356: 8076: 4215: 1484: 1394: 1043: 870: 3553:"Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya" 2818: 2338: 8472: 8218: 7579: 7571: 7414: 6527: 4550: 1137:

medication. Antiparasitic drug treatment for immunocompromised individuals usually involves the combination of

1047: 3927: 3091:"Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability" 1250:

supply in the United States and is resistant to most disinfectants used for the treatment of drinking water.

8198: 8110: 7551: 7426: 7072: 7040: 6767: 6665: 6333: 5803: 4780: 4648: 1919:"Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients and related risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1660: 877:. If the patient is thought to have biliary cryptosporidiosis, then an appropriate diagnostic technique is 810: 8411: 4432:

Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the American Public Health Association

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Santoro, A.; Dorbek-Kolin, E.; Jeremejeva, J.; Tummeleht, L.; Orro, T.; Jokelainen, P.; Lassen, B. (2019).

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as well. In immunocompromised persons, cryptosporidiosis may disseminate to other organs, including the

8477: 8288: 8238: 8233: 7977: 7725: 7113: 6576: 6096: 5115: 5054: 4976: 4743: 4312: 1509: 1074: 1039: 365: 5620: 5610: 3465:"Identification of Isoflavone Derivatives as Effective Anticryptosporidial Agents in Vitro and in Vivo" 2407:

Xu, P.; Widmer, G; Wang, Y; Ozaki, LS; Alves, JM; Serrano, MG; Puiu, D; Manque, P; et al. (2004).

1592: 6132: 5773: 5615: 5564: 5554: 4052: 8457: 8401: 7715: 7544: 7399: 6829: 6682: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6100: 5756: 5656: 4868: 4349:"Human faecal contamination of Queenstown water supply most likely cause of cryptosporidium outbreak" 3102: 2424: 2365: 1488: 262: 184: 105: 6817: 6805: 6756: 6378: 6072: 6056: 6052: 5798: 5744: 5569: 3002:"Susceptibility and Serologic Response of Healthy Adults to Reinfection with Cryptosporidium parvum" 1414:

In the summer of 2005, after numerous reports by patrons of gastrointestinal upset, a water park at

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production use conventional filtration technologies. This involves a series of processes, including

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in the 24 years since then. An estimated 69 people died during the outbreak, according to the CDC.

873:(PCR) is another way to diagnose cryptosporidiosis. It can even identify the specific species of 8019: 7972: 7914: 7798: 7470: 7226: 6875: 6858: 6841: 6792: 6749: 6744: 6694: 6112: 6068: 6048: 5848: 5785: 5761: 5067: 5024: 4910: 4843: 4760: 4738: 4726: 4701: 4641: 3736: 3631: 3311: 3181: 2830: 2389: 2330: 1125:

The best treatment approach is to improve the immune status in immunodeficient individuals using

1051: 934: 894: 860: 375: 286: 195:, often through contaminated water; recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via 79: 6912: 6904: 6850: 6120: 5780: 5719: 5121: 5110: 4820: 4026: 2061: 1238:

infections are particularly prevalent and often fatal in infants in developing countries and to

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for cryptosporidiosis, meaning that they contracted the infection at some point in their lives.

1176:. rifaximin is also sometimes used for immunocompromised patients/patients with severe disease. 1169: 968:. Water Research Foundation-funded research originally discovered UV's efficacy in inactivating 952:

is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection, with high enough concentrations and contact time,

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life cycle fits well with that of other intestinal homogeneous coccidian genera of the suborder

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Rochelle PA, Fallar D, Marshall MM, Montelone BA, Upton SJ, Woods K (September–October 2004).

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A summary of discoveries presented at the most recent (June 2019) international symposium on

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people, such as AIDS patients. There is no commercially available effective vaccine against

7997: 7909: 7889: 7737: 7707: 7323: 7181: 7140: 7121: 7117: 6612: 6166: 6142: 6138: 5976: 5920: 5417: 5221: 4959: 4685: 4330: 4256:"Smittskyddsinstitutets arbete med det vattenburna utbrottet av Cryptosporidium i Östersund" 4230: 3990: 3982: 3898: 3888: 3847: 3829: 3783: 3767: 3720: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3613: 3605: 3564: 3523: 3476: 3416: 3408: 3362: 3163: 3118: 3110: 3029: 3013: 2972: 2956: 2911: 2903: 2814: 2724: 2590: 2555: 2510: 2502: 2432: 2373: 2314: 2273: 2228: 2220: 2179: 1948: 1930: 1888: 1878: 1794: 1786: 1423: 1276: 957: 930: 556: 192: 4411: 4075:"State Health Department Issues Update on Seneca Lake State Park Gastrointestinal Outbreak" 8213: 7919: 7881: 7851: 7697: 7630: 7495: 7480: 7404: 7371: 6600: 6178: 6146: 5966: 5962: 5925: 5903: 5868: 5579: 5378: 5310: 5240: 4971: 4964: 4473: 4194: 2866: 1525: 1495: 1268: 1070: 1059: 878: 845: 825: 729: 712: 656: 477: 331: 274: 239: 168: 144: 92: 56: 2094: 1775:"The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation" 3971:"Costs of Illness in the 1993 Waterborne Cryptosporidium Outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin" 3106: 2428: 2369: 8336: 7500: 7465: 7361: 7248: 7218: 7078: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6495: 6411: 6321: 6242: 6182: 6152: 5935: 5879: 5856: 5679: 5440: 5395: 5228: 5208: 5097: 4863: 4716: 4668: 3995: 3970: 3903: 3876: 3852: 3818:

spp.: highlights from the Seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference"

3813: 3684: 3651: 3421: 3396: 3168: 3147: 2916: 2891: 2616: 2515: 2486: 2233: 2208: 1953: 1918: 1893: 1858: 1799: 1774: 1517: 964:

in drinking water. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate

910: 337: 211: 20: 4544: 4373:

White, A. Clinton Jr. (2005). "Cryptosporidiosis". In Mandell, G; et al. (eds.).

3788: 3755: 3609: 3123: 3090: 3034: 3001: 2559: 2184: 2167: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1279:

to mice. Currently, there is no vaccine or completely effective drug therapy against

8446: 8341: 7861: 7669: 7530: 7510: 7421: 7386: 7267: 7187: 7092: 6761: 6670: 6510: 6459: 6446: 6429: 6353: 6200: 6088: 6009: 5930: 5885: 5873: 5838: 5630: 5541: 5471: 5383: 5366: 5245: 5086: 5073: 4905: 4049:"Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak, North Battleford, Ssaskatchewan, Spring 2001" 3618: 2977: 2944: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1642: 1572: 1359: 1315: 1157: 1134: 1085: 922: 829: 512: 385: 320: 278: 231: 172: 3740: 3310:

Cabada MM, White AC, Venugopalan P, Sureshbabu J (18 August 2015). Bronze MS (ed.).

3185: 3114: 2834: 2393: 2334: 2060:

Cabada MM, White AC, Venugopalan P, Sureshbabu J (18 August 2015). Bronze MS (ed.).

1997: 464: 8391: 8351: 7866: 7687: 7679: 7649: 7520: 7505: 7351: 7212: 7203: 7104: 7064: 6923: 6629: 6617: 6571: 6551: 6500: 6477: 6345: 6328: 6316: 6259: 6247: 6211: 6188: 6082: 6078: 6044: 5986: 5981: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5912: 5767: 5749: 5673: 5483: 5459: 5447: 5289: 5269: 5252: 5233: 5199: 5135: 5019: 4989: 4887: 3932: 3635: 3366: 1469: 1450: 1419: 1196: 1146: 1138: 1097: 1081: 918: 833: 664: 612: 415: 290: 206: 123: 4601: 4104: 3528: 3511: 3017: 2783:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1267–70. 1635: 1453:, but this is not yet confirmed. As a result, 231 people fell ill and the company 990:

The most reliable way to decontaminate drinking water that may be contaminated by

975:

One of the largest challenges in identifying outbreaks is the ability to identify

250:

is high in immunocompromised adults, and low in those with normal immune systems.

52: 4555: 2859: 987:

with online systems, unlike the spot and batch testing methods used in the past.

8421: 8381: 7967: 7924: 7856: 7836: 7813: 7788: 7592: 7587: 7565: 7558: 7515: 7485: 7455: 7311: 7022: 7013: 6811: 6732: 6715: 6605: 6596: 6533: 6521: 6515: 6420: 6266: 6253: 6026: 5991: 5945: 5940: 5711: 5649: 5500: 5428: 5422: 5371: 5337: 5317: 5185: 5079: 5062: 5042: 5001: 4946: 4917: 4892: 4612: 4585: 3771: 3446:"Cryptosporidiosis in Patients with HIV Disease: Is It Safe to Drink the Water?" 2890:

Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Langer-Curry RC, Lupo PJ, Widmer G, Tzipori S (2015).

1628: 1556: 1454: 1446: 1142: 1093: 914: 837: 756: 492: 324: 253:

In immunocompetent individuals, cryptosporidiosis is primarily localized to the

156: 100: 4387: 3877:"Cryptosporidiosis - an occupational risk and a disregarded disease in Estonia" 3834: 3445: 3247: 3225: 3058:"The Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule – What Does it Mean to You?" 2224: 1935: 1867:

infection in HIV-infected people: a global systematic review and meta-analysis"

8182: 7934: 7899: 7828: 7615: 7490: 7450: 7319: 7156: 6917: 6658: 6563: 6540: 6488: 6482: 6440: 6434: 6383: 6358: 6308: 6235: 6223: 6217: 6193: 6038: 6034: 6014: 5891: 5861: 5691: 5591: 5586: 5529: 5523: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5404: 5277: 5257: 5031: 4994: 4952: 4940: 4851: 4607: 4566: 4529: 3756:"Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health" 3724: 3412: 2278: 2257: 1883: 1541: 1314:. In addition, in recent years, cryptosporidiosis has plagued many commercial 1259: 1251: 1055: 980: 926: 805: 801: 507: 501: 425: 395: 358: 310: 48: 3843: 3779: 3569: 3488: 3352:"Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients" 3025: 2968: 1944: 8228: 7939: 7871: 7846: 7808: 7773: 7765: 7747: 7732: 7720: 7664: 7641: 7609: 7604: 7394: 7232: 7004: 6724: 6635: 6545: 6470: 6452: 6395: 6271: 6205: 5667: 5661: 5643: 5517: 5488: 5412: 5294: 5216: 5155: 4982: 4672: 4664: 4633: 4596: 3893: 2892:"Cryptosporidium muris: infectivity and illness in healthy adult volunteers" 2377: 2097:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 February 2015 2000:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 February 2015 1653: 1607: 1533: 1434:

infection. The "Sprayground" was ordered closed for the season on 15 August.

1351: 1231: 1207:

The organism was first described in 1907 by Tyzzer, who recognised it was a

1160:. For example, synthetic isoflavone derivates have been shown to fight off 639: 608: 482: 453: 4004: 3986: 3912: 3861: 3797: 3732: 3693: 3627: 3578: 3537: 3496: 3430: 3374: 3177: 2986: 2925: 2826: 2736: 2602: 2567: 2524: 2506: 2485:

Carpenter, Colleen; Fayer, Ronald; Trout, James; Beach, Michael J. (1999).

2446: 2385: 2326: 2287: 2193: 2148: 1962: 1902: 1808: 4410:. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Archived from 3132: 3043: 2907: 2715:

Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF (May 2002). "Cryptosporidiosis".

2594: 2318: 2242: 1583:

of 2008; many public swimming areas, water parks, and public pools in the

8203: 7793: 7742: 7598: 7538: 7366: 7336: 7256: 7035: 7027: 6675: 6588: 6464: 6229: 5724: 5685: 5603: 5547: 5348: 5036: 4898: 4875: 4755: 4378: 2960: 2728: 1790: 1564: 1560: 1537: 1505: 1442: 1299: 1208: 818: 668: 485: 381: 306: 266: 188: 180: 152: 149: 4497: 4455: 2437: 2408: 1838:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 April 2015 1634:

In November 2010, over 4000 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in

836:

can also be performed. Part of the small intestine can be stained with

828:, which will stain the oocysts red. One type of acid-fast stain is the 7659: 7376: 7346: 7280: 7172: 7150: 7135: 5597: 5535: 5282: 5174: 5091: 4922: 4880: 4856: 4834: 4198: 3397:"Treatment of Cryptosporidium: What We Know, Gaps, and the Way Forward" 1545: 1465: 1438: 852: 700:

People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources

660: 583:

an endogenous phase of development in microvilli of epithelial surfaces

496: 391: 316: 235: 8376: 3480: 3350:

Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Hunter PR, Usman NK (January 2007).

715:

study, are necessary to determine the sources of specific infections.

697:

Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unfiltered, untreated water

7803: 7761: 7331: 5006: 4524: 4509: 2865:(23rd ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. pp. 2546:

diarrhea outbreak and transmission linked to diaper infant use].

1621: 1580: 1480: 1461: 1430:. By early September 2005, over 3,800 people reported symptoms of a 1390: 1371: 1303: 1223: 1192:

animals indicating a rich potential of animal to human transmission.

881:. If that returns normal results, the next step would be to perform 745: 737: 671: 651: 650:

that has been in contact with the feces of an infected individual or

600: 489: 196: 59: 4621: 4313:"Boil water notice after Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Co Roscommon" 3593: 3464: 3089:

Korich DG, Mead JR, Madore MS, Sinclair NA, Sterling CR (May 1990).

2460: 242:

individuals; symptoms are usually more severe and persist longer in

2695:

Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Disease

1234:

produced by these vaccinated cows. This is very promising. Human

1114: 855:

is yet another way to diagnose the disease. This can be done with

301:

Common signs and symptoms of intestinal cryptosporidiosis include:

7757: 7409: 4467:

Aquatics International Article Regarding Infection via Spray Parks

4141:"People in Northampton and Daventry warned not to drink tap water" 4051:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 15 November 2001. Archived from 1588: 1521: 1513: 1375: 1307: 1002: 898: 841: 784:

infections have been observed excreting oocysts for seven months.

741: 643: 552: 440: 254: 160: 1457:(Dwr Cymru) advised 61,000 people to boil their water before use. 1100:

are sometimes used as well, but they only have partial efficacy.

3969:

Corso P, Kramer M, Blair K, Addiss D, Davis J, Haddix A (2003).

3284:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 January 2019. 2209:"Acute pancreatitis: a new finding in cryptosporidium enteritis" 1529: 1311: 902: 733: 647: 7284: 6952: 4637: 677:

The following groups have an elevated risk of being exposed to

7654: 3512:"Drug treatment and novel drug target against Cryptosporidium" 1715:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 February 2009. 1712: 1339:

In 1987, 13,000 people in Carrollton, Georgia, United States,

624: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 2781:

Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology

1624:, Australia, was found to be contaminated by cryptosporidium. 4231:"Woree, Gordonvale residents advised to boil drinking water" 2857:

Brooks, Geo. F.; Butel, Janet S.; Morse, Stephen A. (2004).

1168:

and in animal studies. Derivates of nitazoxanide, known as

623:, also has its genome sequence available. CryptoDB.org is a 3395:

Sparks H, Nair G, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, White AC (2015).

3202:. WaterResearchFoundation (formerly AwwaRF). Archived from 2819:

10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0391:CPIIGB]2.0.CO;2

2168:"Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response" 1397:, British Columbia, where 10,000 to 15,000 people got sick. 691:

People who take care of other people with cryptosporidiosis

1836:"Cryptosporidium: Sources of Infection & Risk Factors" 607:

was sequenced in 2004 and was found to be unusual amongst

519:

infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are

2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1020:, especially if the water is from an underground source. 1008:

Standard water filtration may not be enough to eliminate

983:. Real-time monitoring technology is now able to detect 355:

involvement and may lead to respiratory cryptosporidiosis

2697:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 727–730. 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1641:

As of April 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in

1426:

was found to have two water storage tanks infected with

309:, sometimes contains mucus and rarely contains blood or 4331:"13 people treated following Roscommon water pollution" 3444:

Gilson M.D., Ian; Buggy, Brian P. M.D. (October 1996).

1356:

Milwaukee area combined sanitary and storm sewer system

1258:

react with several antigens, one of which is a 15

800:. They include microscopy, staining, and detection of 4478: 4434:. APHA Press, the American Public Health Association. 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 2861:

Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology

1992: 760:

oocysts are mature and infective upon being excreted.

555:

and are capable of transmission to a new host via the

2581:

Kelley, Amy S. (2014). "Defining "Serious Illness"".

1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1156:

Currently, research is being done in molecular-based

844:(H & E), which will show oocysts attached to the 559:. Other vectors of disease transmission also exist. 4487: 3754:

Xiao, L.; Fayer, R.; Ryan, U.; Upton, S. J. (2004).

3551:

Gatei W, Wamae CN, Mbae C, et al. (July 2006).

1620:

In May 2010, the Behana creek water supply south of

1468:, after the source of water for much of the county, 1016:. Bottled drinking water is less likely to contain 706:

People exposed to human feces through sexual contact

579:

These species possess a number of unusual features:

8319: 8257: 8181: 8136:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

7958: 7880: 7827: 7756: 7706: 7678: 7640: 7529: 7437: 7385: 7318: 7247: 7202: 7171: 7103: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6903: 6874: 6849: 6840: 6791: 6782: 6723: 6714: 6646: 6587: 6562: 6419: 6410: 6369: 6344: 6307: 6298: 6165: 6025: 6000: 5911: 5902: 5847: 5836: 5735: 5710: 5629: 5499: 5403: 5394: 5357: 5346: 5335: 5268: 5207: 5198: 5183: 5172: 5143: 5134: 5053: 4842: 4833: 4808: 4799: 4576: 4491: 4397:. Kansas State University: Parasitology Laboratory. 4258:(in Swedish). Smittskyddsinstitutet. Archived from 2256:Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Knight R, et al. (2000). 1407:In April 2001, an outbreak occurred in the city of 1050:(sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose), and 859:(DFA) techniques. It can also be achieved through 119: 111: 99: 88: 78: 66: 33: 2858: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 315:In very severe cases, diarrhea may be profuse and 2617:"Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for 2487:"Chlorine Disinfection of Recreational Water for 2301:Carreno RA, Martin DS, Barta JR (November 1999). 1254:in the serum of humans and animals infected with 941:. Membranes and bag and cartridge filters remove 1460:In March 2007, a suspected outbreak occurred in 642:is through contaminated material such as earth, 418:of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, or trachea 371:Less common or rare signs and symptoms include: 3956:Environmental Science, Earth as a Living Planet 3390: 3388: 1773:Sponseller JK, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S (2014). 1563:, and some surrounding areas supplied from the 1393:. Weeks later, a separate incident occurred in 1195:Roughly 30% of adults in the United States are 378:(may affect the hands, knees, ankles, and feet) 277:; pancreatic and biliary infection can involve 4375:Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 3312:"Cryptosporidiosis Treatment & Management" 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 883:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 84:Watery diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever 7296: 6964: 4649: 3152:spp. despite the presence of UV repair genes" 1348:1993, a waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak 627:-funded database that provides access to the 589:the smallest number of sporozoites per oocyst 171:(i.e., individuals with a normal functioning 8: 8311:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 8126:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 8025:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 780:; however, immunocompetent individuals with 8249:United Kingdom food information regulations 2945:"New Insights into Human Cryptosporidiosis" 495:. Other apicomplexan pathogens include the 7303: 7289: 7281: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6971: 6957: 6949: 6846: 6788: 6720: 6416: 6304: 6295: 5908: 5844: 5505: 5400: 5354: 5343: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5180: 5140: 4839: 4805: 4796: 4656: 4642: 4634: 4488: 4462:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2650:. Gideon. 23 February 2009. Archived from 2258:"Mechanical transport and transmission of 1555:was found in England in water supplies in 999:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 199:contaminated with respiratory secretions. 39: 30: 8087:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 3994: 3928:"Scientists Nab Water-Polluting Parasite" 3902: 3892: 3851: 3833: 3787: 3683: 3617: 3568: 3527: 3420: 3167: 3122: 3033: 2976: 2915: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693:Ryan, Kenneth J.; Ray, C. George (2004). 2642: 2640: 2638: 2542:asociados al uso de pañal en niños" [ 2514: 2436: 2277: 2232: 2183: 2089: 2087: 2062:"Cryptosporidiosis Clinical Presentation" 1998:"Cryptosporidium: Illness & Symptoms" 1952: 1934: 1892: 1882: 1798: 1120:1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak 8131:2018 Australian strawberry contamination 7993:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 4123:"Cryptosporidium outbreak hits the West" 4105:"Galway water now safer than ever - HSE" 3200:"Ultraviolet Disinfection and Treatment" 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2207:Hawkins S, Thomas R, Teasdale C (1987). 463: 8101:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 4404:"The Taxonomicon & Systema Naturae" 3676:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.4.16-00825 3267: 3265: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 1681: 1627:In July 2010, a local sports center in 1385:affected approximately 2,000 people in 8116:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 7693:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 4163:"Anglian Water-lifting of boil notice" 3875:Lassen B, Ståhl M, Enemark HL (2014). 1707: 1705: 1591:had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. 1370:The UK's biggest outbreak occurred in 592:a multi-membraneous "feeder" organelle 4386:Upton, Steve J. (12 September 2003). 4212:"Gym closes pool in danger bug alert" 2664:Trial subscription required to access 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 586:two morphofunctional types of oocysts 7: 8407: 8295:Institute for Food Safety and Health 8035:Australian meat substitution scandal 8003:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 7779:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 3660:in the eastern part of Europe, 2016" 2943:Clark, Douglas P. (1 October 1999). 1516:residents, with hundreds across the 1172:, have also shown promising results 1127:highly active antiretroviral therapy 796:There are many diagnostic tests for 8427: 8283:Food Information and Control Agency 3248:"Boil water 'into January' warning" 1329:List of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks 4281:Sjöö, Patrick (13 December 2010). 3169:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00291.x 1260: 824:Other staining techniques include 547:can also cause disease in humans. 226:Cryptosporidiosis may occur as an 14: 8300:International Food Safety Network 8224:International Food Safety Network 7945:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 7895:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 7622:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic 4283:"Kommunens parasitenkät avslutas" 3926:Fackelmann, K. A. (3 June 1989). 3226:"Boil water warning 'precaution'" 3148:"Irreversible UV inactivation of 1341:became ill with cryptosporidiosis 1092:patients. Certain agents such as 937:and membranes will remove 99% of 865:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 703:People who handle infected cattle 646:, uncooked or cross-contaminated 8426: 8416: 8406: 8397: 8396: 8385: 8375: 8305:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 8141:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal 8072:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 8067:ICA meat repackaging controversy 2166:Riggs, Michael W (August 2002). 740:– a type of hardy, thick-walled 720:transmit the parasite directly. 8244:Quality Assurance International 8151:Food safety incidents in Taiwan 8121:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 8015:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster 7930:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 4402:S.J. Brands (Compiler) (2000). 4188:Crypto spreads to private pools 3115:10.1128/AEM.56.5.1423-1428.1990 2095:"Cryptosporidium: Nitazoxanide" 867:(ELISA) also detects antigens. 748:that contain 8 daughter cells. 488:which is categorized under the 351:Nausea and vomiting – suggests 8273:European Food Safety Authority 8146:Food safety incidents in China 7983:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 7950:Water fluoridation controversy 4229:Mawer, Jessica (20 May 2010). 4145:Northampton Chronicle and Echo 4025:. 23 June 2004. Archived from 3469:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 3367:10.1002/14651858.CD004932.pub2 2583:Journal of Palliative Medicine 1567:Reservoir, as reported on the 1483:. As of 10 September 2007 the 1014:National Sanitation Foundation 134:, sometimes informally called 1: 3760:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3610:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 3592:Lozano R (15 December 2012). 3018:10.1128/IAI.66.2.441-443.1998 2949:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2560:10.1016/S0025-7753(06)72352-1 2185:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01631-3 619:. A closely related species, 403:Respiratory cryptosporidiosis 8278:Food and Drug Administration 7960:Food contamination incidents 4408:Taxon: Genus Cryptosporidium 4289:(in Swedish). Archived from 3958:(5th ed.). p. 441. 3954:Botkin & Keller (2005). 3510:Gargala G (September 2008). 2495:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2262:oocysts by wild filth flies" 1606:In September 2008, a gym in 1290:has been published in 2020. 1133:along with continued use of 688:Parents of infected children 297:Intestinal cryptosporidiosis 271:upper gastrointestinal tract 187:) individuals, resulting in 8332:Food and drink prohibitions 8106:Bihar school meal poisoning 8030:United Kingdom BSE outbreak 7988:1900 English beer poisoning 7342:Antibiotic use in livestock 4201:. Retrieved 13 August 2008. 3772:10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004 3529:10.1051/parasite/2008153275 1663:, New Zealand there was an 1585:Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex 861:indirect immunofluorescence 857:direct fluorescent antibody 436:cryptosporidiosis include: 411:cryptosporidiosis include: 8499: 8327:Curing (food preservation) 7400:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 4079:New York State Health Dept 3359:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2225:10.1136/bmj.294.6570.483-a 1326: 935:diatomaceous earth filters 305:Moderate to severe watery 18: 8370: 8357:Genetically modified food 8209:Food labeling regulations 8077:2008 Chinese milk scandal 6294: 5508: 5305: 5194: 5108: 4795: 4679: 3725:10.1017/S0031182018001348 3413:10.1007/s40475-015-0056-9 2279:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.63.178 1884:10.1186/s13071-017-2558-x 1494:25 September 2007 at the 1485:Utah Department of Health 1283:in HIV/AIDS individuals. 897:that take raw water from 871:Polymerase chain reaction 511:, the causative agent of 47: 38: 8219:Food safety in Australia 7415:High-fructose corn syrup 3835:10.1051/parasite/2020011 3570:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.78 3095:Appl. Environ. Microbiol 1936:10.1051/parasite/2020025 1501:On 21 September 2007, a 279:acalculous cholecystitis 205:is commonly isolated in 115:Avoid contaminated water 19:Not to be confused with 8199:Acceptable daily intake 8111:2013 horse meat scandal 7552:Clostridium perfringens 7073:Cyclospora cayetanensis 7041:Cryptosporidium hominis 6334:Vitrella brassicaformis 4430:Heymann, David (2015). 3894:10.1186/1751-0147-56-36 3250:. BBC. 30 November 2005 3228:. BBC. 2 September 2008 3063:. USEPA. Archived from 2544:Cryptosporidium hominis 2540:Cryptosporidium hominis 2411:Cryptosporidium hominis 2378:10.1126/science.1094786 1871:Parasites & Vectors 1381:In the summer of 1996, 1048:electrolyte replacement 956:will be inactivated by 694:International travelers 8267:Centre for Food Safety 8082:2008 Irish pork crisis 7784:Benzene in soft drinks 7262:Prototheca wickerhamii 7045:Cryptosporidium parvum 4193:14 August 2008 at the 3987:10.3201/eid0904.020417 3006:Infection and Immunity 2619:Cryptosporidium parvum 2507:10.3201/eid0504.990425 2489:Cryptosporidium parvum 2354:Cryptosporidium parvum 2260:Cryptosporidium parvum 2213:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 2172:Microbes and Infection 1659:In September 2023, in 1416:Seneca Lake State Park 1281:Cryptosporidium parvum 1256:Cryptosporidium parvum 1244:Cryptosporidium parvum 1236:Cryptosporidium parvum 1221:Cryptosporidium parvum 1162:Cryptosporidium parvum 1151:Cochrane Collaboration 1131:HIV protease inhibitor 945:product-specifically. 817:done by staining with 815:fluorescent microscopy 811:formalin-ethyl acetate 755:Zygotes are formed by 605:Cryptosporidium parvum 473: 283:sclerosing cholangitis 255:distal small intestine 228:asymptomatic infection 161:distal small intestine 8289:Food Standards Agency 8239:Organic certification 8234:Nutrition facts label 7978:Esing Bakery incident 7766:environment pollution 7114:Plasmodium falciparum 5055:Postciliodesmatophora 3619:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 3557:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2908:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0525 2896:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2595:10.1089/jpm.2014.0164 2319:10.1007/s004360050655 2266:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 1510:Western United States 1437:In October 2005, the 1075:symptomatic treatment 1040:Symptomatic treatment 467: 8058:2006 North American 7716:Acesulfame potassium 7545:Campylobacter jejuni 7439:Intestinal parasites 7312:Consumer food safety 5757:Eleutheroschizonidae 4869:Cariacothrix caudata 4417:on 23 September 2018 4151:on 6 September 2012. 3156:J Eukaryot Microbiol 3070:on 28 September 2007 2961:10.1128/CMR.12.4.554 2729:10.1056/NEJMra013170 1863:, microsporidia and 1791:10.1128/CMR.00115-13 1779:Clin. Microbiol. Rev 1389:, British Columbia, 631:genomics data sets. 424:Voice change (e.g., 363:right upper quadrant 263:hepatobiliary system 185:autoimmune disorders 179:(e.g., persons with 106:Immunocompromisation 8362:Conspiracy theories 7915:Heterocyclic amines 7819:Shellfish poisoning 7059:Cystoisospora belli 6980:Protozoan infection 6002:Blastogregarinorina 5959:Oligochaetocystinae 4472:7 July 2011 at the 4381:. pp. 3215–28. 3604:(9859): 2095–2128. 3107:1990ApEnM..56.1423K 2648:"Cryptosporidiosis" 2438:10.1038/nature02977 2429:2004Natur.431.1107X 2370:2004Sci...304..441A 1713:"Cryptosporidiosis" 1298:The most important 1273:monoclonal antibody 1052:antimotility agents 1042:primarily involves 446:Shortness of breath 163:and can affect the 8463:Protozoal diseases 8020:Toxic oil syndrome 7973:Swill milk scandal 7799:Diethylstilbestrol 7471:Diphyllobothriasis 7227:Pythium insidiosum 6097:Amphiplatysporidae 6049:Cephaloidophoridae 5849:Archigregarinorida 4844:Intramacronucleata 4577:External resources 4415:(Website database) 4388:"Basic Biology of 3206:on 24 January 2009 1540:and other Western 1265:Tooltip kilodalton 826:acid-fast staining 685:Child care workers 474: 376:Reactive arthritis 287:papillary stenosis 257:and sometimes the 222:Signs and symptoms 73:Infectious disease 8453:Cryptosporidiosis 8440: 8439: 8347:Food preservation 8156:Foodborne illness 7708:Sugar substitutes 7461:Cryptosporidiosis 7443:parasitic disease 7357:HGH controversies 7324:food contaminants 7278: 7277: 7243: 7242: 7198: 7197: 7167: 7166: 7087:Toxoplasma gondii 7051:Cryptosporidiosis 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6899: 6898: 6778: 6777: 6710: 6709: 6406: 6405: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6175:Schizogregarinina 6161: 6160: 5832: 5831: 5737:Protococcidiorida 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5621:Selenococcidiidae 5611:Elleipsisomatidae 5575:Cryptosporidiidae 5436:Haemogregarinidae 5359:Agamococcidiorida 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5130: 5129: 4930:Oligohymenophorea 4829: 4828: 4631: 4630: 4613:Cryptosporidiosis 4457:Cryptosporidiosis 4287:Östersunds-Posten 4111:. 20 August 2007. 4019:"Cryptosporidium" 3481:10.1021/jm050973f 3401:Curr Trop Med Rep 2423:(7012): 1107–12. 2341:on 20 March 2001. 2219:(6570): 483–484. 2178:(10): 1067–1080. 1551:On 25 June 2008, 1240:immunocompromised 1226:surface protein ( 1129:that includes an 1110:immunocompromised 1104:Immunocompromised 1090:immunocompromised 1044:fluid rehydration 1029:hydrogen peroxide 931:slow sand filters 434:lower respiratory 409:upper respiratory 394: – suggests 384: – suggests 259:respiratory tract 244:immunocompromised 177:immunocompromised 165:respiratory tract 159:. It affects the 140:parasitic disease 132:Cryptosporidiosis 129: 128: 34:Cryptosporidiosis 28:Medical condition 16:Parasitic disease 8490: 8483:Immunodeficiency 8430: 8429: 8420: 8410: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8392:Drink portal 8390: 8389: 8388: 8380: 8379: 8291:(United Kingdom) 8040:Jack in the Box 8011: 7998:Minamata disease 7910:Food irradiation 7890:4-Hydroxynonenal 7738:Sodium cyclamate 7581:Escherichia coli 7573:Escherichia coli 7305: 7298: 7291: 7282: 7182:Balantidium coli 7141:Blackwater fever 7019: 7010: 7001: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6847: 6789: 6721: 6613:Duboscquellaceae 6417: 6305: 6296: 6167:Neogregarinorida 6143:Actinocephalidae 6139:Stylocephaloidea 6133:Trichorhynchidae 5977:Schaudinnellidae 5921:Aikinetocystidae 5909: 5845: 5774:Eleutheroschizon 5616:Lankesterellidae 5565:Calyptosporiidae 5555:Atoxoplasmatidae 5506: 5418:Dactylosomatidae 5401: 5355: 5344: 5205: 5196: 5192: 5181: 5141: 4960:Parablepharismea 4935:Ichthyophthirius 4840: 4806: 4797: 4708: 4688: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4635: 4489: 4445: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4398: 4396: 4382: 4377:(6th ed.). 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4355:. 6 October 2023 4345: 4339: 4338: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4218:on 21 July 2012. 4214:. Archived from 4208: 4202: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4169:on 1 August 2008 4165:. Archived from 4159: 4153: 4152: 4147:. Archived from 4137: 4131: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4085:on 11 March 2007 4081:. Archived from 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3975:Emerg Infect Dis 3966: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3896: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3837: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3621: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3531: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3475:(4): 1450–1454. 3460: 3454: 3453: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3356: 3347: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3307: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3171: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3037: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2919: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2864: 2854: 2839: 2838: 2802: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2761: 2758: 2741: 2740: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2654:on 27 April 2020 2644: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2548:Medicina Clínica 2535: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2337:. Archived from 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2236: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2132: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2057: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1994: 1967: 1966: 1956: 1938: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1886: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1832: 1817: 1816: 1802: 1770: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1652:In May 2013, in 1424:upstate New York 1409:North Battleford 1277:passive immunity 1275:to CP15 confers 1266: 1262: 958:chlorine dioxide 895:treatment plants 846:epithelial cells 557:fecal-oral route 249: 193:fecal-oral route 43: 31: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8473:Bovine diseases 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8386: 8384: 8382:Food portal 8374: 8366: 8315: 8253: 8214:Food libel laws 8177: 8005: 7954: 7920:Modified starch 7882:Food processing 7876: 7823: 7752: 7702: 7698:Sodium benzoate 7674: 7636: 7631:Vibrio cholerae 7525: 7496:Gnathostomiasis 7481:Fasciolopsiasis 7433: 7381: 7372:Mercury in fish 7314: 7309: 7279: 7274: 7239: 7194: 7163: 7099: 7026: 6990: 6977: 6947: 6930: 6895: 6870: 6836: 6830:Rhizellobiopsis 6774: 6706: 6683:Pronoctilucidae 6642: 6601:Amoebophryaceae 6583: 6558: 6509:Without theca: 6402: 6365: 6340: 6278: 6179:Caulleryellidae 6157: 6147:Stylocephalidae 6125:Sphaerocystidae 6109:Dactylophoridae 6105:Cnemidosporidae 6101:Brustiophoridae 6021: 5996: 5967:Stomatophorinae 5963:Rhynchocystinae 5926:Allantocystidae 5904:Eugregarinorida 5898: 5869:Selenidioididae 5841: 5828: 5731: 5698: 5657:Toxoplasmatinae 5625: 5580:Cryptosporidium 5495: 5390: 5379:Rhytidocystidae 5351: 5340: 5323: 5311:Cardiosporidium 5301: 5264: 5241:Leucocytozoidae 5188: 5177: 5160: 5126: 5104: 5049: 4972:Phyllopharyngea 4965:Parablepharisma 4825: 4791: 4790: 4706: 4684: 4675: 4662: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4572: 4571: 4500: 4483:Genome Resource 4481:Cryptosporidium 4474:Wayback Machine 4452: 4442: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4394: 4390:Cryptosporidium 4385: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4293:on 19 July 2011 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4195:Wayback Machine 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4055:on 8 March 2010 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4029:on 1 March 2011 4017: 4016: 4012: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3881:Acta Vet. Scand 3874: 3873: 3869: 3816:Cryptosporidium 3810: 3809: 3805: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3654:Cryptosporidium 3648: 3647: 3643: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3361:(1): CD004932. 3354: 3349: 3348: 3335: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3150:Cryptosporidium 3145: 3144: 3140: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2856: 2855: 2842: 2804: 2803: 2788: 2778: 2777: 2764: 2759: 2744: 2723:(22): 1723–31. 2717:N. Engl. J. Med 2714: 2713: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2670: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2409:"The genome of 2406: 2405: 2401: 2364:(5669): 441–5. 2351: 2350: 2346: 2313:(11): 899–904. 2300: 2299: 2295: 2272:(3–4): 178–83. 2255: 2254: 2250: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2137:J Pak Med Assoc 2134: 2133: 2114: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1970: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1861:Cryptosporidium 1859:"Prevalence of 1856: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1820: 1772: 1771: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1683: 1678: 1617: 1601:Cryptosporidium 1579:Throughout the 1553:Cryptosporidium 1503:Cryptosporidium 1496:Wayback Machine 1474:Cryptosporidium 1432:Cryptosporidium 1428:Cryptosporidium 1404: 1383:Cryptosporidium 1336: 1331: 1325: 1302:reservoirs are 1296: 1288:Cryptosporidium 1264: 1217: 1205: 1186:Cryptosporidium 1182: 1106: 1071:Immunocompetent 1068: 1066:Immunocompetent 1060:zinc deficiency 1037: 1018:Cryptosporidium 1010:Cryptosporidium 994:is to boil it. 992:Cryptosporidium 985:Cryptosporidium 977:Cryptosporidium 970:Cryptosporidium 966:Cryptosporidium 962:Cryptosporidium 954:Cryptosporidium 950:Cryptosporidium 943:Cryptosporidium 939:Cryptosporidium 891: 879:ultrasonography 875:Cryptosporidium 834:Giemsa staining 798:Cryptosporidium 794: 766: 730:Cryptosporidium 726: 717:Cryptosporidium 713:epidemiological 679:Cryptosporidium 657:Cryptosporidium 637: 629:Cryptosporidium 574:Cryptosporidium 564:Cryptosporidium 562:The pattern of 549:Cryptosporidium 517:Cryptosporidium 478:Cryptosporidium 470:Cryptosporidium 462: 421:Nasal discharge 405: 332:Low-grade fever 299: 275:urinary bladder 247: 240:immunocompetent 224: 216:Cryptosporidium 203:Cryptosporidium 189:watery diarrhea 169:immunocompetent 145:Cryptosporidium 93:Cryptosporidium 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8496: 8494: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8414: 8404: 8394: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8337:Food marketing 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8320:Related topics 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8055: 8046: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7905:Food additives 7902: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7718: 7712: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7531:Microorganisms 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7501:Paragonimiasis 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Cyclosporiasis 7463: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7387:Food additives 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7362:Lead poisoning 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7253: 7251: 7249:Archaeplastida 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7219:Blastocystosis 7208: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7177: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7079:Cyclosporiasis 7069: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7032: 7030: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6988:Archaeplastida 6978: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6818:Parallobiopsis 6806:Elliobiocystis 6797: 6795: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6757:Rastromonadida 6754: 6742: 6729: 6727: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6663: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6622: 6610: 6593: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6538: 6506: 6505: 6496:Prorocentrales 6493: 6475: 6457: 6428:With a theca: 6425: 6423: 6414: 6412:Dinoflagellata 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6388: 6379:Alphamonadidae 6375: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6326: 6322:Chromera velia 6313: 6311: 6302: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6264: 6243:Schizocystidae 6240: 6198: 6186: 6183:Ophryocystidae 6171: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6153:Blabericolidae 6150: 6136: 6086: 6076: 6073:Uradiophoridae 6057:Didymophoridae 6053:Cephalolobidae 6042: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5936:Enterocystidae 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5880:Meroselenidium 5866: 5857:Exoschizonidae 5853: 5851: 5842: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5808: 5799:Mackinnoniidae 5796: 5778: 5754: 5745:Angeiocystidae 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5680:Nephroisospora 5654: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5584: 5572: 5570:Caryotrophidae 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5445: 5441:Haemogregarina 5433: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5396:Eucoccidiorida 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5287: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5229:Haemoproteidae 5226: 5213: 5211: 5209:Haemospororida 5202: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5147: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098:Tracheloraphis 5084: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5029: 5017: 4999: 4987: 4969: 4957: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4885: 4873: 4864:Cariacotrichea 4861: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781:Mesomycetozoea 4778: 4773: 4763: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4717:Diaphoretickes 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4615: 4604: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4547: 4532: 4517: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492:Classification 4486: 4485: 4479:CryptoDB: The 4476: 4464: 4451: 4450:External links 4448: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4427: 4399: 4383: 4367: 4366: 4340: 4337:. 17 May 2013. 4322: 4319:. 15 May 2013. 4304: 4273: 4262:on 15 May 2011 4247: 4221: 4203: 4180: 4154: 4132: 4114: 4096: 4066: 4040: 4010: 3961: 3946: 3918: 3867: 3803: 3746: 3719:(2): 261–267. 3699: 3641: 3584: 3543: 3502: 3455: 3436: 3407:(3): 181–187. 3384: 3333: 3287: 3273: 3261: 3239: 3217: 3191: 3162:(5): 553–562. 3138: 3081: 3049: 3012:(2): 441–443. 2992: 2955:(4): 554–563. 2935: 2882: 2875: 2840: 2786: 2762: 2742: 2700: 2668: 2634: 2608: 2573: 2550:(in Spanish). 2530: 2477: 2452: 2399: 2344: 2307:Parasitol. Res 2293: 2248: 2199: 2158: 2112: 2083: 2011: 1968: 1908: 1849: 1818: 1718: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1625: 1616: 1615:2010 and later 1613: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1577: 1549: 1518:Rocky Mountain 1499: 1477: 1458: 1435: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1379: 1368: 1364:Milwaukee area 1344: 1335: 1332: 1327:Main article: 1324: 1321: 1295: 1292: 1219:A recombinant 1216: 1213: 1204: 1201: 1181: 1178: 1105: 1102: 1067: 1064: 1036: 1033: 911:drinking water 890: 887: 793: 790: 765: 762: 725: 722: 708: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 636: 633: 594: 593: 590: 587: 584: 541:C. meleagridis 515:. A number of 481:is a genus of 468:Life cycle of 461: 458: 457: 456: 451: 448: 443: 430: 429: 422: 419: 404: 401: 400: 399: 389: 379: 369: 368: 356: 353:upper GI tract 349: 346: 343: 340: 338:abdominal pain 334: 329: 328: 327: 298: 295: 223: 220: 155:in the phylum 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 70: 64: 63: 45: 44: 36: 35: 27: 21:Cryptococcosis 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8495: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8433: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8393: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8342:Food politics 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307:(South Korea) 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8171:United States 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8092:2011 Germany 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8049:1996 Odwalla 8047: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7680:Preservatives 7677: 7671: 7670:Methamidophos 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7511:Toxoplasmosis 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422:Vegetable oil 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7269: 7268:Protothecosis 7266: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7189: 7188:Balantidiasis 7186: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7094: 7093:Toxoplasmosis 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6825: 6824:Thalassomyces 6820: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6801:Ellobiopsidae 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784:Protalveolata 6781: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6763: 6762:Parvilucifera 6758: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6671:Oxyrrhinaceae 6669: 6667: 6666:Ichthyodinium 6664: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6511:Gymnodiniales 6508: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6460:Gonyaulacales 6458: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447:Ornithocercus 6443: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6430:Dinophysiales 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6391:Voromonadidae 6389: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6354:Colpodellidae 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6201:Lipotrophidae 6199: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6129:Stenophoridae 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089:Stenophoricae 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6065:Hirmocystidae 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010:Siedleckiidae 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Diplocystidae 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886:Selenidioides 5882: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874:Merogregarina 5870: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5839:Gregarinasina 5835: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5816:Myriosporides 5812: 5811:Myriosporidae 5809: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5639:Sarcocystinae 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5631:Sarcocystidae 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5542:Pseudoklossia 5538: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472:Klossiellidae 5470: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5384:Rhytidocystis 5380: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5367:Gemmocystidae 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246:Leucocytozoon 5242: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5151:Colponemadida 5148: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5087:Karyorelictea 5085: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074:Climacostomum 5070: 5069: 5064: 5063:Heterotrichea 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4906:Muranotrichea 4904: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4816:Acavomonadida 4813: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744:Stramenopiles 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4707:(major groups 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441:9780875530185 4437: 4433: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3981:(4): 426–31. 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:Euro Surveill 3661: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3522:(3): 275–81. 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101:(5): 1423–8. 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2876:9780071412070 2872: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554:(17): 653–6. 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:(4): 579–84. 2500: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2478: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785:(3): 575–86. 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:Burger's Lake 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Anglian Water 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1520:area; in the 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508:attacked the 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487:had reported 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:Lake Michigan 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1323:Notable cases 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316:leopard gecko 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294:Other animals 1293: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:surface-water 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:immunotherapy 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:antiparasitic 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:antiparasitic 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:sedimentation 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 888: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Kinyoun stain 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 807: 803: 799: 791: 789: 785: 783: 779: 775: 769: 763: 761: 758: 753: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 731: 723: 721: 718: 714: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 683: 682: 680: 675: 673: 670: 666: 665:disinfectants 662: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 634: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 591: 588: 585: 582: 581: 580: 577: 575: 571: 570: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531:genotype 1). 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:toxoplasmosis 510: 509: 504: 503: 498: 494: 491: 487: 484: 480: 479: 471: 466: 459: 455: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 438: 437: 435: 427: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 412: 410: 402: 397: 393: 390: 387: 386:hepatobiliary 383: 380: 377: 374: 373: 372: 367: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 339: 335: 333: 330: 326: 322: 321:malabsorption 318: 314: 313: 312: 308: 304: 303: 302: 296: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:immune system 229: 221: 219: 217: 213: 208: 204: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:immune system 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 148:, a genus of 147: 146: 141: 137: 133: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 53:H&E stain 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 26: 22: 8478:Cat diseases 8352:Food quality 8259:Institutions 8093: 8059: 8050: 8041: 7925:Nitrosamines 7688:Benzoic acid 7650:Chlorpyrifos 7629: 7623: 7614: 7597: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7521:Trichuriasis 7506:Toxocariasis 7476:Enterobiasis 7460: 7352:Formaldehyde 7260: 7225: 7213:Blastocystis 7211: 7204:Stramenopile 7180: 7149: 7112: 7105:Aconoidasida 7085: 7071: 7065:Isosporiasis 7057: 7050: 7039: 6924:Platyproteum 6922: 6916: 6887: 6884:Chilovoridae 6862: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6766: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6698: 6688:Pronoctiluca 6686: 6674: 6657: 6654:Acrocoelidae 6634: 6630:Hematodinium 6628: 6625:Syndiniaceae 6618:Duboscquella 6616: 6604: 6575: 6572:Noctilucales 6552:Symbiodinium 6550: 6544: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6501:Prorocentrum 6499: 6487: 6481: 6478:Peridiniales 6469: 6463: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6394: 6382: 6371:Voromonadida 6357: 6346:Colpodellida 6332: 6329:Vitrellaceae 6320: 6317:Chromeraceae 6300:Apicomonadea 6270: 6260:Schizocystis 6258: 6252: 6248:Lymphotropha 6246: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6212:Farinocystis 6210: 6204: 6192: 6189:Gigaductidae 6117:Monoductidae 6083:Porosporidae 6079:Porosporicae 6061:Gregarinidae 6045:Gregarinicae 6013: 5987:Thiriotiidae 5982:Selenidiidae 5971:Zygocystinae 5955:Monocystinae 5951:Monocystidae 5913:Aseptatorina 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5860: 5820: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5784: 5772: 5768:Defretinella 5766: 5760: 5750:Angeiocystis 5748: 5723: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5674:Hyaloklossia 5672: 5666: 5660: 5648: 5642: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5578: 5560:Barrouxiidae 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5513:Aggregatidae 5487: 5484:Legerellidae 5475: 5463: 5460:Karyolysidae 5451: 5448:Hepatozoidae 5439: 5427: 5421: 5382: 5370: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5290:Theileriidae 5281: 5270:Piroplasmida 5256: 5253:Plasmodiidae 5244: 5234:Haemoproteus 5232: 5220: 5200:Aconoidasida 5154: 5145:Colponemadea 5136:Colponemidia 5120: 5114: 5096: 5090: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5041: 5035: 5032:Spirotrichea 5023: 5020:Protocruziea 5011: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4977:Chilodonella 4975: 4963: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4891: 4888:Litostomatea 4879: 4867: 4855: 4819: 4810:Acavomonadea 4801:Acavomonidia 4766:Opisthokonta 4617: 4606: 4595: 4584: 4560: 4549: 4534: 4519: 4504: 4480: 4456: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4412:the original 4407: 4389: 4374: 4357:. Retrieved 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4295:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4286: 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4260:the original 4250: 4238:. Retrieved 4234: 4224: 4216:the original 4206: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4167:the original 4157: 4149:the original 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4089:29 September 4087:. Retrieved 4083:the original 4078: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4053:the original 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4027:the original 4022: 4013: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3939:21 September 3937:. Retrieved 3933:Science News 3931: 3921: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3766:(1): 72–97. 3763: 3759: 3749: 3716: 3713:Parasitology 3712: 3702: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3563:(1): 78–82. 3560: 3556: 3546: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3450:HIV Newsline 3449: 3439: 3404: 3400: 3378: 3358: 3327: 3320:. Retrieved 3315: 3276: 3252:. Retrieved 3242: 3230:. Retrieved 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3204:the original 3194: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3065:the original 3052: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2929: 2902:(1): 50–55. 2899: 2895: 2885: 2860: 2813:(2): 391–3. 2810: 2807:J. Parasitol 2806: 2780: 2720: 2716: 2694: 2663: 2656:. Retrieved 2652:the original 2625:. Retrieved 2618: 2611: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2468:. Retrieved 2465:cryptodb.org 2464: 2455: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2339:the original 2310: 2306: 2296: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2251: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2152: 2143:(6): 613–8. 2140: 2136: 2108:re-infection 2106: 2099:. Retrieved 2077: 2070:. Retrieved 2065: 2002:. Retrieved 1926: 1922: 1911: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1840:. Retrieved 1812: 1782: 1778: 1600: 1552: 1502: 1473: 1470:Lough Corrib 1451:Llyn Cwellyn 1431: 1427: 1420:Finger Lakes 1382: 1350:occurred in 1297: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1255: 1243: 1235: 1220: 1218: 1206: 1197:seropositive 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1180:Epidemiology 1173: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1147:azithromycin 1139:nitazoxanide 1124: 1107: 1098:azithromycin 1084:is the only 1082:nitazoxanide 1080:As of 2015, 1079: 1069: 1038: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1007: 996: 991: 989: 984: 976: 974: 969: 965: 961: 953: 949: 947: 942: 938: 919:flocculation 892: 874: 869: 850: 823: 797: 795: 786: 781: 777: 773: 770: 767: 764:Pathogenesis 757:microgametes 754: 750: 728: 727: 716: 709: 678: 676: 655: 638: 628: 620: 615:seem not to 613:mitochondria 611:in that the 604: 598: 595: 578: 573: 567: 563: 561: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:(previously 524: 520: 516: 506: 500: 476: 475: 469: 432:Symptoms of 431: 416:Inflammation 407:Symptoms of 406: 370: 300: 291:pancreatitis 252: 248:re-infection 225: 215: 207:HIV-positive 202: 201: 143: 135: 131: 130: 124:Nitazoxanide 101:Risk factors 25: 8458:Conoidasida 8432:WikiProject 8269:(Hong Kong) 8006: [ 7968:Devon colic 7842:Breast milk 7814:Nonylphenol 7789:Bisphenol A 7726:controversy 7593:Hepatitis E 7588:Hepatitis A 7566:Enterovirus 7559:Cronobacter 7516:Trichinosis 7486:Fasciolosis 7456:Anisakiasis 7427:controversy 7320:Adulterants 7023:Conoidasida 7014:Apicomplexa 6876:Chilovorida 6859:Algovoridae 6842:Myzomonadea 6812:Ellobiopsis 6793:Ellobiopsea 6768:Rastrimonas 6750:Phagodinium 6745:Phagodinida 6733:Perkinsidae 6716:Perkinsozoa 6695:Psammosidae 6606:Amoebophyra 6597:Syndiniales 6534:Karlodinium 6522:Gymnodinium 6516:Amphidinium 6421:Dinokaryota 6267:Syncystidae 6254:Machadoella 6113:Leidyanidae 6069:Metameridae 6027:Septatorina 5992:Urosporidae 5946:Lecudinidae 5941:Ganymedidae 5804:Mackinnonia 5786:Coelotropha 5762:Coelotropha 5712:Ixorheorida 5650:Sarcocystis 5501:Eimeriorina 5429:Dactylosoma 5423:Babesiosoma 5372:Gemmocystis 5338:Conoidasida 5318:Nephromyces 5186:Apicomplexa 5080:Blepharisma 5043:Stylonychia 5025:Protocruzia 5002:Prostomatea 4990:Plagiopylea 4947:Tetrahymena 4918:Nassophorea 4911:Muranothrix 4893:Balantidium 4586:MedlinePlus 4421:27 February 3814:"Update on 3652:"Review of 3650:K. (2018). 3254:7 September 3232:7 September 2658:27 February 2470:22 February 1629:Cumbernauld 1557:Northampton 1548:, decrease. 1455:Welsh Water 1447:North Wales 1334:Before 2000 1170:thiazolides 1143:paromomycin 1094:paromomycin 915:coagulation 909:for public 838:hematoxylin 617:contain DNA 493:Apicomplexa 398:involvement 388:involvement 345:Weight loss 342:Dehydration 325:hypovolemia 319:-like with 157:Apicomplexa 8447:Categories 8183:Regulation 8166:death toll 7935:Shortening 7900:Acrylamide 7829:Food fraud 7809:Mycotoxins 7642:Pesticides 7616:Salmonella 7491:Giardiasis 7451:Amoebiasis 7395:Flavorings 7173:Ciliophora 7157:Babesiosis 6918:Filipodium 6913:Squirmidae 6905:Squirmidea 6851:Algovorida 6659:Acrocoelus 6564:Noctilucea 6541:Suessiales 6489:Peridinium 6483:Pfiesteria 6441:Histioneis 6435:Dinophysis 6384:Alphamonas 6359:Colpodella 6309:Chromerida 6236:Menzbieria 6224:Lipocystis 6218:Lipotropha 6194:Gigaductus 6121:Monoicidae 6039:Fusionidae 6035:Fusionicae 6015:Siedleckia 5892:Veloxidium 5862:Exoschizon 5822:Myriospora 5781:Grelliidae 5720:Ixorheidae 5692:Toxoplasma 5592:Cyclospora 5587:Eimeriidae 5530:Merocystis 5524:Grasseella 5477:Klossiella 5465:Karyolysus 5453:Hepatozoon 5405:Adeleorina 5278:Babesiidae 5258:Plasmodium 5122:Myrionecta 5116:Mesodinium 5111:Mesodiniea 4995:Plagiopyla 4953:Vorticella 4941:Paramecium 4852:Armophorea 4835:Ciliophora 4821:Acavomonas 4608:Patient UK 4562:DiseasesDB 4235:ABC Online 4059:25 January 2931:infection. 2589:(9): 985. 2461:"CryptoDB" 2101:11 January 2004:11 January 1842:16 January 1676:References 1661:Queenstown 1643:Skellefteå 1597:Fort Worth 1489:1302 cases 1422:region of 1252:Antibodies 1056:loperamide 981:laboratory 927:filtration 907:reservoirs 889:Prevention 851:Detecting 806:Microscopy 802:antibodies 778:C. hominis 724:Life cycle 621:C. hominis 609:Eukaryotes 525:C. hominis 508:Toxoplasma 502:Plasmodium 426:hoarseness 396:pancreatic 366:tenderness 359:Epigastric 311:leukocytes 218:organism. 142:caused by 112:Prevention 49:Micrograph 8229:ISO 22000 8191:watchdogs 8187:standards 8161:outbreaks 8062:outbreaks 7940:Trans fat 7852:Olive oil 7774:Aflatoxin 7748:Sucralose 7733:Saccharin 7721:Aspartame 7665:Malathion 7610:Rotavirus 7605:Norovirus 7233:Pythiosis 7005:Alveolate 6889:Chilovora 6738:Perkinsus 6725:Perkinsea 6636:Syndinium 6577:Noctiluca 6546:Polarella 6471:Gonyaulax 6453:Oxyphysis 6396:Voromonas 6272:Syncystis 6206:Apicystis 5668:Hammondia 5662:Besnoitia 5644:Frenkelia 5518:Aggregata 5489:Legerella 5413:Adeleidae 5295:Theileria 5217:Garniidae 5156:Colponema 5013:Holophrya 4983:Tokophrya 4761:Amoebozoa 4739:Alveolata 4727:Cryptista 4702:Eukaryota 4673:Alveolata 4665:Eukaryota 4597:eMedicine 4395:(Website) 4359:6 October 4127:Yahoo.com 3887:(1): 36. 3844:1776-1042 3780:0893-8512 3489:0022-2623 3322:8 January 3026:0019-9567 2969:0893-8512 2072:8 January 1945:1776-1042 1877:(1): 28. 1654:Roscommon 1636:Östersund 1608:Cambridge 1534:illnesses 1445:areas of 1418:, in the 1402:2001–2009 1387:Cranbrook 1352:Milwaukee 1267:protein ( 1232:colostrum 1209:coccidian 1035:Treatment 792:Diagnosis 774:C. parvum 640:Infection 576:species. 569:Eimeriina 529:C. parvum 521:C. parvum 499:parasite 486:pathogens 483:protozoan 454:Hypoxemia 153:parasites 150:protozoan 120:Treatment 95:infection 68:Specialty 8468:Zoonoses 8422:Cookbook 8402:Category 8204:E number 8096:outbreak 8053:outbreak 8044:outbreak 7794:Dieldrin 7743:Sorbitol 7599:Listeria 7539:Botulism 7367:Melamine 7337:Aldicarb 7257:Algaemia 7130:knowlesi 7126:malariae 7036:Coccidia 7028:Coccidia 6864:Algovora 6700:Psammosa 6676:Oxyrrhis 6589:Syndinea 6465:Ceratium 6230:Mattesia 6093:Acutidae 5725:Ixorheis 5686:Neospora 5604:Isospora 5548:Selysina 5349:Coccidia 5037:Euplotes 4899:Dileptus 4876:Colpodea 4756:Amorphea 4734:Rhizaria 4722:Hacrobia 4712:Excavata 4697:Bacteria 4622:Q1359898 4470:Archived 4379:Elsevier 4335:RTÉ News 4317:RTÉ News 4297:19 April 4266:19 April 4240:19 April 4191:Archived 4033:19 April 4023:CBC News 4005:12702221 3913:24902957 3862:32167464 3822:Parasite 3798:14726456 3741:51933975 3733:30086806 3694:29382412 3628:23245604 3579:16837712 3538:18814694 3516:Parasite 3497:16480281 3431:26568906 3375:17253532 3316:Medscape 3186:32841562 3178:15537090 2987:10515902 2926:25311695 2835:11523340 2827:12760662 2737:12037153 2603:25115302 2568:17169283 2525:10458969 2447:15510150 2394:26434820 2386:15044751 2335:11712486 2327:10540950 2288:11388511 2194:12191657 2149:25252476 2066:Medscape 1963:32351207 1923:Parasite 1903:29316950 1865:Isospora 1809:24982322 1665:outbreak 1565:Pitsford 1561:Daventry 1538:Colorado 1532:, 1,600 1526:Meridian 1506:outbreak 1492:Archived 1443:Anglesey 1378:in 1995. 1300:zoonotic 1228:rCP15/60 1215:Research 1174:in vitro 1166:in vitro 863:assay. 853:antigens 819:auramine 782:C. muris 669:chlorine 667:such as 635:Transfer 545:C. muris 537:C. felis 533:C. canis 382:Jaundice 307:diarrhea 267:pancreas 236:Symptoms 181:HIV/AIDS 167:in both 80:Symptoms 8412:Commons 8285:(Spain) 8094:E. coli 8060:E. coli 8051:E. coli 8042:E. coli 7862:Seafood 7762:poisons 7660:Lindane 7624:E. coli 7583:O157:H7 7575:O104:H4 7377:Sudan I 7347:Cyanide 7151:Babesia 7136:Malaria 6528:Karenia 5792:Grellia 5598:Eimeria 5536:Ovivora 5283:Babesia 5175:Myzozoa 5092:Loxodes 5068:Stentor 4923:Nassula 4881:Colpoda 4857:Metopus 4771:Animals 4692:Archaea 4618:Scholia 4602:med/484 4556:D003457 4199:WFAA-TV 3996:2957981 3904:4089559 3853:7069357 3685:5801338 3658:Giardia 3636:1541253 3422:4640180 3318:. WebMD 3133:2339894 3103:Bibcode 3044:9453592 2917:4347390 2516:2627758 2425:Bibcode 2366:Bibcode 2358:Science 2243:3103738 2234:1245527 2068:. WebMD 1954:7191976 1894:5759777 1800:4135895 1546:Montana 1528:areas; 1481:diapers 1466:Ireland 1439:Gwynedd 1395:Kelowna 1203:History 1054:(e.g., 979:in the 746:meronts 661:oocysts 497:malaria 392:Ascites 348:Fatigue 336:Crampy 317:cholera 214:of the 197:fomites 138:, is a 57:Colonic 7867:Shrimp 7804:Dioxin 7758:Toxins 7332:3-MCPD 5222:Garnia 5007:Coleps 4749:Plants 4686:Domain 4591:000617 4438: 4173:5 July 4003: 3993: 3911: 3901: 3860: 3850: 3842: 3828:: 14. 3796: 3789:321466 3786: 3778: 3739: 3731: 3692: 3682: 3634: 3626: 3598:Lancet 3577: 3536: 3495: 3487: 3429: 3419: 3373: 3184: 3176: 3131: 3124:184422 3121: 3042: 3035:107924 3032: 3024: 2985: 2975: 2967: 2924: 2914: 2873: 2833: 2825: 2735: 2601: 2566: 2523: 2513: 2445: 2417:Nature 2392: 2384: 2333: 2325: 2286: 2241: 2231: 2192: 2147: 1961: 1951: 1943: 1929:: 27. 1901: 1891: 1807: 1797: 1622:Cairns 1581:summer 1542:states 1512:: 230 1462:Galway 1391:Canada 1372:Torbay 1304:cattle 1224:oocyst 1145:, and 948:While 925:, and 905:, and 899:rivers 738:oocyst 672:bleach 652:animal 601:genome 543:, and 505:, and 490:phylum 273:, and 175:) and 136:crypto 89:Causes 60:biopsy 8010:] 7857:Prawn 7837:Bread 7410:Sugar 7122:ovale 7118:vivax 6647:Other 4776:Fungi 4545:007.4 4530:A07.2 3737:S2CID 3670:(4). 3632:S2CID 3355:(PDF) 3210:6 May 3182:S2CID 3074:6 May 3068:(PDF) 3061:(PDF) 2978:88924 2867:684–5 2831:S2CID 2627:6 May 2623:. 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