854:
969:
877:
560:
509:
923:
900:
946:
831:
962:
870:
916:
893:
939:
824:
687:
847:
487:
The oxidation state of the metal also contributes to the size of Δ between the high and low energy levels. As the oxidation state increases for a given metal, the magnitude of Δ increases. A V complex will have a larger Δ than a V complex for a given set of ligands, as the difference in charge
647:
The use of these splitting diagrams can aid in the prediction of magnetic properties of co-ordination compounds. A compound that has unpaired electrons in its splitting diagram will be paramagnetic and will be attracted by magnetic fields, while a compound that lacks unpaired electrons in its
574:-orbitals are referred to as weak-field ligands. In this case, it is easier to put electrons into the higher energy set of orbitals than it is to put two into the same low-energy orbital, because two electrons in the same orbital repel each other. So, one electron is put into each of the five
344:
The size of the gap Δ between the two or more sets of orbitals depends on several factors, including the ligands and geometry of the complex. Some ligands always produce a small value of Δ, while others always give a large splitting. The reasons behind this can be explained by
675:
set becomes lower in energy than the orbitals in the barycenter. As a result of this, if there are any electrons occupying these orbitals, the metal ion is more stable in the ligand field relative to the barycenter by an amount known as the CFSE. Conversely, the
644:(for the same metal and same ligands). Therefore, the energy required to pair two electrons is typically higher than the energy required for placing electrons in the higher energy orbitals. Thus, tetrahedral complexes are usually high-spin.
488:
density allows the ligands to be closer to a V ion than to a V ion. The smaller distance between the ligand and the metal ion results in a larger Δ, because the ligand and metal electrons are closer together and therefore repel more.
530:. In complexes with these ligands, it is unfavourable to put electrons into the high energy orbitals. Therefore, the lower energy orbitals are completely filled before population of the upper sets starts according to the
232:, which will have higher energy, because the former group is farther from the ligands than the latter and therefore experiences less repulsion. The three lower-energy orbitals are collectively referred to as
263:
116:
arises from the attraction between the positively charged metal cation and the negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand. The theory is developed by considering energy changes of the five
656:
The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) is the stability that results from placing a transition metal ion in the crystal field generated by a set of ligands. It arises due to the fact that when the
135:-orbitals and those in the ligand repel each other due to repulsion between like charges. Thus the d-electrons closer to the ligands will have a higher energy than those further away which results in the
589:
In order for low spin splitting to occur, the energy cost of placing an electron into an already singly occupied orbital must be less than the cost of placing the additional electron into an e
1591:
698:-orbitals within a spherical negative electric field (center), and loss of degeneracy relative to the spherical field when ligands are treated as point charges in an octahedral geometry.
1141:
Schlapp, Robert; Penney, William G. (1932). "Influence of
Crystalline Fields on the Susceptibilities of Salts of Paramagnetic Ions. II. The Iron Group, Especially Ni, Cr and Co".
1098:
Penney, William G.; Schlapp, Robert (1932). "The
Influence of Crystalline Fields on the Susceptibilities of Salts of Paramagnetic Ions. I. The Rare Earths, Especially Pr and Nd".
127:
upon being surrounded by an array of point charges consisting of the ligands. As a ligand approaches the metal ion, the electrons from the ligand will be closer to some of the
664:
are split in a ligand field (as described above), some of them become lower in energy than before with respect to a spherical field known as the barycenter in which all five
779:) = 0 - in this case, the stabilization generated by the electrons in the lower orbitals is canceled out by the destabilizing effect of the electrons in the upper orbitals.
54:
orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors). This theory has been used to describe various spectroscopies of
578:-orbitals in accord with Hund's rule, and "high spin" complexes are formed before any pairing occurs. For example, Br is a weak-field ligand and produces a small Δ
273:
Tetrahedral complexes are the second most common type; here four ligands form a tetrahedron around the metal ion. In a tetrahedral crystal field splitting, the
100:
in transition metal complexes. CFT can be complicated further by breaking assumptions made of relative metal and ligand orbital energies, requiring the use of
155:
the nature of the ligands surrounding the metal ion. The stronger the effect of the ligands then the greater the difference between the high and low energy
1381:
840:
1424:
955:
863:
1354:
1330:
1303:
1276:
1238:
1215:
1439:
683:
orbitals (in the octahedral case) are higher in energy than in the barycenter, so putting electrons in these reduces the amount of CFSE.
333:- opposite to the octahedral case. Furthermore, since the ligand electrons in tetrahedral symmetry are not oriented directly towards the
909:
627:
in octahedral complexes. If the energy required to pair two electrons is greater than Δ, the energy cost of placing an electron in an e
1531:
1257:
1687:
1189:
179:
1566:
1561:
1526:
886:
353:
is an empirically-derived list of ligands ordered by the size of the splitting Δ that they produce (small Δ to large Δ; see also
338:
1702:
1576:
1571:
1556:
1459:
1581:
932:
1374:
817:
164:
1692:
1349:
in E. Pavarini, E. Koch, F. Anders, and M. Jarrell (eds.): Correlated
Electrons: From Models to Materials, JĂĽlich 2012,
101:
791:
can be explained by
Crystal Field Theory. Often, however, the deeper colors of metal complexes arise from more intense
80:
structures of transition metal complexes, but it does not attempt to describe bonding. CFT was developed by physicists
1632:
1637:
1063:
Van Vleck, J. (1932). "Theory of the
Variations in Paramagnetic Anisotropy Among Different Salts of the Iron Group".
1707:
251:
146:
the metal's oxidation state. A higher oxidation state leads to a larger splitting relative to the spherical field.
1697:
1449:
497:
480:
It is useful to note that the ligands producing the most splitting are those that can engage in metal to ligand
1521:
1485:
1390:
1367:
1000:
853:
89:
85:
43:
968:
876:
792:
559:
508:
167:, in which six ligands form the vertices of an octahedron around the metal ion. In octahedral symmetry the
1666:
1551:
527:
350:
1586:
922:
542:-electrons, would have the octahedral splitting diagram shown at right with all five electrons in the
1541:
1150:
1107:
1072:
1029:
788:
636:
The crystal field splitting energy for tetrahedral metal complexes (four ligands) is referred to as Δ
586:-electrons, would have an octahedral splitting diagram where all five orbitals are singly occupied.
1661:
1480:
1454:
1409:
995:
899:
346:
255:
93:
58:
1346:
17:
1475:
1429:
1295:
1288:
463:
247:
118:
70:
66:
992:
seen in materials containing high-spin magnetic impurities, often due to crystal field splitting
961:
945:
869:
830:
744:
configurations shown further up the page. The low-spin (top) example has five electrons in the
1656:
1627:
1617:
1546:
1350:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1299:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1211:
1185:
1166:
1123:
1045:
31:
1622:
1516:
1419:
1414:
1158:
1115:
1080:
1037:
985:
531:
503:
413:
97:
55:
915:
131:-orbitals and farther away from others, causing a loss of degeneracy. The electrons in the
1495:
1490:
474:
444:
270:) Typical orbital energy diagrams are given below in the section High-spin and low-spin.
1184:
G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr “Inorganic
Chemistry” 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall 1999), p.379
1154:
1111:
1076:
1033:
1612:
1511:
1434:
1227:
892:
658:
648:
splitting diagram will be diamagnetic and will be weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
553:
520:
481:
452:
421:
121:
1681:
1607:
989:
938:
139:-orbitals splitting in energy. This splitting is affected by the following factors:
823:
425:
538:
is a strong-field ligand and produces a large Δ. The octahedral ion , which has 5
112:
According to crystal field theory, the interaction between a transition metal and
1536:
372:
686:
81:
1170:
1127:
1049:
1041:
61:, in particular optical spectra (colors). CFT successfully accounts for some
1648:
1444:
846:
787:
The optical properties (details of absorption and emission spectra) of many
398:
1359:
1162:
1119:
1084:
570:
Conversely, ligands (like I and Br) which cause a small splitting Δ of the
337:-orbitals, the energy splitting will be lower than in the octahedral case.
433:
394:
376:
73:
62:
470:
456:
437:
402:
380:
368:
364:
152:
the coordination number of the metal (i.e. tetrahedral, octahedral...)
360:
354:
113:
77:
526:
are referred to as strong-field ligands, such as CN and CO from the
277:-orbitals again split into two groups, with an energy difference of
1347:
Crystal-field Theory, Tight-binding Method, and Jahn-Teller Effect
1250:
An introduction to transition-metal chemistry: Ligand-Field theory
685:
668:-orbitals are degenerate. For example, in an octahedral case, the
558:
507:
387:
690:
Octahedral crystal field stabilization energy. Degenerate atomic
448:
1363:
534:. Complexes such as this are called "low spin". For example, NO
967:
944:
921:
898:
875:
852:
829:
1271:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 227–236.
341:
and other complex geometries can also be described by CFT.
1592:
Arene complexes of univalent gallium, indium, and thallium
694:-orbitals of a free metal ion (left), destabilization of
171:-orbitals split into two sets with an energy difference,
1294:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Company. pp.
717:
orbitals are stabilized relative to the barycenter by /
763:. In the high-spin (lower) example, the CFSE is (3 x /
189:
for ten times the "differential of quanta") where the
552:
level. This low spin state therefore does not follow
1290:
Chemistry: The
Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
149:
the arrangement of the ligands around the metal ion.
1646:
1600:
1504:
1468:
1397:
1321:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
1020:Bethe, H. (1929). "Termaufspaltung in Kristallen".
802:
1314:
1287:
1226:
96:(LFT), which delivers insight into the process of
595:orbital at an energy cost of Δ. As noted above, e
88:in the 1930s. CFT was subsequently combined with
519:Ligands which cause a large splitting Δ of the
1375:
8:
1476:Oxidative addition / reductive elimination
1382:
1368:
1360:
246:. These labels are based on the theory of
210:orbitals will be lower in energy than the
1206:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
306:, and the higher energy orbitals will be
1425:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
239:, and the two higher-energy orbitals as
1233:(3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
1012:
92:to form the more realistic and complex
1267:Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W. (2001).
1225:Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (2003).
706:-orbitals in an octahedral field is Δ
623:which are higher in energy than the t
7:
1532:Transition metal fullerene complexes
751:orbitals, so the total CFSE is 5 x /
284:. The lower energy orbitals will be
46:of electron orbital states, usually
163:The most common type of complex is
104:(ILFT) to better describe bonding.
1567:Transition metal carbyne complexes
1562:Transition metal carbene complexes
1527:Transition metal indenyl complexes
27:Theory in condensed matter physics
25:
18:Crystal field stabilization energy
1577:Transition metal alkyne complexes
1572:Transition metal alkene complexes
799:Geometries and splitting diagrams
180:crystal-field splitting parameter
1582:Transition-metal allyl complexes
960:
937:
914:
891:
868:
845:
822:
740:. As examples, consider the two
582:. So, the ion , again with five
1557:Transition metal acyl complexes
1210:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
732:orbitals are destabilized by /
640:, and is roughly equal to 4/9Δ
633:, high spin splitting occurs.
1:
1286:Silberberg, Martin S (2006).
143:the nature of the metal ion.
102:inverted ligand field theory
42:) describes the breaking of
1633:Shell higher olefin process
1440:Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model
988:— low temperature spike in
793:charge-transfer excitations
252:irreducible representations
182:, also commonly denoted by
1724:
1522:Cyclopentadienyl complexes
1486:β-hydride elimination
1460:Metal–ligand multiple bond
1313:Zumdahl, Steven S (2005).
501:
495:
1587:Transition metal carbides
1248:Orgel, Leslie E. (1960).
498:Spin states (d electrons)
1688:Condensed matter physics
1391:Organometallic chemistry
1042:10.1002/andp.19293950202
1001:Molecular orbital theory
702:If the splitting of the
250:: they are the names of
90:molecular orbital theory
86:John Hasbrouck van Vleck
1552:Half sandwich compounds
1703:Coordination chemistry
1667:Bioinorganic chemistry
1163:10.1103/PhysRev.42.666
1120:10.1103/PhysRev.41.194
1085:10.1103/PhysRev.41.208
972:
949:
926:
903:
880:
857:
841:Pentagonal bipyramidal
834:
789:coordination complexes
699:
567:
528:spectrochemical series
516:
492:High-spin and low-spin
351:spectrochemical series
256:octahedral point group
59:coordination complexes
1638:Ziegler–Natta process
1542:Metal tetranorbornyls
971:
948:
925:
902:
879:
856:
833:
689:
566:crystal field diagram
562:
515:crystal field diagram
511:
1647:Related branches of
1405:Crystal field theory
956:Trigonal bipyramidal
864:Square antiprismatic
652:Stabilization energy
36:crystal field theory
1693:Inorganic chemistry
1662:Inorganic chemistry
1481:Migratory insertion
1455:Agostic interaction
1410:Ligand field theory
1317:Chemical Principles
1269:Inorganic Chemistry
1229:Inorganic Chemistry
1208:Inorganic Chemistry
1155:1932PhRv...42..666S
1112:1932PhRv...41..194P
1077:1932PhRv...41..208V
1034:1929AnP...395..133B
996:Ligand field theory
347:ligand field theory
94:ligand field theory
1547:Sandwich compounds
1505:Types of compounds
1430:Isolobal principle
1022:Annalen der Physik
973:
950:
927:
904:
881:
858:
835:
783:Optical properties
700:
568:
517:
248:molecular symmetry
1708:Transition metals
1675:
1674:
1657:Organic chemistry
1628:Olefin metathesis
1618:Grignard reaction
1517:Grignard reagents
1355:978-3-89336-796-2
1332:978-0-669-39321-7
1305:978-0-8151-8505-5
1278:978-0-8412-3849-7
1240:978-0-13-035471-6
1217:978-0-13-039913-7
977:
976:
32:molecular physics
16:(Redirected from
1715:
1698:Chemical bonding
1623:Monsanto process
1420:d electron count
1415:18-electron rule
1384:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1336:
1323:550–551, 957–964
1320:
1309:
1293:
1282:
1263:
1244:
1232:
1221:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1017:
986:Schottky anomaly
964:
941:
918:
910:Square pyramidal
895:
872:
849:
826:
803:
532:Aufbau principle
504:Magnetochemistry
424:(N–bonded) <
375:(S–bonded) <
98:chemical bonding
56:transition metal
21:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1642:
1596:
1512:Gilman reagents
1500:
1496:Carbometalation
1491:Transmetalation
1464:
1393:
1388:
1343:
1333:
1312:
1306:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1260:
1247:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1205:
1202:
1200:Further reading
1197:
1196:
1183:
1179:
1143:Physical Review
1140:
1139:
1135:
1100:Physical Review
1097:
1096:
1092:
1065:Physical Review
1062:
1061:
1057:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
982:
812:Energy diagram
801:
785:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
739:
735:
730:
724:
720:
715:
709:
681:
673:
654:
643:
639:
632:
626:
622:
609:
600:
594:
581:
551:
537:
506:
500:
494:
467:
460:
449:2,2'-bipyridine
441:
429:
417:
410:
406:
391:
384:
332:
323:
314:
305:
292:
282:
268:character table
267:
261:
244:
237:
231:
218:
208:
201:
194:
176:
110:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:Cativa process
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1341:External links
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1310:
1304:
1283:
1277:
1264:
1259:978-0416634402
1258:
1245:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1177:
1149:(5): 666–686.
1133:
1106:(2): 194–207.
1090:
1071:(2): 208–215.
1055:
1028:(2): 133–208.
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
981:
978:
975:
974:
965:
958:
952:
951:
942:
935:
929:
928:
919:
912:
906:
905:
896:
889:
883:
882:
873:
866:
860:
859:
850:
843:
837:
836:
827:
820:
814:
813:
810:
807:
800:
797:
784:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
737:
733:
728:
722:
718:
713:
707:
679:
671:
653:
650:
641:
637:
628:
624:
614:
605:
601:refers to the
596:
590:
579:
546:
535:
496:Main article:
493:
490:
465:
458:
439:
427:
415:
408:
404:
389:
382:
328:
319:
310:
297:
288:
280:
265:
259:
242:
235:
223:
214:
206:
199:
192:
174:
161:
160:
153:
150:
147:
144:
109:
106:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Carbonylation
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Ď€ backbonding
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1190:0-13-841891-8
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:(in German).
1023:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
991:
990:heat capacity
987:
984:
983:
979:
970:
966:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
947:
943:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
924:
920:
917:
913:
911:
908:
907:
901:
897:
894:
890:
888:
887:Square planar
885:
884:
878:
874:
871:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
851:
848:
844:
842:
839:
838:
832:
828:
825:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
798:
796:
794:
790:
782:
780:
750:
743:
731:
716:
705:
697:
693:
688:
684:
682:
674:
667:
663:
661:
651:
649:
645:
634:
631:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
593:
587:
585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
557:
555:
550:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
523:
514:
510:
505:
499:
491:
489:
485:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
461:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
431:
423:
419:
411:
400:
396:
392:
385:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
339:Square planar
336:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
276:
271:
269:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
202:
195:
188:
187:
181:
177:
170:
166:
158:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
115:
107:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1601:Applications
1537:Metallocenes
1404:
1316:
1289:
1268:
1249:
1228:
1207:
1180:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1025:
1021:
1015:
786:
745:
741:
726:
711:
710:, the three
703:
701:
695:
691:
677:
669:
665:
659:
655:
646:
635:
629:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
597:
591:
588:
583:
575:
571:
569:
563:
548:
543:
539:
521:
518:
512:
486:
482:back-bonding
479:
359:
343:
334:
329:
325:
320:
316:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
278:
274:
272:
240:
233:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
204:
197:
190:
185:
183:
172:
168:
162:
156:
136:
132:
128:
122:
111:
65:properties,
51:
47:
44:degeneracies
39:
35:
29:
1450:spin states
1252:. Methuen.
933:Tetrahedral
554:Hund's rule
1682:Categories
1398:Principles
1007:References
818:Octahedral
771:) - (2 x /
725:, and the
502:See also:
355:this table
262:.(see the
165:octahedral
119:degenerate
82:Hans Bethe
74:enthalpies
1649:chemistry
1469:Reactions
1445:Hapticity
1296:1028–1034
1171:0031-899X
1128:0031-899X
1050:1521-3889
662:-orbitals
564:High Spin
524:-orbitals
125:-orbitals
71:hydration
980:See also
513:Low Spin
108:Overview
63:magnetic
1151:Bibcode
1108:Bibcode
1073:Bibcode
1030:Bibcode
254:of the
159:groups.
114:ligands
1353:
1329:
1302:
1275:
1256:
1237:
1214:
1188:
1169:
1126:
1048:
349:. The
78:spinel
76:, and
67:colors
809:Shape
473:<
469:<
462:<
455:<
451:<
447:<
443:<
436:<
432:<
420:<
412:<
401:<
397:<
393:<
386:<
379:<
371:<
367:<
363:<
178:(the
1351:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1167:ISSN
1124:ISSN
1046:ISSN
806:Name
759:= 2Δ
610:and
453:phen
324:and
293:and
219:and
203:and
84:and
1159:doi
1116:doi
1081:doi
1038:doi
1026:395
777:oct
769:oct
761:oct
757:oct
738:oct
723:oct
708:oct
642:oct
638:tet
580:oct
464:PPh
422:NCS
373:SCN
357:):
281:tet
258:, O
175:oct
50:or
40:CFT
30:In
1684::
1325:.
1298:.
1165:.
1157:.
1147:42
1145:.
1122:.
1114:.
1104:41
1102:.
1079:.
1069:41
1067:.
1044:.
1036:.
795:.
748:2g
714:2g
672:2g
625:2g
556:.
484:.
477:.
475:CO
471:CN
457:NO
445:en
438:NH
434:py
430:CN
426:CH
399:OH
381:NO
377:Cl
365:Br
330:yz
321:xz
315:,
312:xy
236:2g
207:yz
200:xz
196:,
193:xy
186:Dq
184:10
69:,
34:,
1383:e
1376:t
1369:v
1335:.
1308:.
1281:.
1262:.
1243:.
1220:.
1192:.
1175:\
1173:.
1161::
1153::
1130:.
1118::
1110::
1087:.
1083::
1075::
1052:.
1040::
1032::
775:Δ
773:5
767:Δ
765:5
755:Δ
753:5
746:t
742:d
736:Δ
734:5
729:g
727:e
721:Δ
719:5
712:t
704:d
696:d
692:d
680:g
678:e
670:t
666:d
660:d
630:g
620:y
618:-
616:x
612:d
607:z
603:d
598:g
592:g
584:d
576:d
572:d
549:g
547:2
544:t
540:d
536:2
522:d
466:3
459:2
440:3
428:3
418:O
416:2
414:H
409:4
407:O
405:2
403:C
395:F
390:3
388:N
383:3
369:S
361:I
335:d
326:d
317:d
308:d
303:y
301:-
299:x
295:d
290:z
286:d
279:Δ
275:d
266:h
264:O
260:h
243:g
241:e
234:t
229:y
227:-
225:x
221:d
216:z
212:d
205:d
198:d
191:d
173:Δ
169:d
157:d
137:d
133:d
129:d
123:d
52:f
48:d
38:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.