1030:. Each aircraft carried an expanded crew of up to 14. The squadron began training for the operation on 7 May, but were not aware of their final target. Task Force A left port in the evening of 5 June, but struggled in bad seas which affected their equipment and ability to converge at their meeting point. By 00:37 on 6 June the lead boats were on schedule and had reached the muster point. Between 02:00 and 04:00 the ships operated radar and radio equipment as they headed toward a point 7 miles (11 km) offshore. From there the task force simulated a landing attempt; by running fast to within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the beach before returning to the 7-mile marker under cover of smoke. During this time only a small German response was observed including searchlights and intermittent gunfire. Shortly after 05:00 the operation ended and the task force laid mines before heading toward
931:
1003:
elongated circuits with replacement aircraft having to merge in seamlessly to avoid tell-tale gaps. The bombers were staged at 2-mile (3.2 km) intervals parallel to the French coast. Once in position they would spend two and a half minutes flying toward the coast, dropping chaff at fifteen-second intervals. Then the aircraft would turn and head away from the coast for two minutes and ten seconds. By repeating this circuit, the wide cloud of chaff edged toward the coast just like a real sea-borne fleet. The aircraft had to be modified by cutting a hole in the nose to allow the large quantities of chaff to be dropped.
39:
982:
969:, then code-named Window) at two mile intervals. The clouds would appear as a continuous blip, similar to one created by an approaching fleet, on German screens. The Allies also repurposed radio equipment, code named Moonshine, to jam the Seetakt signal. Allied command decided that, rather than mask the approaching fleet, these measures would serve to alert German defences. So it was decided to combine these techniques with small groups of boats to simulate an entire invasion fleet aimed at the Calais region.
1007:
954:. As D-Day approached, the LCS moved on to planning tactical deceptions to help cover the progress of the real invasion forces. As well as naval operations, the LCS also planned operations involving paratroopers and ground deceptions. The latter would come into effect once landings were made but the former (involving naval, air and special forces units) were used to cover the approach of the true invasion fleet.
973:
countermeasures would hide the small size of the naval force while wireless traffic would play on the FUSAG story to mislead the
Germans into expecting a major landing. A third deceptive force, Operation Big Drum, would use radar countermeasures on the western flank of the true invasion fleet. This operation was intended to lend confusion as to the extent of the landings in Normandy.
1070:
westernmost convoy of the invasion fleet), to operate radar jamming equipment as it approached the French coast, holding 2 miles (3.2 km) off shore until first light. After the
Germans failed to respond, the ships moved to within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the coast. No response, either in the air or on the shore, was observed, and the convoy returned safely to Newhaven.
885:. Glimmer and Taxable played on the German belief, amplified by Allied deception efforts over the preceding months, that the main invasion force would land in the Calais region. Big Drum was positioned on the western flank of the real invasion force to try to confuse German forces about the scale of the landings. These operations complemented
1086:
From intelligence intercepts it appears that German forces in the Pas de Calais region reported an invasion fleet. In addition, there are reports of the decoys being fired on by shore batteries in that area. In an 11 June report on the operations, Lieutenant
Commander Ian Cox (who was in charge of
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balloons and simulated the radio traffic expected of a large fleet. Once German forces were drawn to the coast, it was planned that the RAF would attempt to contain them in this region, and away from the actual invasion site, by bombing bridges and roads. The operations required precise flying in
1078:
Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were complicated in execution, requiring coordination of air and naval forces. Launched in poor weather conditions, Taxable did not appear to have the desired effect and failed to elicit any significant response from the
Germans. The reaction to Glimmer was more
1069:
Big Drum was similar to the other D-Day naval deceptions, but without an airborne component. Task Force C consisted of four HDMLs, whose job was to operate as a distraction on the western flank of the invasion. The plan originally called for the task force, which was attached to Force U (the
1101:
of No. 617 Squadron wrote, "I have always considered the operation in one sense to be the most important the squadron carried out in my time – not because bad weather, nor because of any threat of enemy action and not measured by any visible results, but because of the very exacting
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Allied planners proposed that small boats, towing large radar reflecting balloons (code named
Filbert) and carrying both Moonshine jamming and standard wireless equipment (for transmitting fake traffic), would advance toward the French coast under a cloud of Window. The chaff and other
1083:, that the Germans believed a genuine threat existed. There is no evidence that Big Drum elicited any specific response from the shore. According to historian Mary Barbier, the adverse conditions and complexity of the operations contributed to the limited enemy response.
892:
It is unclear whether the operations were successful, due to the complexity of their execution, poor weather, and lack of response from German forces. It is possible that they contributed to the overall confusion of D-Day as part of the wider
Bodyguard plan.
2174:
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W. M. Rankin, consisted of 12 HDMLs equipped with jamming gear, radios and radar-reflecting balloons. The task force began jamming operations at approximately 01:00 followed by radio chatter around an hour later.
1512:
1091:, the Japanese ambassador to Germany, made reference to the naval deceptions. An 8 June dispatch referred to the Calais region and stated "an enemy squadron that had been operating there has now withdrawn".
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989:
Glimmer and
Taxable were very similar operations. They were executed in the early hours of 6 June 1944 while the invasion fleet was approaching Normandy. Taxable simulated an invasion force approaching
915:
intended to support the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in June 1944. Bodyguard was designed to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead-up to the invasion. The
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planes sent to investigate the "fleet". After completing their assignment (which, unlike
Taxable, did not include laying mines) the ships returned to port, reaching their berths by 13:00 on D-Day.
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bombers on the operation, with two additional airborne reserve aircraft. Each aircraft carried two pilots who rotated flying duties. The naval contingent, Special Task Force B under the command of
1970:
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In preparation for the coming landings, Allied scientists had worked on techniques for obscuring the size and disposition of an invasion force. The German defences relied on the
1965:
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303:
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Although disappointed not to have seen any action during the night of D-Day, and still unsure of their actual impact, the bomber crews felt proud of the operations.
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994:(about 80 km from the actual D-Day landings) and Glimmer spoofed an invasion at Pas-de-Calais (far from Normandy). By dropping chaff in progressive patterns,
1975:
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discovered that the resolution of the
Seetakt was about 520 yards (480 m). To deceive the radar system they proposed dropping clouds of aluminium foil (
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998:(RAF) bombers for both operations were able to create the illusion of a large fleet on coastal radar screens. Beneath the chaff, small boats towed
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deception units) indicated that German forces had been convinced by the fake radio traffic. Intercepted dispatches from
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Glimmer, Taxable and Big Drum were World War II deception operations. They were conducted as part of
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923:(FUSAG) represented the bulk of the Allied invasion force. FUSAG's existence was fabricated through
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Chaff being dropped from a
Lancaster bomber, similar to the method used during Taxable and Glimmer
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Operation Taxable was carried out by No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron flying Lancaster Bombers.
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encouraging. The attacks on the bomber squadrons indicated, at least to the satisfaction of
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From St Vith to Victory: 218 (Gold Coast) Squadron and the Campaign Against Nazi Germany
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The larger of the two operations, Taxable, was carried out by 18 small boats, a mix of
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Operation Fortitude: The True Story of the Key Spy Operation of WWII That Saved D-Day
1355:
958:
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878:
377:
208:
104:
1940:
1910:
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866:, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion.
394:
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1704:
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404:
399:
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889:, which was intended to confuse the Germans about the D-Day airborne forces.
1826:
1602:
1098:
2175:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
919:(LCS) had spent some time convincing German commanders that the fictional
1732:
1057:
Glimmer elicited more response from German forces than Taxable including
947:
882:
669:
108:
938:
The Allied story for FUSAG was that the army group, based in south-east
1786:
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90:
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The D-Day naval deceptions made up one part of Operation Bodyguard.
1005:
980:
951:
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The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
1357:
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War
950:. In reality, the main invasion force would land in Normandy on
1494:
161:
1293:
D-Day Deception: Operation Fortitude and the Normandy Invasion
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region several weeks after a smaller diversionary landing in
152:
Limited success in deceiving the Axis as to Allied intentions
1022:, designated Special Task Force A. Chaff was dropped by
2129:
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1991:
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1102:requirements to which we had to fly and navigate".
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82:
74:
62:
52:
23:
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1037:The air operations for Glimmer were conducted by
862:. The operations formed the naval component of
1423:Men of Air: The Doomed Youth of Bomber Command
1506:
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1254:
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173:
47:, similar to those used during the operations
8:
2145:British Intelligence in the Second World War
1199:
1197:
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1045:R. M. Fenwick-Wilson. The squadron flew six
1445:Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence
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858:conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the
1988:
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180:
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20:
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963:Telecommunications Research Establishment
1295:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
873:, simulated invasion fleets approaching
1115:
1667:Middle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
869:Small boats, along with aircraft from
7:
14:
2185:World War II deception operations
304:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
37:
242:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
1028:No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron
1016:Harbour Defence Motor Launches
921:First United States Army Group
130:No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron
1:
1314:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1221:Brickhill (1977), pp. 207–208
1039:No. 218 "Gold Coast" Squadron
135:No. 218 "Gold Coast" Squadron
24:Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum
2180:Naval operations and battles
1406:. London: HarperCollins UK.
1387:. New York: Overlook Press.
961:system. Scientists from the
45:Harbour Defence Motor Launch
1269:Barbier (2007), pp. 111–112
1260:Barbier (2007), pp. 110–111
1203:Barbier (2007), pp. 108–109
1131:Latimer (2001), pp. 232–234
1122:Latimer (2001), pp. 218–232
1034:, reaching port by midday.
860:Allied landings in Normandy
2211:
1567:London Controlling Section
917:London Controlling Section
900:
87:London Controlling Section
1644:Soviet military deception
1639:
1161:Barbier (2007), pp. 70–71
925:Operation Fortitude South
249:Combined Bomber Offensive
201:
36:
28:
1312:No. 617 'Dambusters' Sqn
1145:Holt (2004), pp. 578–579
16:1944 military operations
1608:Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
1474:The Battle for Normandy
1425:. London: Hachette UK.
1402:Levine, Joshua (2011).
1353:Holt, Thaddeus (2004).
1231:Smith, Stephen (2015).
2006:D-Day naval deceptions
1476:. London: Penguin UK.
1421:Wilson, Kevin (2008).
1338:. London: Evans Bros.
1310:Bateman, Alex (2009).
1291:Barbier, Mary (2007).
1011:
986:
935:
711:Air and Sea operations
504:Anglo-Canadian Sector
383:Anglo-Canadian Sector
1613:List of Ops (B) staff
1278:Wilson (2008), p. 362
1212:Levine (2011), p. 269
1187:Bateman (2009), p. 68
1009:
984:
933:
743:Supporting operations
1855:John Cecil Masterman
1051:Lieutenant Commander
911:, a broad strategic
195:(Battle of Normandy)
2190:Operation Bodyguard
1929:Werner von Janowski
1842:Double-Cross System
1738:George Vander Sluis
1713:Louis Dalton Porter
1447:. Scarecrow Press.
1173:West (2010), p. 277
977:Glimmer and Taxable
942:, would invade the
909:Operation Bodyguard
903:Operation Bodyguard
864:Operation Bodyguard
856:military deceptions
140:Royal Naval Reserve
31:Operation Bodyguard
2195:Operation Overlord
1917:Nathalie Sergueiew
1536:Deception planning
1525:military deception
1081:RAF Bomber Command
1012:
987:
936:
913:military deception
871:RAF Bomber Command
538:Normandy massacres
427:Operation Chastity
191:Operation Overlord
57:Tactical deception
2162:
2161:
2138:Bodyguard of Lies
2125:
2124:
1954:
1953:
1881:Roman Czerniawski
1875:Juan Pujol GarcĂa
1815:
1814:
1795:David Strangeways
1779:Operational units
1774:
1773:
1652:
1651:
1483:978-0-14-195926-9
1454:978-0-8108-7377-3
1432:978-0-297-85704-4
1413:978-0-00-741324-9
1394:978-1-58567-381-0
1321:978-1-84603-429-9
1302:978-0-275-99479-2
1235:. Pen and Sword.
1024:Lancaster bombers
887:Operation Titanic
839:
838:
695:Mantes-Gassicourt
359:Normandy landings
156:
155:
53:Operational scope
2202:
1989:
1850:Twenty Committee
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1759:Jasper Maskelyne
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1385:Deception in War
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470:La Haye-du-Puits
455:American Sector
363:American Sector
309:Merville Battery
289:Airborne assault
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123:Executed by
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1959:Fictional units
1950:
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1754:Ernest Townsend
1742:
1718:Ellsworth Kelly
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1675:Geoffrey Barkas
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1580:Dennis Wheatley
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1463:Further reading
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1335:The Dam Busters
1330:Brickhill, Paul
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1000:radar reflector
996:Royal Air Force
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899:
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835:
822:
609:Verrières Ridge
531:Le Mesnil-Patry
454:
452:Ground campaign
362:
325:American Sector
292:British Sector
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83:Planned by
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68:English Channel
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1089:Hiroshi ĹŚshima
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1059:reconnaissance
1047:Short Stirling
1043:Wing Commander
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901:Main article:
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854:were tactical
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1947:
1946:Mutt and Jeff
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:Eddie Chapman
1933:
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1869:Johnny Jebsen
1867:
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1864:
1862:Double agents
1860:
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1832:Starfish site
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1809:Beach Jumpers
1806:
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1723:David Slepian
1721:
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1631:Peter Fleming
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1552:Dudley Clarke
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1374:
1372:0-7432-5042-7
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1345:0-237-44886-6
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1242:9781473835054
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1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
992:Cap d'Antifer
983:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Seetakt radar
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:Pas-de-Calais
941:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
896:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:Pas-de-Calais
876:
875:Cap d'Antifer
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
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832:
829:
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379:
378:Pointe du Hoc
376:
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233:
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230:
226:
224:
223:
219:
218:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:Atlantic Wall
207:
206:
205:
200:
193:
183:
178:
176:
171:
169:
164:
163:
160:
151:
147:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
118:5–6 June 1944
117:
113:
110:
106:
105:Pas-de-Calais
102:
101:Cap d'Antifer
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2005:
1941:Josef Jakobs
1911:Wulf Schmidt
1905:Gösta Caroli
1899:Arthur Owens
1763:
1695:Steven Sykes
1557:Victor Jones
1529:World War II
1473:
1444:
1422:
1403:
1384:
1381:Latimer, Jon
1361:. New York:
1356:
1333:
1311:
1292:
1285:Bibliography
1274:
1265:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1127:
1118:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1056:
1036:
1020:RAF Pinnaces
1013:
988:
971:
956:
937:
906:
891:
868:
851:
847:
843:
841:
824:
823:
816:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
741:
737:Audierne Bay
710:
709:
663:
656:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
613:
602:
595:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
519:
503:
451:
450:
415:
414:
388:
382:
357:
356:
323:
322:
316:
297:
288:
287:
271:
265:Postage Able
264:
241:
235:
228:
221:
214:
203:
18:
2057:Accumulator
2036:Quicksilver
1923:Dušan Popov
1690:Peter Proud
1680:Tony Ayrton
1441:West, Nigel
1018:(HDML) and
842:Operations
785:Houndsworth
705:La Rochelle
2169:Categories
2097:Hardboiled
2082:Chettyford
2001:Copperhead
1985:Operations
1931:(Watchdog)
1925:(Tricycle)
1919:(Treasure)
1728:Bill Blass
1705:Ghost Army
1658:Camouflage
1623:D Division
1575:John Bevan
1106:References
897:Background
831:Cemeteries
685:Saint-Malo
254:Pointblank
2112:Scherhorn
2102:Mincemeat
2016:Fortitude
2011:Ferdinand
1993:Bodyguard
1937:(Zig-Zag)
1895:(Rainbow)
1827:Paradummy
1685:Hugh Cott
1603:Noel Wild
1544:'A' Force
1111:Citations
1099:Les Munro
1026:from the
825:Aftermath
778:Bulbasket
727:Cherbourg
664:Tractable
577:Charnwood
492:Cherbourg
416:Logistics
222:Fortitude
215:Bodyguard
2147:(Vol. 5)
2072:Boardman
2041:Zeppelin
2026:Ironside
2021:Graffham
1971:American
1907:(Summer)
1883:(Brutus)
1871:(Artist)
1733:Art Kane
1472:(2009).
1443:(2010).
1383:(2001).
1363:Scribner
1332:(1977).
1065:Big Drum
1032:Newhaven
948:Normandy
883:Normandy
852:Big Drum
799:Jedburgh
722:La Caine
675:Chambois
670:Hill 262
649:Hill 140
643:Totalize
636:Bluecoat
615:Breakout
603:Goodwood
596:Atlantic
590:2nd Odon
514:Bréville
480:Carentan
475:Saint-LĂ´
465:Graignes
439:Mulberry
422:American
272:Tarbrush
229:Zeppelin
109:Normandy
63:Location
29:Part of
2087:Cockade
2077:Cascade
2067:Bertram
2062:Barclay
2031:Titanic
1976:British
1877:(Garbo)
1787:R Force
1595:Ops (B)
940:England
848:Glimmer
844:Taxable
813:Wallace
806:Dragoon
764:Titanic
757:Samwest
750:Dingson
680:Falaise
657:LĂĽttich
584:Jupiter
570:Windsor
556:Martlet
550:Douvres
485:Hill 30
434:British
347:Detroit
342:Chicago
317:Mallard
236:Titanic
204:Prelude
149:Outcome
91:Ops (B)
75:Planned
2107:Pastel
2092:Forfar
1966:Allied
1913:(Tate)
1901:(Snow)
1889:(Fido)
1820:Decoys
1522:Allied
1480:
1451:
1429:
1410:
1391:
1369:
1342:
1318:
1299:
1239:
1074:Impact
1041:under
815:&
792:Loyton
771:Cooney
717:Ushant
629:Spring
389:Gambit
352:Elmira
337:Boston
332:Albany
283:Fabius
97:Target
2130:Books
2050:Other
1804:Other
1747:Other
967:chaff
952:D-Day
817:Hardy
700:Paris
690:Brest
622:Cobra
563:Epsom
520:Perch
497:Naval
444:Pluto
395:Sword
368:Omaha
298:Tonga
278:Tiger
2117:Span
1765:more
1478:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1237:ISBN
881:and
850:and
509:Caen
405:Gold
400:Juno
373:Utah
115:Date
78:1944
1527:in
2171::
1365:.
1251:^
1192:^
1178:^
1166:^
1150:^
1136:^
927:.
877:,
846:,
107:,
103:,
89:,
43:A
1514:e
1507:t
1500:v
1486:.
1457:.
1435:.
1416:.
1397:.
1375:.
1348:.
1324:.
1305:.
1245:.
181:e
174:t
167:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
