1338:, Winnicott's term for an object, such as a teddy bear, that has a quality for a small child of being both real and made-up at the same time. Winnicott pointed out that no one demands that a toddler explain whether his Binky is a "real bear" or a creation of the child's own imagination, and went on to argue that it is very important that the child is allowed to experience the Binky as being in an undefined, "transitional" status between the child's imagination and the real world outside the child. For Winnicott, one of the most important and precarious stages of development was in the first three years of life, when an infant grows into a child with an increasingly separate sense of self in relation to a larger world of other people. In health, the child learns to bring his or her spontaneous, real self into play with others; in a false self disorder, the child has found it unsafe or impossible to do so, and instead feels compelled to hide the true self from other people, and pretend to be whatever they want instead. Playing with a transitional object can be an important early bridge between self and other, which helps a child develop the capacity to be genuine in relationships, and creative.
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not a close equation as the Id, Ego and
Superego are complex and dynamic inter-related systems that do not fit well into such a dichotomy. The theory more closely resembles Carl Rogers' simplified notions of the Real and Ideal self. According to Winnicott, in every person the extent of division between True and False Self can be placed on a continuum between the healthy and the pathological. The True Self, which in health gives the person a sense of being alive, real, and creative, will always be in part or in whole hidden; the False Self is a compliant adaptation to the environment, but in health it does not dominate the person's internal life or block him from feeling spontaneous feelings, even if he chooses not to express them. The healthy
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engaging in sports, hobbies, humour, meaningful conversation, et cetera. At any age, he saw play as crucial to the development of authentic selfhood, because when people play they feel real, spontaneous and alive, and keenly interested in what they are doing. He thought that insight in psychoanalysis was helpful when it came to the patient as a playful experience of creative, genuine discovery; dangerous when patients were pressured to comply with their analyst's authoritative interpretations, thus potentially merely reinforcing a patient's false self. Winnicott believed that it was only in playing that people are entirely their true selves, so it followed that for psychoanalysis to be effective, it needed to serve as a mode of playing.
1331:"Peek-a-boo!" when she sees her baby playfully peeking out from behind his hands. If the mother never responded playfully, sooner or later the baby would stop trying to elicit play from her. Indeed, Winnicott came to consider that "Playing takes place in the potential space between the baby and the mother-figure....he initiation of playing is associated with the life experience of the baby who has come to trust the mother figure". "Potential space" was Winnicott's term for a sense of an inviting and safe interpersonal field in which one can be spontaneously playful while at the same time connected to others (again a concept that has been extrapolated to the practice of analysis).
1414:(a concept developed early on by Freud) or internalising one's experience of others. Instead of basing his personality on his own unforced feelings, thoughts, and initiatives, the person with a "False Self" disorder would essentially be imitating and internalising other people's behaviour – a mode in which he could outwardly come to seem "just like" his mother, father, brother, nurse, or whoever had dominated his world, but inwardly he would feel bored, empty, dead, or "phoney". Winnicott saw this as an unconscious process: not only others but also the person himself would mistake his
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1386:, or being all-powerful. For example, a well-cared-for baby usually does not feel hungry for very long before being fed. Winnicott thought the parents' quick response of feeding the baby gives the baby a sense that whenever she's hungry, food appears as if by magic, as if the baby herself makes food appear just by being hungry. To feel this powerful, Winnicott thought, allowed a baby to feel confident, calm and curious, and able to learn without having to invest a lot of energy into defences.
1505:, intended to promote Winnicott's work, who therefore may be said to be partisan, has proposed a coherent interpretation for the omission of Winnicott's theories from many mainstream psychoanalytic trainings. His view of the environment and use of accessible everyday language, addressing the parent community, as opposed to just the Kleinian psychoanalytic community, may account in part for the distancing and making him somewhat "niche".
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sense a lack of responsiveness, would not be able to enjoy an illusion of omnipotence, and might instead focus his energies and attentions on finding ways to get a positive response from the distracted and unhappy caregiver by being a "good baby". The "False Self" is a defence of constantly seeking to anticipate others' demands and complying with them, as a way of protecting the "True Self" from a world that is felt to be unsafe.
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Winnicott thought that this more extreme kind of False Self began to develop in infancy, as a defence against an environment that felt unsafe or overwhelming because of a lack of reasonably attuned caregiving. He thought that parents did not need to be perfectly attuned, but just "ordinarily devoted"
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The second, more famous instance involved
Winnicott placing a spatula (tongue depressor) within the child's reach for him to play with. Winnicott considered that "if he is just an ordinary baby he will notice the attractive object...and he will reach for it.... in the course of a little while he will
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Winnicott's paediatric work with children and their mothers led to the development of his influential concept concerning the "holding environment". Winnicott claimed that "the foundations of health are laid down by the ordinary mother in her ordinary loving care of her own baby", central to which was
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of the BBC asked him to give over sixty talks on the radio between 1943 and 1966. His first series of talks in 1943 was titled "Happy
Children." As a result of the success of these talks, Quigley offered him total control over the content of his talks but this soon became more consultative as Quigley
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The family was prosperous and ostensibly happy, but behind the veneer, Winnicott saw himself as oppressed by his mother, who tended toward depression, as well as by his two sisters and his nanny. He would eventually speak of 'his own early childhood experience of trying to make "my living" by keeping
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The division of the True and False self roughly develops from Freud's (1923) notion of the
Superego which compels the Ego to modify and inhibit libidinal Id impulses, possibly leading to excessive repression but certainly altering the way the environment is perceived and responded to. However, it is
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to describe different functions of a person's psychology, Winnicott at times used "self" to refer to both. For
Winnicott, the self is a very important part of mental and emotional well-being which plays a vital role in creativity. He thought that people were born without a clearly developed self and
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Winnicott believed one of the developmental hurdles for an infant to pass is the risk of being traumatised by being too aware too soon of how small and helpless they really are. A baby who is too aware of real-world dangers will be too anxious to learn optimally. A good-enough parent is well enough
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One of the main defences
Winnicott thought a baby could resort to was what he called "compliance", or behaviour motivated by a desire to please others rather than spontaneously express one's own feelings and ideas. For example, if a baby's caregiver was severely depressed, the baby would anxiously
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But he saw more serious emotional problems in patients who seemed unable to feel spontaneous, alive or real to themselves anywhere, in any part of their lives, yet managed to put on a successful "show of being real". Such patients suffered inwardly from a sense of being empty, dead or "phoney".
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One of the elements that
Winnicott considered could be lost in childhood was what he called the sense of being – for him, a primary element, of which a sense of doing is only a derivative. The capacity for being – the ability to feel genuinely alive inside, which
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Winnicott considered that the "mother's technique of holding, of bathing, of feeding, everything she did for the baby, added up to the child's first idea of the mother", as well as fostering the ability to experience the body as the place wherein one securely lives. Extrapolating the concept of
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Winnicott wrote that "a word like self...knows more than we do.". He meant that, while philosophical and psychoanalytic ideas about the self could be very complex and arcane, with a great deal of specialised jargon, there was a pragmatic usefulness to the ordinary word "self" with its range of
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with the psychiatric social worker, Clare
Britton, (later a psychoanalyst and his second wife) who in 1945 published an article on the importance of play for children. By "playing", he meant not only the ways that children of all ages play, but also the way adults "play" through making art, or
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Many of
Winnicott's writings show his efforts to understand what helps people to be able to play, and on the other hand what blocks some people from playing. Babies can be playful when they are cared for by people who respond to them warmly and playfully, like a mother who smiles and says,
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his mother alive'. His father's influence was that of an enterprising freethinker who encouraged his son's creativity. Winnicott described himself as a disturbed adolescent, reacting against his own self-restraining "goodness" acquired from trying to assuage the dark moods of his mother.
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discover what he wants to do with it". From the child's initial hesitation in making use of the spatula, Winnicott derived his idea of the necessary 'period of hesitation' in childhood (or analysis), which makes possible a true connection to the toy, interpretation or object presented for
1285:, Winnicott thought, was looking for a sense of secure holding lacking in their family of origin from society at large. He considered antisocial behaviour as a cry for help, fuelled by a sense of loss of integrity, when the familial holding environment was inadequate or ruptured.
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In contrast to the emphasis in orthodox psychoanalysis upon generating insight into unconscious processes, Winnicott considered that playing was the key to emotional and psychological well-being. It is likely that he first came upon this notion from his collaboration in
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as offering a substitute holding environment based on the mother/infant bond. Winnicott wrote: "A correct and well-timed interpretation in an analytic treatment gives a sense of being held physically that is more real...than if a real holding or nursing had taken place.
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Playing for
Winnicott ultimately extended all the way up from earliest childhood experience to what he called "the abstractions of politics and economics and philosophy and culture...this 'third area', that of cultural experience which is a derivative of play".
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or "good enough" to protect the baby from often experiencing overwhelming extremes of discomfort and distress, emotional or physical. But babies who lack this kind of external protection, Winnicott thought, had to do their best with their own crude defences.
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game. The first involved Winnicott drawing a shape for the child to play with and extend (or vice versa) – a practice extended by his followers into that of using partial interpretations as a 'squiggle' for a patient to make use of.
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In Winnicott's writing, the "False Self" is a defence, a kind of mask of behaviour that complies with others' expectations. Winnicott thought that in health, a False Self was what allowed one to present a "polite and mannered attitude" in public.
1204:(1906–1984) in 1951. A keen observer of children as a social worker and a psychoanalyst in her own right, she had an important influence on the development of his theories and likely acted as midwife to his prolific publications after they met.
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Winnicott has also been accused of identifying himself in his theoretical stance with an idealised mother, in the tradition of mother (Madonna) and child. Related is his downplaying of the importance of the erotic in his work, as well as the
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His theories of the true/false self may have been over-influenced by his own childhood experience of caring for a depressed mother, which resulted in the development of a prematurely mature self which he was only subsequently able to undo.
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programme. During the war, he met and worked with Clare Britton, a psychiatric social worker who became his colleague in treating children displaced from their homes by wartime evacuation. Winnicott was lecturing after the war and
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Nevertheless, Winnicott remains one of the few twentieth-century analysts who, in stature, breadth, minuteness of observations, and theoretical fertility can legitimately be compared to Sigmund Freud. Along with
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holding from mother to family and the outside world, Winnicott saw as key to healthy development "the continuation of reliable holding in terms of the ever-widening circle of family and school and social life".
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had to "search" for an authentic sense of self as they grew. "For Winnicott, the sense of feeling real, feeling in touch with others and with one's own body and its processes was essential for living a life."
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in London. During this time, he learned from his mentor the art of listening carefully when taking medical histories from patients, a skill that he would later identify as foundational to his practice as a
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Connected to the concept of holding is what Winnicott called the anti-social tendency, something which he argued "may be found in a normal individual, or in one that is neurotic or psychotic". The
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were a resistant retreat from the harsh realities Klein had found in infant life, he has also been accused of being too close to her, of sharing in her regressive shift of focus away from the
1094:. Alice had "severe psychological difficulties" and Winnicott arranged for her, and his own therapy, to address the difficulties this condition created. He obtained a post as physician at the
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He discusses Jung's evident early experiences of psychotic illness from around the age of four, from within his own theoretical framework. He goes on to comment on the relationship between
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Winnicott died on 25 January 1971, following the last of a series of heart attacks and was cremated in London. Clare Winnicott oversaw the posthumous publication of several of his works.
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for his real personality. But even with the appearance of success, and of social gains, he would feel unreal and lack the sense of really being alive or happy.
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William Woods, of Plymouth. Sir John Winnicott was a partner in the family firm, in business as hardware merchants and manufacturers, and was
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in London, where he was to work as a paediatrician and child psychoanalyst for 40 years. In 1923 he began a ten-year psychoanalysis with
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Michael Eigen, "Flames From the Unconscious: Trauma, Madness and Faith", Chapters Two and Three (Karnac Books, 2009)
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Between reality and fantasy: transitional objects and phenomena. Classical psychoanalysis and its applications
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After the war, he also saw patients in his private practice. Among contemporaries influenced by Winnicott was
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Two of the techniques whereby Winnicott used play in his work with children were the squiggle game and the
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The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development.
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The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development.
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Winnicott completed his medical studies in 1920, and in 1923, the same year as his marriage to the artist
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The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
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Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
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1978:, Donald W. Winnicott, ed. Lesley Caldwell, Helen Taylor Robinson, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 4
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Having graduated from Cambridge with a third-class degree, he began studies in clinical medicine at
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After Winnicott: Compilation of Works Based on the Life, Writings and Ideas of D.W. Winnicott
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every psychoanalyst must read' and in particular the first chapter, 'First Years'. Winnicott
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twice (1956–1959 and 1965–1968), and a close associate of British writer and psychoanalyst
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2047:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, 23 September 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2020
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D. W. Winnicott- A Biographical Portrait, Brett Kahr, Taylor & Francis, 2018, pp. 1, 4
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Elizabeth Martha Woods (mother) Sir John Frederick Winnicott (father)
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Shapiro, Edward R. (March 1998). "Images in Psychiatry: Donald W. Winnicott, 1896–1971".
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Simon Grolnick, The Work and Play of Donald Winnicott. London: Aronson, 1990, pp. 31–32.
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Casement, Patrick. "Learning from Life." Lecture presented in Seattle, WA 4 June 2011.
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1090:(born Taylor). She was a potter and they married on 7 July 1923 in St Mary's Church,
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of his cult of childhood play (exaggerated still further in some of his followers).
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views. Yet whereas from a Kleinian standpoint, his repudiation of the concepts of
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During the Second World War, Winnicott served as consultant paediatrician to the
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Winnicott, D. W. (1960). "Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self", in
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Winnicott's theoretical elusiveness has been linked to his efforts to modify
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D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality. London: Routledge, 1971, pp. 72–73.
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Winnicott rose to prominence as a psychoanalyst just as the followers of
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Simon A. Grolnick; Leonard Barkin; Werner Muensterberger, eds. (1978).
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The Piggle: An Account of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of a Little Girl
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Winnicott thought that the "False Self" developed through a process of
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traditional meanings. For example, where other psychoanalysts used the
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D. W. Winnicott, "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self," in
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D. W. Winnicott, "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self," in
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Face to face with children : the life and work of Clare Winnicott
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Winnicott's assessment of the other great pioneer of psychoanalysis,
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Michael Eigen, "Faith", Chapters Three and Four (Karnac Books, 2014)
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Women and Gender in Postwar Europe: From Cold War to European Union
1596:. Donald W. Winnicott. DOI:10.1093/med:psych/9780190271398.003.0016
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995:, arguably his chief professional collaborator, the notion of the
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Face to Face with Children. The Life and Work of Clare Winnicott
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in 1924 having served twice as mayor of Plymouth; he was also a
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Michael Eigen, "The Electrified Tightrope" (Karnac Books, 2004)
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attuned and responsive to protect the baby with an illusion of
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D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality. London: Routledge, 1971.
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The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott, Volume 5, 1955-1959
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The Winnicotts' home - Chester Square (Belgravia) 1951–1971
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Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
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and D. W. Winnicott, "The problem of homeless children".
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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis
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The psychoanalyst, Jan Abram, a former director of the
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Winnicott divorced his first wife in 1949 and married
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Lesley Caldwell; Helen Taylor Robinson, eds. (2016).
2580:. New York: International UP Inc., 1965, pp. 140–152.
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Lesley Caldwell; Helen Taylor Robinson, eds. (2016).
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Winnicott was influential in viewing the work of the
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New York: International UP Inc., 1965, pp. 140–152.
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Holding and Interpretation: Fragment of an Analysis
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3756:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
2144:Winnicott, Clare. Kanter, Joel S. (27 June 2018).
2117:Joanna Regulska; Bonnie G. Smith (12 March 2012).
1659:
1031:. The Winnicott family were staunch, civic-minded
2818:Psychoanalysis and Gender: An introductory reader
2792:Psychoanalysis and Gender: An introductory reader
2524:Winnicott, D. W. (1960). "Counter-transference".
2370:Psychoanalysis and Gender: An introductory reader
3746:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
2656:. Oxford University Press. p. 115, vol. 7.
948:(7 April 1896 – 25 January 1971) was an English
3761:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1456:
1042:He first thought of studying medicine while at
956:who was especially influential in the field of
699:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
4371:History of mental health in the United Kingdom
2615:New York: International UP Inc., 1965, p. 146.
2293:Philosophical Interventions: Reviews 1986-2011
3802:
2940:
1869:
1867:
1530:What Makes Life Worth Living: On Pharmacology
1239:the mother's attentive holding of her child.
983:Winnicott is best known for his ideas on the
926:
8:
2499:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2473:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2447:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2421:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2331:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2236:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2223:The Child, the Family, and the Outside World
2208:John Hunter Padel, in Richard L Gregory ed,
2176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1632:Therapeutic Consultation in Child Psychiatry
2085:
2083:
1600:The Child, the Family and the Outside World
1141:), to which Winnicott belonged, along with
3809:
3795:
3787:
3288:
2966:
2947:
2933:
2925:
1590:Review: Memories, Dreams, Reflections: By
933:
919:
841:International Psychoanalytical Association
291:
49:
31:
2704:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
1426:feels that it is still being true to the
1334:Playing can also be seen in the use of a
1125:'s "true intellectual heirs". Out of the
1071:St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College
112:St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College
1542:Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood
1466:and Jung. He also discusses the Jungian
1213:The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby
1209:Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood
4326:Military personnel from Plymouth, Devon
2093:D.W. Winnicott: A Biographical Portrait
2045:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1832:
1207:Except for one book published in 1931 (
303:
4356:Converts to Anglicanism from Methodism
3766:European Association for Psychotherapy
2653:The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott
2169:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1947:"John Frederick Winnicott (1855-1948)"
1715:The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott
1011:Winnicott was born on 7 April 1896 in
27:English pediatrician and psychoanalyst
2526:British Journal of Medical Psychology
2388:. London: New Educational Fellowship.
2041:"Winnicott, Donald Woods (1896–1971)"
1951:The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History
1610:The Family and Individual Development
1594:(London: Collins and Routledge, 1963)
991:, and borrowed from his second wife,
7:
4331:Medical doctors from Plymouth, Devon
2384:(1945). "Children who cannot play",
2238:(Middlesex 1973) pp. 86–7 and p. 194
2012:The Historiography of Psychoanalysis
1258:His theoretical writings emphasised
1096:Paddington Green Children's Hospital
999:. He wrote several books, including
835:Psychoanalytic Training and Research
625:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
4346:Royal Navy Medical Service officers
3051:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1266:, and, in the words of philosopher
846:World Association of Psychoanalysis
210:
4426:20th-century British psychologists
4351:Royal Navy officers of World War I
4341:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
4336:People educated at The Leys School
3771:Society for Psychotherapy Research
2999:Transference focused psychotherapy
2538:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1960.tb01220.x
1190:advised him on the correct pitch.
334:Psychosocial development (Erikson)
25:
3056:Rational emotive behavior therapy
3029:Functional analytic psychotherapy
3024:Acceptance and commitment therapy
2628:New Jersey: Aronson, 1990, p. 44.
2626:The Work & Play of Winnicott.
2460:Further Learning from the Patient
2434:Further Learning from the Patient
2399:Further Learning from the Patient
2318:Further Learning from the Patient
2278:Further Learning from the Patient
1689:(Winnicott Trust, 1988) notebooks
1054:, in 1914 but, with the onset of
964:. He was a leading member of the
851:List of schools of psychoanalysis
2920:The Winnicott Foundation, London
2296:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2225:(Middlesex 1973) p. 17 and p. 44
2210:The Oxford Companion to The Mind
1924:American Psychiatric Association
1773:
1759:
1289:Play and the sense of being real
1135:British Psychoanalytical Society
974:British Psychoanalytical Society
970:British Psychoanalytical Society
900:
827:British Psychoanalytical Society
679:Civilization and Its Discontents
311:
266:
214:
3776:World Council for Psychotherapy
2908:The Squiggle Foundation, London
2372:(London 1996) p. 114 and p. 122
2359:(London 1994) p. 230 and p. 243
2090:Brett Kahr (31 December 1996).
1953:. Plymouth Data. Archived from
1697:. London, New York: Routledge.
1578:The Child and the Outside World
1117:were in conflict with those of
234:
206:
1915:American Journal of Psychiatry
1640:(London: Hogarth Press, 1971)
1556:The New Era in Home and School
833:Columbia University Center for
822:British Psychoanalytic Council
719:The Sublime Object of Ideology
689:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
1:
4051:Richard Worthington Smithells
4010:Frederick John William Miller
3939:Seymour Donald Mayneord Court
2989:Mentalization-based treatment
2706:(London 1988) p. 5 and p. 135
2514:(Penguin 1971), pp. 120, 163.
2096:. Karnac Books. p. 188.
1634:(London: Hogarth Press, 1971)
1451:Memories, Dreams, Reflections
1137:(the latter being called the
659:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
649:Psychology of the Unconscious
4406:British cognitive scientists
3046:Dialectical behavior therapy
3036:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2844:On Learning from the Patient
2766:The Limits of Interpretation
2290:Nussbaum, Martha C. (2012).
2123:. Routledge. pp. 140–.
1062:as a medical officer on the
615:The Interpretation of Dreams
4411:Developmental psychologists
3076:Emotionally focused therapy
1945:Moseley, Brian (May 2012).
1815:Reparation (psychoanalysis)
1718:. Oxford University Press.
1681:Deprivation and Delinquency
1121:for the right to be called
4447:
4421:Object relations theorists
4376:Analysands of Joan Riviere
3933:Ronald Stanley Illingworth
3862:Robert Royston Amos Coombs
3347:Systematic desensitization
3276:Practitioner–scholar model
3019:Clinical behavior analysis
2693:(Cambridge 2006) pp. 157–8
2501:(Middlesex 1973) p. 170-2
2251:(Cambridge MA 2002) p. 238
2191:Rodman, F. Robert (2003).
2060:Kahr, Brett (8 May 2018).
1874:Rodman, F. Robert (2003).
1693:Kanter, Joel, ed. (2004).
1470:and Jung's concept of the
1437:
1349:
636:Three Essays on the Theory
4431:Golders Green Crematorium
2691:Introducing Melanie Klein
2689:Richard Appignanesi ed.,
1998:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1683:(London: Tavistock, 1984)
1628:(London: Tavistock, 1971)
1612:(London: Tavistock, 1965)
1586:(London: Tavistock, 1958)
1580:(London: Tavistock, 1957)
1564:(London: Heinemann, 1945)
1562:Getting To Know Your Baby
1511:Wordsworthian Romanticism
1127:Controversial discussions
966:British Independent Group
814:Boston Graduate School of
255:
48:
3358:Other individual therapy
2868:Harvard University Press
2719:(1997) p. 120 and p. 142
2475:(Middlesex 1973) p. 169
2449:(Middlesex 1973) p. 146
2423:(Middlesex 1973) p. 75–6
2193:Winnicott: Life and work
1876:Winnicott: Life and work
1568:The Child and the Family
1352:True self and false self
1346:True self and false self
1217:The Child and the Family
1052:Jesus College, Cambridge
1007:Early life and education
985:true self and false self
962:developmental psychology
329:Psychosexual development
177:true self and false self
107:Jesus College, Cambridge
4416:English medical writers
4396:British epistemologists
4164:Jonathan Richard Sibert
3998:John Peter Mills Tizard
3909:Ronald Charles MacKeith
3850:Lionel Sharples Penrose
3844:Frank Macfarlane Burnet
3380:Cognitive restructuring
3101:Person-centered therapy
2436:(1990) p. 95 and p. 184
2333:(Middlesex 1973) p. 228
2267:(Buckingham 2002) p. 26
2049:(subscription required)
1478:Criticism and influence
1046:, a boarding school in
1003:, and over 200 papers.
958:object relations theory
277:from the BBC programme
168:transitional experience
4401:Positive psychologists
4386:British psychoanalysts
4381:British paediatricians
4022:David Cornelius Morley
3986:James W. Bruce Douglas
3962:James Mourilyan Tanner
3311:Contingency management
3190:Transtheoretical model
3180:Eclectic psychotherapy
3157:Transactional analysis
2913:1 October 2016 at the
2781:(London 1994) p. 61-4
2386:Play and Mental Health
2280:(London 1997) pp. 96–7
2249:Winnicott on the Child
1733:Karnac, Harry (2018).
1460:
1434:Winnicott on Carl Jung
1173:
1088:Alice Buxton Winnicott
946:Donald Woods Winnicott
195:Alice Buxton Winnicott
62:Donald Woods Winnicott
4063:Osmund Royle Reynolds
3945:Kenneth William Cross
3897:Douglas Vernon Hubble
3833:Alan Moncrieff (1960)
3261:Common factors theory
3225:Residential treatment
2263:and Chris Robertson,
2010:Roazen, Paul (2001).
1932:10.1176/ajp.155.3.421
1737:. London: Routledge.
1178:children's evacuation
1171:
907:Psychology portal
886:Psychoanalytic theory
153:Stages of development
4223:Albert Aynsley-Green
3690:Lorna Smith Benjamin
3525:Harry Stack Sullivan
3450:Sensitivity training
3251:Clinical formulation
2820:(London 1996) p. 134
2807:(London 1994) p. 162
2794:(London 1996) p. 131
2768:(Penguin 1987) p. 88
2680:(London 1994) p. 120
2488:(London 1994) p. 241
2346:(London 2008) p. 325
1795:Capacity to be alone
1498:to the pre-oedipal.
1277:Anti-social tendency
1017:chemist and druggist
989:"good enough" parent
871:Child psychoanalysis
359:Id, ego and superego
297:a series of articles
4391:Child psychiatrists
4069:Richard H. R. White
3980:John Oldroyd Forfar
3915:Cyril Astley Clarke
3874:Donald W. Winnicott
3422:Group psychotherapy
3333:Counterconditioning
3210:Brief psychotherapy
3081:Existential therapy
2833:(London 2005) p. 95
2729:Abram, Jan (2004).
2512:Playing and Reality
2486:Our Need for Others
2357:Our Need for Others
1957:on 25 December 2013
1900:Playing and Reality
1626:Playing and Reality
1558:. 25, 1944, 155-161
1503:Squiggle Foundation
1336:transitional object
1221:Playing and Reality
1139:"Independent Group"
1001:Playing and Reality
997:transitional object
972:, President of the
394:Countertransference
226:Clare Nimmo Britton
156:holding environment
4241:Terence Stephenson
4087:Forrester Cockburn
4016:Otto Herbert Wolff
3992:Neil Simson Gordon
3921:Edward John Bowlby
3819:James Spence Medal
3817:Recipients of the
3550:Milton H. Erickson
3385:Emotion regulation
3365:Autogenic training
3256:Clinical pluralism
3185:Multimodal therapy
2984:Analytical therapy
2846:(London 1995) p. x
2842:Patrick Casement,
2458:Patrick Casement,
2432:Patrick Casement,
2397:Patrick Casement,
2342:Lisa Appignanesi,
2276:Patrick Casement,
2265:Emotions and Needs
2063:Tea with Winnicott
1805:Good enough parent
1527:Bernard Stiegler's
1234:Concept of holding
1174:
736:Schools of thought
669:The Ego and the Id
172:good enough parent
4361:English Anglicans
4303:
4302:
4134:Catherine Peckham
4039:Leonard B. Strang
3880:Geoffrey S. Dawes
3784:
3783:
3710:William R. Miller
3695:Marsha M. Linehan
3665:Jean Baker Miller
3625:Salvador Minuchin
3505:Ludwig Binswanger
3458:
3457:
3293:Behaviour therapy
3220:Online counseling
3198:
3197:
3137:Narrative therapy
3041:Cognitive therapy
2879:SAGE Publications
2816:Rosalind Minsky,
2790:Rosalind Minsky,
2663:978-0-19-939933-8
2510:D. W. Winnicott,
2497:D. W. Winnicott,
2484:Josephine Klein,
2471:D. W. Winnicott,
2445:D. W. Winnicott,
2419:D. W. Winnicott,
2368:Rosalind Minsky,
2355:Josephine Klein,
2329:D. W. Winnicott,
2316:Patrick Casement
2247:D. W. Winnicott,
2234:D. W. Winnicott,
2221:D. W. Winnicott,
2155:978-0-429-91350-1
2130:978-1-136-45480-6
2103:978-1-78049-954-3
2039:Yorke, Clifford,
1996:Rosalind Minsky,
1898:D. W. Winnicott,
1810:Joseph J. Sandler
1781:Psychiatry portal
1725:978-0-19-939933-8
943:
942:
427:Important figures
354:Psychic apparatus
290:
289:
272:
262:Winnicott's voice
165:objective reality
16:(Redirected from
4438:
4211:Anthony Costello
4205:Andrew Wilkinson
4045:John Allen Davis
4004:John Lewis Emery
3974:Dermod MacCarthy
3927:Douglas Gairdner
3811:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3700:Vittorio Guidano
3670:Otto F. Kernberg
3540:Donald Winnicott
3397:Free association
3342:Exposure therapy
3321:Stimulus control
3301:Aversion therapy
3289:
3152:Systemic therapy
3127:Feminist therapy
2979:Adlerian therapy
2967:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2873:Michael Jacobs,
2847:
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2795:
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2750:
2748:
2742:
2736:. Archived from
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3645:Paul Watzlawick
3630:Paul Watzlawick
3585:Virginia Axline
3495:Sándor Ferenczi
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3390:Affect labeling
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3338:Desensitization
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3266:Discontinuation
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3147:Reality therapy
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3091:Gestalt therapy
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2953:
2915:Wayback Machine
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2875:D. W. Winnicott
2856:
2854:Further reading
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2829:Adam Phillips,
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3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3838:Robert McCance
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Arnold Lazarus
3682:
3680:Irvin D. Yalom
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Eugene Gendlin
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Ogden Lindsley
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:Virginia Satir
3612:
3607:
3605:James Bugental
3602:
3600:Silvano Arieti
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Philippe Pinel
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Family therapy
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3375:Clean language
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3235:Support groups
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3015:
3013:
3009:Cognitive and
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:Psychoanalysis
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2903:
2902:External links
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:978-0803985964
2871:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2754:
2743:on 1 June 2020
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2662:
2639:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2582:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2403:
2390:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2302:
2282:
2269:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2214:
2198:
2183:
2154:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2102:
2079:
2072:
2052:
2027:
2020:
2002:
1989:
1980:
1968:
1937:
1904:
1902:(Penguin 1971)
1891:
1884:
1863:
1849:. 4 May 2013.
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1704:978-1855759978
1703:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:. J. Aronson.
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1479:
1476:
1438:Main article:
1435:
1432:
1391:
1388:
1375:
1372:
1350:Main article:
1347:
1344:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1255:goes deeper".
1235:
1232:
1147:Michael Balint
1100:James Strachey
1083:
1080:
1008:
1005:
941:
940:
938:
937:
930:
923:
915:
912:
911:
910:
909:
894:
893:
889:
888:
883:
881:Psychodynamics
878:
873:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
831:
829:
824:
819:
816:Psychoanalysis
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
748:Ego psychology
745:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
715:
705:
695:
685:
675:
665:
655:
645:
633:
631:
621:
610:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
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581:
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541:
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531:
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486:
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476:
471:
466:
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401:
396:
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366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
308:
307:
305:Psychoanalysis
301:
300:
288:
287:
276:
265:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
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230:
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192:
189:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
169:
166:
163:
157:
154:
150:
148:
147:Known for
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
124:
122:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:
93:
91:(aged 74)
85:
81:
80:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
38:
35:
26:
24:
18:D.W. Winnicott
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
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4349:
4347:
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4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:Imti Choonara
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:Catherine Law
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:Frances Cowan
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4182:Neil McIntosh
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4122:Peter M. Dunn
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:Wilfrid Payne
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3868:Mary Sheridan
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Jeffrey Young
3723:
3721:
3720:Michael White
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Les Greenberg
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Carl Whitaker
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Viktor Frankl
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Jacques Lacan
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Wilhelm Reich
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Melanie Klein
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Sigmund Freud
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3326:Token economy
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Music therapy
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Dance therapy
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2971:Psychodynamic
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:Psychotherapy
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:Adam Phillips
2858:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:On Flirtation
2800:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:On Flirtation
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:On Flirtation
2673:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2462:(1990) p. 162
2461:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
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2400:
2394:
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2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
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2352:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2303:9780199777853
2299:
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2250:
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2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:. Routledge.
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:9780429905612
2069:
2066:. Routledge.
2065:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:0-7658-0019-5
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2000:(1996) p. 134
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1885:0-7382-0397-1
1881:
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1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Adam Phillips
1788:
1787:
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1776:
1771:
1768:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1740:
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1727:
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1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:0-140-1466-79
1643:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:Hogarth Press
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:Pelican Books
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1588:
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1512:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:'unconscious'
1465:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
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1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
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1288:
1286:
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1261:
1256:
1254:
1253:Understanding
1249:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
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1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:Clare Britton
1198:
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1188:
1184:
1183:Janet Quigley
1179:
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1164:
1160:
1159:Marion Milner
1156:
1152:
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1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Sigmund Freud
1120:
1119:Melanie Klein
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:Alix Strachey
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:psychoanalyst
1072:
1067:
1066:HMS Lucifer.
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978:Marion Milner
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950:paediatrician
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763:Interpersonal
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4235:David Dunger
4229:Ieuan Hughes
4116:Hugh Jackson
4093:David Harvey
3873:
3739:Associations
3730:Peter Fonagy
3675:Nathan Azrin
3650:Arthur Janov
3610:Joseph Wolpe
3595:Albert Ellis
3575:George Kelly
3560:Erik Erikson
3539:
3520:Karen Horney
3490:Alfred Adler
3485:Pierre Janet
3475:Josef Breuer
3407:Hypnotherapy
3142:Play therapy
2874:
2863:
2843:
2838:
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2825:
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2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2724:
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2532:(1): 17–21.
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2406:
2401:(1990) p. 12
2398:
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2330:
2325:
2320:(1990) p 115
2317:
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2145:
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2112:
2092:
2062:
2055:
2044:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1950:
1940:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1875:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1734:
1714:
1694:
1687:Human Nature
1686:
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1541:
1536:Bibliography
1529:
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1502:
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1457:
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1423:
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1415:
1412:introjection
1409:
1405:
1401:
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1329:
1325:transference
1321:
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1224:
1223:(1971), and
1220:
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1208:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1175:
1131:World War II
1112:
1108:Joan Riviere
1085:
1068:
1041:
1037:
1010:
1000:
982:
945:
944:
717:
709:Anti-Oedipus
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
638:of Sexuality
634:
623:
613:
588:
479:Freud (Anna)
389:Transference
374:Introjection
364:Ego defenses
344:Preconscious
281:, 4 May 2013
133:psychiatrist
128:Pediatrician
89:(1971-01-25)
72:7 April 1896
29:
4321:1971 deaths
4316:1896 births
4146:Lewis Spitz
3660:R. D. Laing
3635:Haim Ginott
3565:Carl Rogers
3530:Fritz Perls
3445:Psychodrama
3370:Biofeedback
3172:Integrative
3117:Art therapy
3096:Logotherapy
2762:Peter Lomas
2382:Britton, C.
1961:13 February
1878:. Perseus.
1851:BBC Radio 4
1492:death drive
1384:omnipotence
1264:imagination
1195:R. D. Laing
1155:John Bowlby
1056:World War I
339:Unconscious
161:omnipotence
159:subjective
121:Occupations
4310:Categories
4259:Alan Emond
4176:Alan Craft
4158:Alan Lucas
4140:David Hall
4099:Roy Meadow
4075:David Hull
4057:June Lloyd
3620:Aaron Beck
3535:Anna Freud
3430:Co-therapy
3285:Techniques
3215:Counseling
3203:Approaches
3068:Humanistic
3011:behavioral
2831:Going Sane
2195:. Perseus.
2164:1053853710
1856:18 January
1827:References
1652:Posthumous
1592:C. G. Jung
1552:C. Britton
1424:False Self
1416:False Self
1390:False self
1187:Isa Benzie
1151:Masud Khan
1115:Anna Freud
1060:Royal Navy
1033:Methodists
1025:magistrate
788:Relational
399:Resistance
369:Projection
213:;
68:1896-04-07
3580:Rollo May
3515:Otto Rank
3500:Carl Jung
3230:Self-help
2864:Winnicott
2747:4 January
2172:cite book
1618:(London:
1602:(London:
1572:Tavistock
1570:(London:
1546:Heinemann
1544:(London:
1446:Carl Jung
1440:Carl Jung
1428:True Self
1374:True self
1296:true self
1064:destroyer
1048:Cambridge
589:Winnicott
569:Spielrein
549:Laplanche
469:Fairbairn
409:Dreamwork
3412:Modeling
3402:Homework
3306:Chaining
3244:Research
3086:Focusing
2911:Archived
2881:, 1995)
2546:13845283
1753:See also
1532:(2010).
1490:and the
1484:Kleinian
1359:Freudian
1227:(1986).
1219:(1957),
1215:(1949),
1092:Frensham
1029:alderman
1021:knighted
1013:Plymouth
864:See also
806:Training
783:Reichian
758:Lacanian
743:Adlerian
584:Sullivan
579:Strachey
534:Kristeva
509:Jacobson
504:Irigaray
494:Guattari
474:Ferenczi
459:Chodorow
414:Cathexis
322:Concepts
295:Part of
76:Plymouth
3316:Shaping
3271:History
2963:Schools
2870:, 1988)
1926:: 421.
1800:Eidolon
1622:, 1965)
1606:, 1964)
1574:, 1957)
1548:, 1931)
1316:spatula
1308:wartime
1260:empathy
1129:during
968:of the
773:Marxist
753:Jungian
464:Erikson
434:Abraham
239:
231:
219:
203:
199:
186:Spouses
4296:(2023)
4290:(2022)
4284:(2021)
4278:(2020)
4261:(2019)
4255:(2018)
4249:(2017)
4243:(2016)
4237:(2015)
4231:(2014)
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4201:(2010)
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3899:(1970)
3882:(1969)
3876:(1968)
3870:(1968)
3864:(1967)
3858:(1965)
3852:(1964)
3846:(1963)
3840:(1961)
3463:People
2885:
2717:Ecrits
2660:
2544:
2300:
2212:p. 273
2162:
2152:
2127:
2100:
2070:
2018:
1882:
1841:"XXXX"
1741:
1722:
1701:
1670:
1644:
1472:'self'
1161:, and
1082:Career
987:, the
723:(1989)
713:(1972)
703:(1964)
693:(1933)
683:(1930)
673:(1923)
663:(1920)
653:(1912)
642:(1905)
629:(1901)
619:(1899)
574:Stekel
554:Mahler
499:Horney
454:Breuer
444:Balint
404:Denial
379:Libido
248:Parent
209:
4269:2020s
4192:2010s
4109:2000s
4032:1990s
3955:1980s
3890:1970s
3826:1960s
3110:Other
2741:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
1922:(3).
1464:Freud
993:Clare
594:Žižek
564:Reich
544:Laing
539:Lacan
529:Klein
524:Kohut
514:Jones
489:Fromm
439:Adler
384:Drive
233:(
229:
205:(
201:
3162:List
2883:ISBN
2749:2020
2658:ISBN
2542:PMID
2298:ISBN
2178:link
2160:OCLC
2150:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1963:2015
1880:ISBN
1858:2014
1739:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1488:envy
1365:and
1300:play
1185:and
1027:and
960:and
952:and
559:Rank
519:Jung
449:Bion
215:div.
211:1923
84:Died
58:Born
41:FRCP
2534:doi
1928:doi
1920:155
1363:ego
1165:.
4312::
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2764:,
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2174:}}
2170:{{
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2133:.
2106:.
2076:.
2024:.
1965:.
1934:.
1930::
1888:.
1860:.
1747:.
1728:.
1707:.
1676:.
934:e
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66:(
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