353:, took a confrontational stance against Liao, only willing to refer to himself as "grandson" (as Shi Jingtang had claimed himself to be "son") and not "subject" as to Emperor Taizong. He further executed many Liao merchants in Later Jin territory and seized their possessions. Confrontations against Liao thus loomed. Further, it happened at the time that there were droughts, floods, and locust-driven famines throughout various parts of the Later Jin realm. Shi Chonggui ordered that all the excess food that the people had held onto were to be requisitioned for state use. While his edict exempted Shunguo and Yiwu (義武, headquartered in modern
502:), and then to destroy Liao. (Zhao Ying, however, had reservations, pointing out that Du, despite his honored position, was still often dissatisfied with his station, and therefore suggested to Li Song and Feng that Li Shouzhen be put in command by himself; Zhao Ying's suggestions were not listened to, however.) When Du and Li Shouzhen advanced, though, they were met by a large army that Emperor Taizong personally commanded. The Liao army eventually surrounded the Later Jin army at Zhongdu Bridge (中度橋, in modern Baoding). After Emperor Taizong made the promise to Du to make
536:, Henan) while deciding what to do with them, with Du still in command. However, despite the fact that it was snow season, he gave them insufficient supplies, such that the soldiers were going cold and hungry; they were resentful of Du, and they often gathered to curse him, as did the local populace whenever Du came out of his headquarters. Emperor Taizong's thoughts of slaughtering the soldiers only came to rest when Zhao Yanshou pointed out that doing so would leave the former Later Jin territory defenseless against invasions by
400:) as an emissary to Yang, trying to persuade Yang not to rebel. Yang initially promised that he was not intending to rebel, such that Shi believed his promise and tried to negotiate with him further. However, Emperor Taizong, around the same time, already launched Liao troops to aid Yang, and so Yang rebelled anyway. During the subsequent campaign, during which Shi ordered a number of generals to the north to resist the Liao invasion while sending
492:), who had previously served under Zhao Yanshou, delivering the letter. Zhao Yanshou wrote back (to try to lead Later Jin forces into a trap), stating, "I have long been in a foreign land, and I want to return to China. Please launch a major army to support me, so that I can pull myself out and return with it." Subsequently, under Emperor Taizong's orders, Liao's prefect of Ying Prefecture (瀛州, in modern Cangzhou), Liu Yanzuo (
241:, Henan). Liu, whose battlefield accomplishments greatly helped Shi in the establishment of Later Jin, felt insulted — as he believed that Du was only reaching his position due to the marital relationship, and therefore did not want to be mentioned in the same edict as Du – and therefore initially declined repeatedly. This led to Shi's being angered and considering removing Liu altogether, but the chancellor
548:
against Liao rule in response to his harsh rule — including allowing the Liao soldiers to freely pillage the countryside. It was not until this began to occur that
Emperor Taizong began sending some of the military governors back to their circuits, including Du and Li Shouzhen. Emperor Taizong soon tired of dealing with these rebellions, and he left his brother-in-law
544:(Wu's successor state). Emperor Taizong required the former Later Jin officials and generals to offer substantial parts of their wealth to continue the upkeep of the military, but Du complained, pointing out that he surrendered the entire army to Liao already. Emperor Taizong laughed and exempted him.
593:
army (with the Han component coming from their having been personal guards for Zhao
Yanshou and were from Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), which was part of the land that Shi Jingtang cedd to Liao) to help Du defend Yedu. Liu commissioned Gao as the commander of an army against
453:
However, despite this victory, it was said that Du continued to misgovern
Shunguo, as he continued to extract wealth from the people. Further, whenever the Liao army pillaged the towns of the circuit (as Shunguo was on the Later Jin/Liao border), he, fearing them, would not launch any forces to aid
547:
Emperor
Taizong also distrusted the former Later Jin military governors, and after they came to Kaifeng to pay homage to him and show submission, he kept them at Kaifeng for quite some time, not sending them back to their circuits. This left a power vacuum in the circuits, and many rebellions rose
464:
greatly advocated punishing Du, but Shi, as he saw Du as an uncle, refused. Sang thereafter resigned in exasperation. When Du arrived at
Kaifeng, he "offered" his wealth (which he had left at Heng Prefecture) to the emperor, and then requested, through his wife (who was then carrying the title of
531:
Emperor
Taizong soon claimed to also be the emperor of China. He distrusted the Later Jin imperial troops that surrendered with Du Chongwei, believing that he made a mistake in having given those troops to Shi Jingtang and allowing those troops to be subsequently used by Shi Chonggui in resisting
268:
to serve as the military governor of Hedong, while replacing him with Du. It was said that because of this, Liu resented Li and Feng. It was said at the time that Du was exacting of the people's wealth, and that wherever he served, the people often fled his jurisdiction. This led to a comment he
598:
serving as Gao's deputy. Murong, however, doubted Gao's faithfulness as Gao's daughter was Du's daughter-in-law, and so there was discord among them. Liu decided to command the siege himself, and he shortly after arrived at Yedu. Du initially claimed that once Liu arrived, he would submit, but
523:), and had Du accompany him south. With virtually the entire Later Jin army having been given to Du and Li Shouzhen for this northern campaign, Kaifeng was left essentially defenseless, and Shi Chonggui felt compelled to surrender, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong subsequently entered Daliang.
378:, Shandong), with Yang displeased that his powers were being curbed by Jing, and therefore was secretly negotiating with Emperor Taizong, hoping for Liao support for him to displace Later Jin. In late 943, Yang, in preparation for his rebellion, secretly ordered his son Yang Chengzuo (
454:
the towns, such that many of the
Shunguo towns were slaughtered. Continuing to fear the possibility of a Liao invasion and the resentment from the people, he, in summer 945, simply abandoned his post without prior imperial approval and returned to Kaifeng. Shi's chief of staff (
599:
when Liu arrived, continued to defend the city. As the food supplies dwindled, many of Du's soldiers surrendered to the Later Han army, but for quite some time the defense held, particularly because the Lulong soldiers, under the command of the officer Zhang Lian (
169:, formally subordinate to the Khitan. Du Chongwei's activities during the war between Li Congke and Shi were unclear, but after Shi's victory, he made Du an imperial guard general and had Du also carry the honorary title of prefect of Shu Prefecture (舒州, in modern
430:) (both in modern Baoding), but soon received news that the Liao army had turned around and was heading for them. They tried to withdraw, but became surrounded near Yangcheng (陽城, in modern Baoding). Du panicked and was reluctant to engage the Liao army, but at
308:), and Du then put it under siege. Shortly after, an officer of An's allowed Du's army to enter Zhen and execute An. Du, however, killed that officer so that he could claim credit for capturing the city. Shi then renamed Zhen to Heng, and Chengde to Shunguo (
657:, and Guo. As part of his instructions, he stated, "Be careful of Du Chongwei!" After he died shortly after, this group of regents did not immediately announce his death. Rather, they issued an edict in his name, ordering that Du and his sons Du Hongzhang (
70:. He eventually surrendered again to Later Han but was executed at Liu Zhiyuan's directions following Liu Zhiyuan's death. He was one of the reviled figures of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, due to his treachery and mistreatment of the people.
506:
emperor if he surrendered, Du and Li
Shouzhen surrendered their army. (As part of accepting Du's surrender, Emperor Taizong had Zhao mockingly put an imperial robe on Du.) Emperor Taizong then prepared to advance south. He commissioned Du acting
1050:
471:) was subsequently sent to Shunguo to serve as its acting military governor, and Wang took Du's stored grains for the circuit's use, Du objected angrily, arguing that it was his own personal wealth, such that Shi compensated Du and recalled Wang.
478:— who had previously been a major Later Tang general before being captured by the Khitan in the campaign that led to Later Tang's destruction — was planning on defecting to Later Jin. This rumor was believed by Shi's chiefs of staff Li Song and
669:) be put to death. The former princess and other relatives were spared. Du Chongwei's corpse was displayed in the open and cut into pieces. The people rushed to cannibalize him to show their disgust at him, and soon, the flesh was all gone.
621:, killed some 100 of Du's officers. Further, while Liu had offered Zhang free passage, he instead arrested and killed Zhang, although he allowed Zhang's soldiers to return to Lulong. He also seized Du's wealth to use it to supply the army.
570:
at
Taiyuan, and the rebel forces against Liao gradually submitted to him, allowing him to take over most of the former Later Jin territory after the gradual Liao withdrawal (coupled with Emperor Taizong's death and succession by his nephew
314:), and then made Du Shunguo's military governor. Du seized both An's personal wealth and the circuit treasury to be his own personal wealth, and while Shi knew this, he did nothing about it. Du's deputy military governor Wang Yu (
498:), also offered to defect to Later Jin. Shi thus put Du and Li Shouzhen in command of an army to attack north, with the stated objectives being to first recapture the prefectures Shi Jingtang previously ceded to Liao (the
296:), however, convinced him that retreating may lead to a general panic, and he therefore did not do so. Instead, as Wang suggested, he attacked An's army on three fronts. At this point, An's key officer Zhao Yanzhi (
617:), and his wife, to meet with Liu, offering to surrender. Liu accepted his surrender. By that point, some 70-80% of the populace had died of starvation. While Liu spared Du, he, at the suggestion of his general
605:), were highly motivated after hearing that Liu had slaughtered a group of Lulong soldiers at Kaifeng. By winter 947, however, the city was in desperate situation, and Du sent, successively, his officer Wang Min (
404:
to attack Yang, Du was titularly the second in command of this anti-Liao army, under Liu
Zhiyuan. The Liao army was soon repelled, and Li Shouzhen's siege on Qing caused Yang Guangyuan's son Yang Chengxun
582:
the military governor of Guide. However, Du's offer was merely a test to see what Liu's intentions were toward him, and upon Liu's orders, he resisted and requested aid from the Liao general Yelü Mada
357:, Hebei) Circuits, Du nevertheless reported that his own army needed the food supplies, and therefore was nevertheless allowed to seize food supplies from the people. Altogether, he seized one million
204:) against Zhang, and they defeated Zhang; Zhang drowned when he tried to retreat. (During this campaign, Shi made Du the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
302:) surrendered to him (although his soldiers killed Zhao anyway), leading to a panic in An's army and allowing Du to crush his army. An fled back to Chengde's capital Zhen Prefecture (
578:
Du Chongwei initially offered to submit to Liu as well, and further offered to be transferred to another circuit. In summer 947, Liu issued orders swapping his position with that of
1045:
374:
By that point, the Later Jin imperial government was in a tense standoff with Yang Guangyuan, who was then the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
970:
638:), and kept him at Kaifeng. By this point, Du had become so despised by the populace that whenever he was out in public, the people would throw stones and bricks at him.
112:, Shanxi), however, and it was apparently during that time the family moved to Hedong's capital Taiyuan. In Du Chongwei's youth, he served under Li Keyong's adoptive son
558:), while heading back to Liao proper himself. On the way, when he went through Yedu, Du and his wife (the former princess) went to the Liao camp to pay homage to him.
50:
and uncle to Shi Jingtang's successor (adoptive son and biological nephew) Shi Chonggui. He, however, would betray Shi Chonggui and surrender to Later Jin's rival, the
1030:
128:, Du Chongwei served as an officer in the imperial guards, and received the title of prefect of Fang Prefecture (防州 — unclear where it was, most likely in modern
1060:
418:. As the Liao army withdrew in spring 945, Shi sent Du and Li Shouzhen in command of an army to give chase. They crossed into Liao territory and captured Qi (
212:
in the campaign against Fan, eventually resulting in Fan's surrender. He was then made the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern
1010:
995:
1055:
985:
414:
In late 944, Emperor Taizong launched another major incursion into Later Jin territory, inflicting much damage on the Later Jin populace north of the
1040:
290:, Hebei). During the encounter, An initially successfully repelled two attacks by Du, and Du considered withdrawing. The officer Wang Chongyin (
465:
Grand Princess of Song), to be the military governor of Tianxiong. Shi agreed. Despite this episode, when the imperial official Wang Qinzuo (
40:
328:
Shi Jingtang died later in 942, and was succeeded by his adoptive son and biological nephew (biological son of his older brother Shi Jingru (
975:
338:— who was therefore a nephew by marriage of Du Chongwei's. (During Shi Chonggui's reign, Du Chongwei became known as Du Wei, to observe
165:, was able to defeat Later Tang troops, causing Li Congke to commit suicide and ending Later Tang. Shi became emperor of a new state of
908:
896:
740:
269:
made when visiting a market, "Some say that I chase away the people. How come there are still so many people here at the market?"
1065:
980:
1035:
949:
945:
941:
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933:
929:
925:
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885:
864:
845:
824:
801:
780:
761:
745:
699:
913:
532:
him. He considered, but initially hesitated, in slaughtering them, so he stationed them at Chenqiao (陳橋, in modern
1015:
567:
220:
166:
63:
43:
589:), whom Emperor Shizong left in charge of Heng, then still under Liao control. Yelü Mada sent a mixed Khitan and
1025:
1005:
62:, hoping that Emperor Taizong would make him the emperor of China, and would later rebel against the succeeding
1020:
483:
252:
Du's military governorship was subsequently changed to that of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern
1000:
990:
572:
549:
162:
59:
78:
It is not known when Du Chongwei was born. His family was originally from Shuo Prefecture (朔州, in modern
88:) served as an officer of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered at Shuo Prefecture). His father Du Duijin (
257:
965:
499:
345:
Instead of the submissive stance that Shi Jingtang took toward Khitan (which had renamed its state
486:). They had Du write a letter to Zhao, encouraging him to do so, with the officer Zhao Xingshi (
153:
In 936, Shi Jingtang, then the military governor of Hedong, rose against then-Later Tang emperor
174:
394:). In spring 944, Du tried to defuse the situation by sending his staff member Cao Guangyi (
208:, Shanxi), but kept him as a general of the imperial guards.) Du subsequently served under
711:
920:
694:
595:
209:
264:, Shi sent Liu, who was then the commander of all imperial guards, out of the capital
959:
541:
350:
132:, but in any case an honorary title only as that prefecture was under the control of
51:
188:, Hebei) rose against Shi's rule. He was soon joined in rebellion by Zhang Congbin (
654:
642:
579:
475:
415:
346:
339:
335:
277:
273:
181:
158:
137:
133:
95:
55:
47:
36:
286:) against him. Du's and An's army met and battled near Zongcheng (宗城, in modern
590:
461:
435:
401:
234:
67:
431:
125:
450:), attacked the Liao army fiercely, causing the Liao army to panic and flee.
646:
645:, who was to succeed him, to a group of high level officials and generals —
537:
242:
177:). Du's wife (Shi's younger sister) was created the Grand Princess Leping.
154:
113:
99:
320:) was also harsh and corrupt, such that the people of Heng were oppressed.
253:
1051:
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
650:
533:
456:
261:
238:
205:
129:
104:
79:
184:
the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern
618:
479:
375:
354:
287:
265:
246:
245:
defused the situation, and subsequently, Shi sent the imperial scholar
213:
195:
109:
566:
Meanwhile, Liu Zhiyuan declared himself the emperor of a new state of
276:
the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern
216:, Henan), but continued to serve as a general of the imperial guards.
185:
170:
136:). By this point, he was married to a younger sister of the general
237:
the military governor of Guide Circuit (歸德, headquartered in modern
552:
in charge of Kaifeng as the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (
173:, Anhui, then the territory of Later Jin's southeastern neighbor
385:
714:
411:) to put Yang Guangyuan under house arrest and then surrender.
388:, Shandong), to flee back to Pinglu's capital Qing Prefecture (
256:, Shandong). In 941, at the recommendation of the chancellors
349:
by this point), Shi Chonggui, at the advice of his chancellor
384:), who was then the prefect of Dan Prefecture (單州, in modern
367:) of grain, but only reported to Shi that he seized 300,000
280:, Hebei) rebelled against Shi. Shi sent Du and Ma Quanjie (
641:
In spring 948, Liu was deathly ill. He entrusted his son
624:
Liu created Du the Duke of Chu and gave him the titles of
371:— with the remainder taken into his own personal wealth.
39:, was a Chinese military general and politician of the
474:
In 946, there were rumors that the major Liao general
94:) served as a forward commander for the major late-
46:state, as a brother-in-law to its founding emperor
233:) on both Du and another imperial guard general,
108:) of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
517:) and the defender of Tianxiong's capital Yedu (
157:(Li Siyuan's adoptive son) and, with aid from
1046:People executed by Later Han (Five Dynasties)
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89:
83:
30:
20:
8:
124:During Li Siyuan's reign as the emperor of
971:Executed Later Han (Five Dynasties) people
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82:, Shanxi), and his grandfather Du Xing (
677:
140:, who was a son-in-law of Li Siyuan's.
1031:Liao dynasty jiedushi of Weibo Circuit
41:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
7:
1061:Political office-holders in Liaoning
1011:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
996:Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
715:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
14:
1056:Political office-holders in Anhui
986:Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
909:New History of the Five Dynasties
897:Old History of the Five Dynasties
741:Old History of the Five Dynasties
225:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
25:) (died March 13, 948), known as
663:), Du Honglian, and Du Hongcan (
1041:Later Tang government officials
219:In 939, Shi bestowed honorary
1:
594:Du, with Liu's half-brother
976:Executed people from Shanxi
482:(the brother of Shi's wife
324:During Shi Chonggui's reign
249:to persuade Liu to accept.
149:During Shi Jingtang's reign
1082:
527:During the Liao occupation
198:. Shi sent Du and Hou Yi (
665:
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84:
66:state's founding emperor
31:
21:
611:), his son Du Honglian (
1066:Politicians from Shanxi
102:the military governor (
35:) during the reign of
323:
148:
981:Generals from Shanxi
673:Notes and references
1036:Later Tang generals
500:Sixteen Prefectures
444:), and Huangfu Yu (
342:for Shi Chonggui.)
1016:Tianping jiedushi
434:'s advocacy, Fu,
120:During Later Tang
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1026:Zhongwu jiedushi
1006:Chengde jiedushi
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34:
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24:
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712:Academia Sinica
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573:Emperor Shizong
564:
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326:
194:), who rose at
163:Emperor Taizong
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60:Emperor Taizong
12:
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5:
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921:Zizhi Tongjian
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821:Zizhi Tongjian
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676:
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438:, Yao Yuanfu (
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210:Yang Guangyuan
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542:Southern Tang
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272:In late 941,
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71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
28:
18:
919:
907:
895:
881:
860:
841:
820:
797:
776:
757:
753:
739:
707:
693:
655:Shi Hongzhao
643:Liu Chengyou
640:
629:
625:
623:
580:Gao Xingzhou
577:
565:
546:
530:
508:
503:
484:Empress Feng
476:Zhao Yanshou
473:
455:
452:
416:Yellow River
413:
373:
368:
358:
344:
340:naming taboo
336:Shi Chonggui
327:
278:Shijiazhuang
274:An Chongrong
271:
251:
224:
218:
182:Fan Yanguang
179:
152:
138:Shi Jingtang
123:
103:
77:
48:Shi Jingtang
37:Shi Chonggui
26:
16:
15:
591:Han Chinese
462:Sang Weihan
436:Zhang Yanze
424:) and Tai (
402:Li Shouzhen
235:Liu Zhiyuan
68:Liu Zhiyuan
17:Du Chongwei
966:948 deaths
960:Categories
432:Fu Yanqing
221:chancellor
126:Later Tang
74:Background
647:Su Fengji
568:Later Han
538:Later Shu
243:Zhao Ying
167:Later Jin
155:Li Congke
114:Li Siyuan
100:Li Keyong
64:Later Han
44:Later Jin
924:, vols.
902:vol. 109
886:vol. 286
865:vol. 285
846:vol. 284
825:vol. 283
802:vol. 282
781:vol. 281
762:vol. 280
746:vol. 109
700:vol. 287
651:Yang Bin
550:Xiao Han
534:Xinxiang
457:Shumishi
262:Feng Dao
239:Shangqiu
230:同中書門下平章事
206:Changzhi
180:In 937,
130:Liaoning
105:Jiedushi
98:warlord
80:Shuozhou
914:vol. 52
619:Guo Wei
480:Feng Yu
376:Weifang
355:Baoding
288:Xingtai
266:Kaifeng
258:Li Song
247:He Ning
214:Xuchang
196:Luoyang
110:Taiyuan
254:Tai'an
186:Handan
171:Anqing
54:state
52:Khitan
27:Du Wei
626:Taifu
509:Taifu
628:and
586:耶律麻荅
540:and
386:Heze
347:Liao
331:石敬儒)
260:and
96:Tang
56:Liao
950:287
946:286
942:285
938:284
934:283
930:282
926:281
666:杜弘璨
660:杜弘璋
635:中書令
614:杜弘璉
575:).
504:him
495:劉延祚
489:趙行實
468:王欽祚
447:皇甫遇
441:藥元福
408:楊承勳
397:曹光裔
381:楊承祚
299:趙彥之
293:王重胤
283:馬全節
191:張從賓
161:'s
91:杜堆金
58:'s
22:杜重威
962::
948:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
912:,
900:,
884:,
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863:,
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800:,
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680:^
653:,
649:,
608:王敏
602:張璉
555:宣武
520:鄴都
514:太傅
460:)
427:泰州
421:祁州
391:青州
369:Hu
359:Hu
334:)
317:王瑜
311:順國
305:鎮州
201:侯益
175:Wu
116:.
85:杜興
32:杜威
952:.
916:.
904:.
888:.
867:.
848:.
827:.
804:.
783:.
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