570:
1156:
661:
650:
946:
998:
888:
1070:
1179:, Scotland. It exploded on 6 May 1967 under repeated pressure testing. According to Jim Thomson, the failure was caused by a crack (created during the original manufacturing process) which occurred next to an economiser nozzle replaced during testing; the crack had penetrated part-way through the thick wall of the pressure vessel.
1283:
Lengerer differs considerably as to what was made of Ducol, perhaps because of the extensive refit in 1934-36? "The lower strake of the armor was backed by 50 millimeters (2.0 in) of Ducol steel. The magazines were protected by 165 millimeters (6.5 in) of New
Vickers Non-Cemented (NVNC) armor, sloped
1084:
Failure of
Sizewell âAâ boiler under hydrostatic test, May 1963. "The boiler was 18.9 m long, 6.9 m diameter, and was fabricated from plates 57 mm thick in a low alloy steel, conforming to BW87A specification (similar to Ducol W30, but with lower C), of composition 0.1C, 1.4Mn, 0.5Cr, 0.25Mo, 0.2Ni,
67:
with a small amount of nickel, which allowed it to be hardened to a greater level without cracking (i.e. increased "toughness"). Foreign similar steels â for example, German "Low-%" Nickel Steel and U.S. High
Tensile Steel (HTS) â were more complex alloys using chromium, vanadium and molybdenum.
853:. The inboard-facing side consisted of a layer of silicon-manganese high-tensile steel from 28-40mm thick called "Elevata Resistenza" (ER) steel, which was probably somewhat similar to the British Ducol ("D" or "Dl") Steel used for light armour and torpedo bulkheads in WWII.
71:
Up until about 1945, Ducol generally contained only manganese and silicon as alloying elements. More recent weldable grades (Ducol W21, W25, W30, and W30 grades A & B) include varying amounts of nickel, chromium, copper, molybdenum and vanadium.
1284:
at an inclination up to 25° and tapered to thicknesses of 55â75 millimeters (2.2â3.0 in). The flight and both hangar decks were unprotected and the ships' propulsion machinery was protected by a 65-millimeter (2.6 in) deck of CNC armor.
1290:
s were the first
Japanese carriers to incorporate a torpedo belt system. The torpedo bulkhead itself consisted of an outer Ducol plate 18â30 millimeters (0.71â1.18 in) thick that was riveted to a 12-millimeter (0.47 in)
1060:
A number of pressure vessels & boilers constructed with Ducol (or similar materials) have failed. Such failures have all been because of faulty fabrication or testing of the vessel, rather than the steel itself.
504:
Although modern grades of Ducol are termed 'weldable', this doesn't necessarily mean 'easily weldable'. A 1970 report on an explosion in a cylinder made of Ducol 30 found that in Ducol W30, embrittlement of the
718:
used in the structural portions of the hull resulted in deformation, and the main gun turrets were unable to train properly. They were re-built with riveted construction, and the other two were redesigned.
601:
It was used in
British anti-torpedo-system design practice in its last battleships. The internal hull and torpedo bulkheads and internal decks were made of Ducol or "D"-class steel, an extra-strong form of
1092:(PCPV). The advantage of prestressed concrete is that once the initial compression has been applied, the resulting material has the characteristics of high-strength concrete when subject to any subsequent
933:
The material investigated by the author has the C content of 0.24-0.30% and Mn of 1.4-1.6% giving a tensile strength 63-71kg/mm2, elongation 20-23% in 200mm gauge and elastic limit 42kg/mm2.
930:"The Ducol steel was used as the material in cases of the construction of the Eitai bashi and the Kiyosu bashi. The author is not aware if the material has been previously used for a bridge.
2273:
Knott, J. F. (2014). "Design and material issues in improving fracture/fatigue resistance and structural integrity in power plants". In
Shirzadi, Amir; Jackson, Susan (eds.).
1085:
0.1 V. The cause of the failure was attributed to a shock impact loading, when the wooden chocks on which the vessel was resting during the hydro-test suddenly gave way."
63:
It was an improvement on
British Admiralty "HT" (High Tensile) steel, a shipbuilding and light armour steel developed c1900 and used through the end of WWI. HT was a
48:
Applications have included warship hull construction and light armouring, road bridges, and pressure vessels including locomotive steam boilers and nuclear reactors.
1128:. It was being pressure-tested after heat treatment when it exploded, throwing one chunk weighing 2 tons right through the workshop wall and landing 50 metres away.
936:
The Ducol steel seems to be preferable as the bridge building material both in quality and in the cost compared with others such as Ni steel, Si steel and C steel."
1928:
1532:"Table of Metallurgical Properties of Naval Armor and Construction Materials: Average Post-WWI Extra-High-Strength "D" Silicon-Manganese HT Steels"
2197:
56:
The original Ducol, or "D"-steel, is a manganese-silicon steel, a toughened version of the new, proven standard construction steels developed by
2458:
2150:
607:
1272:
758:
2412:
Handbook of
Structural Welding: Processes, Materials and Methods Used in the Welding of Major Structures, Pipelines and Process Plant
2563:
2542:
2523:
2502:
2481:
2439:
2420:
2290:
2242:
2221:
1125:
812:
785:
714:
were originally designed with all-welded Ducol bulkheads which were then welded to the ship's hull. The resultant faults caused by
653:
1139:
occurs unless post-weld heat treatment takes place at a sufficient temperature (675C). The amount of pre-heating and the type of
1032:
for low alloy steels used for high temperature pressure purposes is BS EN 10028-2:2006. It replaced the old BS1501 Part 2: 1988.
850:
516:
In addition, the original product from the 1920s was also weldable (ie 'capable of being welded'), but with dubious results. The
1078:
919:
835:
1840:
2066:
1236:
726:
722:
All of the following ships or classes (the list is not complete) used Ducol in structural bulkheads and protective plating:
1841:"Item 3: Letter to Messrs. Colvilles Ltd., re photograph showing the use of DUCOL steel as used on Glen Quoich Road Bridge"
1300:
The main portion of the central longitudinal structure was made with Ducol - rivetted, not welded, after problems with the
2061:
Warner, R. F.; Faulkes, K. A. (1988). "Prestressed
Concrete" (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire. pp. 1â13.
735:
34:
2430:
Lengerer, Hans; Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1985). "The
Japanese Aircraft Carriers Junyo and Hiyo". In Andrew, Lambert (ed.).
1117:
857:"However, the power of the torpedoes used during WWII rapidly outclassed even the best bulge protection systems and the
861:, when finally perfected, allowed the torpedo to completely bypass the bulge by detonating under the keel of the ship."
569:
776:
2574:
2079:
1229:
970:
767:
957:(1934-1937) joined by HTS rivets. A small amount of copper was added to the mix to improve corrosion resistance.
907:
843:
839:
660:
986:
520:
built large warships using all-welded Ducol structural elements, which swiftly led to severe problems with the
2026:"Design and material issues in improving fracture/fatigue resistance and structural integrity in power plants"
1018:
903:
seem to have been some of the first bridges to be made with Ducol, at the time a state-of-the-art technology.
57:
38:
561:
navies. After WW2 the highest grades of the commercial shipbuilding steels were based on this type of steel.
1246:
bulges - inner curves formed by bulkheads made up of two 29mm plates providing 58mm of protetction. Also on
1172:
1109:
749:
637:
1155:
1324:"Photographic records of steel framed buildings constructed by David Colville and Sons Limited, 1920-1951"
1144:
911:
794:
673:
554:
517:
185:
2632:
2627:
2325:
Lacroix, E. (1981). "The Development of the "A Class" Cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Part IV".
1041:
2304:
Lacroix, E. (1977). "The Development of the "A Class" Cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Part I".
2025:
1278:
1188:
1089:
1045:
708:
681:
665:
620:
538:
521:
1164:
803:
697:
2367:
Lacroix, E. (1983). "Wartime Modifications, Activities and Final Fate of the "A Class" Cruisers".
649:
2397:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2184:
1764:
1676:"Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Vol. 6 - Shokaku class, Soyru, Hiro, Unryu class, Taiho"
1383:
1132:
1093:
613:
603:
506:
1277:'s armor protection was considerably improved. 25mm Ducol Steel (DS) steel plates protected her
2559:
2553:
2538:
2519:
2498:
2492:
2477:
2469:
2454:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2286:
2238:
2217:
2211:
2062:
1987:
1781:
1097:
677:
2513:
2232:
1975:. U.S. Department of Energy: Office of Scientific and Technical Information. pp. 13, 25.
2586:
2449:
Lengerer, Hans (2015). "The Aircraft Carriers of the ShÅkaku Class". In Jordan, John (ed.).
2278:
2257:
1531:
1049:
1029:
1010:
915:
542:
2388:
Lacroix, E. (1984). "The "Mogami" "B Class" Cruisers modified to "A Class" standard, etc".
1281:
and 132mm New Vickers non-cemented (NVNC) deck. Belt armor consisted of 16mm NVNC plates."
945:
1774:
1212:
1211:
Colville & Sons supplied, for example, the structural steel for the rebuilding of the
1022:
858:
592:
585:
558:
2254:
Use of high tensile (low alloy) steels in bridges: Recent development in British practise
2121:
2591:
1903:
1866:
954:
823:
2607:
1823:
2621:
2494:
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Volume 42: Pressure-Relieving Devices
2392:. The Development of the "A Class" Cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy: Part VII.
1797:
1251:
1113:
966:
37:
of varying composition, first developed from the early 1920s by the Scottish firm of
2371:. The Development of the 'A Class' Cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy: Part VI.
1589:
2350:. The Development of the "A Class" Cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy: Part V.
1829:. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. p. 25.
1675:
1176:
982:
974:
896:
631:
64:
1323:
997:
2282:
1349:
715:
685:
513:
unless post-weld heat treatment takes place at a sufficient temperature (675C).
20:
887:
550:
221:
42:
1970:
2101:
Weck, R. (June 1966). "Brittle Fracture of a Thick Walled Pressure Vessel".
1568:
1506:
1140:
978:
2234:
Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922-1930
2175:
Caruana, Joseph (Winter 1966). Caruana, Joseph (ed.). "Special Reprint".
2158:
Learning from Ignorance â Pressure Vessel Failures since the 19th Century
1773:
Plus good info on p. 72 about the names of the British WWI monitors inc.
1088:
Ducol would have been used for the later stations, but was superseded by
2401:
2380:
2359:
2338:
2317:
2188:
1768:
1387:
914:. High-tensile Ducol was used for the lower supports of the Eitai-bashi
2346:
Lacroix, E. (1981). "Pre-war Modernization of the "A Class" Cruisers".
2261:
1255:
1243:
1168:
1136:
1069:
1014:
693:
510:
1488:
1486:
1052:
in 1926 to work at 250 psi (1,700 kPa), were made of Ducol.
1121:
953:
Ducol was also used in the construction of the stiffening girders of
701:
546:
1755:
Okun, Nathan (1978). Scheidel Jr., Charles W. (ed.). "Ask Infoser".
2579:
Tetsu-To-Hagane / Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
1988:"The Dragon Project origins, achievements and legacies (abstract)"
1154:
1108:
In December 1965 a boiler made of Ducol was under construction by
1068:
1021:. Normalised and tempered Ducol W30 has been used in heavy walled
996:
944:
900:
886:
689:
659:
648:
610:
including the weather deck and the bulkheads were made from Ducol
568:
2205:. Cranfield Report Mat. No. 4. Cranfield Institute of Technology.
923:
910:, to replace earlier crossings which were destroyed in the 1923
895:
The Eitai-bashi (1926) and Kiyosu-bashi (1928) bridges over the
871:
577:
838:. This underwater "bulge" system was introduced in the Italian
834:
The Italian Navy used a similar type of steel to Ducol in its
874:
used Ducol type steel due to a lack of chromium and nickel.
1440:
1438:
676:(IJN) made considerable use of Ducol made under licence by
2537:. Illustrated by Stefan Draminski. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2199:
Effect of Welding and Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Ducol 30
1595:. JSW: The Japan Steel Works, Ltd. October 2018. p. 1
2396:(3). International Naval Research Organization: 246â305.
2375:(3). International Naval Research Organization: 232â282.
2354:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 323â367.
2312:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 337â357.
2122:"The Establishment of Safe Welding Procedures for Steels"
1413:
1411:
1409:
965:
Used in the construction of the Glen Quoich Road Bridge,
826:
had an all-welded hull, protected by 4-5mm Ducol steel.
2575:"Ducol Steel for Bride-Buildiing[sic] Material"
2555:
Nuclear Power Generation: Modern Power Station Practice
2333:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 40â76.
1763:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 67â82.
1972:
The Civil H.T.R Reference Design Study. Project Dragon
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1163:
A boiler drum made with Ducol plates, manufactured by
1929:"Southern Railway Locomotive Drawings Composite List"
1727:
1096:, and of ductile high-strength steel when subject to
2196:
Allen, D.; Smith, E.; Apps, R. L. (September 1970).
2183:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 58.
1382:(1). International Naval Research Organization: 34.
1267:"As already noted, in comparison with the preceding
2129:
Welding Research: Supplement to the Welding Journal
1171:, near Glasgow, to BS 1113 (1958) was installed at
79:
19:For the French composer of contemporary music, see
1569:"Armor protection of the battleship KM Bismarck"
1562:
1560:
1507:"Armor Profection of the Battleship KM Bismarck"
922:. The steel was made at Kawasaki's Hyogo Works,
842:, and in the completely rebuilt versions of the
549:in warships of several countries, including the
918:, and for the upper cables of the Kiyosu-bashi
1845:Canmore: Register for the Historic Environment
1492:
692:: the company was set up with investment from
623:which it supported were constructed of Ducol.
2103:British Welding Research Association Bulletin
1992:IAEA International Nuclear Information System
1525:
1523:
1304:-class cruisers. Also given 9mm deck plating.
8:
2216:. Materials Data series. ASM International.
2160:. Safety In Engineering Ltd. pp. 13â16.
1685:. English Translation of Kojinsha Photo File
1258:were also protected by a Ducol steel casing.
1871:National Record of the Historic Environment
822:In addition, the IJN's '25-ton' type river
626:Other types of armour used on Navy ships:
619:'s fully-enclosed armoured hangar and the
537:Ducol has been used for bulkheads in both
2590:
2277:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 319â354.
1956:
462:
81:Composition of various Ducol-type steels
2151:"The Cockenzie Steam Drum Failure, 1966"
1750:
1748:
1739:
1703:
1625:
1444:
1417:
746:-class cruisers (x2, 1931), (x2 1933-34)
1890:
1715:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1613:
1429:
1400:
1315:
1204:
1077:Ducol was used in the boiler shells at
1013:including steam boilers and solid wall
606:. Much of the load-bearing portions of
2049:
1904:"What are the Key EN Steel Standards?"
1551:
576:bombarding German positions along the
16:Type of high-strength, low-alloy steel
2030:Brittle transition: ScienceDirect.com
2011:
1969:Thorn, J. D., ed. (15 January 1963).
1477:
1465:
1090:prestressed concrete pressure vessels
7:
1374:Okun, Nathan (2006). "Ask InfoSer".
2558:(2nd, revised ed.). Elsevier.
2237:. Seaforth Publishing. p. 80.
1706:, pp. 100â101, 102â106, 107â9.
1131:In Ducol W30, embrittlement of the
256:
2592:10.2355/tetsutohagane1915.15.4_268
2275:Structural Alloys for Power Plants
1730:, pp. 9â19, 105â114, 188â193.
1073:Sizewell 'A' nuclear power station
985:, not far from where it joins the
14:
2491:McKetta, John J. Jr, ed. (1992).
2434:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1728:Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara 1985
851:Conte di Cavour-class battleships
154:
1798:"History of Kawasaki: 1910-1949"
1017:converter shells as used in the
2080:"John Thompson pressure vessel"
920:self-anchored suspension bridge
836:Pugliese torpedo defense system
608:King George V-class battleships
2535:Battleships Yamato and Musashi
2256:. IABSE publications, Vol. 9.
2023:Extract with scary picture at
1824:"Sir William Arrol Collection"
1254:(middle bridge deck). Torpedo
891:Kiyosu-bashi suspension bridge
35:high-strength low-alloy steels
1:
2608:Kiyosu Bridge, Tokyo, c. 1930
2470:"The IJN Light cruiser Oyodo"
2082:. The Welding Institute (TWI)
1143:(eg low hydrogen) can affect
1104:John Thompson pressure vessel
2213:Woldman's Engineering Alloys
2210:Frick, John P., ed. (2000).
1493:Allen, Smith & Apps 1970
1242:and subsequent designs used
1167:Ltd (now Altrad Babcock) at
755:x2, (1920, upgraded 1934-36)
2581:(in Japanese and English).
2573:Taniyama, I. (April 1929).
2283:10.1533/9780857097552.2.319
1147:(or cracking) in the weld.
971:Sir William Arrol & Co.
33:is the name of a number of
2649:
1040:The boiler plates for the
906:The bridges were built by
840:Littorio-class battleships
813:Japanese aircraft carrier
786:Japanese aircraft carrier
759:Japanese aircraft carrier
727:Japanese aircraft carrier
18:
2472:. In Jordan, John (ed.).
2120:Bailey, N. (April 1972).
1822:McDonald, Miriam (1998).
1742:, pp. 102, 104, 198.
1048:locomotives, designed by
949:Chelsea Bridge from below
58:David Colville & Sons
39:David Colville & Sons
2533:Skulski, Janusz (2017).
2512:Skulski, Janusz (2004).
2409:Lancaster, John (1997).
1250:, Ducol was used on the
870:During WWII many Soviet
844:Italian battleship
584:Ducol steel was used in
2515:The heavy cruiser Takao
2468:Lengerer, Hans (2018).
2415:. Woodhead Publishing.
2299:(subscription required)
2252:Kerensky, O.A. (1949).
1936:National Railway Museum
1224:Japanese heavy cruiser
1173:Cockenzie Power Station
1159:Cockenzie Power Station
1151:Cockenzie power station
1009:Ducol has been used in
961:Glen Quoich Road Bridge
668:of the Seventh Squadron
638:Special treatment steel
598:(1927) to save weight.
1160:
1145:hydrogen embrittlement
1074:
1006:
950:
912:Great Kanto earthquake
892:
674:Imperial Japanese Navy
669:
657:
645:Imperial Japanese Navy
581:
518:Imperial Japanese Navy
2390:Warship International
2369:Warship International
2348:Warship International
2327:Warship International
2306:Warship International
2231:Jordan, John (2011).
2177:Warship International
2149:Thomson, Jim (2013).
1867:"Glen Quoich, Bridge"
1757:Warship International
1590:"JSW Corporate Guide"
1376:Warship International
1158:
1072:
1000:
948:
908:Kawasaki Dockyard Co.
890:
666:Mogami-class cruisers
663:
652:
572:
522:Mogami-class cruisers
124:Royal Navy "HT" steel
2552:Stuart, Sam (2013).
1674:Parry, Allan (ed.).
1495:, p. ii, 9, 10.
1230:Japanese battleship
1189:List of named alloys
1165:Babcock & Wilcox
1120:'s ammonia plant at
777:Japanese battleship
768:Japanese battleship
621:armoured flight deck
539:general construction
2014:, pp. 319â354.
1664:, pp. 232â282.
1640:, pp. 246â305.
1628:, pp. 323â367.
1141:welding consumables
1019:HaberâBosch process
698:Armstrong Whitworth
640:= homogenous armour
82:
2453:. London: Conway.
2262:10.5169/seals-9705
1403:, p. 351 n20.
1161:
1133:heat-affected zone
1094:compression forces
1075:
1007:
951:
893:
753:-class battleships
670:
664:Three of the four
658:
632:High-tensile steel
582:
580:coast, 7 June 1944
507:heat-affected zone
155:§R. Sumida bridges
80:
2460:978-1-84486-276-4
2269:
1893:, pp. 217â8.
1718:, pp. 12â13.
1683:CombinedFleet.com
1447:, pp. 278â9.
1432:, p. 75 n56.
1328:Jisc Archives Hub
1237:aircraft carrier
1081:nuclear reactor.
1046:Lord Nelson class
1036:Steam locomotives
795:Japanese cruiser
736:Japanese cruiser
678:Japan Steel Works
543:against torpedoes
497:
496:
2640:
2596:
2594:
2569:
2548:
2529:
2508:
2487:
2464:
2445:
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2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1986:Price, M. S. T.
1983:
1977:
1976:
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1954:
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1947:
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1064:
1050:Richard Maunsell
1042:Southern Railway
1030:British Standard
1023:nuclear reactors
1011:pressure vessels
993:Pressure vessels
969:- built 1955 by
916:tied-arch bridge
716:electric welding
545:, and for light
509:(HAZ) occurs in
83:
60:just after WW1.
2648:
2647:
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2518:. Anova Books.
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2268:(free download)
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1028:In the UK, the
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859:magnetic pistol
832:
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712:-class cruisers
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257:§Chelsea Bridge
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2602:External links
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1784:Marshal Soult
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1740:Lengerer 2018
1736:
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1704:Lengerer 2015
1700:
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1652:, p. 19.
1651:
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1626:Lacroix 1981a
1622:
1619:
1616:, p. 58.
1615:
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1418:Taniyama 1929
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1350:"Our History"
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463:§Sizewell 'A'
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44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2633:Naval armour
2628:Steel alloys
2611:
2582:
2578:
2554:
2534:
2514:
2493:
2474:Warship 2018
2473:
2451:Warship 2015
2450:
2431:
2411:
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2389:
2372:
2368:
2351:
2347:
2330:
2326:
2309:
2305:
2274:
2253:
2233:
2212:
2198:
2180:
2176:
2157:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2074:
2057:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2019:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1991:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1908:Oakley Steel
1907:
1898:
1891:McKetta 1992
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1735:
1723:
1716:Skulski 2017
1711:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1682:
1669:
1662:Lacroix 1983
1657:
1650:Skulski 2004
1645:
1638:Lacroix 1984
1633:
1621:
1614:Caruana 1966
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1510:. Retrieved
1500:
1473:
1430:Lacroix 1981
1425:
1401:Lacroix 1977
1396:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1207:
1177:East Lothian
1162:
1130:
1107:
1087:
1083:
1079:Sizewell âAâ
1076:
1065:Sizewell 'A'
1059:
1039:
1027:
1008:
1002:
983:Allanaquoich
964:
952:
905:
897:Sumida River
894:
883:Sumida River
869:
845:
833:
830:Italian Navy
821:
814:
804:
796:
787:
778:
769:
760:
750:
743:
737:
728:
721:
709:
706:
671:
625:
615:
612:
600:
594:
587:
583:
573:
557:and perhaps
536:
528:Applications
515:
503:
214:
70:
65:carbon steel
62:
55:
47:
30:
26:
25:
2050:Stuart 2013
1777:Marshal Ney
1552:Jordan 2011
1215:(1925-39).
1003:Lord Nelson
975:Qoich Water
500:Weldability
76:Composition
21:Bruno Ducol
2622:Categories
2476:. Osprey.
2432:Warship IX
2067:0582712254
2012:Knott 2014
1938:. p.
1478:Knott 2014
1466:Frick 2000
1195:References
1005:, restored
565:Royal Navy
43:Motherwell
2612:Old Tokyo
2086:15 August
1876:15 August
1850:15 August
1782:HMS
1775:HMS
1689:15 August
1599:15 August
1574:15 August
1512:14 August
1311:Citations
1279:magazines
1135:(HAZ) in
1056:Incidents
987:River Dee
979:Mar Lodge
656:at anchor
616:Ark Royal
614:HMS
593:HMS
586:HMS
455:0.04~0.12
430:0.09~0.15
425:Ducol W30
418:0.04~0.12
393:0.11~0.17
388:Ducol W30
354:Ducol W30
322:Ducol W25
291:Ducol W21
233:0.06~0.10
227:0.24~0.30
224:"D"-steel
194:1.20~1.60
191:0.25~0.30
159:0.24~0.30
127:0.35~0.40
31:"D"-steel
2402:44894563
2381:44888424
2360:44890867
2339:44890892
2318:44890161
2189:44886983
1864:Pix at:
1802:Kawasaki
1769:44890131
1388:44895756
1256:warheads
1235:and the
1183:See also
977:between
849:and the
686:HokkaidÅ
555:Japanese
449:0.2~0.28
412:0.2~0.28
375:0.25 max
357:0.18 max
309:0.25 max
2168:Sources
2134:15 July
2035:17 July
1997:17 July
1942:15 July
1913:18 July
1807:15 July
1537:15 July
1359:14 July
1333:14 July
1291:plate."
1288:ShÅkaku
1274:ShÅkaku
1244:torpedo
1169:Renfrew
1015:ammonia
1001:SR 850
878:Bridges
815:Shinano
779:Musashi
761:ShÅkaku
694:Vickers
682:Muroran
559:Italian
551:British
452:0.3 max
446:0.4~0.7
443:0.7~1.0
436:0.4 max
433:0.9~1.5
427:Grade B
415:0.3 max
409:0.4~0.7
406:0.7 max
399:0.4 max
396:1.0~1.5
390:Grade A
381:0.1 max
378:0.5 max
372:0.8 max
369:0.5 max
360:1.4 max
343:0.3 max
340:0.3 max
337:0.5 max
328:1.5 max
325:0.2 max
306:0.5 max
220:Ducol,
162:1.4~1.6
130:0.8~1.2
52:History
2562:
2541:
2522:
2501:
2480:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2379:
2358:
2337:
2316:
2297:
2289:
2266:
2241:
2220:
2187:
2065:
1780:&
1767:
1386:
1302:Mogami
1232:Nagato
1122:Fisons
1116:, for
1044:4-6-0
846:Duilio
818:(1944)
800:(1941)
791:(1941)
782:(1940)
773:(1940)
770:Yamato
764:(1939)
751:Nagato
744:Mogami
732:(1928)
710:Mogami
702:Mitsui
636:STS =
630:HTS =
595:Rodney
588:Nelson
574:Rodney
547:armour
119:Notes
2585:(4).
2398:JSTOR
2377:JSTOR
2356:JSTOR
2335:JSTOR
2314:JSTOR
2203:(PDF)
2185:JSTOR
2154:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1765:JSTOR
1679:(PDF)
1593:(PDF)
1384:JSTOR
1269:Hiryu
1248:Takao
1226:Takao
1200:Notes
1137:welds
901:Tokyo
872:tanks
866:Tanks
805:Agano
797:Oyodo
738:Takao
690:Japan
533:Ships
511:welds
239:trace
236:trace
188:Ducol
86:Grade
27:Ducol
2560:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2136:2019
2109:(6).
2088:2019
2063:ISBN
2037:2019
1999:2019
1944:2019
1915:2019
1878:2019
1852:2019
1809:2019
1691:2019
1601:2019
1576:2019
1539:2019
1514:2019
1361:2019
1335:2019
1286:The
1239:Kaga
981:and
924:Kobe
788:HiyÅ
729:Kaga
707:The
700:and
672:The
654:HiyÅ
591:and
578:Caen
541:and
486:0.25
294:0.23
282:0.36
273:0.03
270:0.03
267:0.13
264:1.52
261:0.25
230:1.50
133:0.15
113:% Cu
110:% Mo
107:% Cr
104:% Ni
95:% Si
92:% Mn
2587:doi
2279:doi
2258:doi
1175:in
1118:ICI
899:in
680:in
604:HTS
491:0.1
483:0.5
480:0.2
470:1.4
467:0.1
297:1.7
186:IJN
116:% V
101:% S
98:% P
89:% C
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