96:
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bureaucracy, saintsâ cults â with necessarily different timelines" were as important if not more than the ducal narrative espoused by Dudo. The formation of the Norman state also coincided with the creation of an origin myth for the Norman ducal family through Dudo, such as Rollo being compared to a "good pagan" like the Trojan hero Aeneas. Through this narrative, the
Normans were assimilated closer to the Frankish core as they moved away from their pagan Scandinavian origins.
447:
461:
113:
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882:
81:
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1054:, were declared final. This meant that Paris could not reverse a judgment of Rouen. Another important concession was that the King of France could not raise a new tax without the consent of the Normans. However the charter, granted at a time when royal authority was faltering, was violated several times thereafter when the monarchy had regained its power.
2058:
944:, which supplied the armed knights that enabled the dukes to control the restive lay lords but whose bastards could not inherit. By the mid-11th century the Duke of Normandy could count on more than 300 armed and mounted knights from his ecclesiastical vassals alone. By the 1020s the dukes were able to impose
1049:
continued to serve as the basis for court decisions. In 1315, faced with the constant encroachments of royal power on the liberties of
Normandy, the barons and towns pressed the Norman Charter on the king. This document did not provide autonomy to the province but protected it against arbitrary royal
1187:
Queen
Elizabeth II is often referred to by her traditional and conventional title of Duke of Normandy. However ... she is not the Duke in a constitutional capacity and instead governs in her right as Queen ... This notwithstanding, it is a matter of local pride for monarchists to treat the situation
939:
on the French throne, and 1050. Scholarly churchmen were brought into
Normandy from the Rhineland, and they built and endowed monasteries and supported monastic schools, thus helping to integrate distant territories into a wider framework. The dukes imposed heavy feudal burdens on the ecclesiastical
639:
The title "Duke of
Normandy" continues to be used in an informal manner in the Channel Islands, to refer to the monarch of the United Kingdom. There is no definite end as to when the Duchy of Normandy (with its remnants in the Channel Islands) as a vassal of the English monarch became 'part' of the
862:
Within a few generations of the founding of
Normandy in 911, however, the Scandinavian settlers had intermarried with the natives and adopted much of their culture. But in 911, Normandy was not a political nor monetary unit. Frankish culture remained dominant and according to some scholars, 10th
817:
The Norman polity had to contend with the
Frankish and Breton systems of power that already existed in Normandy. In the early 10th century, Normandy was not a political or monetary unit. According to many academics, "the formation of a new aristocracy, monastic reform, episcopal revival, written
912:, Normandy was ruled by an enduring and long-lived Viking dynasty. Illegitimacy was not a bar to succession and three of the first six rulers of Normandy were illegitimate sons of concubines. Rollo's successor, William Longsword, managed in expanding his domain and came into conflict with
767:("I grant"). There is no evidence that Rollo owed any service or oath to the king for his lands, nor that there were any legal means for the king to take them back: they were granted outright. Likewise, Rollo does not seem to have been created a count or given comital authority, but later
2361:
The
History of the Life and Times of Cardinal Wolsey, Prime Minister to King Henry VIII, Vol. 1: I. Of His Birth, and the Various Steps He Took to Attain Preferment, Connected With Affairs, Both Foreign and Domestick, From the Death of Edward IV. To He End of the Reign of Henry
872:
According to some historians, the idea of "Norman" as a political identity was a deliberate creation of the court of
Richard I in the 960s as a way to "create a powerful if rather incoherent sense of group solidarity to galvanize the duchy's disparate elites around the duke".
1143:
who was known by this title). The
Channel Islands are the last remaining part of the former Duchy of Normandy to remain under the rule of the British monarch. Although the English monarchy relinquished claims to continental Normandy and other French claims in 1259 (in the
863:
century Normandy was characterized by a diverse Scandinavian population interacting with the "local Frankish matrix" that existed in the region. In the end, the Normans stressed assimilation with the local population. In the 11th century, the anonymous author of the
1085:. This concession was a problem for the king since Charles was the puppet of the king's enemies. Normandy could thus serve as a basis for rebellion against the royal power. In 1469, therefore, Louis XI convinced his brother under duress to exchange Normandy for the
2257:
2314:
2395:
1807:
1921:
1995:
Sept essais sur des Aspects de la sociĂ©tĂ© et de l'Ă©conomie dans la Normandie mĂ©diĂ©vale (Xe â XIIIe siĂšcles) Lucien Musset, Jean-Michel Bouvris, VĂ©ronique Gazeau -Cahier des Annales de Normandie- 1988, Volume 22, Issue 22, pp.
838:-speaking population. Rollo shared out the large estates with his companions and gave agricultural land to his other followers. Danish settlers cleared their own land to farm it, and there was no segregation of populations.
1057:
The Duchy of Normandy survived mainly by the intermittent installation of a duke. In practice, the King of France sometimes gave that portion of his kingdom to a close member of his family, who then did homage to the king.
1396:("in the Danish manner"), that is, without any ecclesiastical ceremony in accordance with old Norse custom, was recognised as legal in Normandy and in the Norman church. The first three dukes of Normandy all practised it.
1495:
948:
on the lay nobility as well. Until Richard II, the Norman rulers did not hesitate to call Viking mercenaries for help to get rid of their enemies around Normandy, such as the king of the Franks himself.
1846:
2336:
2521:
In Jersey the toast of 'The Queen, our Duke' (i.e. Duke of Normandy) is local and unofficial, and used when only islanders are present. This toast is not used in the other Channel Islands.
810:. There was initially much hostility between these Norwegian settlers and their new Danish overlords. These expansions brought the boundaries of Normandy roughly in line with those of the
1764:
A History of England Under the Norman Kings: Or, from the Battle of Hastings to the Accession of the House of Plantagenet: To Which Is Prefixed an Epitome of the Early History of Normandy
4428:
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1369:
There are traces of Scandinavian law in the customary laws of Normandy, which were first written down in the 13th century. A charter of 1050, listing several pleas before Duke
1101:
expressed what was probably a common Norman thought of the time: "It has always seemed good to the Normans and still does that their great duchy really should require a duke" (
2042:
1768:
112:
2366:
1736:
2740:
2705:
2183:
2640:
2006:
Turner, Ralph V. (1 February 1995). "The Problem of Survival for the Angevin "Empire": Henry II's and His Sons' Vision versus Late Twelfth-Century Realities".
2498:
1016:
586:
356:
4418:
3242:
2755:
2431:
Louis XVII.: sa Vie, son Agonie, sa Mort; Captivité de la Famille Royale au Temple; Ouvrage enrichi d'Autographes, de Portraits, et de Plans. 2 vols. 8vo
1830:
688:
river took place in 820. By 911, the area had been raided many times and there were even small Viking settlements on the lower Seine. The text of the
4289:
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An Abridged Account of the Misfortunes of the Dauphin, followed by some Documents in Support of the Facts related by the Prince; with a Supplement
95:
696:, who was writing a century after the event. The exact date of the treaty is unknown, but it was likely in the autumn of 911. By the agreement,
2748:
3162:
667:. As such, although no form of the Duchy or its structure exists, there has never been a formal end to Norman state rule over the islands.
563:
277:
1440:) both derive from Old Norse. Likewise, fishing in Normandy seems to have come under Scandinavian rules. A charter of 1030 uses the term
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2241:
1521:
811:
2389:
2298:
1199:
noted that while Queen Elizabeth II was on a visit to mainland Normandy in May 1967, French locals began to doff their hats and shout
984:
and French relations became complicated after the Norman Conquest. The Norman dukes retained control of their holdings in Normandy as
1192:
The title 'Duke of Normandy' is not used in formal government publications, and, as a matter of Channel Islands law, does not exist.
4443:
3388:
2662:
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2224:
2118:
2091:
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1980:
1915:
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1801:
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1412:), the right to all shipwrecks. He also had a monopoly on whale and sturgeon. A similar monopoly belonged to the Danish king in the
1027:. Having little confidence in the loyalty of the Normans, Philip installed French administrators and built a powerful fortress, the
1019:
the continental lands of the Duchy, which became part of the royal domain. The English sovereigns continued to claim them until the
935:
The Norman dukes created the most powerful, consolidated duchy in Western Europe between the years 980, when the dukes helped place
1678:"Scandinavian Origins through Christian Eyes: A Comparative Study of the History of the Normans and the Russian Primary Chronicle"
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is not known. For his part, Rollo agreed to defend the territory from other Vikings and that he and his men would convert to
689:
516:
317:
2124:
2689:
1188:
otherwise: the Loyal Toast at formal dinners is to "The Queen, our Duke" rather than "Her Majesty, the Queen" as in the UK.
4413:
2332:
The History of France: From the Final Partition of the Empire of Charlemagne, A.D. 843, to the Peace of Cambray, A.D. 1529
4438:
4398:
3451:
2212:
2168:
925:
4423:
4393:
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2624:
2435:
Filia Dolorosa : Memoirs of MARIE THĂRĂSE CHARLOTTE, Duchess of AngoulĂȘme, the Last of the Dauphines. 2 vols. 8vo
1245:
913:
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1139:
is known informally as the "Duke of Normandy", irrespective of whether or not the holder is male (as in the case of
4388:
3478:
2508:
1471:
in Normandy, but the latter probably existed. The surname Huscaille, first attested in 1263, probably derives from
977:
330:
2556:
4349:
4335:
3515:
3422:
3415:
3393:
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controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of the French king, yet the Angevins were still
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101:
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A tousjours bien semblé aux Normands et faict encores que si grand duchié comme la leur requiert bien un duc
721:
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on the other hand, the population was purely Norwegian. Coastal features bore Norse names as did the three
720:. Rollo's decision to convert and come to terms with the Franks came in the aftermath of his defeat at the
4072:
3505:
3500:
3483:
3427:
3322:
2169:"Magna Carta (1215) and the Charte aux Normands (1315): Some Anglo-Norman Connections and Correspondences"
1145:
1020:
625:
594:
1115:, was again given the nominal title of 'Duke of Normandy' before the death of his elder brother in 1789.
1090:
80:
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to the King of France, but they were his equals as kings of England. Serfdom was outlawed around 1100.
1312:
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In the islanders' loyal toast, they say, "The Duke of Normandy, our King", or "The King, our Duke", "
1108:
1098:
965:
953:
crossed the Channel in such circumstances to support Richard II in the conflict against the count of
894:
633:
221:
1066:, his eldest son and heir to his throne, the Duke of Normandy. In turn, Jean II appointed his heir,
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2821:
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1490:
1112:
1067:
1059:
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United Kingdom, with history blending the link between the two gradually. In official documents in
624:
to be ruled by a member of the royal family. After 1469, however, it was permanently united to the
578:
567:
413:
360:
1875:
The Civilization of the Middle Ages: A Completely Revised and Expanded Edition of Medieval History
1704:"The politics of being Norman in the reign of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy (r. 942â996)"
3680:
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3292:
3268:
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Scandinavian influence is especially apparent in laws relating to waters. The duke possessed the
1074:
969:
921:
856:
842:
729:
697:
664:
590:
520:
454:
1416:
of 1241. Remarkably, whale (including dolphins) and sturgeon still belong to the monarch in the
916:, who had him assassinated in 942. This led to a crisis in Normandy, with a minor succeeding as
869:
referred to the formation of a Norman identity as "shaping all races into one single people".
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2220:
2114:
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2023:
1976:
1911:
1884:
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1836:
1797:
1762:
1728:
1656:
1334:
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1063:
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886:
803:
799:
779:
656:
617:
551:
440:
194:
136:
2538:
826:
There were two distinct patterns of Norse settlement in the duchy. In the Danish area in the
790:, where some Danes from England had settled not long before. In 933, King Radulf granted the
3879:
3251:
3209:
2986:
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2246:. Vol. VI. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 409.
2015:
1718:
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upon junior members of the royal family. The last French duke of Normandy in this sense was
555:
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87:
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902:
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47:
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rule. The northern Cotentin had been settled by Norwegians coming from the region of the
1123:
881:
4408:
4162:
3946:
3610:
3297:
3177:
2891:
2871:
2806:
2213:"The Norman "Nation" and the French "Nation" in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"
2110:
The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages
1417:
1413:
1172:
996:
758:
199:
178:
61:
1127:"La Reine, Notre Duc": title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre
849:
of Haga, Sarnes and Helganes (as late as 1027). The Norwegians may even have set up a
4382:
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3921:
3884:
3844:
3710:
3439:
3398:
2931:
2831:
1873:
1401:
1328:
981:
835:
644:, the British monarch is entitled "Duke of Normandy", while in official documents in
378:
2735:
3615:
3605:
3588:
3405:
2626:
Une amitié millénaire: les relations entre la France et la SuÚde à travers les ùges
2586:
2543:
2300:
Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages
2272:
2113:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. pp. 220â230.
1386:
1140:
855:, an assembly of all free men, whose meeting place may be preserved in the name of
831:
757:. This was territory formerly known as the county of Rouen, and which would become
742:
717:
524:
427:
130:
126:
3041:
2946:
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17:
2108:
1970:
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3046:
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2836:
1467:
1449:
1392:
1196:
1168:
701:
304:
117:
Normandy's historical borders in the northwest of France and the Channel Islands
2047:. Suffolk, UK & Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 63.
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3983:
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1421:
1406:
1364:
1046:
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783:
746:
172:
160:
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2083:
The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1204: Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire
2027:
1732:
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3635:
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2901:
2801:
1600:
Richer of Saint-RĂ©mi: The Methods and Mentality of a Tenth-Century Historian
1378:
1269:
1093:
and to signify that the duchy would not be ceded again, at a session of the
807:
791:
649:
629:
166:
2019:
1384:). The word was still current in the 12th century, when it was used in the
1183:, rather than simply "The King", as is the practice in the United Kingdom.
1152:
under French sovereignty) remain Crown dependencies of the British throne.
2468:
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3287:
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3101:
2981:
2966:
2941:
2916:
2841:
2826:
2690:"Palace prevails on a 'fish royal' supper: from the archive, 21 May 1980"
1910:. Suffolk, UK & Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 70â71.
954:
795:
641:
621:
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484:
353:
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of Normandy, the ducal title becoming established between 987 and 1006.
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2856:
1723:
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1149:
1045:
Although within the royal demesne, Normandy retained some specificity.
1005:
973:
851:
827:
750:
709:
547:
536:
214:
209:
1496:
Integration of Normandy into the royal domain of the Kingdom of France
1097:
on 9 November 1469 the ducal ring was placed on an anvil and smashed.
763:
761:. A royal diploma of 918 confirms the donation of 911, using the verb
4279:
4232:
4217:
4182:
4157:
4122:
4117:
4050:
4035:
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3814:
3809:
3722:
3717:
3675:
3645:
3106:
3061:
3031:
2961:
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2811:
2303:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 332â333.
989:
985:
945:
787:
713:
681:
645:
606:
528:
501:
479:
2394:. Translated by Smith, G. H. London: Whittaker and Co. p. 309.
2139:
708:
some lands along the lower Seine that were apparently already under
3220:
2219:. London, UK & Rio Grand, OH: A&C Black. pp. 224â225.
1640:
4152:
4137:
4112:
4102:
4087:
4030:
3998:
3963:
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3916:
3906:
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3192:
3126:
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2816:
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909:
880:
737:
705:
685:
532:
250:
147:
4222:
3869:
941:
768:
610:
3224:
2744:
1012:
The Duchy remained part of the Angevin Empire until 1204, when
1232:
1327:
9 May 1661 â 1726: Charles François FrĂ©dĂ©ric de Montmorency,
2086:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. p. 138.
597:, when the English sovereign ceded his claim except for the
2243:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415
1322:, lord of Bec-Crespin, Mauny, and Anet, count of Maulévrier
342:âą Geoffrey Plantagenet conquers the Duchy of Normandy
1796:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 54.
1337:
Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency II, Duke of Piney
692:
has not survived. It is only known through the historian
1907:
Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy
2041:
Harper-Bill, Christopher; Houts, Elisabeth Van (2007).
1617:: Early Rollonid Designators and Their Significance"".
1249:
1302:, lord of the Varenne and Brissac, count of Maulévrier
628:, although the title was occasionally conferred as an
2629:(in French). Paris: Editions Beauchesne. p. 61.
2533:
2531:
2529:
1602:. Catholic University of America Press. p. 101.
1081:
to cede the duchy to his eighteen-year-old brother,
4288:
3569:
3531:
3321:
3275:
3145:
3004:
2789:
1944:"Olav Haraldsson â Olav the Stout â Olav the Saint"
1315:, lord of Bec-Crespin and Mauny, count of Maulévier
475:
374:
350:
340:
327:
314:
300:
283:
271:
257:
244:
230:
220:
208:
187:
153:
143:
122:
34:
2623:Battail, Marianne; Battail, Jean-François (1993).
1872:
1089:(Aquitaine). Finally, at the request of the cowed
889:, founder of the fiefdom of Normandy, standing in
655:In 1204, Normandy was transferred from England to
2667:Le Petit Manchot - histoire patrimoine personnage
2663:"Varech coutume de Normandie | Varech en Manche|"
1205:, to which the Queen supposedly replied "Well, I
1185:
995:From 1154 until 1214, with the creation of the
712:control. Whether Rollo himself was a Dane or a
535:. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the
4429:States and territories established in the 910s
1477:, but is late evidence for the existence of a
4434:States and territories disestablished in 1259
3236:
2756:
620:, the duchy was occasionally set apart as an
8:
1448:) for "fisheries", a term also found in the
1279:
1273:
1200:
834:, settlers intermingled with the indigenous
648:, the British monarch is ambiguously titled
39:
3267:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1975:. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Limited.
782:extended Rollo's county westward up to the
735:The territory ceded to Rollo comprised the
53:
3243:
3229:
3221:
2763:
2749:
2741:
2297:Guenee, Bernard; Guenée, Bernard (1991) .
1972:1066: A New History of the Norman Conquest
1563:Renaud, Jean (2008). Brink, Stefan (ed.).
1522:"The slow death of Channel Islands Norman"
111:
31:
2736:Density of Scandinavian place names (map)
2416:
2273:"Normandy (Traditional province, France)"
1767:. London: John Russel Smith. p. 24.
1722:
1373:, refers to the penalty of banishment as
920:, and also led to a temporary revival of
542:From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the
163:(from the 10th to early-mid 11th century)
2582:The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy
1634:
1632:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1284:) during its time as a French province.
802:. These areas had been previously under
4308:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
2217:England and Normandy in the Middle Ages
2215:. In Bates, David; Curry, Anne (eds.).
1793:The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328
1512:
1459:There is no surviving reference to the
1340:15 June 1764 â 1775: Marshal of France
152:
1580:
1570:
1424:. The Norman Latin terms for whalers (
2335:. London: Baldwin. pp. 388â389.
2189:from the original on 22 February 2019
2162:
2160:
2044:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
1866:
1864:
1742:from the original on 18 December 2019
1052:Exchequer, the main court of Normandy
972:and was subsequently crowned King of
663:, which were never incorporated into
349:
339:
326:
313:
309:
282:
270:
256:
243:
239:
229:
7:
2127:from the original on 14 January 2023
2080:Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1999) .
1879:. New York: HarperCollins. pp.
1350:17 September 1775 â 1 January 1791:
609:, and their dependencies (including
1148:), the Channel Islands (except for
957:and was baptized in Rouen in 1014.
728:and Robert of Neustria (the future
587:seized it by force of arms in 1204
558:, the only exceptions being Dukes
169:(until the early-mid 11th century)
25:
4419:1250s disestablishments in Europe
2708:from the original on 30 July 2024
2643:from the original on 30 July 2024
2479:from the original on 11 July 2021
2398:from the original on 30 July 2024
2369:from the original on 30 July 2024
2365:. London: J. Purser. p. 57.
2339:from the original on 30 July 2024
2317:from the original on 30 July 2024
2260:from the original on 30 July 2024
2061:from the original on 30 July 2024
1924:from the original on 30 July 2024
1849:from the original on 30 July 2024
1810:from the original on 30 July 2024
1771:from the original on 30 July 2024
175:(from the early-mid 11th century)
27:Medieval duchy in northern France
4331:
4330:
2995:
2772:
2140:"Castles.nl - Joan of Arc Tower"
1615:Princeps, Comes, Dux Normannorum
1420:in the twenty-first century, as
1236:
812:ecclesiastical province of Rouen
459:
445:
420:
406:
94:
79:
4313:Christianization of Scandinavia
2688:Johnson, Dennis (21 May 2014).
1829:Rowley, Trevor (20 July 2009).
1639:Abrams, Lesley (January 2013).
1520:Trudgill, Peter (15 May 2021).
893:, birthplace of his descendant
704:, granted to the Viking leader
4303:Christianization of the Franks
3376:Continental Germanic mythology
2564:Jersey and Guernsey Law Review
2449:(162): 105â150. January 1854.
2176:Jersey and Guernsey Law Review
2008:The American Historical Review
1567:. Routledge. pp. 453â457.
1031:, as a symbol of royal power.
924:in Normandy. Richard I's son,
798:to Rollo's son and successor,
690:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
517:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
318:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
1:
2599:"Provinces of France to 1791"
1278:) and governors of Normandy (
928:, was the first to be styled
1613:Helmerichs, Robert (1997). "
659:, with the exception of the
4318:Christianization of Iceland
3146:Foreign territories in 1789
3005:Minor provinces and regions
1871:Cantor, Norman F. (1993) .
1682:repository.stcloudstate.edu
1619:The Haskins Society Journal
1050:acts. The judgments of the
4465:
4449:Former provinces of France
2167:Vincent, Nicholas (2015).
1362:
1221:
1038:
1023:but in fact kept only the
978:Norman conquest of England
636:, duke from 1785 to 1792.
601:; i.e., the Bailiwicks of
331:Norman conquest of England
4326:
3258:
2993:
2443:The North American Review
2107:Baldwin, John W. (1986).
1904:Potts, Cassandra (1997).
1761:Thorpe, Benjamin (1857).
1653:10.1017/9781782041085.005
1079:League of the Public Weal
866:Miracles of Saint Wulfram
385:
370:
310:
296:
240:
110:
75:
70:
4444:Former duchies of France
3556:North Germanic languages
3541:Germanic parent language
2433:by M. A. de Beauchesne;
2388:Michelet, Jules (1845).
2329:Smedley, Edward (1836).
2240:Reuter, Timothy (2000).
1001:Angevin kings of England
570:(1150â1152), who became
3561:West Germanic languages
3551:East Germanic languages
3546:Proto-Germanic language
3366:Proto-Germanic folklore
3303:Romano-Germanic culture
2731:The Vikings in Normandy
2555:Matthews, Paul (1999).
1702:McNair, Fraser (2015).
1432:) and whaling station (
1295:, lord of Bec and Mauny
1281:gouverneur de Normandie
1268:Below is a list of the
1209:the Duke of Normandy!"
595:Treaty of Paris of 1259
154:Official languages
40:
2603:www.worldstatesmen.org
2557:"LĂ© Rouai, Nouot' Duc"
2507:. 2016. Archived from
2358:Grove, Joseph (1742).
1790:Bradbury, Jim (2007).
1280:
1274:
1201:
1195:The British historian
1190:
1128:
1021:Treaty of Paris (1259)
905:
54:
3371:Anglo-Saxon mythology
3261:Ethnolinguistic group
3163:Menton and Roquebrune
1835:. The History Press.
1711:Early Medieval Europe
1598:Lake, Justin (2013).
1565:The Duchy of Normandy
1481:in the 10th century.
1275:sénéchal de Normandie
1126:
1109:Dauphin Louis Charles
895:William the Conqueror
884:
694:Dudo of Saint-Quentin
265:William the Conqueror
4414:Viking Age in France
2912:Lorraine and Barrois
2779:Historical provinces
2469:"Crown Dependencies"
2441:by C. G. Percival".
2020:10.1086/ahr/100.1.78
1969:Rex, Peter (2012) .
1645:Anglo-Norman Studies
1333:1726 â 18 May 1764:
1307:Louis d'Estouteville
1250:adding missing items
1157:L'Rouai, nouotre Duc
1111:, the second son of
1099:Philippe de Commynes
966:Harold II of England
564:Geoffrey Plantagenet
515:grew out of the 911
278:Geoffrey Plantagenet
135:Vassal state of the
41:Duchie de Normaundie
4439:900s establishments
4399:History of Normandy
4361: /
4298:Gothic Christianity
2790:General governments
2539:The Channel Islands
2473:The Royal Household
2209:Contamine, Philippe
1491:Norman architecture
1202:"Vive la Duchesse!"
1175:respectively), or "
1091:Estates of Normandy
1041:History of Normandy
1014:Philip II of France
726:Richard of Burgundy
585:forfeit to him and
579:Philip II of France
414:Kingdom of Brittany
352:âą Continental
4424:911 establishments
4394:Dukedoms of France
3681:Germani cisrhenani
3389:Funerary practices
3293:Pre-Roman Iron Age
3269:Germanic languages
1948:The Viking Network
1724:10.1111/emed.12106
1354:, Duke of Harcourt
1248:; you can help by
1141:Queen Elizabeth II
1129:
1077:was forced by the
970:Battle of Hastings
914:Arnulf of Flanders
906:
732:) earlier in 911.
730:Robert I of France
722:battle of Chartres
591:disputed territory
554:were usually also
455:Kingdom of England
55:Ducatus Normanniae
18:Duché de Normandie
4389:Duchy of Normandy
4344:
4343:
3516:Gothic and Vandal
3308:Germanic Iron Age
3283:Nordic Bronze Age
3265:Northern European
3218:
3217:
2499:"The Loyal Toast"
2429:"Reviewed Works:
2391:History of France
1335:Marshal of France
1289:Guillaume Crespin
1266:
1265:
1177:Le Roi, notre Duc
1083:Charles de Valois
891:Falaise, Calvados
800:William Longsword
775:(earl of Rouen).
618:Kingdom of France
566:(1144â1150), and
552:dukes of Normandy
513:Duchy of Normandy
509:
508:
471:
470:
467:
466:
441:Kingdom of France
433:
432:
285:âą 1199â1204
273:âą 1144â1150
259:âą 1035â1087
195:Roman Catholicism
137:Kingdom of France
36:Duchy of Normandy
16:(Redirected from
4456:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4365:49.150°N 0.100°E
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4334:
4333:
4290:Christianization
3880:Ripuarian Franks
3252:Germanic peoples
3245:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3210:Comtat Venaissin
3206:
2999:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
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2650:
2648:
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2609:
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2589:
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2518:
2516:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2417:Contamine (1994)
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2277:www.crwflags.com
2269:
2267:
2265:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1641:"Early Normandy"
1636:
1627:
1626:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:The New European
1517:
1444:(from Old Norse
1346:Duke of Harcourt
1313:Jacques de Brézé
1283:
1277:
1261:
1258:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1224:Duke of Normandy
1204:
1095:Norman Exchequer
1087:Duchy of Guyenne
1029:ChĂąteau de Rouen
1009:French vassals.
899:Duke of Normandy
841:In the northern
822:Norse settlement
786:, including the
771:refer to him as
556:kings of England
521:King Charles III
463:
462:
449:
448:
437:
436:
424:
423:
410:
409:
403:
402:
387:
386:
267:
232:Duke of Normandy
115:
98:
88:flag of Normandy
83:
65:
57:
51:
43:
32:
21:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4379:
4378:
4369:
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4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4322:
4284:
3565:
3527:
3489:Gothic alphabet
3381:Norse mythology
3317:
3271:
3254:
3249:
3219:
3214:
3200:
3141:
3000:
2991:
2785:
2771:
2769:
2727:
2722:
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2711:
2709:
2687:
2686:
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2617:
2607:
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2597:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2536:
2527:
2514:
2512:
2511:on 7 March 2016
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2437:by Mrs. Romer;
2428:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2401:
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2078:
2074:
2064:
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2040:
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2035:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
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1918:
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1902:
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1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1487:
1402:droit de varech
1367:
1361:
1300:Pierre de Brézé
1262:
1256:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1181:Standard French
1161:L'Roué, note Du
1146:Treaty of Paris
1137:British monarch
1133:Channel Islands
1121:
1043:
1037:
1035:French appanage
1025:Channel Islands
951:Olaf Haraldsson
903:King of England
879:
824:
678:
673:
661:Channel Islands
599:Channel Islands
572:king of England
560:Robert Curthose
544:Norman Conquest
491:British Islands
460:
446:
421:
407:
363:
343:
333:
320:
286:
274:
263:
260:
247:
246:âą 911â927
226:Feudal Monarchy
204:
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134:
118:
106:
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84:
66:
59:
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3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3947:Thracian Goths
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
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3513:
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3476:
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3469:
3464:
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3401:
3396:
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3373:
3368:
3358:
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3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Roman Iron Age
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3216:
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3149:
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3129:
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3119:
3114:
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3001:
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2824:
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2809:
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2799:
2793:
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2787:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2725:External links
2723:
2720:
2719:
2680:
2654:
2635:
2615:
2590:
2573:
2547:
2525:
2490:
2460:
2421:
2419:, p. 233.
2409:
2380:
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2309:
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2225:
2200:
2156:
2144:www.castles.nl
2119:
2099:
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2033:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1961:
1950:. 25 June 2015
1935:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1860:
1841:
1821:
1802:
1782:
1753:
1717:(3): 308â328.
1694:
1676:Miller, Aron.
1668:
1661:
1628:
1605:
1590:
1538:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1418:United Kingdom
1363:Main article:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:François Henri
1348:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1320:Louis de Brézé
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1293:du Bec-Crespin
1264:
1263:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1227:
1222:Main article:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1120:
1117:
1039:Main article:
1036:
1033:
997:Angevin Empire
976:, through the
922:Norse paganism
908:Starting with
878:
875:
823:
820:
759:Upper Normandy
700:, king of the
684:attack up the
677:
674:
672:
669:
589:. It remained
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
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487:
477:
473:
472:
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465:
464:
457:
451:
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425:
417:
416:
411:
399:
398:
393:
383:
382:
376:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
302:
301:Historical era
298:
297:
294:
293:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
269:
268:
261:
258:
255:
254:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
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218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
203:
202:
200:Norse religion
197:
191:
189:
185:
184:
182:
181:
179:Medieval Latin
176:
170:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
124:
120:
119:
116:
108:
107:
100:
93:
92:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4461:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
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4437:
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4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
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4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4370:49.150; 0.100
4337:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
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4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
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4109:
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4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
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3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3922:Crimean Goths
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3885:Salian Franks
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
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3793:
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3781:
3778:
3776:
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3768:
3766:
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3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
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3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
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3716:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
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3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
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3679:
3678:
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3674:
3672:
3669:
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3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
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3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
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3622:
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3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
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3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
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3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3323:Early culture
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
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3274:
3270:
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3262:
3257:
3253:
3246:
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3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
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3189:
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3179:
3176:
3174:
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3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2987:Trois-ĂvĂȘchĂ©s
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Lower Navarre
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Ăle-de-France
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Franche-Comté
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2642:
2638:
2636:9782701012810
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:, p. 314, at
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2316:
2312:
2310:9780226310329
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2253:9780521362900
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2226:9780826443090
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2120:9780520911116
2116:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2093:9780719057403
2089:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2056:
2054:9781843833413
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1982:9781445608839
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1917:9780851157023
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1890:9780060170332
1886:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1848:
1844:
1842:9780750951357
1838:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1803:9780826435149
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1783:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1662:9781782041085
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:hvalmannasetr
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Jutlandic law
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:Duke of Piney
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1244:This list is
1242:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
876:
874:
870:
868:
867:
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:Gallo-Romance
833:
829:
821:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:In 924, King
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
637:
635:
634:Louis-Charles
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:(1087â1106),
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:Today part of
474:
458:
456:
453:
452:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
426:
419:
418:
415:
412:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:(Rouen penny)
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
345:
335:
332:
322:
319:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
279:
276:
266:
262:
252:
249:
235:
233:
225:
223:
219:
216:
213:
211:
207:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
186:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
149:
146:
142:
138:
132:
128:
125:
121:
114:
109:
103:
97:
89:
82:
74:
69:
63:
56:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
4346:
3616:Anglo-Saxons
3606:Adrabaecampi
3589:Bucinobantes
3331:Architecture
2710:. Retrieved
2694:The Guardian
2693:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2666:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2625:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2593:
2587:Google Books
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2544:Google Books
2542:, p. 11, at
2537:
2520:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2502:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2472:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2390:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2360:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2299:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:
2262:. Retrieved
2242:
2235:
2216:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2179:
2175:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2129:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:
2082:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2043:
2036:
2014:(1): 78â96.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1991:
1971:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1906:
1899:
1874:
1851:. Retrieved
1831:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1792:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1756:
1746:23 September
1744:. Retrieved
1714:
1710:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1644:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1564:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1387:Roman de Rou
1385:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1267:
1254:
1206:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1130:
1119:Modern usage
1107:
1102:
1072:
1056:
1044:
1011:
1004:
994:
982:Anglo-Norman
962:Duke William
959:
934:
929:
907:
871:
864:
861:
850:
846:
840:
825:
816:
777:
772:
762:
736:
734:
718:Christianity
679:
654:
638:
626:royal domain
615:
576:
541:
525:West Francia
512:
510:
489:
428:West Francia
396:Succeeded by
395:
390:
131:West Francia
127:Vassal state
102:Coat of arms
29:
4368: /
4056:Nahanarvali
3979:Hilleviones
3892:Frisiavones
3760:Cananefates
3750:Burgundians
3661:Banochaemae
3511:Anglo-Saxon
3462:Anglo-Saxon
3428:Anglo-Saxon
3411:Anglo-Saxon
3394:Anglo-Saxon
3201: [
3188:Sarrewerden
3168:Montbéliard
2837:Bourbonnais
2712:21 February
2673:21 February
2669:(in French)
2647:10 November
2402:10 November
2373:10 November
2343:10 November
2321:10 November
2282:21 February
2264:10 November
2193:21 February
2182:: 189â197.
2149:21 February
2065:10 November
1954:21 February
1928:10 November
1853:10 November
1814:10 November
1775:10 November
1687:12 December
1581:|work=
1450:Scanian law
1393:more danico
1390:. Marriage
1342:Anne-Pierre
1318:1494â1499:
1311:1475â1494:
1305:1460â1464:
1298:1451â1460:
1197:Ben Pimlott
1173:Guernésiais
1060:Philippe VI
901:who became
877:Norman rule
857:Le Tingland
702:West Franks
698:Charles III
391:Preceded by
305:Middle Ages
4383:Categories
4275:Vinoviloth
4063:Marcomanni
4046:Helveconae
4024:HeaĂ°obards
3994:Istvaeones
3984:Ingaevones
3969:Hermunduri
3937:Ostrogoths
3927:Greuthungi
3805:Chattuarii
3631:Angrivarii
3626:Ampsivarii
3594:Lentienses
3423:Literature
3313:Viking Age
3132:Vermandois
3022:Beaujolais
2972:Roussillon
2608:21 October
2515:25 January
1531:30 January
1507:References
1446:fiskigarĂ°r
1442:fisigardum
1422:royal fish
1407:Old Danish
1371:William II
1365:Norman law
1270:seneschals
1257:April 2024
1246:incomplete
1047:Norman law
937:Hugh Capet
926:Richard II
885:Statue of
784:river Vire
680:The first
593:until the
222:Government
210:Demonym(s)
173:Old Norman
161:Old French
139:(987â1204)
4270:Vidivarii
4265:Victohali
4255:Vangiones
4188:Thuringii
4093:Nuithones
3989:Irminones
3952:Visigoths
3942:Thervingi
3902:Gambrivii
3855:Dulgubnii
3850:Dauciones
3800:Chasuarii
3740:Brondings
3666:Bastarnae
3656:Baiuvarii
3636:Armalausi
3599:Raetovari
3533:Languages
3501:Symbology
3361:Folklore
3356:Festivals
3183:Salm-Salm
3057:Couserans
3052:Comminges
3042:Cambrésis
2977:Saintonge
2947:Orléanais
2937:Nivernais
2902:Languedoc
2852:Champagne
2802:Angoumois
2702:0261-3077
2504:Debrett's
2131:15 August
2028:0002-8762
1733:1468-0254
1647:: 45â64.
1583:ignored (
1573:cite book
1379:Old Norse
1229:Governors
1113:Louis XVI
1073:In 1465,
1017:conquered
964:defeated
960:In 1066,
946:vassalage
918:Richard I
808:Irish Sea
792:Avranchin
714:Norwegian
650:Sovereign
630:honorific
581:declared
577:In 1202,
574:in 1154.
361:Philip II
357:conquered
188:Religion
167:Old Norse
133:(911â987)
86:Heraldic
4404:Normandy
4336:Category
4243:Hasdingi
4228:Usipetes
4208:Tubantes
4193:Toxandri
4173:Tencteri
4148:Suarines
4133:Sicambri
4128:Semnones
4108:Reudigni
4078:Mattiaci
4068:Marsacii
4019:Lombards
4009:Lacringi
4004:Juthungi
3835:Corconti
3820:Cherusci
3795:Charudes
3775:Chaedini
3745:Bructeri
3730:Bateinoi
3701:Eburones
3696:Condrusi
3691:Caeroesi
3686:Atuatuci
3621:Ambrones
3584:Brisgavi
3579:Alemanni
3457:Paganism
3346:Clothing
3341:Calendar
3288:Germania
3173:Mulhouse
3153:Créhange
3137:Vivarais
3122:Valromey
3112:Rouergue
3102:Ponthieu
3097:PĂ©rigord
3092:NĂ©bouzan
3077:GĂ©vaudan
3072:GĂątinais
3047:CĂ©vennes
3017:Armagnac
2982:Touraine
2967:Provence
2942:Normandy
2917:Lyonnais
2907:Limousin
2867:Flanders
2862:Dauphiné
2847:Burgundy
2842:Brittany
2822:Auvergne
2706:Archived
2641:Archived
2477:Archived
2455:40794680
2396:Archived
2367:Archived
2337:Archived
2315:Archived
2258:Archived
2211:(1994).
2184:Archived
2125:Archived
2059:Archived
1922:Archived
1847:Archived
1808:Archived
1769:Archived
1737:Archived
1625:: 57â77.
1485:See also
1468:leiĂ°angr
1456:. 1210.
1430:hvalmenn
1426:valmanni
1169:JĂšrriais
1075:Louis XI
955:Chartres
843:Cotentin
830:and the
796:Cotentin
773:RĂșĂ°ujarl
642:Guernsey
622:appanage
603:Guernsey
583:Normandy
568:Henry II
527:and the
519:between
497:Guernsey
485:Normandy
375:Currency
354:Normandy
71:911â1204
4260:Varisci
4248:Silingi
4238:Vandals
4213:Tulingi
4203:Triboci
4198:Treveri
4178:Teutons
4168:Taifals
4143:Sitones
4083:Nemetes
4041:Helisii
4014:Lemovii
3932:Gutones
3865:Firaesi
3860:Favonae
3840:Cugerni
3830:Cobandi
3785:Chamavi
3780:Chaemae
3770:Casuari
3765:Caritni
3735:Betasii
3706:Paemani
3641:Auiones
3506:Warfare
3484:Scripts
3452:Numbers
3276:History
3087:Labourd
3027:Bigorre
3012:Agenais
2957:Picardy
2892:Hainaut
2887:Guyenne
2882:Gascony
2857:Corsica
2483:10 July
1832:Normans
1474:hĂșskarl
1465:or the
1436:, from
1434:valseta
1428:, from
1150:Chausey
1131:In the
1068:Charles
1006:de jure
986:vassals
974:England
968:at the
828:Roumois
751:Roumois
747:Ăvrecin
741:of the
676:Origins
671:History
665:England
616:In the
548:England
537:Normans
531:leader
329:âą
316:âą
253:(first)
215:Normans
144:Capital
4353:49°9âČN
4280:Warini
4233:Vagoth
4218:Tungri
4183:Thelir
4163:Swedes
4158:Sunici
4123:Saxons
4118:Rugini
4051:Manimi
4036:Diduni
3974:Heruli
3912:Gepids
3897:Frisii
3875:Franks
3825:Cimbri
3815:Chauci
3810:Chatti
3723:Nervii
3718:Morini
3676:Belgae
3671:Batavi
3646:Avarpi
3611:Angles
3571:Groups
3521:Viking
3467:Gothic
3445:Gothic
3351:Family
3107:Quercy
3062:Dombes
3032:Bresse
2962:Poitou
2952:Perche
2927:Marche
2812:Artois
2797:Alsace
2783:France
2700:
2633:
2453:
2307:
2250:
2223:
2117:
2090:
2051:
2026:
1979:
1914:
1887:
1883:â210.
1839:
1800:
1731:
1659:
1405:(from
1382:Ăștlagr
1377:(from
1213:Rulers
1165:Norman
1159:" or "
1135:, the
999:, the
990:fealty
988:owing
897:, the
804:Breton
788:Bessin
780:Radulf
710:Danish
682:Viking
657:France
646:Jersey
607:Jersey
550:, the
529:Viking
502:Jersey
480:France
379:Denier
292:(last)
236:
123:Status
58:
48:Norman
44:
4409:Rollo
4356:0°6âČE
4153:Suebi
4138:Sciri
4113:Rugii
4103:Quadi
4088:Njars
4073:Marsi
4031:Lugii
3999:Jutes
3964:Harii
3959:Gutes
3917:Goths
3907:Geats
3845:Danes
3790:Chali
3711:Segni
3651:Baemi
3494:Runes
3479:Rings
3472:Norse
3440:Names
3433:Norse
3416:Norse
3399:Norse
3205:]
3198:Tende
3193:Savoy
3127:Velay
3117:Soule
3067:Forez
3037:Bugey
2922:Maine
2832:Berry
2827:BĂ©arn
2817:Aunis
2807:Anjou
2560:(PDF)
2451:JSTOR
2187:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
1996:3â140
1740:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1502:Notes
1375:ullac
1218:Dukes
1179:" in
1163:" in
1062:made
942:fiefs
910:Rollo
887:Rollo
769:sagas
764:adnuo
755:Talou
706:Rollo
686:Seine
533:Rollo
251:Rollo
148:Rouen
62:Latin
4223:Ubii
3870:Fosi
3755:Buri
3178:Nice
3158:Dabo
2872:Foix
2714:2019
2698:ISSN
2675:2019
2649:2020
2631:ISBN
2610:2022
2570:(2).
2568:1999
2517:2016
2485:2021
2404:2020
2375:2020
2345:2020
2323:2020
2305:ISBN
2284:2019
2266:2020
2248:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2195:2019
2151:2019
2133:2019
2115:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2067:2020
2049:ISBN
2024:ISSN
1977:ISBN
1956:2019
1930:2020
1912:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1855:2020
1837:ISBN
1816:2020
1798:ISBN
1777:2020
1748:2019
1729:ISSN
1689:2018
1657:ISBN
1585:help
1533:2024
1479:hirĂ°
1462:hirĂ°
1410:vrek
1171:and
1064:Jean
930:duke
852:ĂŸing
847:pagi
832:Caux
794:and
753:and
743:Caux
738:pagi
611:Sark
605:and
511:The
366:1204
346:1144
336:1066
290:John
4098:Osi
3406:Law
3336:Art
3263:of
3082:Gex
2781:of
2362:VII
2016:doi
2012:100
1881:206
1719:doi
1649:doi
1452:of
1359:Law
1291:or
1252:.
1105:).
724:by
613:).
546:of
523:of
359:by
323:911
129:of
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1946:.
1920:.
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1806:.
1735:.
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1575:}}
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