Knowledge

Duck End Mill, Finchingfield

Source 📝

31: 252:
mill, the roundhouse being added in 1840. The mill was insured for £50 in 1790 and £100 in 1794. The mill was working until c. 1890, and had an all wood windshaft to the last. This was replaced by the
286:, driven by an 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) Brake Wheel. The body of the mill measures 16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m) by 10 feet (3.05 m) in plan. 1998: 2069: 459: 2064: 2074: 400: 64: 77: 2059: 778: 2040: 631: 1526: 1092: 805: 2022: 2010: 1871: 1365: 1170: 2029: 1956: 1271: 1106: 733: 487: 2099: 1949: 1935: 1839: 1668: 1264: 1047: 611: 452: 345: 248:
was built in the mid eighteenth century, dates of 1756, 1760 1773 and 1777 being recorded in the mill. It was originally built as an
1963: 1175: 1118: 480: 381: 2084: 1764: 1705: 1492: 1487: 1417: 1387: 340: 1942: 1330: 1303: 1085: 599: 539: 1968: 1912: 1499: 1358: 982: 686: 636: 574: 1895: 1857: 1779: 1673: 1447: 1289: 1065: 1060: 860: 773: 544: 445: 1769: 1437: 1432: 1412: 1296: 1099: 997: 882: 658: 589: 2089: 1978: 1878: 1712: 1196: 865: 1457: 1402: 962: 1864: 1618: 1482: 1241: 977: 922: 887: 691: 668: 499: 2079: 1905: 1774: 1747: 1613: 1538: 1422: 1397: 1226: 1180: 937: 907: 897: 825: 708: 698: 554: 1804: 1643: 1462: 1206: 763: 753: 641: 616: 509: 1829: 1794: 1737: 1727: 1693: 1688: 1678: 1578: 1514: 1477: 1472: 1427: 1407: 1012: 875: 569: 504: 2094: 1789: 1752: 1732: 1698: 1683: 1633: 1022: 1017: 830: 815: 783: 758: 723: 626: 559: 1834: 1824: 1722: 1658: 1623: 1598: 1583: 1543: 1148: 987: 748: 743: 728: 646: 621: 604: 549: 1809: 1648: 1467: 1128: 952: 810: 738: 678: 651: 594: 1973: 1608: 1593: 1568: 1558: 1548: 1143: 1138: 1042: 1037: 1027: 957: 902: 793: 519: 1888: 1883: 1814: 1757: 1638: 1588: 1553: 1531: 1519: 1504: 1392: 1340: 1308: 1246: 1236: 1052: 947: 942: 927: 798: 1799: 1784: 1717: 1663: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1007: 892: 870: 673: 663: 564: 425: 377: 278:
is a post mill with a single storey roundhouse. The mill is winded by a tailpole. It has four
30: 2015: 1742: 1573: 1563: 1509: 1452: 1335: 1318: 1231: 1211: 1201: 1158: 1153: 1133: 1111: 1032: 972: 967: 917: 788: 584: 514: 336: 2003: 1917: 1900: 1442: 1313: 1221: 1163: 1123: 992: 932: 840: 718: 703: 524: 219: 1216: 1819: 1653: 1603: 1002: 912: 850: 835: 579: 534: 492: 269: 249: 2053: 1628: 855: 820: 768: 713: 279: 226: 172: 845: 374:
Essex Windmills, Millers and Millwrights - Volume Four- A Review by Parishes, F-R
257: 431: 341:"THE WINDMILL, DUCK END (east side), FINCHINGFIELD, BRAINTREE, ESSEX (1122733)" 1323: 319:
The mill is open to the public on the one Sunday of each month in the summer.
133: 92: 79: 283: 253: 222: 143: 437: 234: 260:
in the 1950s. A replacement wooden windshaft has since been fitted.
230: 441: 268:
For an explanation of the various pieces of machinery, see
1987: 1926: 1848: 1349: 1280: 1255: 1189: 1076: 473: 194: 186: 178: 168: 157: 149: 139: 129: 124: 116: 108: 71: 59: 49: 44: 23: 376:. Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. pp. 15–16. 453: 8: 460: 446: 438: 20: 16:Windmill in Finchingfield, Essex, England 2041:List of windmills in the United Kingdom 367: 365: 363: 328: 2070:Industrial buildings completed in 1756 395: 393: 7: 2065:Grinding mills in the United Kingdom 428:webpage on Finchingfield Post Mill. 2075:Grade II listed buildings in Essex 346:National Heritage List for England 14: 2060:Post mills in the United Kingdom 29: 35:The restored mill, January 2008 195: 158: 1: 256:one from Gainsford End Mill, 298:Edward Stammers 1807 - 1817 295:Samuel Stammers 1790 - 1807 2116: 267: 2100:Grade II listed windmills 2038: 434:webpage on Duck End Mill. 372:Farries, Kenneth (1985). 237:which has been restored. 40: 28: 1999:East Riding of Yorkshire 301:Edward Letch 1817 - 1852 282:. There was one pair of 153:Single storey roundhouse 2085:Mill museums in England 311:References for above:- 307:Andrew Luke Letch -1890 216:Finchingfield Post Mill 806:Norfolk Drainage mills 403:. Essex County Council 304:Edward Letch Jr 1852 - 198:of pairs of millstones 575:Stansted Mountfitchet 515:Bocking Churchstreet 468:Windmills in England 112:Essex County Council 426:Essex Country Parks 89: /  2090:Windmills in Essex 401:"The county mills" 150:Roundhouse storeys 24:Finchingfield Mill 2047: 2046: 1674:St Margaret's Bay 1483:West Blatchington 1242:Wandsworth Common 1144:Kirton in Lindsey 205: 204: 2107: 2080:Museums in Essex 1840:West Chiltington 1247:Wimbledon Common 1227:Plumstead Common 1093:Northamptonshire 938:Creeting St Mary 462: 455: 448: 439: 413: 412: 410: 408: 397: 388: 387: 369: 358: 357: 355: 353: 337:Historic England 333: 197: 160: 120:Mid-18th century 104: 103: 101: 100: 99: 94: 93:51.969°N 0.454°E 90: 87: 86: 85: 82: 67: 33: 21: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2034: 2023:South Yorkshire 2011:North Yorkshire 1991: 1989: 1983: 1928: 1922: 1872:Gloucestershire 1850: 1844: 1805:High Salvington 1669:Stelling Minnis 1366:Buckinghamshire 1351: 1345: 1282: 1276: 1257: 1251: 1185: 1171:Nottinghamshire 1078: 1072: 983:Great Welnetham 764:Great Ellingham 540:Great Bardfield 510:Aythorpe Roding 469: 466: 422: 417: 416: 406: 404: 399: 398: 391: 384: 371: 370: 361: 351: 349: 335: 334: 330: 325: 317: 292: 273: 266: 243: 220:grade II listed 97: 95: 91: 88: 83: 80: 78: 76: 75: 63: 54: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2030:West Yorkshire 2026: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957:Worcestershire 1953: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795:East Wittering 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1738:Lowfield Heath 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679:West Kingsdown 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1272:Northumberland 1268: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197:Greater London 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1176:North Leverton 1173: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1134:Burgh-le-Marsh 1131: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1107:Leicestershire 1103: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 695: 694: 689: 683:Burnham Overy 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 570:South Ockendon 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 496: 495: 490: 488:Cambridgeshire 484: 483: 477: 475: 471: 470: 467: 465: 464: 457: 450: 442: 436: 435: 432:Windmill World 429: 421: 420:External links 418: 415: 414: 389: 382: 359: 327: 326: 324: 321: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 291: 288: 270:Mill machinery 265: 262: 242: 239: 203: 202: 199: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 162: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 73: 69: 68: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 42: 41: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2112: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2095:Finchingfield 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950:Staffordshire 1948: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936:Herefordshire 1934: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889:Top Growlands 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753:Reigate Heath 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1733:Frimley Green 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1689:Willesborough 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527:Isle of Wight 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1448:Punnetts Town 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438:North Chailey 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Cross-in-Hand 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:Little Marton 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018:Saxtead Green 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978:Great Thurlow 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784:Old Buckenham 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Great Bircham 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 632:King's Walden 630: 628: 627:Croxley Green 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:Hertfordshire 610: 609: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Finchingfield 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 482: 479: 478: 476: 472: 463: 458: 456: 451: 449: 444: 443: 440: 433: 430: 427: 424: 423: 419: 402: 396: 394: 390: 385: 383:0-284-98642-9 379: 375: 368: 366: 364: 360: 348: 347: 342: 338: 332: 329: 322: 320: 315:Public access 314: 312: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 293: 289: 287: 285: 281: 277: 276:Duck End Mill 271: 263: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246:Duck End Mill 240: 238: 236: 232: 228: 227:Finchingfield 224: 221: 217: 213: 209: 208:Duck End Mill 200: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 174: 171: 169:Type of sails 167: 163: 156: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 98:51.969; 0.454 74: 70: 66: 62: 60:Mill location 58: 53:Duck End Mill 52: 48: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 1964:Warwickshire 1884:Cottonfields 1418:Herstmonceux 1149:Metheringham 1119:Lincolnshire 988:Herringfleet 779:Ingleborough 749:Garboldisham 744:East Wretham 734:East Harling 729:East Dereham 622:Brent Pelham 605:White Roding 550:Mountnessing 545:Great Dunmow 529: 481:Bedfordshire 405:. Retrieved 373: 350:. Retrieved 344: 331: 318: 310: 280:Spring sails 275: 274: 250:open trestle 245: 244: 215: 212:Letch's Mill 211: 207: 206: 173:Spring sails 55:Letch's Mill 18: 1765:West Sussex 1706:Oxfordshire 1624:Northbourne 1515:Crux Easton 1468:Stone Cross 1463:Rottingdean 1413:Crowborough 1388:East Sussex 1112:Ullesthorpe 1057:Woodbridge 1048:Walberswick 811:Berney Arms 774:Hindringham 739:East Runton 679:Billingford 637:North Mymms 600:Toppesfield 264:Description 258:Toppesfield 125:Information 109:Operator(s) 96: / 72:Coordinates 2054:Categories 1979:Kenilworth 1974:Chesterton 1943:Shropshire 1906:Stembridge 1835:Washington 1699:Woodchurch 1694:Wittersham 1684:Whitstable 1594:Edenbridge 1569:Chillenden 1559:Canterbury 1549:Bidborough 1493:Winchelsea 1473:Tide Mills 1433:Mark Cross 1398:Argos Hill 1331:Merseyside 1304:Lancashire 1139:Heckington 1086:Derbyshire 1043:Thorpeness 1038:Thelnetham 1028:Stowmarket 958:Eastbridge 953:Drinkstone 903:Blundeston 816:Boardman’s 794:West Winch 323:References 284:millstones 164:Four sails 117:Year built 81:51°58′08″N 65:TL 687 329 1988:Yorkshire 1969:Berkswell 1913:Wiltshire 1815:Nutbourne 1770:Angmering 1659:Sheerness 1644:Sandhurst 1639:Rolvenden 1634:Ringwould 1584:Cranbrook 1532:Bembridge 1520:Langstone 1505:Bursledon 1500:Hampshire 1423:Icklesham 1393:Alfriston 1359:Berkshire 1341:Wavertree 1237:Upminster 1212:Battersea 1066:Tricker's 1061:Buttrum's 943:Crowfield 928:Cockfield 888:Aldeburgh 799:Weybourne 699:Carbrooke 535:Fryerning 520:Clavering 254:cast iron 223:Post mill 179:Windshaft 144:Post mill 134:Corn mill 84:0°27′14″E 50:Mill name 1929:Midlands 1896:Somerset 1858:Cornwall 1800:Halnaker 1758:Tadworth 1718:Buckland 1664:Stanford 1649:Sandwich 1609:Kingston 1544:Benenden 1458:Polegate 1428:Kingston 1381:Pitstone 1376:Hawridge 1371:Cobstone 1324:Thornton 1290:Cheshire 1181:Sneinton 1079:Midlands 1008:Pakenham 963:Framsden 893:Bardwell 871:Starston 861:Palmer’s 856:Lockgate 851:Lambrigg 831:Clayrack 826:Catfield 821:Brograve 769:Hickling 709:Catfield 674:Blakeney 664:Aslacton 565:Rayleigh 201:One pair 190:Tailpole 161:of sails 1990:and the 1830:Shipley 1790:Earnley 1785:Clayton 1780:Barnham 1775:Arundel 1748:Reigate 1743:Outwood 1728:Ewhurst 1619:Meopham 1614:Margate 1574:Chislet 1564:Charing 1510:Chalton 1488:Westham 1478:Patcham 1336:Bidston 1319:Pilling 1297:Cumbria 1232:Shirley 1217:Brixton 1207:Barking 1159:Waltham 1154:Moulton 1100:Rutland 1033:Syleham 1023:Stanton 998:Kelsale 973:Gazeley 968:Friston 918:Buxhall 898:Barnham 883:Suffolk 866:Reedham 846:Hunsett 836:Horning 789:Thrigby 687:Staithe 669:Aylsham 659:Norfolk 617:Ardeley 595:Tiptree 590:Thaxted 585:Terling 290:Millers 241:History 235:England 187:Winding 130:Purpose 2004:Skidby 1992:Humber 1918:Wilton 1901:Ashton 1879:Dorset 1825:Selsey 1820:Pagham 1810:Keymer 1713:Surrey 1599:Guston 1589:Eastry 1579:Copton 1554:Barham 1443:Nutley 1403:Battle 1314:Lytham 1265:Durham 1222:Keston 1202:Arkley 1190:London 1164:Wrawby 1129:Boston 1124:Alford 1053:Walton 1013:Reydon 993:Holton 948:Dalham 933:Corton 908:Bungay 841:Horsey 754:Gayton 719:Denver 704:Caston 652:Weston 560:Ramsey 555:Orsett 525:Debden 505:Ashdon 407:29 May 380:  352:29 May 45:Origin 1865:Devon 1849:South 1723:Capel 1654:Sarre 1604:Herne 1350:South 1281:North 1256:North 1003:Lound 923:Clare 913:Burgh 876:Stubb 692:Union 647:Tring 580:Stock 500:Essex 493:Bourn 231:Essex 218:is a 2016:York 1927:West 1851:West 1629:Oare 1539:Kent 1352:East 1283:West 1258:East 1077:East 724:Diss 714:Cley 642:Reed 474:East 409:2008 378:ISBN 354:2008 182:Wood 140:Type 1453:Rye 225:at 214:or 196:No. 159:No. 2056:: 392:^ 362:^ 343:. 339:. 233:, 229:, 210:, 461:e 454:t 447:v 411:. 386:. 356:. 272:.

Index


TL 687 329
51°58′08″N 0°27′14″E / 51.969°N 0.454°E / 51.969; 0.454
Corn mill
Post mill
Spring sails
grade II listed
Post mill
Finchingfield
Essex
England
open trestle
cast iron
Toppesfield
Mill machinery
Spring sails
millstones
Historic England
"THE WINDMILL, DUCK END (east side), FINCHINGFIELD, BRAINTREE, ESSEX (1122733)"
National Heritage List for England



ISBN
0-284-98642-9


"The county mills"
Essex Country Parks
Windmill World

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.