31:
154:(standard-bearer) of the realm, was too ill to accompany the march). The siege of Tangier had only started, when Duarte received the news that his father's illness had taken a turn for the worse. Duarte rushed back to Ceuta, just in time to receive his father's blessing before he expired on September 22. For the next few days, Duarte de Menezes remained in Ceuta organizing his father's affairs and forwarding cannon and supplies to the siege of Tangier. He was already back in Tangier when the full force of the
321:
396:
infantry column overland and blockade the city on the landward wide. Once again, Duarte de
Menezes objected to the plan, once again he was overruled. The assault came to naught - bad weather and Tangier artillery kept the naval squad away, and the king, thinking the guns signalled success of the sea landing, attacked impetuously, before realizing his error. The king is said to have chided his companions for persuading him to ignore the counsel of Duarte de Menezes.
85:
388:) who persuaded the king that Duarte merely sought to prevent anyone but himself from achieving glories in Africa. The expedition set out in November 1463, and met a disastrous storm, which sunk several ships and scattered the remainder. Duarte de Menezes, from his perch in Alcácer-Ceguer, caught sight of the king's sail and set out with some vessels to escort the remainder of the fleet safely to
333:
Duarte de
Menezes and the little garrison to hold out on their own against the Marinid siege for nearly two months. Duarte de Menezes is said to have engaged in singular heroics, leading several bold sallies to break up Marinid assaults. After 53 days, having taken enough damage from the sallies and the onset of disease, the Moroccan army lifted the siege on 2 January 1459.
407:, with some troops to Duarte in Alcácer-Ceguer in December, while contemplating his next move. But without awaiting the king's instructions, and against the strenuous objections of Duarte de Menezes, in January 1464, the Infante Ferdinand decided to assault Tangier by himself. It failed. He tried again a week later, and it failed again, with great casualties.
415:, King Afonso V's party was lured and ambushed by a Moroccan party. The monarch seemingly doomed, Duarte de Menezes threw himself forward to fight off the attack. Duarte de Menezes held his position long enough to allow the king to slip away, but was himself eventually cut down. The rattled Afonso V scrambled back to Ceuta and thereupon back to Portugal.
379:
In 1463, Afonso V of
Portugal decided to lead another expedition to Africa, this time to seize Tangier. Duarte de Menezes advised against the plan, urging greater reliance on the element of surprise. But the old veteran's advice was set aside, in large part on account of the jealous intrigues of his
446:
to drop his other tasks and write down the life and feats of Duarte de
Menezes (Zurara had already written a hagiography of his father, Pedro de Menezes). For research, Zurara spent a full year in Alcácer-Ceguer, interviewing his companions and soldiers, visiting the sites of Duarte's battles, and,
410:
By this time, Afonso V had decided upon abandoning the enterprise, but was determined not to return to
Portugal without some glorious feat of arms. In late January 1464, Afonso V decided to personally lead a raid inland. Once again, Duarte de Menezes, who happened to be visiting Ceuta, advised the
336:
Six months later, the
Marinid army returned and resumed the siege on 2 July 1459. Once again, Duarte de Menezes rallied the defenses of Alcácer-Ceguer and held out. Oddly, Duarte sent for his family from Portugal, who somehow managed to penetrate the siege lines and reach the city. The success of
332:
Duarte de
Menezes first order of business was to prepare the defenses of the citadel for the inevitable reaction by the Marinids. The Moroccan army, led by Abd al-Haqq II, laid siege to the Alcácer-Ceguer in November 1458. A Portuguese relief fleet was prevented from reaching the city, leaving
395:
The king's council assembled, Afonso V insisted on the scheme to attack
Tangier. He would send the captain of the fleet, Luíz Mendes de Vasconcelos, with a seaborne contingent to scale a relatively low stretch of wall on the seaward side of the citadel of Tangier, while he would himself lead an
340:
In April 1460, having engaged in a few more skirmishes around the area, Duarte de
Menezes felt the situation secure enough to return to Lisbon, leaving the garrison in the hands of his nephew, Afonso Teles. He was received with great pomp by Afonso V of Portugal, who promptly granted Duarte de
163:
agreed to a treaty that promised to restore Ceuta to the
Marinids. Rather than return to Lisbon, Henry proceeded immediately to Ceuta, ostensibly to instruct Duarte to prepare to evacuate the garrison, but Henry ended up barricading himself in his rooms in a deep depression. In the end, the
451:, the longest and best-researched of Zurara's chronicles, was finished around 1468 (although no complete manuscript copy has yet been found - it is estimated around a third of it has been lost; Zurara's chronicle - riddled with gaps - was first published in 1793). In 1627,
227:. But he eventually reconciled with the regent Peter, and was confirmed in his titles. Duarte de Menezes reputation and experience prompted Peter to appoint him to sensitive military posts. Duarte led Portuguese incursions in 1441 and 1444, to assist the
260:
The relationship between Peter and Duarte de Menezes ended abruptly when King Afonso V of Portugal reached majority in 1448 and dismissed the regent Peter. Afonso V immediately dispatched Duarte de Menezes as military governor of
418:
The remains of Duarte de Menezes were never recovered from the Benacofu hills. A single finger (or a single tooth), alleged to have belonged to Duarte de Menezes, eventually turned up. Upon that sparse relic, his wife
158:
army fell upon the besieging Portuguese expeditionary force, and turned the tables around. The Marinids starved the Portuguese siege camp at Tangier into submission. To save his army from destruction, Prince
120:, and was given hands-on training in governorship and the military arts. Already at an early age, Duarte distinguished himself in numerous engagements and skirmishes with Moroccan fighters, and was already
124:
by 15. In 1430, Pedro de Menezes took an extended leave in Portugal, leaving Duarte, at the age of 16, as captain of the Portuguese garrison in Ceuta, with the guidance of his older brother-in-law,
872:
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king against it, but the king insisted and set out on a raid south. Duarte de Menezes, and several other nobles, reluctantly accompanied him. In the Benacofu hills south of
30:
204:
quickly regretted his decision, and personally apologized to Duarte for failing to appoint him to Ceuta and tried to make up for it by appointing him alcaide of
193:
197:
317:), seizing the city in a two-day assault on 23–24 October 1458. Afonso V appointed Duarte de Menezes as the first captain and governor of Alcácer-Ceguer.
104:. Although Pedro de Menezes had numerous daughters, legitimate and otherwise, Duarte was his only son. In March 1424, Pedro managed to secure from King
176:
Back in Portugal, despite his father's efforts and his own illustrious military record, Duarte de Menezes was only able to inherit his family title of
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200:. Duarte de Menezes left Ceuta shortly after, passing the garrison over to Fernando de Noronha, and returned to Portugal by July 1438. King
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finally arrived in Ceuta in August 1437. Henry appointed Duarte de Menezes to command the Ceuta troops in the center of the overland march to
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189:
97:
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Duarte de Menezes returned to Alcácer-Ceguer in 1461. That very year, he is known to have led three raiding sorties to the outskirt of
783:
Historia de la Plaza de Ceuta, describiendo los sitios que ha sufrido en distintas épocas por las huestes del imperio de Marruecos
273:
in May 1449. In reward for his loyalty, Duarte de Menezes' royal pensions were expanded, and his crown-granted titles, including
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this venture helped lift the morale of the garrison. At length, on 24 August 1459, Abd al-Haqq II called off the siege.
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269:, to keep a check on the dismissed regent's movements. Duarte de Menezes fought for the king against Peter at the
177:
165:
150:. Duarte de Menezes helped lead the way, carrying the royal standard in his father's place (Pedro de Menezes, the
61:
758:"Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil" - Vol. III, pág. 478–480, publicado por Representações Zairol Lda., Lisboa, 1989
219:. In the subsequent regency crisis, Duarte de Menezes, like much of the nobility, sided with the queen-regent
132:
774:(c. 1468) "Chronica do Conde D. Duarte de Menezes", first published 1793 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor,
128:, alcaide of Campo Maior. His father returned in 1434, but continued to rely on Duarte as his lieutenant.
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In 1436–37, preparations were underway in Portugal for a resumption of the North African campaign with
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commissioned the erection of a magnificently-carved effigy tomb for Duarte de Menezes, embedded in an
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While a bachelor, Duarte de Menezes also had an illegitimate son from the unmarried D. Beatriz Dias:
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Portuguese refused to honor the treaty, and decided to hold on to Ceuta, leaving the royal hostage
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nobleman and military figure. Duarte de Menezes (sometimes modernized as 'de Meneses') was the 3rd
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Vida de Don Duarte de Meneses, Tercero Conde de Viana y sucessos notables de Portugal en su tiempo
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launched a new operation against Morocco, the first since the disaster at Tangier in 1437. The
135:. In 1436, Duarte personally led a Portuguese party to attack and raze the Moroccan citadel of
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E. Prestage "Introduction to life and writings of Azurara", 1896 edition of G.E. de Zurara,
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Shortly after his return to Portugal in 1464, King Afonso V instructed the royal chronicler
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431:. In 1928, the tomb as a whole was moved from the cloister to the nearby museum-church of
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In August 1444, regent Peter of Coimbra appointed Duarte de Menezes to the high office of
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345:(title had been vacant since the death of its first holder back in 1384) and Lord of
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surprisingly enough for the time, also interviewing his Moroccan enemies. Zurara's
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Schaefer, p.357; it is referred to as "solamente un diete" in Vasconcellos (1627:
215:, personally carried the royal standard during the acclamation of the young King
842:
38:
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239:, Duarte de Menezes was subsequently posted to serve on the frontier of the
809:
Historia de Portugal: desde a fundação da monarchia até a Revolução de 1820
211:
After Edward's death in September 1438, Duarte de Menezes, re-appointed as
116:
Duarte de Menezes stayed with his father during his tenure as governor in
480:
139:, to prevent it from becoming a threat to future Portuguese operations.
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a royal letter legitimizing Duarte to enable him to inherit his titles.
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Duarte de Menezes was an illegitimate son of Portuguese nobleman D.
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29:
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A Batalha de Alfarrobeira: antecedentes e significado histórico
483:, and widow of João Rodrigues Coutinho, produced one daughter:
349:. He also swapped the alcaideship of Beja for benefices in
587:
D. Pedro Galo - legitimized by royal letter, December 1462.
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probably drew upon Zurara's account to compose his own
88:
Coat of Arms of Duarte de Menezes, 3rd Count of Viana.
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at São João de Alporão (Museu Municipal de Santarém).
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The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea
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Maria de Meneses, who married D. João de Castro, 2nd
100:, and Isabel Domingues, an unmarried woman known as
776:
Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza
250:(standard-bearer) of the realm. Duarte accompanied
778:. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 3.
659:
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790:"Duarte de Menezes", in H. Banquero Moreno (1980)
360:. In August 1462, Duarte de Menezes crossed the
873:Portuguese colonial governors and administrators
142:The Portuguese expeditionary force under Prince
544:Fernando de Menezes, 'o Narizes', stem of the
843:Informação genealógica sobre Duarte de Meneses
804:, Vol. 1, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
8:
765:, published 1627, Lisbon: Pedro Craesbeeck.
265:, a critical fortress on the borderlands of
382:Pedro de Menezes, 3rd Count of Vila Real
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94:Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real
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277:, confirmed inheritable in his family.
505:, governor of the household of Prince
449:Chronica do Conde D. Duarte de Menezes
56:, 20 January 1464) was a 15th-century
324:Topographic map of the region around
18:Duarte de Menezes, 3rd Count of Viana
7:
72:and the first Portuguese captain of
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192:went to Duarte's legitimate sister
800:Ignacio da Costa Quintella (1839)
681:Quintella, p.173; Schaeffer, p.351
223:against the king's popular uncle,
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761:Agostinho Manuel de Vasconcellos,
467:Duarte de Menezes married twice.
883:15th-century Portuguese nobility
529:and first Portuguese captain of
453:Agostinho Manuel de Vasconcellos
243:, but stayed only a few months.
523:Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima)
509:, produced the following issue:
497:second marriage (July 1442) to
403:, dispatching his brother, the
364:, to help the Castilians seize
343:Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima)
66:Count of Viana (da Foz do Lima)
811:. Porto: Escriptorio, vol. 2,
180:. The crown-granted titles of
168:to die in Moroccan captivity.
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888:Governors of Portuguese Ceuta
781:J.A. Marquez de Prado (1859)
569:and father of India governor
471:first marriage (May 1439) to
457:Vida de Don Duarte de Meneses
802:Annaes da Marinha Portugueza
794:, Coimbra University, vol.2
712:, which some read as tooth (
576:Isabel de Menezes, a nun in
519:Count of Viana (do Alentejo)
427:at a Franciscan cloister in
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399:King Afonso V returned to
178:Count of Viana do Alentejo
166:Ferdinand the Saint Prince
133:expedition to seize Tanger
62:Count of Viana do Alentejo
825:Tomb of Duarte de Menezes
807:Heinrich Schaefer (1893)
297:, then laying siege to
231:against the rebellious
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285:In October 1458, King
271:Battle of Alfarrobeira
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772:Gomes Eanes de Zurara
477:Martim Afonso de Melo
444:Gomes Eanes de Zurara
341:Menezes the title of
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235:. At the request of
208:and other benefices.
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878:Nobility from Lisbon
716:) others as finger (
362:Straits of Gibraltar
287:Afonso V of Portugal
217:Afonso V of Portugal
34:D. Duarte de Menezes
838:Carreiradaindia.net
690:Quintella, p.173-74
672:Quintella, p.172-73
546:Marquises of Valada
515:Henrique de Meneses
507:Henry the Navigator
433:São João de Alporão
198:Fernando de Noronha
188:of the kingdom and
161:Henry the Navigator
144:Henry the Navigator
27:Portuguese nobleman
863:Counts of Portugal
830:2011-07-27 at the
503:Fernando de Castro
475:, the daughter of
429:Santarém, Portugal
370:Emirate of Granada
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241:Emirate of Granada
237:John II of Castile
233:Infantes of Aragon
202:Edward of Portugal
182:Count of Vila Real
126:Ruy Gomes da Silva
106:John I of Portugal
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742:London: Hakluyt,
571:Duarte de Menezes
536:Garcia de Menezes
501:, daughter of D.
490:Count of Monsanto
479:, alcaide-mor of
405:Infante Ferdinand
386:governor of Ceuta
255:Peter of Portugal
221:Eleanor of Aragon
194:Brites de Menezes
190:governor of Ceuta
98:governor of Ceuta
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868:1414 births
858:1464 deaths
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463:Descendants
275:alferes-mor
248:alferes-mor
213:alferes-mor
186:alferes-mor
152:alferes-mor
852:Categories
592:References
425:arcosolium
328:(1954 map)
96:and first
68:, Lord of
58:Portuguese
561:of kings
368:from the
366:Gibraltar
252:constable
828:Archived
813:p.350ff.
567:Manuel I
437:Santarém
380:nephew,
172:Portugal
122:knighted
753:Sources
563:John II
413:Tétouan
375:Tangier
358:Tangier
351:Redinha
347:Caminha
303:Tangier
299:Tlemcen
293:sultan
291:Marinid
267:Coimbra
156:Marinid
148:Tangier
137:Tétouan
70:Caminha
54:Morocco
50:Tétouan
767:online
578:Aveiro
553:, 1st
531:Arzila
525:, 1st
521:, 3rd
517:, 4th
384:(then
263:Pombal
80:Family
64:, 2nd
46:Lisbon
796:p.874
714:dente
710:p.164
481:Évora
401:Ceuta
390:Ceuta
118:Ceuta
112:Ceuta
786:p.91
744:p.xl
718:dedo
565:and
311:Port
206:Beja
435:in
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