Language interpretation - Knowledge (XXG)

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interpreting, the interpreter has to sit in a sound-proof booth where ideally he/she can see the speakers on a monitor and the set. All equipment should be checked before recording begins. In particular, satellite connections have to be double-checked to ensure that the interpreter's voice is not sent back and the interpreter gets to hear only one channel at a time. In the case of interviews recorded outside the studio and some current affairs program, the interpreter interprets what they hear on a TV monitor. Background noise can be a serious problem. The interpreter working for the media has to sound as slick and confident as a television presenter.

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between doctors and patients. When a patient needs English language service in a Chinese hospital, more often than not the patient will be directed to a staff member in the hospital, who is recognized by his/her colleagues as proficient in English. The actual quality of such service for patients or medical interpretation for communications between doctors speaking different languages is unknown by the interpreting community as interpreters who lack Healthcare background rarely receive accreditation for medical interpretation in the medical community. Interpreters working in the Healthcare setting may be considered

1139:, is the type of interpreting occurring in fields such as legal, health, and federal and local government, social, housing, environmental health, education, and welfare services. In community interpreting, factors exist which determine and affect language and communication production, such as speech's emotional content, hostile or polarized social surroundings, its created stress, the power relationships among participants, and the interpreter's degree of responsibility – in many cases more than extreme; in some cases, even the life of the other person depends upon the interpreter's work. 1608: 877: 1459:

highly variable day-to-day stresses that an interpreter must manage, and there is an ongoing conversation in the interpreting field as to how to appropriately prepare students for the challenges of the job. Proposed changes include having a more robust definition of what a qualified interpreter should know, as well as a post-graduate internship structure that would allow new interpreters to work with the benefit of supervision from more experienced interpreters, much like the programs in place in medicine, law enforcement, etc.

1444:(RID), a non-profit organization, is known for its national recognition and certification process. In addition to training requirements and stringent certification testing, RID members must abide by a Code of Professional Conduct, Grievance Process and Continuing Education Requirement. There are many interpreter-training programs in the U.S. The Collegiate Commission on Interpreter Education is the body that accredits Interpreter Preparation Programs. A list of accredited programs can be found on the CCIE web site. 508: 1046:. To avoid disturbing the participants using the original language, the interpreter speaks to a few people at close proximity with normal voiced delivery at a very low volume, or through electronic equipment without the benefit of a soundproof booth. Typically, no actual whispering is involved as this is difficult to decipher, causes postural fatigue while parties lean in to one another, and straining to be heard at a whisper "can be as bad for your voice as shouting." 65: 929: 1715: 1091:

consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or the simultaneous interpretation of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for one person, or all of the people attending. In a legal context, where ramifications of misinterpretation may be dire, accuracy is paramount. Teams of two or more interpreters, with one actively interpreting and the second monitoring for greater accuracy, may be deployed.

1123:. An escort interpreter's work session may run for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the period of the client's visit. This type of interpreting is often needed in business contexts, during presentations, investor meetings, and business negotiations. As such, an escort interpreter needs to be equipped with some business and financial knowledge in order to best understand and convey messages back and forth. 791: 3617: 854: 1107:

and legal and court procedures is required of court interpreters. They are often required to have formal authorization from the state to work in the courts – and then are called certified court interpreters. In many jurisdictions, the interpretation is considered an essential part of the evidence. Incompetent interpretation, or simply failure to swear in the interpreter, can lead to a mistrial.

1490:. Television channels have begun to hire staff simultaneous interpreters. The interpreter renders the press conferences, telephone beepers, interviews and similar live coverage for the viewers. It is more stressful than other types of interpreting as the interpreter has to deal with a wide range of technical problems coupled with the control room's hassle and wrangling during live coverage. 689: 819:. The notes must be clear and legible in order to not waste time on reading them. Consecutive interpreting of whole thoughts, rather than in small pieces, is desirable so that the interpreter has the whole meaning before rendering it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than where short CI or simultaneous interpretation is used. 1785:

qualification accreditation test that is implemented throughout the country according to uniform standards, in order to assess examinees' bilingual translation or interpretation capability. CATTI was introduced in 2003. In later 2013, translation and interpreting tests of different levels in English, French, Japanese, Russian, German, Spanish and Arabic were held across the nation.

1466:, and showed her viewpoint upon the Israeli Sign Language interpreters' jobs. A study which was made in Finland found that, in comparison to the foreign language teachers and non-linguistic experts, a high cooperativeness was found to be more characteristic to simultaneous and consecutive interpreters, and Weiss showed it in her video, although she claimed to be comic. 1522:

on-site interpreting when no on-site interpreter is readily available at the location where services are needed. However, it is more commonly used for situations in which all parties who wish to communicate are already speaking to one another via telephone (e.g. telephone applications for insurance or credit cards, or telephone inquiries from consumers to businesses).

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The majority of state court systems utilize a certification exam developed and administered by the National Center for State Courts. Most non-native speakers of English use the term "sworn interpreter," which is calqued from a civil-law position title common throughout the world. However, there is no

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professional skills. Access to the exam is far easier, but requires proof of the necessary skills. For that, there are private schools that offer preparatory courses. Attending these schools is usually sufficient to prove someone's aptitude. Of course, a university or college degree is accepted, too.

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In the US, depending upon the regulations and standards adhered to per state and venue, court interpreters usually work alone when interpreting consecutively, or as a team, when interpreting simultaneously. In addition to practical mastery of the source and target languages, thorough knowledge of law

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By its very nature, media interpreting has to be conducted in the simultaneous mode. It is provided particularly for live television coverages such as press conferences, live or taped interviews with political figures, musicians, artists, sportsmen or people from the business circle. In this type of

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asserts that computer-generated signing avatars "do not surpass the natural quality and skill provided by appropriately trained and qualified interpreters," and approves their application only "for pre-recorded static customer information, for example, in hotels or train stations". The WFD statement

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Interpreters can be formally trained in postsecondary programs and receive a certificate, associates, bachelors, masters, or doctoral degree. In some circumstances, lay interpreters take an experiential route through churches, families, and social networks. Formal interpreter education practices are

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prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal funds or other Federal financial assistance. Hospital systems and clinics that are funded by federal programs, such as Medicare, are required by this law to take reasonable steps

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Also referred to as "over-the-phone interpreting", "telephonic interpreting", and "tele-interpreting", telephone interpreting enables interpretation via telephone. Telephone interpreting can be used in community settings as well as conference settings. Telephone interpreting may be used in place of

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A sign language interpreter conveys messages between combinations of spoken and signed languages and manual systems. This may be between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners, or among users of different signed languages and manual systems. This may be done in simultaneous or consecutive modes, or as

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Medical interpreting is a subset of public service interpreting, consisting of communication among healthcare personnel and the patient and their family or among Healthcare personnel speaking different languages, facilitated by an interpreter, usually formally educated and qualified to provide such

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Consecutive interpreters, in order be accurate, used a specialized system of note-taking which included symbols abbreviations and acronyms. Because they waited until the speaker was finished to provide interpretation, the interpreters then had the difficult task of creating from these notes as much

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Simultaneous interpretation (SI) has the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best they can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker.

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When no interpreter is available to interpret directly from source to target, an intermediate interpreter will be inserted in a relay mode, e.g. a Greek source language could be interpreted into English and then from English to another language. This is also commonly known as double-interpretation.

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For example, in China, there is no mandatory certificate for medical interpreters as of 2012. Most interpretation in hospitals in China is done by doctors, who are proficient in both Chinese and English (mostly) in his/her specialty. They interpret more in academic settings than for communications

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Signed language interpreters typically refer to this role as a "designated interpreter." It is not a new practice; since the 1960s, deaf professionals and academics such as Robert Sanderson increasingly sought out and trained specific interpreters to work with on a regular, if not exclusive basis.

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is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not

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There are a number of interpreting and translation associations around the world, including the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters, the International Association of Conference Interpreters, the China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters, the Canadian

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Sign language interpreters encounter a number of linguistic, environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors that can have an effect on their ability to provide accurate interpretation. Studies have found that most interpreter training programs do not sufficiently prepare students for the

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Conference interpretation is divided between two markets: institutional and private. International institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), which hold multilingual meetings, often favor interpreting several foreign languages into the interpreters' mother tongues. Local private markets tend to have

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and began to be more accepted. Experienced consecutive interpreters asserted that the difficulties of listening and speaking at the same time, adjusting for differences in sentence structure between languages, and interpreting the beginning of a sentence before hearing its end, would produce an

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The most recognized interpretation and translation certificate in the People's Republic of China is the China Accreditation Test for Translation and Interpretation (CATTI). Entrusted by China's Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, it is a translation and interpretation professional

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Also called "in-person" and "face-to-face" or "F2F" interpreting, this traditional method requires the interpreter be physically present. With the growth of remote settings, having interpreters on-site remains crucial in high-stakes medical, legal, and diplomatic situations, and with socially,

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signing, deaf people with nonstandard, emerging, or idiolect language varieties, affinity or cultural groups within the Deaf community, minors, immigrants of a different signed language, users of a minority signed language, participants in medical, carceral, or legal matters, and persons with

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In 1951, when the United Nations expanded its number of working languages to five (English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish), consecutive interpretation became impractical in most cases, and simultaneous interpretation became the most common process for the organization's large meetings.

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gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century, interpreters were rarely needed during European diplomatic discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government

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The right to a competent interpreter for anyone who does not understand the language of the court (especially for the accused in a criminal trial) is usually considered a fundamental rule of justice. Therefore, this right is often guaranteed in national constitutions, declarations of rights,

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Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is held (i.e., a police station for an interrogation, a conference room for a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting can be the

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In the ideal setting for oral language, the interpreter sits in a sound-proof booth and speaks into a microphone, while clearly seeing and hearing the source-language speaker via earphones. The simultaneous interpretation is rendered to the target-language listeners via their earphones.

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Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited. Moreover, interpreters and their work have usually not found their way into the history books. One of the reasons for that is the dominance of the

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cognitive or intellectual disabilities. DIs may work in relay teams with hearing interpreters, from a teleprompter, or with another DI to access the source language. DIs are commonly the member of the team visible on camera or on stage at televised, recorded, or public events.

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In order to learn and practice the necessary skills, colleges and universities offer studies in Translation and/or Interpretation Studies, primarily to/from English, but there are also Sign Language Interpretation studies. Admission to higher education, however, is highly

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concedes to such a project only if "deaf people have been involved in advising," and it does not intend to replace human interpreters. Quality and naturalness of movements are closely critiqued by sign-fluent viewers, particularly those who began signing at a younger age.

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of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to professional conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of interpreting in history, and until the 1990s, only a few dozen publications were done on it.

2971:; I do not have friends in the community, just customers; I erased my phone book, to make room for new customers; I will not be spoken to at the end of the interpretations; Let us say I do not have forms; I am madness; I can not stand the interpretation of meetings. 1814:

In Germany, anyone can become and call themselves an interpreter; access to this profession is not regulated, but court interpreters must be sworn in and prove their qualifications, e.g. through a recognized certificate or professional experience of several years.

3230:@FlorikaFink 'We need to "futureproof" our services by strengthening the skills of colleagues to work with new technologies.' #IAMLADP2019EU @EUinterpreters |@EP_Interpreters |@EUCourtPress |@EUCouncil |@UNDGACM_EN|@translatorespic.twitter.com/XMCotLRgrE 822:

An attempt at consensus about lengths of segments may be reached prior to commencement, depending upon complexity of the subject matter and purpose of the interpretation, though speakers generally face difficulty adjusting to unnatural speech patterns.

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SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the interpreter does not know the message until they hear it.

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and other support services to interpreters. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she scaled up multilingual interpretation in hybrid meetings via new digital platforms and technologies, which was a "watershed moment" for the interpretation profession.

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was appointed as Director General and the first ever Knowledge Centre on Interpretation was created. She had spoken about the need to "futureproof" services by strengthening the skills of colleagues to work with new technologies as well as how

1575:, who can also interpret as well across principal languages (such as to and from SSL, to and from spoken English), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter, since 1067:

Conference interpreting refers to interpretation at a conference or large meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. The advent of multi-lingual meetings has reduced the amount of consecutive interpretation in the last 20 years.

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Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on

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Interpreters may also work as freelance operators in their local, regional and national communities, or may take on contract work under an interpreting business or service. They would typically take on work as described above.

1156:. Depending on country/state-specific requirements, the interpreter is often required to have some knowledge of medical terminology, common procedures, the patient interview and exam process. Medical interpreters are often 1095:

fundamental laws establishing the justice system or by precedents set by the highest courts. However, it is not a constitutionally required procedure (in the United States) that a certified interpreter be present at police

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Specific regions, countries, or even cities will have their own certification standards. In many cases, graduates of a certain caliber university program acts as a de facto certification for conference interpretation.

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With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, converse with the hearing party and vice versa. Much like

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In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret after the speaker pauses; thus much more time (perhaps double) is needed. Customarily, such an interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker.

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The most common two modes of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure.

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Consecutive interpretation may be the chosen mode when bilingual listeners are present who wish to hear both the original and interpreted speech or where, as in a court setting, a record must be kept of both.

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Relevant institutions from Australia, France, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and other countries as well as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Taiwan have established work ties with CATTI.

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Interpreters were often ethnic and cultural mixtures, women, slaves or members of a "subcaste" (such as the Armenians and Jews in British India), as well as victims of kidnappings, conflict and political

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in 1945. The equipment facilitated large numbers of listeners, and interpretation was offered in French, Russian, German and English. The technology arose in the 1920s and 1930s when American businessman

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and the Kaminker brothers as skilled interpreters, and notes one unusual case in which André Kaminker interpreted a speech by a French diplomat who spoke for two and a half hours without stopping.

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The majority of professional full-time conference interpreters work for phone interpreting agencies, health care institutions, courts, school systems and international organizations like the

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Triple-interpretation may even be needed, particularly where rare languages or dialects are involved. Such interpretation can only be effectively conducted using consecutive interpretation.

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The United Nations employs interpreters at almost all its sites throughout the world. Because it has only six official languages, however, it is a smaller employer than the European Union.

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In Israel, Naama Weiss, a board member of Malach, the Organization of the Israeli Sign Language Interpreters, advertised a video which she produced. It was her paraphrase of the video

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is the only worldwide association of conference interpreters. Founded in 1953, its membership includes more than 2,800 professional conference interpreters, in more than 90 countries.

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In escort interpreting, an interpreter accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a business meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an

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or the European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (efsli). In Canada, the professional association that recognizes and nationally certifies sign language interpreters is the

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Some countries have more than one national association due to regional or language differences. National associations can become members of the umbrella organizations, the

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bilingual meetings (the local language plus another), and the interpreters work both into and out of their mother tongues. These markets are not mutually exclusive. The

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Simultaneous interpretation using electronic equipment where the interpreter can hear the speaker's voice as well as the interpreter's own voice was introduced at the

425: 2285: 908:. Yvonne Kapp attended a conference with simultaneous interpretation in 1935 in the Soviet Union. As it proved successful, IBM was able to sell the equipment to the 3037: 1448: 1599:. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera, in order to zoom in and out, and to point the camera toward the party that is signing. 3296: 1688:

Militaries often use interpreters to better communicate with the local population. One notable example is the US military during the war in Iraq and Afghanistan.

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may be an (un)desired revolution in linguistic services. Subsequently, she drove forward the digitalization of the service by introducing features like automatic

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Interpreting services can be delivered in multiple modalities. The most common modality through which interpreting services are provided is on-site interpreting.

659:(meaning 'expounder', 'person explaining what is obscure'), whose semantic roots are not clear. Some scholars take the second part of the word to be derived from 1788:

Those examinees who pass CATTI and obtain translation and interpretation certificates acquire corresponding translation and interpretation professional titles.

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In the United States, language access is a socioeconomic disparity, and language access to federally-funded health services is required by law. Title VI of the

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An interpreter (right) utilizing consecutive interpretation to translate a conversation between an English-speaking interviewer (left) and Spanish-speaking

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Consecutive interpretation, which provides a more fluent result without the need for specialized equipment, continued to be used for smaller discussions.

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diplomats were required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads of state could also speak French. Historian

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inferior result. As well, these interpreters, who to that point had been prominent speakers, would now be speaking invisibly from booths.

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of combat, however, it can be very easy to make a mistake in interpreting, particularly with the immense noise and changing locations.

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Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc. Professional Standards Committee (August 1997), "Use of a Certified Deaf Interpreter",

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in the military unit, and with the civilian population. One of the primary forces behind the feeling of an occupation is a lack of

671:(meaning 'price', which fits the meaning of a 'middleman', 'intermediary' or 'commercial go-between'), but others have suggested a 2129:'I would switch about, listening to the speeches in French, in German, in Italian and marvel at this, to me, novel device.' Kapp, 1160:

liaisons for people (regardless of language) who are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable in hospital, clinical, or medical settings.

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activity in which one produces a first and final target-language output on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a

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No worldwide testing or certification agency exists for all types of interpreters. For conference interpretation, there is the

1646: 1616: 732: 959:"were no linguists". At the time, the concept and special equipment needed for simultaneous interpretation, later patented by 710: 456: 379: 185: 3114: 1282: 1003: 484: 226: 211: 3607: 739: 3033: 1737: 1470: 1015: 38: 2837:"Application of Demand-Control Theory to Sign Language Interpreting: Implications for Stress and Interpreter Training" 1007: 848: 349: 318: 144: 721: 1607: 1294: 876: 699: 1675: 1541: 1535: 1165: 933: 449: 89: 3639:

The hidden side of Babel : unveiling cognition, intelligence and sense through simultaneous interpretation

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Hiltunen S, Mäntyranta H, Määttänen I (2018-08-06). "Cooperativeness – A necessary trait for interpreters?".

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instead of multi-lingual cooperation. In this context, a military interpreter is usually a given job in each

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A community program for identification, training, and utilization of interpreting services for deaf persons

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in areas held by the coalition, Kurdish interpreters were known for being a primary aid in this endeavour.

1592: 1516: 1360: 1231: 1136: 365: 251: 149: 119: 2430:"Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan" 2870: 2087: 1565: 1560:. In such cases the direction of interpretation is normally within the same principal language, such as 1367: 587:, many of which (and with few exceptions) were only incidentally or marginally related to interpreting. 420: 277: 180: 124: 109: 2595:

Bontempo, Karen (2015). "Signed Language Interpreting". In Mikkelson, Holly; Jourdenais, Renée (eds.).

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interpretation services. In some situations, medical employees who are multilingual may participate

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as half an hour of free-flowing sentences closely matching the speaker's meaning. Palazchenko cites

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Quandt, Lorna; Willis, Athena; Schwenk, Melody; Weeks, Kaitlyln; Ferster, Ruthie (February 2022).

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During inactive military operations, the most common goal of military interpreters is to increase

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This article is about interpreting natural languages. For interpreting programming languages, see

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attributes the growing need for interpretation after World War I to the fact that U.S. President

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over the spoken word (in the sense that those who have left written texts are more likely to be

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towards ensuring equitable access to health services for limited English proficient patients.

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Computer-assisted simultaneous interpreting A cognitive-experimental study on terminology

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European Commission (2018-04-20). "Summary of SCIC-Universities Conference 2018" (PDF).

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Level 1 translator or interpreter – associate professor of translation or interpretation

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Facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages

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Sanderson, Robert G. (1966). "Twinkling fingers bridge a gap". In Jones, Ray L. (ed.).

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Inghilleri, Moira (14 April 2009). Bielsa, Esperanza; Hughes, Christopher W. (eds.).

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IAMLADP: Directors General of Interpretation and Translation discuss multilingualism

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Interpreting is an ancient human activity which predates the invention of writing.

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The archives of the International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research

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Media interpreting has gained more visibility and presence especially after the

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Global Insights into Public Service Interpreting: Theory, Practice and Training

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Ingram, Robert M. (1974). "A Communication Model of the Interpreting Process."

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Legacies and legends: History of Interpreter Education from 1800–21st Century

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Senior translator or interpreter – professor of translation or interpretation

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My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter

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where interpreters simultaneously interpret debates between the 24 official

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My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter

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languages, including German Sign Language, yet primarily to/from German.

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Interpreting booths at a conference by the World Trade Organization 2017

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Level 3 translator or interpreter – assistant translator or interpreter

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areas of the country, which in turn was one of the main causes of the

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After World War II, simultaneous interpretation came into use at the

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have national- and some states have state-level certifications. The

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AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters) website

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Hauser, Peter C.; Finch, Karen L.; Hauser, Angela B., eds. (2008).

2313:"Confessions and Culture: The Interaction of Miranda and Diversity" 1587:, different from the aural version of the same principal language. 1242:, and the primary recruitment from northern Afghanistan, primarily 3023:

Weiss reaction on December 22, 2018, was that her video was comic.

2460: 1980: 1978: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1832:. Unlike a bachelor's or master's degree, this certificate merely 1606: 1400: 1399: 1387: 1329: 1306: 1183: 1058: 1042:

Whispered interpretation is known in the trade by the French term

1025: 963:, had not been developed, so consecutive interpretation was used. 927: 875: 852: 789: 651: 572: 506: 3524:

Conference Interpreting in China: Practice, Training and Research

3419:

De Paris à Nuremberg: Naissance de l'interprétation de conférence

1320:

and dangerous. It is, however, necessary when different-language

3543:

The Rise of Conference Interpreting in China: Insiders' Accounts

1549: 1286: 1278: 3362:

The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation: The Nuremberg Trial

1266:, or to produce animosity and distrust, forming the basis of a 1246:, led to a feeling of the United States and Tajik forces as an 932:

Simultaneous interpreter's station (Televic Conference) at the

3065:"Assessing the deaf user perspective on sign language avatars" 2339:

Deaf professionals and designated interpreters: A new paradigm

1708: 1641:

The world's largest employer of interpreters is currently the

905: 682: 2785: 2509:"The Contextual over the Referential in Military Translation" 1798:

Level 2 translator or interpreter – translator or interpreter

1285:(Kurdistan Regional Government), during the fighting against 563:

Our knowledge of the past of interpreting tends to come from

2411:"Civil Rights Requirements Title VI of the Civil Rights Act" 2731:

Comprehensive Guide to Sign Language Interpreting in Europe

1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1199:

context, carrying out interpretation usually either during

1074:

International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC)

2550:(Re)visiting Ethics and Ideology in Situations of Conflict 2214:"Computer-assisted preparation in conference interpreting" 2007: 2005: 1697:

Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council, the

1188:

A US military interpreter sits with Afghan army soldiers,

3461: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1404:

Two sign language interpreters working for a school, 2007

1368:

Linguistics and translations in the Austro-Hungarian Army

1036:

Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema

3600: 3251:

Knowledge Centre on Interpretation - European Commission

1099:. This has been especially controversial in cases where 619:

languages denoting an interpreter can be traced back to

552:

of interpreters, who were sometimes treated unfairly by

3402:(Revised ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3184:"Artificial Intelligence – the (un)desired revolution?" 2814: 1733: 1433:

largely the product of twentieth-century developments.

3115:"Remote Interpreting: Feeling Our Way into the Future" 2158:(Pennsylvania University Press, 1997), pp. 32–33. 2102:"The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment" 1238:, the use of American soldiers that did not speak the 924:

The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous

3605: 3440:. Salamanca, Spain: Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. 1453:

Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

1281:

and have been largely effective, particularly in the

1262:

from the civilian population and a military force to

904:

developed simultaneous interpretation equipment with

3642:(1st ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Evolución. 3585: 3265:

100 Years of Conference Interpreting : A Legacy

1770:

International Association of Conference Interpreters

1289:. Military interpreters were the primary drivers in 1507:intellectually, or emotionally vulnerable clients. 1328:. Misunderstandings in this context are most often 3347:Between the Signs. How to take notes without words 2409:Rights (OCR), Office for Civil (15 January 2009). 2366:. San Fernando Valley State College. pp. 1–4. 1347:Military interpreters are also used within single 37:"Interpreter" redirects here. For other uses, see 3042:WFD AND WASLI STATEMENT ON USE OF SIGNING AVATARS 2599:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 112–128. 2485:Globalization, Political Violence and Translation 1984: 1938: 1865:List of translators and interpreters associations 1840:Furthermore, the State Examination is offered in 1724:deal primarily with China and do not represent a 1412:Interpreters may be hearing, hard of hearing, or 1396:interpreter at a press conference in Taipei, 2007 3457:AIIC History Group. "Naissance d'une profession" 883:at dock listening to simultaneous interpretation 3038:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 2522:(8). Canadian Center of Science and Education. 1449:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 1207:. Interpretation is one of the main factors in 3484:Takeda, Kayoko; Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús (2016). 3421:. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press. 2841:The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2835:Dean, Robyn, Robert Q Pollard (January 2001). 2705:Commission On Collegiate Interpreter Education 2379:"Queens Hospitals Learn Many Ways to Say 'Ah'" 2341:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 1103:with no English skills are accused of crimes. 1010:has emerged, with dedicated tools integrating 630: 624: 3562:The Routledge Handbook of Korean Interpreting 3438:Interpreters at the United Nations: A History 2572:"On the ethics of translators' interventions" 2191:Interpreters at the United Nations. A history 2025:"Consecutive and Simultaneous Interpretering" 1722:The examples and perspective in this section 1670:The European Union's other institutions (the 1030:Interpreter (left) next to Swedish filmmaker 457: 8: 3310: 3308: 3306: 2875:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2088:"The History of Simultaneous Interpretation" 1827: 1826:Some states offer a State Examination title 1277:Military interpreters are commonly found in 3541:Zhang, Irene A.; Moratto, Riccardo (2023). 3522:Moratto, Riccardo; Zhang, Irene A. (2023). 3486:New Insights in the History of Interpreting 2488:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 207–221. 1699:Institute of Translation & Interpreting 1312:The fundamental act of interpreting during 1250:. This feeling was most common in majority 831:exclusively, in judicial and medical work. 666: 660: 654: 3398:Woodsworth, Judith; Delisle, Jean (2012). 3295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2642:Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Inc 2055:"Note-Taking for Consecutive Interpreting" 2011: 1996: 1969: 1957: 1919: 1740:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 464: 450: 43: 3560:Moratto, Riccardo; Lim, Hyang-Ok (2023). 3267:. Newcastle upon Tyne. pp. 284–288. 3090: 3080: 3000: 2852: 2611:Journal of Rehabilitation of the Deaf 7:3 2259: 2229: 1756:Learn how and when to remove this message 1332:, the most common misinterpretations are 773:Learn how and when to remove this message 527:Research into the various aspects of the 2638:"Find ASL Interpreter Education Program" 3628: 3612: 3601:Association of Language Companies (USA) 2662:"Approved Courses for BSL Interpreters" 2286:"Voice care: Sorting fact from fiction" 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 1907: 1894:common law country that uses this term. 1876: 336: 305: 259: 203: 157: 71: 55: 3503:Moratto, Riccardo; Li, Defeng (2022). 3288: 2868: 2597:The Routledge Handbook of Interpreting 2290:UT Southwestern Medical Center MedBlog 1678:) have smaller interpreting services. 1424:people who use either close vision or 416:Bhagavad-gita translations by language 3488:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2985:International Journal of Bilingualism 2074: 1628:United Nations Interpretation Service 1442:Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf 1409:sight translation from printed text. 1384:Machine translation of sign languages 1324:are fighting together with no common 914:United Nations Interpretation Service 912:, where it is now widely used in the 623:, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root 273:Internationalization and localization 7: 3460:. Geneva: AIIC. 2013. Archived from 3228:Interpreters, E. U. (2019-05-27). ". 3182:Fink-Hooijer, Florika (2017-01-11). 1366:For an historical example, see also 711:adding citations to reliable sources 2950:"So-Low Sign Language Interpreters" 2916:Itay Zvolon-Marzipan (2018-10-23). 2926:(in Hebrew). Length 3:25 minutes. 2548:, in Valero-Garcés, Carmen (ed.), 2254:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 2194:. Universidad de Salamanca; 2004. 639:via an etymological sideline from 406:Books and magazines on translation 25: 2967:Do not touch my shoulder; I know 2471:(2) – via www.academia.edu. 1195:Interpreters are often used in a 857:Alan Gordon-Finlay trialling the 3615: 3591:Pakistan Interpretation Services 3381:Introducing Interpreting Studies 2958:(in Hebrew). Length 3:38 minutes 2465:Translation and Violent Conflict 1713: 1583:with their own construction and 1008:computer-assisted interpretation 687: 579:, along with a variety of other 63: 2930:from the original on 2021-11-17 2377:Kilgannon, Corey (2005-04-15). 1829:Staatlich geprüfter Dolmetscher 1647:languages of the European Union 1617:languages of the European Union 1305:. Likewise managing to produce 698:needs additional citations for 3436:Baigorri Jalon, Jesus (2004). 3417:Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús (2004). 3364:. University of Ottawa Press. 3263:Kilian G. Seeber, ed. (2021). 2218:Translation & Interpreting 2029:www.conference-interpreters.ca 1420:interpreters or DIs work with 438:Kural translations by language 411:Bible translations by language 186:Dynamic and formal equivalence 1: 2434:Berkeley Journal of Sociology 2106:Infinity Translation Services 1985:Woodsworth & Delisle 2012 1939:Woodsworth & Delisle 2012 1004:computer-assisted translation 866: 515:explaining the outcome of an 426:List of most translated works 227:Translation management system 3034:World Federation of the Deaf 2689:. Interpreting Consolidated. 2311:Einesman, Floralynn (1999). 1540:Interpretation services via 1471:World Federation of the Deaf 1264:spiral into an open conflict 1016:automated speech recognition 631: 625: 523:, who acts as an interpreter 39:Interpreter (disambiguation) 3400:Translators through History 3383:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 2507:Musallam Al-Ma'ani (2015). 2231:10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a02 2171:. London: Faber and Faber. 1736:, discuss the issue on the 1611:Interpreting booths in the 1564:(FSL) to spoken French and 1392:The hostess (in red) and a 1166:Allied Health Professionals 1002:Stemming from the field of 955:and British Prime Minister 849:Simultaneous interpretation 650:, however, is derived from 635:also gave rise to the term 3693: 3379:Pöchhacker, Franz (2016). 2948:Naama Weiss (2018-12-18). 2755:"Current National Members" 2496:– via Springer Link. 2167:Nicolson, Harold (2009) . 1573:sign language interpreters 1529: 1514: 1438:Sign Language interpreters 1377: 1355:. Common examples include 1083: 846: 36: 29: 3360:Gaiba, Francesca (1998). 3082:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.730917 2516:English Language Teaching 1676:European Court of Justice 1568:(SSL) to spoken Spanish. 1542:video remote interpreting 1536:Video remote interpreting 934:European Court of Justice 872:- ILO Historical Archives 722:"Language interpretation" 3345:Farwick, Judith (2018). 2993:10.1177/1367006918790808 2892:"About the organization" 2494:10.1057/9780230235410_11 1240:languages of Afghanistan 1173:Civil Rights Act of 1964 401:Journalistic translation 3677:Language interpretation 3636:Bertone, Laura (2006). 3253:. Retrieved 2021-05-26. 3236:. Retrieved 2019-07-29. 3069:Frontiers in Psychology 2625:Standard Practice Paper 2541:Capelli, Paolo (2014), 1660:artificial intelligence 1363:in the military force. 1152:as members of internal 597:Indo-European languages 283:Video game localization 191:Contrastive linguistics 32:Interpreter (computing) 3245:Sarno, Ivano (2019). " 2685:Ball, Carolyn (2013). 2552:, University of Alcalá 2428:Brasher, Ryan (2011). 2261:10.5281/zenodo.7143055 2212:Fantinuoli, C (2017). 2188:Jesús Baigorri Jalón. 2133:, Verso, 2003, p. 170. 1828: 1619: 1593:telephone interpreting 1558:speech-impaired (mute) 1517:Telephone interpreting 1436:In the United States, 1405: 1397: 1232:mutual intelligibility 1201:active military combat 1192: 1137:community interpreting 1064: 1039: 936: 884: 873: 826:On occasion, document 807: 667: 661: 655: 524: 366:Telephone interpreting 252:Multimedia translation 3200:10.1515/les-2017-0020 2729:de Wit, Maya (2016). 2701:"Accredited Programs" 2570:Pym, Anthony (2009). 1610: 1566:Spanish Sign Language 1403: 1391: 1326:intermediate language 1187: 1180:Military interpreting 1121:escorting interpreter 1062: 1029: 931: 900:and British engineer 879: 856: 801: 511:A painting showing a 510: 298:Software localization 278:Language localization 181:Translation criticism 110:Linguistic validation 2854:10.1093/deafed/6.1.1 2459:Baker, Mona (2010). 1734:improve this section 1655:Florika Fink-Hooijer 1562:French Sign Language 1283:Kurdish held regions 1219:of the military and 1205:noncombat operations 881:Nuremberg defendants 707:improve this article 293:Website localization 3170:European Commission 3044:(Report). p. 2 2987:: 136700691879080. 2918:"So-Low Haifa 2018" 2053:Mazzei, Cristiano. 1860:Literal translation 1672:European Parliament 1649:and some others in 1643:European Commission 1613:European Parliament 1597:necessary equipment 1546:video relay service 1532:Video relay service 360:Video relay service 217:Machine translation 176:Translation project 166:Translation studies 2807:"Welcome to AVLIC" 2448:– via JSTOR. 2384:The New York Times 1854:Interpreting notes 1664:speech recognition 1620: 1406: 1398: 1236:War in Afghanistan 1193: 1117:escort interpreter 1111:Escort interpreter 1101:illegal immigrants 1065: 1040: 998:Technology support 961:Alan Gordon Finlay 957:David Lloyd George 937: 902:Alan Gordon Finlay 885: 874: 808: 525: 222:Mobile translation 3274:978-1-5275-6878-5 3040:(14 March 2018). 2740:978-90-806571-6-8 2245:Prandi B (2023). 2200:978-84-7800-643-4 2177:978-0-571-25604-4 2169:Peacemaking, 1919 2152:Pavel Palazchenko 1766: 1765: 1758: 1651:DG Interpretation 1581:natural languages 1260:misunderstandings 1217:military cohesion 1086:Legal translation 940:Pavel Palazchenko 863:League of Nations 828:sight translation 799: 783: 782: 775: 757: 646:The English word 607:. Expressions in 474: 473: 345:Untranslatability 196:Polysystem theory 16:(Redirected from 3684: 3662: 3661: 3633: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3575: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3499: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3451: 3432: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3316:"Wege zum Beruf" 3312: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3260: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3188:Lebende Sprachen 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3147:. Archived from 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3084: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2874: 2866: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813:. Archived from 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2784:. Archived from 2779:"About efsli..." 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2707:. Archived from 2697: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2387:. Archived from 2374: 2368: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2263: 2253: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2209: 2203: 2186: 2180: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2108:. Archived from 2098: 2092: 2091: 2090:. 29 April 2014. 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2031:. Archived from 2021: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1999:, pp. 9–10. 1994: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1942: 1936: 1923: 1917: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1831: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1717: 1716: 1709: 1380:ASL interpreting 1299:Iraqi population 1228:overall cohesion 1215:cooperation and 987:Nuremberg trials 977: 893:Nuremberg trials 871: 868: 800: 778: 771: 767: 764: 758: 756: 715: 691: 683: 670: 664: 658: 634: 628: 560:and historians. 466: 459: 452: 421:Translated books 371:Language barrier 288:Dub localization 67: 44: 21: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3650: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3614: 3606: 3582: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3502: 3496: 3483: 3480: 3478:Further reading 3467: 3465: 3464:on 30 June 2018 3454: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3359: 3349:. Duesseldorf. 3336: 3331: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3304: 3287: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3244: 3240: 3234:@EUInterpreters 3227: 3223: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2961: 2959: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2867: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2553: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2292:. 13 April 2020 2284: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2251: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2187: 2183: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2062:Century College 2057: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2012:Pöchhacker 2016 2010: 2003: 1997:Pöchhacker 2016 1995: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1970:Pöchhacker 2016 1968: 1964: 1958:Pöchhacker 2016 1956: 1945: 1937: 1926: 1920:Pöchhacker 2016 1918: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1850: 1812: 1782: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1694: 1605: 1554:hard-of-hearing 1538: 1530:Main articles: 1528: 1519: 1513: 1504: 1496: 1480: 1386: 1376: 1248:occupying force 1190:Ghazni province 1182: 1145: 1133: 1113: 1088: 1082: 1057: 1052: 1032:Johannes Nyholm 1024: 1006:, the field of 1000: 971: 949:Harold Nicolson 926: 869: 851: 845: 790: 788: 779: 768: 762: 759: 716: 714: 704: 692: 681: 599:have words for 593: 505: 500: 485:source language 470: 376:Fan translation 355:Transliteration 145:Sense-for-sense 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3648: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3580:External links 3578: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3557: 3551: 3538: 3532: 3519: 3513: 3500: 3495:978-9027258670 3494: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3452: 3447:978-8478006434 3446: 3433: 3428:978-2760305762 3427: 3414: 3409:978-9027224514 3408: 3395: 3390:978-0415742726 3389: 3376: 3371:978-0776604572 3370: 3357: 3343: 3340:Bertone, Laura 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3302: 3273: 3255: 3238: 3221: 3194:(2): 269–274. 3174: 3161: 3132: 3106: 3055: 3025: 3016: 2975: 2940: 2908: 2882: 2827: 2798: 2770: 2746: 2739: 2721: 2692: 2677: 2653: 2629: 2615: 2602: 2587: 2562: 2533: 2499: 2474: 2451: 2420: 2401: 2369: 2354: 2347: 2329: 2303: 2277: 2270: 2237: 2204: 2181: 2160: 2135: 2131:Time Will Tell 2122: 2093: 2079: 2067: 2045: 2016: 2001: 1989: 1987:, p. 247. 1974: 1972:, p. 154. 1962: 1960:, p. 152. 1943: 1941:, p. 248. 1924: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1781: 1778: 1764: 1763: 1728:of the subject 1726:worldwide view 1721: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1705:Certifications 1703: 1693: 1690: 1632:European Union 1624:United Nations 1604: 1601: 1577:sign languages 1527: 1524: 1515:Main article: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1479: 1476: 1375: 1372: 1336:and attempted 1209:multi-national 1181: 1178: 1154:language banks 1144: 1141: 1135:Also known as 1132: 1129: 1112: 1109: 1081: 1078: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1023: 1020: 999: 996: 969:Anton Velleman 953:Woodrow Wilson 925: 922: 910:United Nations 847:Main article: 844: 841: 787: 784: 781: 780: 695: 693: 686: 680: 677: 592: 589: 585:literary works 567:, chronicles, 504: 503:Historiography 501: 499: 496: 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 429: 428: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 380:of video games 373: 368: 363: 357: 352: 347: 339: 338: 337:Related topics 334: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 308: 307: 303: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 262: 261: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 155: 154: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 130:Interpretation 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 74: 73: 69: 68: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3689: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3649:987-21049-1-3 3645: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3571:9781032394374 3567: 3564:. 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